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i^i. 


THE  GENERAL 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


I 


A  NEW  EDITION. 


VOL.  VIIL 


\ 


>< 


Printed  by  Nichols,  Son,  and  Bentlby, 
Red  Lion  Passage^  Fleet  Stireet,  Loudon. 


THE  GENERAL 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY : 


CONTAINING 


AN  HISTORICAL  AND  CRITICAL  ACCOUNT 


OF  TBB 


LIVES  AND  WRITINGS 

OF  THB  ^ 

MOST   EMINENT    PERSONS 

IN   EVERY  NATION; 


PARTICUIiAKLY  THE  BRITISH  AND  IRISH; 


FROM  THE  EARLIEST  ACCOUNTS  TO  THE  PRESENT  TIME. 


A  NEW  EDITION, 


REVISED  AND  ENLARGED  BY 


ALEXANDER  CHALMERS,  F.  S.  A. 


VOL.  VIIL 


LONDON!  > 

FRINTED  FOK  J.  NICHOLS  AND  SON ;  F.  C.  AND  ).  HVINGTON  <  T.  PAYNB  i 
OTBIDGE  AND  SON  ;  G.  AND  W.  NICOL  ;  WILKIE  AND  ROBINSON  ;  J.  WALKER  ; 
R.  LEA;  W.  LOWNDES;  WHITE,  COCHRANE,  AND  CO.;  J.  DEIGHTON; 
T.  EGERTON  ;  LACKINOTON,  ALLEN,  AND  CO.  ;  J.  CARPENTER;  LONGMAN^ 
BURST,  REE8,  ORME,  AND  BROWN ;  CAOELL  AND  DAVIES  ;  C.  LAW  ;  J.  BOOKER  ; 
J.  CUTHELL  ;  •  CLARKE    AND    SONS ;      J.   AND   A.    ARCH  ;      J.   HARRIS  ;    BLACK, 

PARRY,     AND    CO. ;    J.  BOOTH  ;    J.  MAWHAN ;    GALE,    CURTIS,    AND   FENNER; 

R.  H.  EVANS  ;  J.  HATCHARD ;  J.  HARDING  ;  R.  BALDWIN ;  J*  MURRAY  ;  J.  JOHN- 

flON  AND  CO.  ;  E,  BENTLEY  }  AND  J.  FAULDER. 

1813. 


A  NEW  AND  GENERAL 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


^     « 


(JaAB,  or  CAB-BEN-ZOHAIR,  a  distinguished  Ara- 
biun  poety  was  one  of  the  rabbis  among  those  Arabians  who 
had  embraced  Judaism.  Mahomet,  irritated  by  a  satirical 
poem  which  Caab  h^d  written  against  him  and  his  ne\^ 
seet,  made  war  on  the  Jewish  Arabian  tribes,  ia  hopes  of 
seijBing  him  and  putting  him,  ^o  d^ath.  Caab,  however^ 
contrived  to  escape  his  fury^^^trf^M^0«5tnet  had  made  him- 
self master  of  Arabia,  wheil^-iiffe^iljad  tKe^  art  to  be  recon- 
ciled to  him,  turned  Maho&i^a^,  atHd  altered  his  poem  by 
inserting  the  name  of  Abub^^^tiHh^  of  Mahomet 

occurred;  and  as  these  conde^^^^did  not  seem  to  effect 
a  complete  reconciliation,  he  wrote  a  poem  in  favour  of 
one  of  his  mistresses,  which  was  so  successful  that  Maho- 
met received  him  into  fri  ^ndship,  and  bestowed  on  bini  hi^ 
own  mantle,  which  the  caliph  Moavias  purchased  when  he 
came  to  the  throne,  and  it  became  the  dress  of  his  siic-^ 
cessors  on  state  oeci^sions.  Caab  is  also  said  to  have  had 
a  considerable  hand  in  drawing  up  tb^^  Alqoran.  According 
to  Herbelot  he  died  in  the  fimt  ye»c  of  the  hegira,  or  A.  C. 
622.  An  edition  of  bis  poem  in  praise  of  Mahomet  was 
published  under  the  title  *'  Caa)^  Ben-Zobair  carmen 
panegyricum  in  laodem  Mohammediii,  &c/'  Leyden,  1748^ 
4tOj  with  an  eloge  by  Albert  Scultens.  * 

CAB  AN  IS  (Peter  John  Georgc),  a  French  physician 
of  considerable  efmoence^  the  son  of  Mons«  Ca1>ams,  an 
able  tgriculturist^  was  born  about  1756  ;  and  in  his  youth 

»  D'Hcfbeiot-^areri.— Pryeaux'f  Life  of  Mahomet,    p.  103.  «UU  4th, 
>70S,  Sfv. 

Vol.  Vin.  B 


V 


2  CABANIS. 

shewed  much  taste  for  scientific  as  well  as  polite  literature, 
which  he  pursued  with  success ;  although  having  caught  the 
revolutionary  phrensy,  his  studies  became  interrupted  by 
his  political  engagements.  He  is  said,  however,  to  have 
had  no  hand  in^  any  of  the  excesses  which  aro3Q  out  of  the 
fury  of  contending  parties.  He  was  connected  with  Mi- 
rabeau,  and  attended  him  in  his  professional  capacity  on 
his  death-bed.  He  was  also  one  of  the  Council  of  Five  Hun- 
dred;  and  it  was  in  consequence  of  a  motion  maJ^  by  him, 
that  the  Directory  was  dissolved.  His  principles,  however, 
do  not  appear  to  have  been  much  more  steady  and  consis- 
tent than  those  of  his  brethren.  He  published,  1.  **  Obser- 
vations sur  les  Hopitaux,'^  Paris,  1790,  8vo.  2.  '*  Journal 
de  la  maladie  et  de  la  mbrt  de  Mirabeau,"  ibid.  1791,  8vo. 
3.  **  Travail  sur  I'education  publique,"  a  posthumous  work  of 
Mirabeau,  edited  by  Cabanis,  1791,  8vo.  4.  '^  Melanges  de 
LitteratureAIlemande,"  1796, 8vo.  5.  "Dudegrcde certitude 
delamedecine,"1797, 8vo,  republished  in  1802,  with  tlwaddi* 
tion  of  the  first  two  articles  in  this  list.  6.  ^^Quelques  considera- 
tions sur  rorganizationsociale  en  generale,^*&c.  179^^  12mo. 
7.  "  Des  rapports  du  physique  et  du  morale  de  Pbomme,'* 
1803,  2  vols.  8vo,  reprinted  with  additions  in  1804.  On 
the  merit  of  this  work  the  French  critics  are  divided ;  we 
may,  however,  form  some  idea  of  it  from  the  circilimstance 
of  its  htiivi|3g  been  praised  by  the  philosophers,  and  cen^^ 
sured  by  the  divines.  8.  '<  Coup  d'ocil  sur  les  revolutions 
etlareforn^e  de  la  medicine,"  1803.  9,  **  Observation* 
sur  les  affections  Catarrhales,"  ice.  1 807.  He  wrote  also 
some  curious  articles  in  the  ^^  Magazin  Encyclopedique  ;'^ 
aud  in  the  Moniteur  for  1799  are  many  of  his  i^eeches  in 
the  legislative  body.  He  was  connected,  we  are  told,  with 
a  great  part  of  the  writers  and  philosophers  who  contributed 
to  enlighten  the  eighteenth  century.  During  his  last  year» 
he  inhabited  a  country-house  at  Auteuil,  bequeathed  him 
by  his  friend  madame  Helvetius.  He  died  at  Meulan,  May 
5,  1808  ;  and  was  at  the  time  of  his  desBth  a  member  of  the 
institute,  c^  the  philomatic  society,  and  of  the  medical 
society.  * 

CABASILAS  (NiLUs),   archbishop  of  Thessalonica  in 

jnhe  fourteenth  century,  under  the  empire  of  the  Andronl- 

'^B%  wrote  two  treatises  against  the  Latins ;  the  first  tp  prove 

that  the  division  between  the  Greek  and  Latin  churchips 

is  owing  in  a  great  measure  to  the  conduct  of  th^  Pope^  wbq 

*  DieU  Hist. 


CABASILAS.  9 

wishes  t6  tct  iode|iendQntly  af  an  oecuaienicid  cooqcUi  cod* 
tirary  to  the  usage  ot  the  diurch  :  the  second  is  a  more 
direct  attack  on  the  infaltibility  of  the  Pope,  and  reducea 
his  primacy  to  merely  «  priioacy  of  honour ;  and  be  urges 
many  arguments  against  tbe  assumed  power  of  the  pope 
which  are  perfectly  coesiatent  with  the  opinions  on  which 
tbe.  sefiDrmers  afterwards  proceeded.  These  treatises*  Da 
Pin  saijs^  are  written  with  method,  perspicuity,  and  learn* 
ing.  They  .were  at  first  printed  at  London  in  Greek,  with* 
out  datey  according  to  Du  Pin,  but  we  have  not  been  able 
to  discover  this  edition.  They  were,  however,  published  in 
English  at  London,  in  1 5$0 ;  or  at  least  the  latter  of  them, 
under  the  title  '*  A  Treatise  containing  a  declaration  of  tbe 
Pope's  usurped  primacie ;  written  in  Greek  above  seven 
hundred  yeares  since  by  Nilus  archbidiop  of  Thessalonica. 
Translated  by  Thomas  Gressop,  student  in  Oxford,"  8vo. 
There  are  also  editions  in  Greek  and  Latin  at  Basil,  U44« 
Francfort,  1535,  and  with  Salmasius's  notes,  1608.  Our 
author  also  wrote  a  large  work  on  the  procession  of  the 
Holy  Ghost,  in  oppositioii.to  the  Latins*^ 

CABASILAS  (Nicholas),  nephew  of  the  preceding, 
and  successor  in  the  archbishopric  of  Thessalonica,  Sou* 
rifibed  under  the  reign  of  Cantacuzenus,  and  had  all  his 
uncle^s  prejudices  against  tbe  Latins.  He  also  wrote  *^  On 
the  procession  of  the  Holy  Ghost ;  and  an  exposition  of  tbe 
Liturgy,'^  in  which  he  delivers  the  doctrine  of  tbe  Greek 
church  concerning  the  mass ;  and  which  was  printed  ia 
Latin  at  Venice,  in  1545^  and  at  Antwerp  in  1560;  and 
in  Greek  and  Latin  in  the  '^  Bibliotheca  Patrum,^'  Paris, 
1624.  In  the  same  *'  Bibliotheca,"  is  also  included  his 
^'Life  of  Jesus  Christ,''  translated  into  Latin,  and  sepa-* 
rately  printed  at  lugolstadt,  in  1604.  A  translation  of  his 
work  '^against  Usury,"  is  also  contained  in  the  ^^  Biblio* 
theca.'*  In  the  sciences  of  mathematics  and  astronomy, 
he  is  said  to  have  surpassed  all  his  contemporaries.' 

CABASSQLE  (Philip  d^)  was  a  native  of  Cavailloni 
in  Provence,  where  he  became  a  canon  of  the  cathedtad^ 
archdeacon  and  bishop  in  1334.  He  was  also  honoured 
with  the  rank  of  cbaocelior  to  Sancha^  queen  of  Sicily,  by 
her  husband  Robert,  in  1341,  and  jointly  with  thatprinpess 
was  regent  during  tbe  minority  of  Joan  her  gcand*daughten 

•     '  -  *  '  • .  • 

1  Du  Pin. — Leo  AUatius  in  Diatribe  cle  Nili*  #t  eoruai  scriptis. — Care,  voJ.  U. 
•-Saxii  Ononiast.  3  it^ij. 

*  < 

B  2 


^  C  A  B  A  S  S  O  L  E.^ 

In  \Z66ihe  was  appointed  psttriarch  of  Jerusalem,  atid 
had  the  eharge  of  the  bishopric  of  Marseilles ;  and  at  last 
pope  Urban  V.  raised  him  to  the  rank  of  cardinal^  and 
vicar-general  spiritual  and  temporal  in  the  diocese  of 
Avignon,  and  wjiile  the  popes  resided  &t  Avfgnon,  Gre<^ 
gory  XI.  made  him  superintendant  of  the  papal  territory  in 
Italy.  He  died  at  Perugia  in  1372.  He  wrote  a  treatiscf 
^'De  Nngis  Curiaiium/'  some  sermons^  and  two  books  on 
the  life  and  miracles  of  St.  Mary  Magdalen.  Petrarch  was 
his  particular  friend,  and  dedicated  to  him  his  treatise  on 
a  solitary  life ;  and  many  of  his  letters  are  addressed  to  himi 
He  is  likewise  mentioned  with  high  praise  by  other  learned 
contemporaries.  * 

CABASSUT  (John),  of  Aix,  was  a  celebrated  priest  bf 
the  oratory,  who  taught  the  canon  law  at  Avignon,  and 
died  September  25,  1685,  at  Aix,  aged  eighty  one.  His 
chief  works  are :  ^^  Juris  Canonici  theoria^  et  praxis,^'  a  new 
edition  of  which  was  published  by  M.  Gibert,  1 738,  foL  with 
notes ;  an  **  Account  of  the  Ecclesiastical  History  of  tbte 
Councils  and  Canons,"  in  Latin,  the  best  edition  of  which 
is  1680,  fol.  In  the  edition  of  1670,  8vo,  are  some  Dis« 
sertations  not  to  be  found  in  that  of  1680,  Few  ecclesi-^ 
astics  have  been  more  praised  for  excellence  of  private 
character  than  Cabassut* 

.  CABEL,  or  KABEL  (Adrian  Vander),  a  painter  of 
landscape,  sea-ports,  and  cattle,  was  bom  at  Ryswick^  in 
1631,  and  became  a  disciple  of  John  Van  Goyen,  undei? 
whose  instruction  and  example  he  made  a  rapid  progress 
in  his  profession,  and  by  whom  his  name  was  changed  from 
Vander  Touw  to  Vander  Cabel.  He  copied  nature  and 
designed  every  object  before  be  inserted  any  in  his  com- 
positions. His  taste  in  designing  animals  and  figures  was 
formed  after  that  of  Castiglione ;  and  in  landscape  his 
model  was  the  style  of  Salvator  Rosa.  His  manner  i^'great,^ 
and  much  after  the  gout  of  the  Italian  school.  The  touch- 
Jogs  of  fais  trees  are  excellent ;  his  figures  and  animals  are 
very  correct,  and  marked  with  spirit.  Although  his  dif^ 
lerent  pictures  have  unequal  merit,  they  are  all  distinv 
guisbed  by  the  freedom  of  his  hand,  ar>d  the  fine  touch  of 
his  pencil.  In  his  colouring  he  was  solicitous  to  imitate' 
the  Caracci  and  Mola;  but  the  beauty  of  his  design  and^ 
composition  is  often  injured  by  too  dark  and  deep  tone  of 

^  Moreri.  *  MorerM^Dupiu.' 


V  A  B  £  Li*  "B 

celouring.  His  etchings,  of  which  some  feWremain,  are 
performed  in  a  slight,  free  style.     He  died  in  1G95.^ 

CABOT  (Sebastian)i  a  navigator  of  great  eminence 
and  abilities,  was  born  at  Bristol  about  the  year  1477.  He 
was  son  of  John  Cabot,  a  Venetian  pilot,  who  resided 
much  in  England,  and  particularly  in  the  city  of  Bristol ; 
^and  who  was  greatly  celebrated  for  bis  skill  in  navigation. 
Young  Cabot  was  early  instructed  by  his  father  in  arith- 
.metic,  geometry,  geography,  and  those  branches  of  know- 
ledge which  were  best  calculated  to  form  an  able  and  skilful 
seaman ;  and  by  the  time  he  was  seventeen  years  of  age, 
he  had  already  made  several  trips  to  sea,  in  order  to  add 
to  the  theoretical  knowledge  which  he  had  acquired,  a 
competent  skill  in  the  practical  part  of  navigation.  The 
first  voyage  of  any  importance  in  which  he  was  engaged, 
appears  to  have  been  that  made  by  his  father,  for  the  dis^ 
covery  of  unknown  lands ;  and  also,  as  it  is  said,  of  a  north- 
west passage  to  the  East  Indies.  John  Cabot  was  encou^ 
raged  to  this  attempt  by  the  discoveries  of  Columbus.  It 
was  in  1493  that  Columbus  returned  from  his  first  expe* 
,.dition;  and  in  1495,  John  Cabot  obtained  from  king 
Henry  VII.  letters  patent,  empowering  him  and  his  three 
sons,  Lewis,  Sebastian,  and  Sainctius,  to  discover  unknown 
lands,  and  to  conquer  and  settle  them,  for  which  they  were 
to  be  admitted  to  many  privileges ;  the  king  reserving  to 
himself  one-Bfth  part  of  the  neat  profits;  and  with  this 
single  restraint,  that  the  ships  they  fitted  out  should  be 
obliged  to  return  to  the  port  of  Bristol.  It  was  not  till  the 
.year  after  these  letters  patent  were  granted,  that  any  pre* 
parations  were  made  for  fitting  out  vessels  for  the  intended 
voyage ;  and  then  John  Cabot  had  a  permission  from  his 
majesty,  to  take  six  English  ships  in  any  haveu  of  the 
jealm,  of  the  burdeti  of  two  hundred  tons  and  under,  with 
as  many  mariners  as  should  be  willing  to  go  with  him. 
Accordingly,  one  ship  was  equipped  at  Bristol,  at  the 
king^s  expence ;  and  to  this  the  merchants  of  tlmtcuy,  and 
of  London,  added  three  or  four  small  vessels,  freighted 
with  proper  commodities. 

John  Cabot,  attended  by  his  son  Sebastiat),  s^t  sail  with 
this  fleet  in  the  spring  of  the  year  1497.  They  sailed 
happily  on  their  north  west  course,  till  thf?  24th  of  June, 
^n  the  same  year,  about  five  in  the  morning,  when  they 

1  D*ArgeDvi11e.-^PiIkiD5tOD  and  Strutt's  Dictionaries. 


6  CABOT. 

jdiscovered  the  island  of  BaccaUos,  now  much  better  kaown 
by  ttii  name  of  Newfoundland.  The  tery  day  on  which 
they  made  this  important  disco've^ry,  is  known  by  a  large 
map,  drawn  by  Sebastian  Cabot,  and  cut  by  Clement 
'Adams,  which  hung  in  the  privy  gallery  at  Whitehall; 
whereon  was  this  inscription,  under  the  author's  picture : 
**  Effigies  Seb.  Caboti,  Angli,  Filii  Jo.  Caboti,  Venetian!, 
Militis  Aurati,  &c/*  and  on  this  map  was  likewise  the  fol- 
lowing account  of  the  discovery,  the  original  of  which  wa« 
in  Latin:  **  In  the  year  of  our  Lord  1497,  John  Cabot, 
a  Venetian,  and  his  son  Sebastian,  with  an  English  fleet, 
set  out  from  Bristol,  and  discovered  that  island  which  no 
man  before  bad  attempted.  This  discovery  was  made  on 
the  four  and  twentieth  of  June,  about  five  o'clock  in  the 
morning.  This  land  he  called  Prima  Vista  (or  First  Seen), 
because  it  was  that  part  of  which  they  bad  the  first  sight 
from  the  sea.  The  island,  which  lies  out  before  the  land, 
he  called  the  island  of  St.  John,  probably  because  it  wa^ 
discovered  on  the  festival  of  St.  John  the  Baptist.  The 
inhabitants  of  this  island  wore  beasts*  skins,  and  esteemed 
them  as  the  finest  garments.''  To  this  Purchas  adds,  ^^  In 
their  wars  they  used  bows,  arrows,  pikes,  jiarts,  wooden 
elub^,  and  slings.  They  found  the  ^oil  barren  in  some 
places,  and  yielding  little  fruit ;  but  it  was  full  of  whitt 
bfiears  and  stags,  far  larger  than  those  of  Europe.  It  yielded 
plenty  of  fish,  and  those  of  the  larger  kind,  as  seals  aqd 
salmon.  They  found  soles  there  above  a  yard  in  length, 
and  great  abundance  of  that  kind  of  .fish  which  the  savages 
called  baccaiaos.  They  also  observed  there  partfidges,  a^ 
likewise  hawks  and  eagles ;  but  what  was  remarkable  in 
them,  they  were  all  as  black  as  ravens." 

The  accounts  of  this  voyage  made  by  John  Cabot,  ac- 
eompanied  by  his  son  Sebastian,  are,  in  some  respects, 
involvedin  much  obscurity  ;  and  Sebastian  is  supposed  to 
have  made  some  voyages  of  discovery  without  his  father, 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  VII.  of  which  no  narrations  have  been 
preserved.  However,  it  appears  that  John  Cabot,  after 
the  discovery  of  Newfoundland,  sailed  down  to  Cape  Flo- 
rida, and  then  returned  with  three  Indians,  and  a  good 
cargo,  to  England,  where  he  was  well  received.  The 
discovery  that  he  and  his  son  had  made,  was,  indeed,  as 
Dr.  Campbell  observes,  very  important;  **  since,  in  truth, 
it  was  the  first  time  the  continent  of  America  had  been 
seek! ;    Columbus  being   unacquainted  therewith  till  his 


CABOT,  V 

last  voyage,  wbicfa  was  the  year  fdiawing,  when  he  coasted 
along  a  part  of  the  isthmus  of  Darien.'* 

Alter  the  toyage  in  which  Newfoundland  was  discovered^ 
there  is  a  considerable  chasm   in   the  life  of  Sebastian 
Cabot;  for  we  have  no  distinct  accounts  of  what  he  per- 
formed for  the  3pace  of  twenty  years  together,  though  he 
probably  performed  several  voyages  during  that  period. 
Nor  have  we  any  account  at  what  time,  or  in  what  place, 
his  father  John  Uabot  died  ;  though  it  is  supposed  to  have 
been*  in  England.     The  next  transaction  concerning  Se- 
bastian Cabot,  of  which  we  meet  with  any  mention,  was  in 
the  eighth  year  of  the  reign  of  King  Henry  VIII.  and  our 
accounts  relative  to  this  are  not  very  clear.     But  it  seems 
he  had  entered  into  a  close  connexion  with  sir  Thomas 
Pert,   tlien  vice-admiral  of  England,    and  who  procured 
him  a  good  ship  of  the  king's,  in  order  to  make  discoveries. 
It  is  supposed,   however,  that  he   had  now  changed  his 
xoute,  and  intended  to  have  passed  by  the  South  to  the 
East '  Indies ;   for  he  sailed  first  to  Brazil,   and  missing 
there  of  his  purpose,  shaped  his  course  for  the  islands  of 
Hispaniola  and   Porto  Rico,   where  he  carried  on  some 
traffic,  and   then  returned,  failing  absolutely  in  the  de- 
sign upon  which  he  went ;  not  through  any  want  either  of 
courage  or  of  conduct  in  himself,  but  from  the  timidity  of 
his  coadjutor,  sir  Thomas  Pert. 

It  was  this  disappointment  which  is  supposed  to  have 
induced  Sebastian  Cabot  to  leave  England,  and  go  over 
into  Spain.  There  be  was  treated  with  great  respect,  and 
appointed  pilots-major,  or  chfef  pilot  of  Spain  ;  and  by  his 
office  entrusted  with  the  reviewing  of  all  projects  for  dis- 
covery ;  which  at  that  period  were  numerous  and  import- 
ant. His  great  capacity  and  reputation  as  a  navigator,  in- 
duced many  opulent  merchants  to  treat  with  him,  in  1524, 
about  a  voyage  to  be  undertaken  at  tlieir  expence  by  the 
new-found  passage  of  Magellan  to  the  Moluccos ;  and  Ca- 
bot accordingly  agreed  to  engage  in  the  voyage.  He  set 
sail  from  Cadiz,  with  four  ships,  about  the  beginning  of 
April  1525,  first  to  the  Canaries,  then  to  the  Cape  Verd 
islands,  and  from  thence  to  Cape  St.  Augustine,  and  the 
island  of  Patos,  or  Ge^se ;  and  near  Bahia  de  Todos  los 
Santos,  or  the  bay  of  All  Saints,  he  met  a  French  ship. 
When  he  came  to  the  island  just  mentioned,  he  was  in 
great  want  of  provisions ;  but  the  Jndians  treated  him  with 
much  kindness,  and  supplied  him  with  provisions  for  all  hi« 


«  CABOT. 

.ships.  ^  This  he  returned  by  an  act  of  base  ingratitude, 
carrying  off  with  him  by  force  four  sons  of  the  principat 
persons  of  the  island.     He  then  proceeded  to  the  river  of 
^late,  having  left  ashore,  on  a  desert  island,  Martin  Men- 
dibz,  his  vice-admiral,  captain  Francis  de  Rojas,  and  Mi- 
chael de  Rojas,  because  they  censured  his  conduct.     He 
was  now  prevented  from  prosecuting  bis  original  design  of 
.going  to  tbe  Spice  Islands,  both  by  a  scarcity  of  provisions, 
and  a  mutiny  among  his  men.     He  sailed,  however^  up  the 
river  of  Plate  ;  and  about  thirty  leagues  above  the  iHouth 
he  found  an  island,  which  he  called  St.  Gabriel,  about  a 
le^igue  in  compass,  and  half  a,  league  from  tbe  continent 
towards  Brazil.     There  he  anchored ;  and,  rowing  with  the 
boats  three  leagues  higher,  discovered. a  river  he  called 
San  Salvador,  or  St.  Saviour,  very  deep,  and  a  safe  har- 
bour for  the  ships  on  the  same  side;  whither  he  brought 
up  his  vessels,  and  unloaded  them,  hecau£»e  there  was  not 
much  water  at  the  mouth  of  tbe  river.     Having  built  a  fort, 
and  left  some  men  in  it,  he  determined  to  proceed  up  that 
river  with  boats,  and  a  flat-bottomed  caravel,  in  order  to 
ipake  discoveries ;  for  he  thought  his  voyage  might  thereby 
be  rendered  beneficial,  though  he  did  not  pass  through  the 
Straits  to  the  Spice  Islands.    When  he  bad  advanced  thirty 
leagues,  he  came  to  a  river  called  Zarcarana  i  the  inha- 
bitants in  the  neighbourhood  of  which  he  found  to  be  intel- 
ligent, and  not  unfriendly ;  a«id  here  he  erected  another 
fort,  calling  it  jSanti  Spiritus,  i.  e.  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  and 
his  followers  by  another  name,  viz.  Cabot's  Fort,     He  then 
discovered  the  shores  of  the  river  Parana,  where  he  found 
several  islands  and  rivers,  aiid  at  length  came  to  tbe  river 
Paraguay,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  which  he  found  people 
tilling  the  ground ;  a  circumstance  which  had  not  occurred 
,tp  him  before  in  that  part  of  tl>e  world.     But  here  the  na- 
tives opposed  him  with  so  much  vigour,  that  he  advanced 
no  farther,  though  he  had  killed  many  of  the  Indians;  but 
they  slew  twenty-five  of  his  Spaniards,  and  took  three  of 
tliem,  who  went  out  to  gather  palmetos. 

While  Sebastian  Cabot  was  thus  employed,  James  Gar- 
cia, with  the  same*view  of  making  discoveries,  had  entered 
the  river  of  Plate,  without  knowing  that  the  other  was 
there  before  him.  He. had  been  sent  from. Gaiicia  with 
t,wo  vessels,  and  came  to  an  anchor  in  the  same  place  where 
Cabot's  ship  lay,  about  jhe  beginning  of  1527.  Directing 
his  course  towards  the  river  Parana,  he  arrived  at  the  fort 


CABOT.  9 

built  by  Cabot ;  and  about  one  hundred  a^nd  tei)  iMgues 
frooi  tbis  fort  he  found  Cabot  himself,  in  the  pqrt  of  St. 
Anne.  After  a  short  stay  there,  they  returned  together  to 
the  fort  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  from  whence  they  sent  mes- 
sengers into  Spain.  Those  who  were  dispatched  by  Cabot 
were  Francis  Caideron  and  George  Barlow,  who  gave  a 
very  favourable  account  of  the  fine  countries  bordering  on 
the  river  La  Plata,  shewing  bow  large  a  tract  of  land  he 
had  not  only  discovered,  out  subdued ;  and  producing  gold, 
silver,  ahd  other  valuable  commodities,  as  evidences  in 
favour  of  their  commander's  conduct.  They  then  de- 
manded on  his  behalf,  that  a  supply  should  be  sent  of  prq- 
visiuDs,  ammunition,  goods  proper  to  carry  on  a  trade, 
and  a  competent  recruit  of  seamen  and  soldiers.  But  the 
merchants,  by  whom  Cabot's  squadron  was  fitted  out,  would 
not  agree  to  these  requisitions,  rather  choosing  to  resign 
their  rights  to  the  crown  of  Castile.  The  king  then  took 
the  whole  upon  himself ;  but  was  so  dilatory  in  bis  pre- 
parations, that  Cabot,  who  had  been  five  years  employed 
in  this  expedition,  being  quite  tired  out,  determined  to 
r:eturn  home ;  which  he  accordingly  did,  embarking  the 
remainder  of  bis  men  and  all  his  effects  onboard  the  largest 
of  his  ships,  and  leaving  the  rest  behind  him.  He  ar- 
rived at  the  Spanish  court,  where  he  gave  an  account  of 
his  expedition,  in  the  spring  of  1531.  But  he  was  not 
well  received  :  for  be  had  created  himself  enemies  bv  the 
rigour  with  which  he  had  treated  his  Spanish  mutineers  ; 
and  he  had  also  disappointed  the  expectations  of  bis  owners 
by  not  prosecuting  his  voyage  to  the  Moluccos.  Notwith- 
standing these  unfavourable  circumstances,  be  found  means 
to  keep  his  place,  and  continued  in  the  service  of  Spain 
many  years  after,  till  at  length  he  resolved  to  return  agaia 
to  England.  What  were  his  particular  inducements  to  this 
we  meet  with  no  certain  account,  but  it  was  probably  about 
the  latter  end  of  the  reign  of  king  Henry  VUI.  that  Cabot 
returned  to  England,  where  he  resided  at  Bristol.  In  the 
beginning  of  the  following  reign  he  was  introduced  to  the 
duke  of  Somerset,  then  lord  protector,  who  received  him 
into  great  favour,  and  by  whom  he  was  made  known  to 
king  Edward  VI.  That  young  prince,  who  was  very  solici- 
tous to  acquire  knowledge,  aad  who  had  much  more  skill  in 
maritime  affairs  than  could  have  been  expected  from  his 
years,  took  great  pleasure  in  the  conversatioa  of  Cabot,  to 
whom  a  pension  was  granted,  by  letters  patent,    dated 


J«  e  A  B  R  A  L. 

•     i  ' 

j^hipf  with  which  he  left  Portugal;  and  having  then  ?«'<>- 
ceeded  to  Calecut,  he  entered  iqto  a  treaty  witl)  the  25a- 
morin  or  emperor,  who  allowed  him  to  build  a  factory  fqr 
, the  Portuguese,  and  although  \h^  zamorin  behaved  treache- 
rously afterwards,  Cabral,  by  chastising  his  insolenc<3, 
finally  atchfeved  bi$  pu^pqse.  H^  entered  into  a  similajr 
treaty  with  the  prince  of  Cananor,  and  in  1501  returned  tp 
^Portugal  vj^ith  his  fleet  rjchly  laden.  Of  bi^  future  lifje  we 
]iave  np  account,  buthp  lyrote  a  detail  of  his  voyage,  which 
'Ramusio  translated  ^njto  I^lian,  ancl  published  with  some 
others  at  Venice.  * 

GACCIA  (William),  an  artist,  known  by  the  name  of 

jMoncalvo,  from  his  long  abode  in  that  place^  was  born  in 

.)5iS8  at  Montebone,  in  ]^Iontferrat,  and  marks  perhs^ps^  ^be 

]brightest  data  of  Pieipontese  art,  thpugh  lyith  l^s^  qelebrity 

than  merit,  for  no  traces  appear  of  his  education  :  had  he 

been  a  scholar  of  the  Caracci,  his  first  essays  in  frescQ 

would  have,  been  made  at  Bologna,  not  at  the  stationary 

^chapels  of  Monte  Crea ;  his  style  of  design  would  reseipble 

that  of  Annibale  more  than  xhb  ideal  line  of  Ra(faelIo,  qr 

.Andrea  del  Sarto,  or  Parmigiano ;  and  his  landscape  have 

Jess  of  Paul  Brill.     His  numerous  small  Madonna^  breatbe 

the  spirit  of  the  Roman  and  Florentine  school,  and  pne  iu 

the  royal  palace  of  Torino  seems  to  have  issued  from  the 

hands  of  Andrea,  if  we  except  the  colour,  which,  though 

graceful   and   delicate,    has   more    of   the  weakness  that 

marked  the  tints  of  Sabbatini  and  the  predecessors  of  the 

Caracci.   The  powers  of  Moncalvo  were  not,  however,  conr 

fined  to. soft  subjects  :  the  contrary  appears  in  the  church 

of  the  Conventuals  at  that  place  in  numerous  instances,  and 

.still  more  in  a  chapel  of  S.  Domenico  at  Chieri,  where  the 

Hesuscitation  of  Lazarus,    and  the  Multiplication  of  the 

Loaves,  two  collateral  altar-pieces,  vie  with  each  other  in 

pathetic,  imagery,  legitimate  composition,  energy  of  ex?* 

pression  and  attitude,  and  correctness  of  design.     He  wa? 

assisted  by  several  scholars  of  no  very  eminent  note,  but 

N.  Sacchi  of  Casale,  in  energy  of  varied  expression  ana 

decision  of  pencil,  perhaps  excelled  the  master.     His  two 

daughters  Francesca  and  Orsola  Caccia  became,  under  hii 

tuition,  apt  associates  of  his  labours  in  fresco,  a  practici^ 

else  unknown  to  female  hands;  they  drew  from  the  fathe]^ 

the  structure  of  bodies,  but  not  their  animation  :  and  such 

■ 

•  Moreri. 


C  A  C  C  I  At  a 

ni^the  similarity  of  their  execution,  that  to  avoid  c^nfu* 
sioh,  Francesca,  the  younger,  maric^d  her  performances' 
with  a  small  bird,  whilst  Orsoia  distinguished  her  own  bj  $1^ 
flower;  she  fouTided  the  Conservatory  of  the  Ursulines  at^ 
Moncalvo,  where,  and  at  Casale,  she  left  altar-pieces  and* 
numerous  cabinet-pictures,  touched  in  the  manner  of  Paul 
Brill,  and  strewn  with  flowers;  A  holy  family  in  that  taste 
k  anfong  the  rich  collection  of  the  palace  Natta.  Caccia 
died  about  1 625.  ^ 

CADAMOSTO,  or  CADAMUSTI  (Lewis),  a  famous 
Venetian  navigator,  was  born  about  the  year  1:422,  and  by 
his  talents  attracted  the  notice  of  the  infent  don  Henry  of 
Portugah  This  prince,  animated  with  the  spirit  of  making: 
discoveries^  like  his  father  king  Jphn^  resolved  to  gain  the 
attachment  of  Cadamosto.  He  accordingly  applied  to  him^ 
thirough  the  consul  of  the  Venetian  republic  in  Portugal^ 
niCmed  Patrick  Conti,  for  information  concerning  the  advan- 
tageous commerce  of  the  island  of  Madeira,  conquered  in 
1430.  Cadamosto,  encouraged  by  the  hopes  of  profit, 
came  to  terms  with  don  Henry,  fitted  out  for  him  a  cara- 
velte,  of  which  Vincent  Diaz,  a  native  of  Lagos,  was  the 
patron.  ^  It  sailed  the  22d  of  March,  1455  ;  and,  after  hav-* 
hig  anchored  at  Madeira,  they  proceeded  to  reconnoitne 
the  Canaries,  the  cape  Blanco^  Senegal,  cape  Verd^  and 
the  mouth  x)f  the  river  Gambia,  in  a  second  voyage  which 
be  made  the  following. year^  with  a  Genoese  named  An-^^ 
thony^  they  prosecuted  their  discoveries  as  far  as  the  river 
of  St.  Dominic,  to  which  they  gave  that  name,  and  from 
whence  th^  returned  to  Portugal.  He  resided  a  long  time 
at  Lagos,  gaining  the  affection  of  the  merchants,  and  navi- 
gators of  the  place  by  acts  of  kindness  and  civility.  On  his 
return  io  his  native  country  in  1464,  he  published  the  ac^ 
eount  of  his  voyaees,  which  was  published  at  Vicenza, 
under  the  title  of  "^  La  Prima  Navigatione  per  TOceano  a 
l^  terre  de  Negri  delia  bassa  Etiopia,"  1507,  4to,'  but  the 
subsequent  edition  printed  at  Milan,  1519,  4to,  is  thought 
the  best. ' 

:.  CADELL  (Thomas),  an  eminent  bookseller,  and  a 
striking  instance  of  the  effects  of  a  strong  understanding: 
united  with  industry  and  integrity,  was  born  in  Wine-stroet^ 
Bristol,  6n  tlie  27th  of  October,  1742,  O.  S.  After.being 
educated  ill  his  native  city,  he  was  apprenticed,  in  .1758^ 

«       -  •  ■ 

*     ■  ■  •      • 

«  PiUcin^tOfi'sDict  »  Dicu  Hist.— Tiraboschi. 


14  C  A  D  E  t  t. 

to  Mr.  Andrew  Miliar,  at  that  time  at  the  he^  of  bis  f^te^ 
sion  in  London,  afid  the  steady  patron  of  Thomson,  Field-* 
ing,  and  many  other  celebrated  writers.  In  Mr.  Cadell 
be  soon  discovered  a  tftste  for  business,  a  love  of  industry^ 
and  an  understanding  uncommonly  acute>  which  embraced 
all  the  concerns  of  a  trade  that  necessarily  requires  more 
than  mere  mechanical  talents ;  and  Mr.  Millar  being  now 
advanced  in  life  readily  admitted  Mr.  Cadell  into  partner-^ 
ship  in  1765,  and  in  1767,  a  year  before  his  death,  relin-t 
quired  the  whole  to  him.  Mr.  Cadell  thns  became,  at  a 
very  early  period,  at  the  head  of  his  profession,  and  by 
associating  with  himself  the  late  William  Straban,  esq* 
secured  the  advice  and  assistance  of  a  printer  of  corre« 
spending  liberality  and  taste.  Introduced  at  the  same  time 
by  Mr.  Millar  to  writers  of  the  first  .rank  in  literature,  t» 
Johnson,  Hume,  Robertson,  Warburton,  Hurd,  &c.  he 
pursued  the  same  commendable  track,  and  acting  upon 
the  liberal  principles  of  his  predecessor  in  respect  to  au« 
thors,  enlarged  upon  it  to  an  extent,  which,  at  the  same 
time  that  it  did  honour  to  his  spirit,  was  well  suited  to  the 
more  enlightened  period  in  which  he  carried  on  business^ 
In  conjunction  with  Mr.  Strahan,  already  noticed^  and 
afterwards  with  his  son  Andrew  Strahan,  esq.  the  present 
member  for  Aldborough,  munificent  remune^tions  were 
held  out  to  writers  of  the  most  eminent  talents,  and^  as 
Dr.  Johnson  was  accustomed  to  say,  *^  the  price  of  litera*^ 
ture  was  raised.^'  The  names  of  some  of  the  writers  whose 
works  were  brought  forward  under  Mr.  Cadell's  auspices 
have  already  been  mentioned ;  nor  was  be  less  fortunate 
in  the  judicious  connexions  formed,  upon  the  most  liberal 
principles,  with  Blackstone,  Bum,  Henry,  Gibbon,  and 
Hiany  others  whose  works  are  to  be  found  in  every  library^ 
Although  in  success  such  as  Mr.  Cadell  experienced,  and 
which  must  depend  ultimately  on  the  pleasure  of  the  piib** 
lie,  chance  may  be  supposed  to  have  some  influence,  yet  it 
is  but  justice  to  add  that  Mr.  Cadell  had  acquired,  by  what-M 
ever  means,  an  uncommon  discernment  in  the  value  of 
books,  which  led  him  with  apparent  facility,  and  almost 
always  with  success,  to  predict  the  future  fate  of  what  was 
submitted  to  him ;  and  when  any  plan  of  republication  was 
discussed  in  conjunction  with  his  brethren,  we  have  the 
testimony  of  some  yet  living,  and  of  mai^  now  off  the 
stage,  that  no  man  could  see  more  clearly  than  Mr.  Cadell 
into  the  disposition  and  bias  of  the  reading  world,  or  dis« 


C  A  D  E  L  L.  IS 

play  more  judgaieiit  in  every  arrBngement  of  editions,  &c 
calculated  to  gratify  public  taste.  Hence)  in  bis  indivi^ 
dual  capacity,  it  was  universally  remarked  that  be  gave  the 
largest  prices  for  the  most  successfal  works,  and  that  at  a 
time  when  their  success  could  be  only  in  his  own  contem<^ 
platioQ ;  and  when  that  success  seemed  to  be  delayed  be-* 
youd  all  reasonable  hope,  even  in  such  cases  the  final 
issue  justified  bis  origins!  opinion,  and  proved  that  he  had 
formed  it  u|>on  substantial  grounds. 

In  1794  Mr.  Cadell  retired  from  business,  in  the  full 
possession  of  his  health  and  faculties,  and  with  an  ample 
fortune  corresponding  to  the  magnitude  of  the  (Concerns 
he  had  so  long  carried  on,  and  which  were  probably  the 
greatest  iu  Europe ;  and  wi^  succeeded  by  bis  only  aon^ 
Thomas,  and  Mr.  William  Davies,  who  entered  at  that  time 
into  partnership.  Accustomed,  however,  from  his .  early 
days  to  business,  Mr.  Cadell  senior,  with  a  laudable  am-^ 
bitlon,  sought,  and  most  honourably  obtained,  a  seat  in  the 
magistracy  of  the  city  of  London,  being  unanimously 
elected,  March  30,  171^8,  to  the  office  of  alderman  of  WslU 
brook  ward ;  and  the  following  year  was  elected  master  of 
the  worshipful  company  of  Stationers,  whose  hall  he  deco'* 
rated  with  a  magnificent  window  in  stained  and  painted 
glass.  At  Midsummer  1800,  a  period  when  party*spirit 
ran  high,  he  was  elected  by  a  very  honourable  majori^  on  w 
poll,  wiih  bis  friend  Mr*  Perring  (now  sir  John  Perring,  bart.)[ 
to  the  shrievalty  of  London  and  Middlesex :  an  office  which 
he  discharged  with  the  entire  approbation  of  his  consti- 
tuents<  His  conscientious  attendance  on  its  duties,  for  he 
was  never  absent  a  single  Sunday  frcmi  the  chapel  of  one  o6 
tlie  prisons,  we  are  sorry  to  add,  seems  to  have  laid  the 
foundation  of  that  asthmatic  complaint^  which  so  fatadly. 
terminated  at  a  period  when  the  citizens  of  London,  wha 
justly  esteemed  him  as  M  independent,  humane,  and  inteU 
ligent  magistrate,  anticipated  the  speedy  approach  of  his 
attainment  to  the  highest  civic  honours.  A  sudden  attack 
of  the  asthma  proved  fatal  in  the  night  of  Sunday,  Dec.  27, 
iS02,  to  the  lasting  regret  of  a  numerous  circle  of  friends/ 
and  to  th^  loss  of  many  public  institutions  of  wliicb  he  had 
been  an  active  governor,  and  to  which  he  had  been  a  liberal 
contributor.  He  was  interred  in  the  family  vault,  in  tlie 
churcb-yard  of  Elthamy  Kent  ^ 


16  CAD  O  Gf  A  N 

r  CADDGAN  (William),  a  physician  of  considet'able  note 
in  London,  was  educated  at  Oriel  collegCj  Oxford,  where 
he. took  his  degree  of  master  of  arts  in  1755  ;  end  the  sadie 
year  was  made  bachelor  and  doctor  ift  medicine.  He  bad 
previously,  viz.  in  1750,  published  a  small  treatise  on  the 
mirsing  and  management  of  children,  which  was  much  es* 
teemed,  and  contributed  toward  abolishing  some  improper 
treatment,  both  in. feeding  and  dressing  infants;  His  rules 
on  this  subject  were  first  adopted  by  the  managers  of  the 
Foundling  hospital,  and  by  degrees  became  general.  His 
next  publication  was  ^^  Dissertations  on  the  Gout,  and  all 
Chronical  diseases,'^  1764,  8Vo;  written  in  a- popular  mah'^ 
ner,  and  so  generally  read,  that  several  large  impressions 
ivere  sold  of  it.  The  three  principal  causes  or  Mi>urce8  of 
the  gout,  he  says,  are  indolence,  vexation,  and  intempe- 
rance. The  book' was  animadverted  upon  in  eleven  difter*ent 
pamphlets,  some  with  the  authors*  names,  and  some  with-* 
out,  but  he  did  not  condescend  to  answer  any  of  them. 
It  is,  on  the  whole,  well  written,  and  the  regulations  giveftf 
for  the  conduct  of  gouty  patients, '  with  the  view  of  miti-^ 
gating  the  fit,  and  preventing  frequent  relapses^  or  retumsr' 
of  the  complaint,  are  judicious,  and  well  deserving  atten-; 
tion.  He  was  fellow  of  the  college  of  physicians,  and^ 
which  is  by  no  means  usual,  spoke  tw%  Harveian  orations^' 
the  one  in  the  year  1764,  the  other  in  1793.  They  were? 
both  published.  He  died  in  his  eighty-sixth  year,  at  his 
kouse  in  George-street,  Hanover-square,  Feb.  26,  1797.* 
CADOGAN  (William),  first  earl  of  Cadogan,  the  son 
of  Henry  Cadogan^  a  counsellor  at  law,  by  Bridget,  dangh-* 
ter  to  sir  Hardress  Waller,  knt.  was  educated  to  a  uiilitary 
life,  and  in  1701  was  made  quarter-master- general  of  tb^^ 
army.  In  1703  he  was  constituted  colonel  of  the  Second 
tegiment  of  horse,  and  on  August  25,  1701',  brigadier- 
general,  having  that  year  behaved  with  great  gallantry  at 
the  attack  of  Schellenberg,  and  the  battle  of  Hocbstet.'*^ 
In  June  1705  he  was  elected  member  of  parliament  for 
Woodstock;  an d- on  July  18th  of  the  same  year,  at  the 
forcing  of  the  French  lines  near  Tirlemont,  he  behaved 
with  remarkable  bravery  at  the  head  of  his  regiment,  which 
first  attacking  the  enemy  had  such  success,  that  they  de<* 
feated  four   squadrons  of  Bavarian  guards,    drove  them' 

through  two  battalions  of  their  foot,  and  took  four  standards. 

« 

>  Rees's  Cjrclop«dia«"«>LysoDs*8  Environti  SopplemenUFyWume. 


C  A  D  O  G  A  N^  17 

He  wa^  also  in  the  battle  of  RamilieSy  fought  on  Mqr  12, 
1706  ;  after  which  the  duke  of  Marlborough  sent  from  hisr 
cainp  at  Meerlebeck,  on  June  3,  brigadier  Cadogan,  with 
six  squadrons  of  horse,  and  his  letter  to  the  governor  of 
Antwerp,  to  invite  hioi  and  the  garrison  to  the  obedience 
of  king  Charles  III.  and  having  reported  to  his  grace  that 
ten  battalions  were  in  the  city  and  castle  of  Antwerp,  who 
seemed  inclined  to  surrender  on  honourable  terms,  the 
duke  sent  him  authority  to  treat  with  them.  And  after 
some  conferences,  they  complied,  and  the  garrison,  con-> 
sisting  of  six  French  and  six  Spanish  regiments,  were  al« 
lowed  to  march  out  in  three  days,  add  be  conducted  to 
Quesnoy.  But  of  the  Walloon  regiment,  consisting  of  60O 
men  each,  only  372  men  marched  out ;  the  rest  entering 
into  the  service  of  king  Charles,  except  some  few  who 
were  not  in  condition  to  serve,  and  returned  to  their  re- 
spective dwellings.  Afterwards,  towards  the  close  of  the 
campaign  that  year,  he  was  taken  prisoner  when  on  a  fo^ 
raging  party,  and  was  carried  into  Tournay,  but  he  re- 
mained there  only  three  days,  the  duke  of  Vendosme  send- 
ing bim,  on  August  19,  to  the  duke  of  Marlborough's  camp, 
upon  his  parole  ^  and  five  days  after  he  was  exchanged  for 
the  baron  Palavicini,  a  major*general  in  the  French  ser-^ 
vice,  taken  at  the  battle  of  Ramilies.  On  Jan.  l,  1706-7^ 
he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  major-general  of  her  ma- 
jesty's forces.  On  Mr.  Stepney's  decease  in  1707,  he 
succeeded  him  as  minister  plenipotentiary  in  the  govern- 
ment of  the  Spanish  Netherlands.  And  he  soon  after,  in 
conference,  brought  to  a  conclusion  the  negotiation  for  the 
speedy  exchange  of  prisoners<;  and,  having  shared  in  the 
most  difficult  etrterprizes  throughout  the  war,  was  consti- 
tuted a  lieutenant-general  on  January  10,  1708-9. 

On.  September  10,  1709,  the  day  before  the  battle  6( 
Tanniers,  near  Mons,  when  the  two  armies  were  in  sight 
of  each  other,  and  an  officer  from  the  French  having  made 
a  signal  for  a  truce,  several  of  both  sides  met  in  a  friendly 
manner,  and  the  French,  inquiring  for  an  officer  of  dis^t 
tinction,  desired  him  to  acquaint  the  duke  of  Marlborougby 
that  the  marshal  de  Villars  bad  some  affairs  of  importance 
to  propose  to  his  grace,  and  that  he  would  be  pleased  to 
send  a  trusty  person,  to  whom  he  might  communicate  the 
same.  On  *thts  his  grace  sent  general  Cadogan  to  knowi 
what  marshal  Villars  had  to  offer,  whereby  being  nearec 
the  French  army,  than  otherwise  he  could  have  been,  hm 

YQh.  VIII.  C 


IS  C  A  D  6  G  A  N; 

improved  the  opportunity  so  effectnally,  that,  by  viewing 
their  intrenchments  in  the  corner  of  the  wood  at  TaniHers, 
he  directed  the  colonel  of  the  artillery,  whom  he  tocA  with 
bim^  to  observe  where  he  dropped  his  glove,  and  there,  in 
the  night,  to  plant  his  cannon  ;  which,  by  enfiiading  their 
lines  the  next  morning,  greatly  contributed  to  the  forcing 
them,  and  was  the  principal  means  of  obtaining  that  vic*- 
tory.  Also  on  the  siege  of  Mons,  which  ensued,  being  (as 
he  ever  had  been)  indefatigable  in  serving  the  common 
cause,  and  going  voluntarily  into  the  trenches  to  animate 
the  troops  that  were  in  the  attack  of  a  ravelin,  he  received 
a  dangerous  wound  in  his  neck ;  his  aid-de-camp  being  also 
wounded  by  his  side,  of  which  he  soon  expired.  In  March 
1711,  he  was  at  the  Hague,  at  the  desire  of  the  council  of 
state  of  the  States  General,  to  assist  in  consulting  the  ope-* 
rations  of  the  ensuing  campaign. 

When  the  duke  of  Marlborough  was  disgraced,  and  went 
abroad,  be  resigned  all  his  employments,  choosing,  as  he 
had  a  share  in  his  grace's  prosperity,  to  be  a  partaker  in 
bis  adversity  ;  but  first  served  the  campaign,  in  1712,  under 
the  duke  of  Ormond.  At  the  accession  of  George  I.  vPn 
August  1,1714,  he  was  made  master  of  the  robes,  and 
colonel  of  the  second  regiment  of  foot-guards  ;  also  envoy 
extraordinary  and  plenipotentiary  to  the  States  General, 
In  17 1 5,  he  was  appointed  governor  of  the  Isle  of  Wight ; 
and  having  extinguished  the  remains  of  the  rebellion  in 
Scotland,  he  was  elected  a  knight  of  the  thistle  in  Jane 
i7l6,  and  on  the  30th  of  the  same  month  was  created  a 
peer  by  the  title  of  Lord  Cadogan,  baron  of  Reading.  His 
lordship  soon  after  was  again  sent  ambassador  extraordi* 
nary  and  plenipotentiaiy  to  the  States  of  Holland  ;  and 
arriving  at  Brussels,  on  Sept.  15,  1716,  signed,  «t  the 
Hague,  the  treaty  of  defensive  alliance  between  Great 
Britain,  France,  and  the  States  General.  He  set  out  for 
Utrecht,  on  Jan.  2f ,  1716,  to  wait  on  the  king,  expected 
there  that  afternoon ;  who  was  pleased  to  command  hi» 
attending  him  to  Great  Britain.  And  Mr.  Leatbes,  hia 
Biaje6ty''s  secretary  at  Bruseis,  was  appointed  to  reside  at 
the  Hague,  during  his  lordship's  absence. 

On  his  return,  he  was  sworn  of  the  privy  council,  on 
Mtirch  30,  1T17  ;  and  in  the  month  of  July  ending,  was 
consHituted  general  of  ail  bis  majesty^sfoot  fordesttmploye4y 
or  to  be  employed,  in  his  service.  The  following  year  h& 
was    again   appointed  embassador  ^(.traordinary  at  the^' 


C  A  D  O  G  A  N.  '    !• 

Hftgue^  where  be  arrived  on  Sept.  17, 1 7 IT;  and,  having 
brought  his  negotiations  to  a  eonclusion,  embarked  at  the 
Brill  for  England,  on  Nov.  7,  and  put  to  sea  the  same  eye- 
fliog.  On  May  8,  1718,  he  was  advanced  to  the  dignity  of 
Baron  of  Oakley,  viscount  Caversham,  and  earl  of  Cado«- 
gan,  with  remainder  of  the  barony  of  Oakley  to  Cbaries  his 
iM'other.  He  set  out  for  the  Hague  immediately  after, 
where  he  arrived  May  15,  1718,  and  on  the  1 8th  was  visited 
by  the  public  ministers,  and  by  the  president  of  the  States 
General  in  the  name  of  that  body.  Ten  days  after  he  was 
at  Antwerp,  where  he  conferred  with  the  marquis  de  Prie, 
governor  for  the  emperor  in  the  Netherlands,  in  order  to 
put  an  end  to  the  difficulties  that  bad  long  obstructed  th^ 
execution  of  the  barrier  treaty ;  and  bringing  him  to  com- 
ply with  what  was  demanded,  he  returned  to  the  Hague  on 
June  2  following,  and  communicated  to  the  States  his 
transactions  at  Antwerp,  who  appeared  sensible  of  his 
friendly  ofiices,  and  of  the  great  obligations  they  were 
under  to  his  Britannic  majesty.  And  having  fixed  for  his 
public  entry  the  king  his  master's  birth-day,  it  was  c6n«* 
ducted  with  great  splendour  and  magnificence.  He  theft 
laboured  with  great  diligence  to  adjust  the  difficulties^ 
which  deferred  the  finishing  of  the  convention  for  the  en- 
tire execution  of  the  treaty  of  barrier,  and  had  frequent^ 
conferences  with  the  Imperial  ministers  and  the  Slates 
General  for  that  purpose. 

On  Feb.  2,  1720,  his  majesty's  full  powers  were  dis- 
patched to  his  lordship,  for  signing,  in  conjunction  with 
the  ministers  of  the  several  allies,  the  treaty  of  quadru^^Ie 
alliance,  and  with  the  ministers  of  the  king  of  Spain,  the 
proper  instruments  for  receiving  his  catholic  majesty'^  ac- 
ceptance of  the  terms  of  peace  stipulated  in  the  treaty ; 
and  for  treating  of  a  cessation  of  arms  between  the  several 
powers  engaged  in  the  war ;  which  was  not  brought  to  a 
conclusion  till  June  7  following ;  when  the  ratificatronts 
were  accordingly  exchanged  with  the  minister  of  Spain. 
The  duke  of  Martborough  departing  this  life  on  June  16^ 
i72l2,  his  lordship  was,  two  days  afterwards,  constituted 
general  and  commander  in  chief  of  his  majesty's  forces^ 
master- general  of  the  ordnance,  and  colonel  of  the  first 
yegiment  of  foot-guards,  in  room  of  his  grace.  Also,  on 
Jane  23,  1723,  he  was  declared  one  of  the  lords  justices  of 
i^reat  Britain  during  his  majesty's  absence. 

His  lordship  married  Margaretta-Cecilia  Munter,  daugh- 

€  2 


to  C  A  D  O  G  A  N. 

let  of  William  Mtinter,  coonsellbr  of  the  court  of  HqU 
land,  by  his  wife  Cecilia  Trip,  of  Amsterdam  ;  and  by  her 
left  issue  only  two  daughters ;  the  lady  Sarah,  married  to 
Charles,  second  duke  of  Richmond ;  and  the  lady  Mar* 
garet,  married  to  Charles  John  count  Bentinck,  second  son 
to  William  earl  of  Portland,  by  his  second  wife.  His  lord- 
ship dying  on  July  17,  1726,  was  buried  in  Westminster* 
abbey.  Her  ladyship  survived  him  till  August,  1749,  when 
she  departed  this  life  at  the  Hague,  from  whence  her 
corpse  was  brought  the  next  month,  and  interred  by  his 
lordship's  in  Westminster-abbey.  As  they  left  no  male 
issue,  the  titles  of  viscount  and  earl  became  extinct,  and 
the  barony  of  Oakley  devolved  on  Charles,  his  brother, 
second  lord  Cadogan,  who  died  in  1776.^ 

CADOGAN  (William  Bromley),  grand  nephew. of 
the  preceding,  and  second  son  of  Charles  Sloan  Cadogan, 
third  baron,  and  first  earl  Cadogan  of  the.  new  creation 
(1800),  was  born  Jan.  22, 1751,  at  his  father's  hause  in  Bru- 
.ton*street,  and  was  educated  at  Westminster-school,  whence 
he  was  removed  to  Christ  church  college,  Oxford,  where 
he  took  the  degree  of  B.  A.  At  this  university,  he  distin- 
guished himself  by  obtaining  several  prizes  for' classical 
learning,  and  by  a  diligent  application  to  the  study  of  the 
holy  scriptures.  In  1774,  the  vicarage  of  St.  Gileses, 
Keading,  became  vacant,  by  the  death  of  the  rev.  William 
Talbot,  a  very  popular  preacher  of  Calvinistic  principles, 
and  was  conferred  on  Mr.  Cadogan,  unsolicited,  in  the  fol^ 
lowing  manner.  Lord  Bathursjt,  who  was  then  chancellor^ 
called  at  lord  Cadogan's  house  in  Privy  Gardens,  and  de- 
sired to  see  him.  Lord  Cadogan  was  not  at  home ;  and 
the  servants,  seeing  lord  Bathurst  plainly  dressed,  admitted 
him  no  farther  than  the  hall,  on  the  table  of  which  he  wrote 
a  note,  requesting  lord  Cadogan  to  accept  the  vicarage  pf 
St,  Giles's  for  his  son.  The  offer  of  so  valuable  a  prefer- 
ment, and  so  near  to  the  family  seat  at  Cayersham,  was 
peculiarly  acceptable  to  lord  Cadogan :  but  his  son  not 
being  in  priest's  orders,  it  was  held  by  sequestration  till 
he  was  ordained  priest  in  1775.  Soon  after,  he  was  pre- 
sented by  lord  Cadogan  to  the  rectory  of  Chelsea,  but  as 
he  could  not  hold  two  livings  without  being  a  master  pf 
arts,  that  degree  was  conferred  upon  him  by  archbishop 
Cornwallis ;  and  in  the  following  year,  being  then  of  suf* 

I  Collins's  Peerage,  by  Sir  £.  Brydges. 


C  A  D  O  G  A  N.  21 

ficient  stmnding  in  the  university^  he  was  regularly  ad- 
mitted to  the  same  degree  ot  Oxford. 

The  parishioners  of  St.  Giles's  were  deeply  affected  by 
the  death  of  Mr.  Talbot,  and  equally  grieved  at  the  ap- 
pointment of  his  successor;  and  their  only  hopes  were,  that 
as  he  was  a  youth  of  noble  family,  he  would  have  no  incli- 
nation to  do  the  duties  himself,  and  might,  perhaps,  con- 
tinue Mr.  Halward  as  curate,  who  had  been  appointed  to 
that  office  by  Mr.  Talbot,  and  was  highly  acceptable  to 
them.     Upon  a  petition,  however,  being  presented  to  Mr. 
Cadogan  in  favour  of  Mr.  Halward,  he  rejected  it  with  the 
strongest  marks  of  disapprobation,  and  the  congregation 
that  usually  met  in  St.  Giles  dispersed  themselves  among 
the  dissenting  meetings,  and  some  of  them  went  so  far  as 
to  erect  a  meeting  in  lady  Huntingdon's  connection.     On 
this  occasion  several  letters  passed  between  Mr.  Cadogan 
and   Mrs.  Talbot,  whose  house  was  opened  for  religious 
exercises.     At  first  he  was  highly  offended  ;  but  at  length* 
his  views  of  religious  doctrines  became  materially  altered, 
and  he  attained  before  his  death  a  popularity  equal,  or 
rather  superior,   to   that  of  his  predecessor,  and  a  cor- 
responding change  took  place  in   his  manner  and  habits. 
He   had  usually  divided  his  time  between  Reading  and 
Chelsea;  but  finding  his  labours  there  attended  with  lit- 
tle or  no  success,  and  having  been  prevailed  upon  to  let 
the  rectory-house,  he  left  that  populous  parish  to  the  care 
of  his  curate,  the  rev.  Erasmus  MiddJeton,  except  at  the 
season  of  Lent,  and  of  the  monthly  sacrament.     At  Read- 
ing, besides  preaching  on  Sundays,  morning  and  evening, 
he  preached  on  Thursday  evenings;  and  on  Tuesday  even- 
ings he  prayed  and  expounded  the  scriptures  in  his  own 
house;  but   finding  the  number  of  his  hearers  too  large, 
he  removed  this  instructive  exercise  into  the  chancel.     He 
also  instituted  four  Sunday  schools,  in  which  upwards  of 
120  poor  children  were  instructed.     These  schools  he  con- 
stantly attended,  encouraging  those  who  made  the  greatest 
improvement,  by  presents  of  money  or  books ;  and  sup- 
plying every  deficiency  in  the  collections  of  the  parishion- 
ers at  his  own  ex  pence.     He  was  usually  in  his  study  by 
six  o'clock,  and  devoted  the  greater  part  of  his  mornings 
to   reading  the  scriptures  in  the  original  languages ;  the   ' 
remainder  he  employed  in  exercise,  or  in  visiting  the  sick 
and  poor.     He  passed  much  time  in  secret  prayer,  and 
has  been  frequently  surprised  on  his  knees  by  his  servant. 


09  C  A  D  O  O  A  N. 

when  the  family  bad  retired  to  rest.  His  generosity  and 
charity  were  truly  great ;  nor  could  an  object  of  distress 
l>e  mentioned  to  him  by  any  of  his  congregation  without 
experiencing  his  liberality.  Many  clergymen,  in  circum-^  ^ 
stances  of  indigence  or  s^iction,  have  received  assistance 
from  him,  which  was  conveyed  in  the  most  private  way. 
He  had  great  politeness  in  his  manners  and  behaviour :  in 
bis  conversation,  the  scholar,  the  gentleman,  and  the  Chris* 
tian  were  united.  In  the  pulpit,  he  endeavoured  to  reform 
the  sinner,  and  display  to  all  men  the  blessings  of  salva* 
tion.  His  voice  was  not  pleasing,  but  his  delivery  was 
forcible ;  and  he  commanded  attention  by  the  earnestness 
with  which  he  impressed  iipon  his  bearers  the  sublime 
truths  of  the  gospel.  Amidst  these  Christian  duties,  Mr« 
Cadogan  was  seized  on  a  Thursday  evening  after  his  lec« 
ture,  with  an  inflammation  in  his  bowels,  which,  after  a 
short  interval  of  relief,  proved  fatal  Jan.  18,  1797. 

Mr.  Cadogan's  publications  consist  of  several  single  ser« 
inons  preached  on  various  occasions ;  and  after  his  death 
were  published  ^^  Discourses,  &c.  Leitters,  and  Memoirs 
of  his.  Life,  by  Richard  Cecil,  A.M."  1798,  8vo.* 

CiBLIUS  (AuRELiANUs),  or,  as  some  have  called  hiroi 
I^ucius  CsbUus  Arianus,  an  ancient  physician,  and  the  only 
one  of  the  sect  of  the  methodists  of  whom  we  have  any 
remains,  is  supposed  to  have  been  a  native  of  Sicca,  a 
town  of  Numidia,  in  Africa.     This  we  learn  from  the  elder 
Pliny ;  and  we  might  almost  have  collected  it,  without  any 
information  at  all,  from  his  style,  which  is  very  barbarous, 
and  much  resenibling  that  of  the  African  writers.    It  is 
half  Greek,  half  Latin,  harsh,  and  difficult ;  yet  strongs 
masculine,  and  his  works  are  valuable  for' the  matter  they 
contain*     He  is  frequently  very  acute  and  smart,  especially 
where  he  exposes  the  errors  of  other  physicians ;  and  al- 
ways nervous.    What  age  Caelius  Aurelianus  flourished  in 
we  caanot  determine,  there  being  so  profound '  a  silence 
about  it  amongst  the  ancients ;  but  it  is  very  probable  that 
be  lived  before  Galen,  since  it  is  not  conceivable  that  he 
should  mention,  as  he  does,  all  the  physicians  before  him, 
great  as  well  as  small,  and  yet  not  make  the  least  mention 
of  Galen.     Le  Clerc  places  him  in  the  fifth  century.     He 
was  not  only  a  careful  imitator  of  Soranus,  but  arlso  a 
ftrenuous  advocate  for  him.    He  had  read  over  very  dill* 

1  Coates's  Histoty  of  Reading.— 'Memoini  as  above. 


C  £  L  I  U  &  it 

gently  the  ancient  physicians  of  all  the  sects :  and  we  are 
obliged  to  him  for  the  knowledge  of  many  dogmas,  which 
are  not  to  be  found  but  in  his  books  **  De  celeribus  et 
turdis  passionibtts."  The  best  edition  of  these  books  is 
that  published  at  Amsterdam,  1722,  in  4to.  He  wrote,  as 
he  himself  tells  us,  several  other  works;  but  they  are  all 
perished.  This,  however,  which  has  escaped  the  ruins  of 
time  and  barbarism,  is  highly  valued,  as  being  the  only 
monument  of  the  Medicina  methodica  which  is  extant.  He 
is  allowed  by  all  te  be  judicious  in  the  history  and  descrip- 
tion of  diseases 

.  CAESALPINUS  (Andkbw),  an  eminent  botanist  and 
physician,  was  bom  at  Arezzo,  in  the  district  of  Florence, 
in  1519,  He  was  educated  under  Luke  Ghinus,  super* 
intendani  of  the  public  garden  at  Pisa,  where  he  appears 
to  have  acquired  his  taste  for  botanical  pursuits.  There 
abo  he  was  appointed  first  professor  of  physic  and  botany 
in  the  university,  and  afterwards  fifst  physician  to  pope 
Clement  VIU.  a  promotion  which  required  his  residence  at 
Rome,  where  be  died  in  1603.  He  described,  says  Dr. 
Pulteney,  with  exquisite  skill, 'the  plants  of  his  own  coun- 
try, and  left  an  herbarium  of  768  species.  He  extended 
Gesner's  idea,  and  commenced  the  period  of  systematic 
arrangement.  In  his  ^<  Libri  XVI  de  Plantis,**  .published 
in  1583,  at  Florence,  he  has  arranged  upwards  of  800 
plants  into  classes,  founded,  after  the  general  division  of 
the  trees  from  herbs,  on  characters  drawn  from  the  fruit 
particularly,  from  the  number  of  the  capsules  and  cells ; 
the  number,  shape,  and  disposition  of  the  seeds  ;  and  from 
the  situation  of  the  corculum,  radicle,  or  eye  of  the  seed, 
which  he  raised  to  great  estimation.  The  orders,  or  sub- 
divisions, are  formed  on  still  more  various  relations.  On 
the  other  hand,  the  biographer  of  Linnseus  remarks,  that, 
though  hi9  genius  was  inventive,  his  knowledge  of  botany 
was  neither  original  nor  universal.  He  missed  both  leisure 
and  opportunity.  Clusius  had  discovered  more  fresh  plants 
than  he  ever  was  acquainted  with.  His  herbal  did  not  con- 
tain nine  hundred  species,  a  fact  fully  proved  by  the  Flo- 
rentine botanist  Micheli,  who  had  it  in  his  possession.  A 
provision  of  this  kind  was  too  small  to  give  a  eomprehen- 
aive  view  of  botany,  and  the  knowledge  which  Csesalpinus 
acquired  of  the  internal  structure  of  plants  was  too  defective 

1  LeCierc  Hist  de  Med.—Haller  Bibl.  Med.  Pract. 


U'  C  A  E  S  A  L  P  I  N  U  S.  . 

to  point  out  the  most  perfect  order.     He  was  only  directed 
Vythe  fruit,  and  mostly  by  that  part  on  whic^  the  shoots  or 
germing  repose.  This  system  had  its  defects,  but  it  brought 
CsBsalpinus  much  nearer  to  the  truth,  and  he  discovered  more 
real  similarities,  more  natural  classes,  than  all  the  botanists 
who  preceded,  and  many  who  followed  him.     His  specula* 
tions  in  anatomy  are  still  more  ingenious.     He  describes 
very  clearly  the  circulation  of  the  blood  through  the  heart,- 
and  was  acquainted  with  the  uses  of  the  valves.     Douglas 
thinks  him  entitled  to  equal  praise  with  Harvey,  who  only  com- 
pleted what  he  had  nearly  achieved.     He  clearly,  Douglas- 
says,  diescribes  the  contraction  and  dilatation  of  the  heart, 
which  is  shewn  from  the  following  passage  from  his  fourth' 
book  *'  Question  urn  Peripateiicarum."     **  The  lungs,'*  he 
says,  ^^  drawing  the  warm  blood  through  a  vein  (the  pul- 
i»onary  artery)  like  the  arteries,  out  of  the  right  ventricle 
of  the  heart,  and  returning  it  by  an  anastomosis  to  the 
venal  artery  (the  pulmonary  vein)  which  goes  to  the  left 
ventricle  of  the  heart,  the  cool  air  being  in  the  mean  time' 
l<at  in  through  the  canals  of  the  aspera  arteria,  which  are 
extended  along  the  venal  artery,  but  do  not  communicate 
^ith  it  by  inosculations,  as  Galen  imagined,  cools  it  only 
by  touching.     To  this  circulation  of  the  blood  out  o^  the' 
right  Ventricle  of  the  heart  through  the  lungs  into  its  left 
ventricle,  what  appears  upon  jdissection  answers  very  w^ll : 
fbr  there  are  two  vessels  which  end  in  the  right  ventricle^  and' 
two  in  the  left :  but  one  only  carries  the  blood  in,  the  other 
seltids  it  out,  the  membranes  being  contrived  fpr  that  pur-' 
prose.'^     His  works  on  the  practice  of  medicine  have  also 
their  portion  of  merit.     '<  Questionum  Medicarum    Libri' 
ir. ;"  *^  De  Facultatibus  Medicamentorum  Libri  duo,"  Venet. 
1593,  4t6;  *^  Speculum  Artis  Medicae  HippocraticoB,  ex- 
hlbens  dignoscendos  curandosque  morbos,  in  quo  multa  vi-' 
suntur,  quffi  a  praecls^rissimis  medicis  intacta  relicta  erant,'* 
Lyons,  1601-2-3,  3  ypls.  8vo.  * 

CiESAR  (Julius),  the  illustrious  Ron(ian  general  and 
historian,  was  of  the  family  of  the  Julii,  who  pretended- 
they  were  descended  from  Venus  by  iEneas.  The  descen- 
dants of  Ascanius  son  of  MneBs  and  Creusa,  and  surnamed 
Julius,  lived  at  Alba  till  that  city  was  ruined  by  Tulliis 
I^ostilius,  king  of  Rome,  who  carried  them  to  Rome,  where 

i  HMIier  and  Manget. — Pulteuey's  Botany.— StO€Ver'8  Life  of  Uonsos^  p.  $0, 
— QcB.  Diet.— Freheri  Theatnun. 


C  ^  S  A  R,  95 

tibey  flourished.     We  do  not  find  that  they  produced  mora 
than  two  branches.    .The  first  bore  the  name  of  Tuiius,  the 
other  that  of  Caesar.     The  most  ancient  of  the  Csesacs  were 
those  who  were  in  public  employments  in  the  1 1th  year  of 
the  first  Punic  war.     After  that  time  we  find  there  was  al- 
ways some  of  that  family  who  enjoyed  public  offices  in  the 
commonwealth,  till  the  time  of  Caius  Julius  Csesar,  the 
subject  of  this  article.     He  was  born  at  Rome  the  12th  of 
the  month  Quintilis,  year  of  the  city  653,  and  lost  his 
father  anno  669,  and  the  year  after  he  was  made  priest  of 
Jupiter.     Sylla  was  aware  of  his  ambition,  and  endeavoured 
to  remove  him ;  but  Cee$ar  understood  his  intentions,  and^ 
to  avoid  discovery,  changed  every  day  his  lodgings.     He 
was  received  into  Sylla's  friendship  some  time  after ;  and 
the  dictator  told  those  who  solicited  the  advancement  of 
young  Caesar,  that  they  were  warm  in  the  interest  of  a  man 
who  would  prove  some  day  or  other  the  ruin  of  their 
country  and  of  their  liberty.     When  Caesar  went  to  finish: 
his  studies  at  Rhodes,  unde/  Apoilonius  Molo,    he  was* 
seized  by  pirates,  who  offered  him  his  liberty  for  thirty, 
talents.     He  gave  them  forty,  and  threatened  to  revenge 
their  insults ;  and  he  no  sooner  was  out  of  their  power  than 
he  armed  a  ship,  pursued  them,  and  crucified  them  all,. 
His  eloquence  procured  him  friends  at  Rome;  and  the> 
generous  manner  in  which  he  lived,  equally  served  to  pro* 
mote  his  interest.     He  obtained  the  office  of  high  priest  at 
the  death  of  Metellus ;  and  after  he  had  passed  through  thd 
inferior  employments  of  the  state,  he  was  appointed  over^ 
Spain,  where  be  sigpalized  himself  by  his  valour  and  in* 
trigues.     At  his  return  to  Rome  he  was  made  consul,  and 
soon  after  he  effected  a  reconciliation  between  Crassus  and- 
Pompey.     He  was  appointed  for  the  space  of  five  yearn 
over  the  Gauls,  by  the  interest  of  Pompey,  to  whom  he 
had  given  his  daughter  Julia  in  marriage.     Here  he  eiv» 
larged  the  boundaries  of  the  Roman  empire  by  conquest,, 
and  invaded  Britain,  which  was  then  unknown  to  the  Ro- 
man people.     He  checked  the  Germans,  and  soon  after 
had  his  government  over  Gaul  prolonged  to  five  other 
years,  by  means  of  his  friends  at  Rome*    The  death  of 
Julia  and  of  Crassus,  the  corrupted  state  of  the  Roman 
senatje,  and  the  ambition  of  Caesar  and  Pompey,  soon  be« 
came  the  causes  of  a  civil  war.  Neither  of  these  celebrated 
Romans  would  suffer  a  superior,  and  the  smallest  matters 
were  sufficient  ground  for  unsheathing  the  sword.     CaesarV 


f «  ^  M  s  An. 

petitions  were  receiired  with  coldness  or  indifference  by 
the  Roman  senate ;  and  by  the  influence  of  Pompey,  a 
decree  was  passed  to  strip  him  of  his  power.  Antony,  who 
opposed  it  as  tribune,  fled  to  Ca&sar's  camp  wjth  the  news; 
and  the  ambitious  general  no  sooner  hea^d  this,  than  he 
made  it  a  plea  of  resistance.  On  pretence  of  avenging 
the  violence  which  had  been  offered  to  the  sacred  office  of 
tribune  in  the  person  of  Antony,  he  crossed  the  Rubicon, 
which  was  the  boundary  of  his  province.  The  passage  of 
tJie  Rubicon  was  a  declaration  of  war,  and  Csesar  entered 
Italy  sword  in  band.  Upon  this,  Pompey,  with  all  the 
friends  of  liberty,  left  Rome,  and  retired  to  Dyrrachium ; 
dnd  C^Bsar,  after  he  had  subdued  all  Italy,  in  sixty  days^ 
entered  Rome,  and  provided  himself  with  money  from  the 
public  treasury.  He  went  to  Spain,  where  he  conquered 
Ae  partizans  of  Pompey,  under  Petreius,  Afranius,  and 
Varro ;  and  at  his  return  to  Rome  was  declared  dictator, 
and  soon  aifter  consul.  When  he  left  Rome  he  went  in 
quest  of  Pompey,  observing  that  he  was  marching  against 
a  general  without  troops,  after  having  defeated  troops 
without  a  general  in  Spain.  In  the  plains  of  Pharsalia^ 
B.  C.  48,  the  two  hostile  generals  engaged.  Pompey  was 
conquered,  and  fled  into  Egypt,  where  he  was  basely  mur« 
dered.  Ceesar,  after  he  had  made  a  noble  use  of  victory, 
pursued  his  adversary  into  Egypt,  where  he  sometime 
forgot  his  fame  and  character  in  the  arms  of  Cleopatra,  by 
whom  he  had  a  son.  His  danger  was  great  while  at  Alex- 
aiodria ;  but  he  extricated  himself  with  wonderful  success, 
and  made  Egypt  tributary  to  his  power.  After  several 
conquests  in  Africa,  the  defeat  of  Cato,  Scipio,  and  Juba, 
and  that  of  Pompey's  sons  in  Spain,"  he  entered  Rome, 
and  triumphed  over  five  different  nations,  Gaul,  Alexan- 
dria, Potitus,  Africa,  and  Spain,  and  was  created  perpe- 
tual dictator.  But  now  his  glory  was  at  an  end,  his  un- 
common success  created  him  enemies,  and  the  chiefest  of 
the  senators,  among  whom  was  Brutus  his  most  intimate 
friend,  conspired  against  him,  and  stabbed  him  in  the  se- 
nate house  on  the  ides  of  March.  He  died,  pierced  with 
twenty-thi^ee  wounds,  the  1 5th  of  March,  B.  C.  44, "in  the 
£ifty.sixth  year  of  his  age.  Casca  gave  him  the  first  Wow, 
and  immediately  he  attempted  to  make  some  resistance ; 
but  when  he  saw  Brutus  among  the  conspirators,  he  sub- 
mitted to  his  fate,  and  fell  down  at  their  feet,  muffling  up 
Bis  mantle,  and  exclaimi-ng,  "  Tu  quoque  Brute  !'*  Csesar 


^ 


C  M  S  AIL  n 

Dtitgbt  have  escaped  the  svrord  of  the  cdiitpiralor^  i£  b^  bid 
listened  to  the  advice  of  his  wife  Calpurnia,  whose  dreamsi 
on   the  night  previous  to  the  day  of  his  murder,  were 
alarming.     He  also  received,  as  he  went  to  the  senate* 
bouse,  a  paper  from  Artemidorus,  which  discovered  the 
whole  conspiracy  to  him ;  but  he  neglected  the  reading  of 
what  might  have  saved  his  life.     When  he  was  in  his  firsfc 
campaign  in  Spain,  he  was  observed  to  g^ze  at  a  statue  of 
Alexander,  and  even  he  shed  tears  at  the  recollection  that 
that  hero  had  conquered  the  world  at  an  age  in  which  be 
himself  had  done  nothing.  The  learning  of  Cwsar  deserves 
commendation,  as  wdl  as  his  military  character.     He  te* 
formed  the  calendar.     He  wrote  bis  commentaries  on  the 
Gallic  wars  on  the  spot  where  he  fought  his  battles,  and 
the  composition  has  been  admired  for  the  elegance  as  well 
as  the  correctness  of  its  style*    This  valuable  book  was 
nearly  lost;  and  when  Csesar  saved  bis  life  in  the  bay  of 
Alexandria,  he  was  obliged  to  swim  from  his  ship,  with  h^ 
arms  in  one  hand  and  his  commentaries  in  the  other.     Be* 
sides  the  Gallic  and  civil  wars,  he  wrote  other  pieces  which 
are  now  lost.    The  history  of  the  war  in  Alexandria  and 
Spain  is  attributed  to  him,  and  by  others  to  Hirtius. 
Cffisar  has   been  blamed  for  his  debaucheries   and    ex* 
pences,  and  the.  first  year  he  had  a  public  office,  his  debts 
were  rated  at  830  talents,  which  his  friends  distcharged  i 
yet,  in  his  public  character,  he  must  be  reckoned  one  of 
the  few  heroes  that  rarely  make  their  appearance  among 
mankind.     His  qualities  were  such,  that  in  every  battle  he 
could  not  be  but  conqueror,  and  in  every  republic,  master; 
and  to  his  sense  of  his  superiority  over  the  rest  of  the  worlds 
or  to  his  ambition,  we  are  to  attribute  his  saying,  that  he 
wished  rather  to  be  first  in  a  little  village,  than  second  at 
Rome.    It  was  after  his  conquest  over  Pharnaces  in  one 
day,  that  he  made  use  of  these  remarkable  words,  to  ex-* 
press  the  celerity  of  his  operations,  "  Veni,  vidi,  vici.^ 
Conscious  of  the  services  of  a  man,  who.  m  the  intervals  of 
peace  beautified  and  enriched  the  capital  of  his  country 
with  public  buildings,  libraries,  and  porticoes,  the  senate 
permitted  the  dictator  to  wear  a  laurel  crown  on  his  bald 
bead ;  and  it  is  said,  that,  to  reward  his  benevolence,  they 
were  going  to  give  hiih  the  title  or  auttKurity  of  king  all 
over  the  Roman  empire,  except  Italy,  when  be  was  mur- 
dered.    In  his  private  character,  CsBsar  has  been  accused 
of  seducing  one  of  the  Vestal  virgins^  and  suspected  of 


$S  CM  SAB. 

being  privy  to  Catiline's  conspiracy ;  and  it  was  his  fond- 
ness  for  dissipated  pleasures,  which   made  his  country- 
men   say,    that  he   was   the   husband  of  ail   the  women 
at  Rome.     It  is    said    that  he   conquered    300 .  nations, 
took  800  cities,  and  defeated  three  millions  of  men,  one 
of  which  fell  in  the  field  of  battle.     Pliny  says,  that  be 
could   employ  at  the  same  time,  his  ears  to   listen,   his 
eyes   to  read,  bis  hand  to  write,  and  his  mind'  to  die-* 
tate.     His  death  was  preceded,  as  many  authors  mention^ 
by  uncommon  prodigies ;  and  immediately  after  his  death,' 
a  large  comet  made  its  appearance.     Cassar  when  young, 
was  betrothed  to   Cpssutia,  a  rich  heiress,  whom  he  dis« 
missed  to  marry  Cornelia,  the  daughter*  of  Cinna,  by  whom 
he  had  Julia.     His  attachment  to  Cornelia  was  so  great, 
that  he  never  could  be  prevailed  upon  by  the  arts  or  threats 
of  Sylla  to  divorce  her;  but  her  attachment  he  baldly 
preferred   to  his  own   personal   safety.     After  her  early 
death,  which  he  lamented  with  great  bitterness  of  grief,  he 
married  Pompeia,  the  grand-daughter  of  Sylia;  and  for 
bis  fourth  wife  he  took  Calpurnia,    the  daughter  of  the 
consul  Piso,  a  connection  formed  from  political  motives. 
The  best  editions  of  Ceesar's  Commentaries,  are  the  mag- 
nificent one  by  Dr.  Clarke,  Lond.  1712,  fol. ;  that  of  Cam*- 
bridge,  with  a  Greek  translation,   1727,  4to ;  that  of  Ou- 
dendorp,  2  vols.  4t09  L.  Bat.  1737 ;  that  of  Elzevir,  8vo, 
L.  Bat.  1635  ;  that  of  Homer,  London,  1790,  2  vols.  8vo ; 
and  of  Oberlin,  Leipsic,  1 805,  8 vo.  * 

CiESAR  (Julius),  a  learned  civilian,  was  born  near 
Tottenham,  in  Middlesex,  in  15S7.  His  father  was  Caesar 
Adelmar,  physician  to  queen  Mary  and  queen  Elizabeth; 
lineally  descended  from  Adelmar  count  of  Genoa,  and  ad- 
miral of  France,  in  the  year  806,  in  the  reign  of  Charles 
the  Great.  This  Csesar  Adelmar's  mother  was  daughter  to. 
the  duke  de  Cesarini,  from  whom  he  had  the  name  of 
Csesar ;  which  name  Mary  I.  queen  of  England,  ordered 
to  be  continued  to  his  posterity  ;  and  his  father  was  Peter 
Maria  Dalmarius,  of  the  city  of  Trevigio  in  Italy,  LL.  D-. 
sprung  from  those  of  his  name  living  at  Cividad  del  Friulii 
Julius,  who  is  the  subject  of  this  article,  had  his  education  in 
the  university  of  Oxford,  where  he  took  the  degree  of  B.  A. 
May  17,  1 575,  as  a  member  of  Magdalen  hall.  Afterwards 
be  went  and  studied  in  the  university  of  Paris ;  where,  ia 

'  The  life  of  Cesar  properly  belongs  to  history,  and  is  detailed  at  great  length 
ID  every  Roman  histo  y,  particularly  Hooke's  and  the  Universal  History.  For 
%$  above  sketch  we  are  indebted  to  Dr.  Lempriere. 


C  iE  S  A  R.  ^9 

the  beginning  of  1581,  he  was  created  D.  C.  L.  and  had 
letters  testimonial  for  it,  under  the  seal  of  that  university, 
dated  the  22d  of  April,  1581..    He  was  admitted  to  the 
same  degree  at  Oxford,  March  the  5th,   1583;  and  also 
became  doctor , of  the  canon  law.  In  the  reign  of  queen  Eli- 
zabeth, he  was  master  of  requests,  judge  of  the  high  court 
of  admiralty,  and  master  of  St  Catherine's  hospital  near 
the  Tower.     On  the  22d  of  January,  1595,  he  was  present 
at  the  confirmation  of  Richard  Vaughan,  bishop  of  Bangor, 
in  the  church  of  St.  Mary-le-^Bow,  London. .   Upon  king 
James's  accession  to  the  throne,  having  before  distinguished 
himself  by  bis  merit  and  abilities,  he  was  knighted  by  that 
prince,  at  Greenwich,  May  20,  1603.     He  was  also  con- 
stituted chancellor  and  under-treasurer  of  the  exchequer ; 
,  and  on  the  5th  of  July,  1607,  sworn  of  his  majesty's  privy 
council.     January.  16tb,  in  the  eighth  of  king  James  I.  be 
obtained  a  reversionary  grant  of  the  ofEice  of  master  of  the 
rolls  after  sir  Edward  Phillips,  knight ;  who,  departing  this 
life  September  11,   1614,  was  succeeded  accordingly  by 
sir  Julius,  on  the  1st  of  October  following ;  and  then  he 
resigned  bis  place  of  chancellor  of  the  exchequer.      la 
;1613  be  was  one  of  the  commissioners,  or  delegates  em*- 
ployed  in  the  business  of  the  divorce  between  the  earl  of 
JEssex  and  his  countess ;  and  gave  sentence  for  that  divorce. 
About  the  same  time,  he  built  a  chapel  at  bis  house,,  on 
the  north  side  of  the  Strand^  in  London,  w;hich  was  conse^* 
erated,  May  8,  1614.     As  he  had  been  privy-counsellor 
to  king  James  I.  so  was  he  also  to  his  son  king  Charles  I. ; 
and  appears  to  have  been  custos  rotulorum  of  the  county 
of  Hertford.     We  are  likewise  informed  by  one  author^ 
that  he  was  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster.     After 
having  thus  passed  through  many  honourable  employment^ 
and  continued  in  particular,  master  of  the  rolls  for  above 
twea;ity  years,  be  departed  this  life  April  28,   1636,  in  the 
seventy-ninth  year  of  his  age.   He  lies  buried  in  the  church 
of  Great  St.  >  Helen's  within  Bishopgate,  London,  under 
a  fair,  but  uncommon  monument,  designed  by  himself; 
being  in  form  of  a. deed,  and  made  to  resemble  a  ruffled 
'  parchment,  in  allusion  to  his  ofKce  as  master  of  the  rolls. 
With  regard  to  his  character,  he  was  a  man  of  great  gra* 
vity  and  integrity,  and  remarkable  for  his  extensive  bounty 
and  charity  to  all  persons  of  worth,  or  that  were  in  want : 
so  that  he  might  seem  to  be  almoner->general  of  the  nation. 
Fuller  giv^s  the  following  instance  of  his  uncommon  charity : 
^^  A  gentleman  once  borrowing  bis  coach  (which  was  i^jj^ 


scr  e  iE  8  A  R. 

well  known  to  poor  people  as  any  hospital  in  Engiand) 
was  so  rendezvouzed  about  with  beggars  in  London,  that 
it  oost  him  all  the  money  in  his  purse  to  satisfy  their  im-» 
portunity,  so  that  be  might  have  hired  twenty  coaches  oa 
the  same  terms/'  He  entertained  for  s6nie  time  in  his 
ho«ise  the  most  illustrious  Francis  lord  Bacon,  viscount 
St.  AU>an*s.'  He  made  his  grants  to  all  persons  double 
kindnesses  by  expedition,  and  cloathed  (as  one  expresses 
it)  bis  very  denials  in  such  robes  of  courtship,  that  it  was 
not  obviously  discernible,  whether  the  request  or  denial 
were  oaost  decent.  He  had  also  this  peculiar  tohimself^ 
that  he  was  very  cauCious  of  promises,  lest  falling  to  an 
incapacity  of  performance  he  might  forfeit  bis  reputationf, 
and  multipl^y  his  certain  enemies,  by  his  design  of  creating 
uncertain  friends.  Besides,  be  observed  a  sure  principle 
of  rising,  namely,  that  great  persons  esteem  better  of  such 
they  have  done  great  courtesies  to,  than  those  they  have 
received  great  civilities  from ;  looking  upon  this  as  their 
disparagement,  the  ot^r  as  their  glory. 

Besides  sir  Julius,  Csesar  Adelmar  had  two  sons  that 
w^re  eminent  in  their  way.  His  second  son,  sir  Thomas 
Caesar,  was  one  of  the  barons  of  the  exchequer*  And  his 
third  son,  Henry  Csesar,  educated  in  Baliol  college,  and 
St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxon,  became  prebendary  of  Westmin- 
Bter  in  the  second  stall,  in  September  1609,  which  be  re- 
signed the  latter  end  of  1625;  and  dean  of  Ely  in  1614. 
He  died  at  Ely  the  27th  of  June,  I6816,  aged  seventy- 
two,  and  was  huried  on  the  nortii  side  of  the  presbjrtery  of 
ifae  cathedral.  He  founded  two  scholarships  and  two  fel- 
lowships in  Jesus  coliege,  Cambridge,  to  be  elected  from 
the  king's  free^school  at  Ely,  and  gave  a  noble  benefaction 
to  tAie  choir,  &c.  of  Ely  cathedral,  but  his  nephew  and 
executor  having  heem  prevailed  upon  to  lend  the  principal 
money  of  these  benefactions,  the  whole  was  lost  both  to 
the  cathedral  and  the  college. 

In  December  1757,  sir  Julius  Caesar's  collection  of  ma- 
nuscripts, which  had  long  been  preserved  in  the  family, 
was  sold  by  public  auction  by  Sam.  Paterson.  By  th^ 
lapse  of  time  and  the  decay  of  the  family,  they  had  fallen  * 
into  the  hands  of  some  uninformed  ^persons,  and  were  on 
the  point  of  being  sold  by  weight  tp  a  cheesemonger,  as 
waste-paper>  for  the  siim  often  pounds ;  but  some  of  them 
happened  to  be  shewn  to  Mr.  Paterson,  who  instantly  dis* 
covered  their  yalue.    He  then  digested  a  masterly  cata« 


•    C  iB  S  A  R.  %k 

Segue  of  the  whole  coUectien,  and  distributing  it  ia  several 
thousands  of  the  most  singular  and  interesting  heads, 
caused  them  to  be  sold  by  auction,  which  produced  356/. 
Many  of  them  were  in  the  library  of  the  late  marquis^ 
of  Lansdowne,  and  are  now,  consequently,  in  the  British 
jnuseum. ' 

CAGLIARI   (Paul),  a  celebrated  artist,  called   PAUI4 
Veronese,  the  great  master  of  what  is  called  the  orna^ 
vaental  style,  was  born  at  Verona  in  1530,  and  was  tha 
disciple  of  Antonio  Badile.     When  young,  in  concurrency 
with    Batista  del   Moro,  Domenico  Brusasoroi,   and  Paol 
Farinato,  he  painted  at  the  summons  of  cardinal   Ercolo 
Gonzaga,.in  the  cathedral  of  Mantua,  and  left  no  doubt  of 
his  superiority  in  the  contest.     He  then  went  to  Venice^ 
and  with  the  procurator  Grioiani  to  Rome,  where,  from  the 
frescos  of  M.  Aivgelo  and  RafTael,  he  acquired  the  idea  of 
that  breadth  which  distinguishes  him  in  all  his  aliegorical 
and  my thojcrgic  pictures ;  and  tliough  the  simplicity  inse-^ . 
parable  from  real  grandeur  was  not  a  principle  to  be  courted, 
by  him  who  aimed  at  captivating  the  debauched  Venetian 
eye,  he  gave  proofs,  that,  if  i^^  did  not  adopt,  he  had  a 
9ense  for  its  beauties.    The  Apotheosis  of  Venice  in  the 
ducal   palace,  in  magnificence  of  combin^on,  loftiness, 
splendor,  variety,  offers  in  one  picture  the  principles  an() 
the  elemental  beauties  of  his  style.     It  was,  hqwever,  less; 
to. this  work,  than  to  his  C^ne,  or  convivial  compositions,, 
that  Paolo  owed  his  celebrity*     He  painted  four  at  Venice, 
for  four  refectories  of  convents,  all  of  enofmous  dimedsiona   . 
and  equal  copiousness  of  invention.     Th^  first,  ^ith  the  ^ 
Nuptials  of  Cana,  once  in  the  refectory  of  St.  Giorgio 
Maggiore^  now  in  the  Louvre,  and  known  by  numeroua 
copies,  is  thirty  palms  long,  comprizies  130  figures,  witli  a 
number  of  distinguished  portraits ;  and  yet  was  painted, 
$ays  Lanzi,  for  no  more  than  ninety  ducats.     The  second, 
better  preserved,  was  painted  for  the  convent  of  S»  Gio- 
vanni and  Pa(»lo,  and  represents  the  call  of  St.  Matthew ; 
|t,  is  chiefly  praised  for  the  character  of  the  heads,  which 
Ricci  copied  for  bis  studies  at  an  advanced  age.     The 
third,  at  St   Sebastian,  is   tlie  Feast  of  Simon,  which  is 
likewise  the  subject  of  die  fourth,  painted  for  the  refec- 
tory of  the  Servi,  but  sent  to  Lewis  XIV.,  and  placed  at 
Versaillef .     Thi9i  perhaps,  is  the  master-^.piece  of  ^he  four, 

1  Biog.  Brit.— Beniham's  El/.    ' 


U  C  A  G  L  I  A  R  I. 

though  placed  in  an  unfavourable  light,   and  greatly  in-^' 
jured  by  neglect,  and  the  dampness  of  the  place. 

No  painter  ever  was  hurried  along  by  a  greater  torrent 
of  commissions,  and  no  painter  ever  exerted  jiimself  with 
'  greater  equality  of  execution.     Light  grounds  and  virgin 
tints  have  contributed  to  preserve  the  freshness  of  his  pic^ 
tures  :  the  family  of  Darius  presented  to  Alexander,  in  the 
Pisani  palace  at  Venice,  and  the  S.  Giorgio,  once  at  Verona, 
iiow  in  the  Louvre,  have,  without  the  smallest  loss  of  the 
bloom  that  tones  them,  received  from  time  that  mellow* 
ness,  that  sober  hue,  which   time  alone  can  give.     More 
fixed  in  a  system,  and  consequently  nearer  to  manner  than 
Titian,  with  less  purity  and  delicacy ;  greyer,  not  so  warm, 
so  sanguine,  or  so  juicy  as  Tintoretto,  Paolo  excels  both 
in  fascinating  breadth  of  bland  and  lucid  demi-tints;  and 
in  his  convivial  scenes,  though  thronged  with  pomp,  gor- 
geous  attire,  and  endless  ornament,  never  once  forgets 
that  they  were  admitted  to  shew  and  not  to  eclipse  the 
actors.     The  actors  were  not,  indeed,  those  of  the  histo-> 
rian,  no  more  than  the  costume  that  of  the  times,  or  the 
ornaments  and  architecture  those  of  the  country.     The 
ostentatioflr  of  ornamental  painting  is  not  to  be  arraigned  at 
the   tribunal  of  serious   history.     The   humble  guests  of 
Cana,  the  publican  forsaking  his  till,  Magdalen  at  the  feet 
of  Christ,  travestied  into  Venetian   patriarchs,    belles,  or 
nobles,  ^wei'e  only  called  upon  to  lend  their  names,  and  by 
their  authority  to  palliate  or  flatter  the  reigning  taste  or 
vice  of  a  debauched  and  opulent  public. 

This  great  artist  was  highly  esteemed  by  all  the  prin- 
cipal men  of  his  time  ;  and  so  much  admired  by  the  great 
masters,  as  well  his  contemporaries  as  those  who  sue-* 
ceeded  him,  that  Titian  himself  used  to  say,  he  was  the 
ornament  of  his  profession.  And  Guido  Reni  being  asked^ 
which  of  the  masters  his  predecessors  he  would  choose  to 
be,  were  it  in  his  power,  after  JRaphael  and  Corregio, 
named  Paul  Veronese,  whom  he  always  called  his  Paolino.' 
He  died  of  a  fever  at  Venice  in  1588,  and  had  a  tomb  and 
a  statue  of  brass  erected  in  the  church  of  St.  Sebastian. 

Paul  left  great  wealth  to  bis  two  sons,  Gabriel  and 
Chs^rles,  who  were  painters,  and  lived  very  happily  to- 
gether. They  joined  in  finishing  several  pieces  left  im* 
perfect  by  their  father ;  and  followed  his  manner  so  closely 
in  other  works  of  their  own,  that  the  connoisseurs  do  not 
easily  distinguish  them  from  those  of  Paul's  hand.     Charles 


C  AG  LI  A  HI.  S3 

h^  H  genius  for  painting,  and  at  eighteen  years  of  age  Iikd 
done  some  excellent  pieces.    It  is  tbQught^  if  be  bad  livedo 
that  he  would  have  exceeded  his  father ;  but  coiitracting 
an  imposthume  in  his  breast,  by  applying  too  intensely  ta 
his  profession,  he  died  of  it  in  1596,  when  he  was  only, 
twenty-six  years  old.     Gabriel  had  no  great  genius  for 
painting;  and  therefore,  after  his  brother's  decease,  ap-- 
plied  himself  to  merchandise.     Yet  he  did  not  quite  lay 
aside  his  pencil,  but  painted  a  considerable  number  of 
portraits,  and  some  historical  pieces  of  good  taste*     He 
died  of  the  plague  in  1631,  aged  sixty-three. 

There  was  also  Benedict  Cagliari,  a  paipter  and  sculptor^ 
who  was  Paul's  brother,  and  lived  and  studied  with  him. 
He  assisted  him,  and  afterwards  his  sons,  in  finishing  se- 
veral of  their  compositions ;  but  was  most  successful  in 
painting  architecture,  in  which  he  delighted.  His  style 
in  painting  was  like  his  brother's;  and  not  b^ing  ambi- 
tious enough  of  fame  to  keep  his  productions  separate^ 
they  are,  in  a  great  measure,  confounded  with  Paul's.  He 
practised  for  the  most  part  in  fresco ;  and  some  of  his  best 
pieces  are  in  chiaro-obscuro.  He  possessed  moreover  a 
tolerable  stock  of  learning,  was  something  of  a  {)oet|  and 
had  a  peculiar  talent  in  satire.  He  died  in  1598^  aged 
sixty-six.  ^ 

CAGLIOSTRO  (Count  Alexander),  a  noted  impostor, 
whose  true  name  was  Joseph  Balsamo,  was  born  at  Palermo 
the  8th  of  June  1743 ;  Peter  Balsamo  being  his  father^  and 
Felix  Braconieri  his  mother,  both  of  humble  parentage. 
He  was  still  a  child  when  his  father  died  ;  and  was  there- 
fore brought  up  by  the  relations  of  his  mother,  who  caused 
him  to  be  instructed  in  the  first  principles  of  religion  and 
philosophy,  but  it  was  not  long  before  he  shewed  how  little 
be  was  disposed  to  either,  by  ruuning  away  more  than  once 
from  the  seminary  of  St.  Roche  at  Palermo,  where  he  had 
been  placed  for  education.  In  his  thirteenth  year  his  guar-^ 
dians  delivered  him  to  the  care  of  the  general  of  the  friars  of 
niercy,  who  took  him  along  with  him  to  the  monastery  of 
that  order  at  Cartagirone ;  where  he  was  entered  as  a  no-*^ 
vice,  and  committed  to  the  tuition  of  the  apothecary ; 
under  whom,  as  he  says,  he  found  means  of  acquiring  tiie 
fijfst  elements  of  chemistry  and  physic.     But  neither  here 

^  Pilkington.^-D'Argenville.— «Sir  Joshua  Reynolds^!  Works.    Se«  iBdex.-— 
Itrutt^s  Diet,  of  Engrarers. 

'  VOL.VnL  D 


M  C.A  G  L  I  D  S  T  R  O. 

did  he  mdike  any  long  stay.  He  continued  to  shew  hibi* 
self  on.  his  worst  side,  and  his  superiors  were  frequentljl^' 
Qbliged  to  give  him  correction  for  obliquities  in  hts  cOn-- 
duct.  When,  according  to  the  custom  of  monastic  foun-^ 
dationsy  it  came  to  his  turn  to  read  during  dinner-time^ 
he  never  read  what  was  contained  in  the  book,  but  deli-* 
vered  a  lecture  according  to  the  dictates  of  his  fancy*  He' 
himself  confesses,'  that  in  reading  frotti  the  martyrology^ 
instead  of  the  names  of  the  holy  women,  be  inserted  those' 
of  the  most  noted  courtesans  of  the  town.  At  length,  being 
weary  of  repeated  chastisement,  he  thirew  off  the  cowi^  and" 
went  back  to  Palermo,  where  for  a  time  be  studied  draw- 
ing ;  and  without  ihaking  any  reform  in  his  manners,  '2lA* 
dieted  himself  to  excesses  of  every  kind.  It  was  bis  great- 
est pleasure  to  rove  about  armed,  and  to  frequent  the  com- 
pany of  the  most  profligate  young  men  of  the  tdWn.  Thielrfe 
was  no  fray  in  which  he  was  not  concerned,  and  he  fert-/ 
joyed  nothing  more  than  when  he  could  resist  the  magis- 
trate, and  deliver  the  prisoner  from  his  authdrity.  Hfe 
even  stooped  to  the  mean  felony  of  forging  the  tickets  of 
admission  to  the  thesltres ;  and  from  an  uncle,  with  wfaoni 
he  liv4sd,  he  stole  considerable  sums  of  money  and  othei^ 
property.  In  a  l6ve  intrigue  between  4  peir^on  of  rank 
and  a  cousin  of  his,  he  made  himself  the  lett^r-carrierj 
and  occasionally  de'tii^nded  of  the  Ibver  dt  brie  time  monfey, 
at  another  a  watchj  and  always  something  of  f&lue,  in  the 
name  of  the  fair  one,  which  he  Appropriated  to  hithseljfl 
He  then  insinuated  himself  into  the  good  graces  of  ^  no-^ 
tary,  to  whom  he  Was  related  ;  and,  for  the  sake  of  a  bribe, 
counterfeited  a  will  in  favour  of  a  certain  niarchese  MeEu- 
rigi;  The  forger)^  was  discovered  some  years  afkerWairdsi 
and  the  affair  being  brought  before  the  judges,  was  fully 
proved  ;  but  this  was  at  a  time  when  the  persons  interested 
ivere  not  at  Palermo.  He  was  likewise  charged  with  hav- 
ing murdered  a  canon,  and  with  obtaining  several  sums  of 
money  from  a  monk  fot  giving  him  written  permits  of  ab-* 
fience  from  his  convent  at  various  times  ;  all  of  which  pa* 
pers  were  found  to  be  forged.  * 

For  such  transactions  as  these  he  was  several  times  at- 
rested  and  put  into  prison;  but  either  for  want  of  sufl9ciebt 
evidence,  or  from  the  complicated  nature  of  the  busin^ss^ 
or  from  the  extensive  influence  of  his  relations,  he  as  often 
found  means  of  soon  regaining  his  liberty.  At  length  he 
was  forced  to  take  to  flight  for  cheating  a  silversmith, 


(f  A  G  L  BjO  S  T  Jl  O.  3* 

mned  Marwo,  of  apwards  erf  Mxty  onndies  of  gold)  under 
pretencjb  of  shewiivg  bim  a  tretisure  hid  in  a  care.  On*, 
bringing  BiikLto  the  place,  be  began  t6  exhibit  a  variety  of 
fantastidal  muinmeries^  an  if  practising  some  magical  rites^ 
which  terminated  in  the  appearance  of  tome  accomplices 
df  Bfeilaamo,.  whoy  ih  the  di^uise  of  theatrical  devils,  be*^ 
labottrad  the  shoulders  of  poor  Marano.  The  silversmith, 
though  highly  incensed  at  this  infamous  treatment,  thought 
it  not  prudent  to  have  recourse  to  the  law,  but  resolved  to 
have  his  revenge  bjr  murdering  the  impostor,  which  being 
suspected  hj.  Balsarao,  he  thought  it  expedient  to  remove' 
to  another  place. 

-  from  k  newspaper  of  the  time  of  his  being  arrested  at 
Bame  it  appears  that  he  was  strongly  suispected  of  witchcraft, 
wkieh  smpicion  was  grounded  on  two  circumstances;  The 
fikoner,  ihat^  a«ider  pretext  of  relieving  one  of  his  sister^ 
who  was  posbesslsd  by  a  devil,  he  obtained  from  a  country^ 
vicar^  mmed  Bagario,  a  pledget  of  cotton  dipped  in  holy 
oil,  though  none  of  his  sisters  were  possessed.  -  The  other 
tes  the  appafritioi(i  of  a  lady.  It  was  affirmed,  that,  being 
asked  i»  a  certain  company,  in  what  attitude  and  employ -> 
m^nt  the  absent  lady  was  at  the  moment  %tiey  were  speftk- 
iag  of  her;  Balsamo,  to  satisfy  their  curiosity,  immediately 
drew  a  quadrangle  on  the  floor,  atid  passing  his  hands  to 
and  fro  abuvt^  it,  she  was  fairly  seen  upon  the  floor  playing 
at  cards  with  three  other  persons^  A  servant  was  directly 
dispatched  to  the  lady's  house ;  who  found  her  exactly  tn 
the  aiititude  atid  employment  with  the  three  friends  &s  te- 
presented  in  the  figure. 

Balsamo,  wbo  had  quitted  his  country,  Palermo,  i^  th^ 
maaner  above  mentioned,  now  began  to  roam- about  tfa6 
world.  We  can  here  only  follow  his  own  account,  till  Wd 
flpjeet  hkn  at  Rome,  ^ for  want  of  other  traces  and  informa* 
tiom..  With  the  money  he  had  procured  by  his  fraud  bn 
the  sil^rsmith  he  travelled  to  Messina.  Here  he  got  ac- 
^aiftted  vf ith  a  certain  Altotas,  a  Greek-,  or,  according  td 
others^  a  Spaniard,  who  was  versed  in  several  l-Anguage^: 
possessed  b  namber  of  Arabic  writings,  and  gave  himself 
out  for  a  great  chemist.  With  thi^  tiew  friend  he  took  ship, 
vj^ed' the  >Archi|}0lago^  and  landed  at  Alexandria  ill 
Sggrpt,  where  th^y  staid  about  forty  days,  diid  his  feHbit 
tr^dtkr  uiideiiloc^  a  variety  of  chemical  operations,  and 
among  the  rest  that  of  making  a  sort  of  silky  stuff  from 
hamp  and  flaac^  by  which  he  got  much  money.     From 

D  2 


^6  C  A  G  L  I'  Oi  S'  T  R'  O; 

Alexandria  tbey  firoceeded  to  Rodiy  where  they  nk^wcMe^ 
obtained  sa^q  money  by  chemical  operations.  Quitting* 
tbje  isle  of  Rodi  they  bent  their  course  to  Grand  Cairo^  but 
by  contrary  winds  were  driven  to  Malta,  where  they  re- 
ijKiained  some  time,  working  in  the  laboratory. of  the  grand* 
master  Pinto.  Here  Altotas  died ;  and  Badsamo  resolved* 
to  go,  in  company  with  a  knight  to  whom  he  was  recom* 
mended  by  the  grand-master  himself,  to  Naples. 

It  is  impossible  by  any  means  to  contract  the  numberless 
tricks  and  stratagems  of  this   grand  impostor,  in  almost 
every  part  of  Europe,  within  the  limits  prescribed  to  the 
articles  of  this  work.     His  astonishing  ingenuity  in  every 
species  of  fiction  and  deceit,  exceeds  all  that  has  been  re- 
corded in  the  annals  of  ancient  or  modern  roguery,  inso- 
much that  he  was  held  for  a  real  prodigy  by  every  one  <o 
whose  ears  his  fame  had  reached.     His  impostures  iu  each 
of  the  places  he  visited  would  fill  a  considerable  volume ; 
and  we  must  content  ourselves  with  adding,  that,  for  some 
enormities  committed  at  Rome,  he  was  thrown  into  the* 
castle  of  St.  Angelo,  where  he  died  towards  the  latter  end 
of  1794;  referring  such  readers  as  would  wish  to  know 
more  of  him  to  the  Italian  original,  published  at  Rome  by 
the  apostoUcal  chamber,  under  the  title  of-  ^^  Compendium 
of  the  Life  and  Actions  qf  Giuseppe  Balsamo,  otheiwise 
called  count  Cagliostro,  extracted  from  the  documents  of 
the  process  carried  on  against  him  at  Rome  in  the  year 
1790  "   &c.  * 

,  CAGNATI,  or  CAGNATUS  (Marsiuus),  of  Verona, 
an  eminent  physician,  was  first  lecturer  in  that  faculty  at 
'Rome  in  the  sixteenth  century,  under  the  popes  Clement 
VIII.  and  Paul  V.  He  studied  at  Padua  under  Zabarelia, 
and  was  a  man  of  great  learning,  and  considered  as  the 
head  of  bis  profession.  His  distinguished  merit  procured 
him  an  invitation  to  Rome,  where  he  taught  philoso^y 
and  medicine,  in  the  college,  and  was  honoured  with  some 
considerable  appointments.  As  he  was  an  excellent  Greek 
and  Latin  scholar,  anji  conversant  with  the  historians  in 
both  languages,  his  lectures  acquired  a  particular  interest 
from  the  quotations  he  occasionally  made  .in  them  from 
these  writers.  He  wrote  two  books  on.  the  manner  of  pre- 
serving health,  on  diet,  exercise,  &c.  .Rome  1591,  and 
Padua,  1605.    He  wrote  aUo  on  the  inundations  of  the 

1  From  tiie  last  edition  of  tkii  DieiioQary. 


CAGNATI.  $7 

^b^;  the'salubpity  of  the  air  at  Rome,  ^[ndemic  disorders^ 
the  24th  aphorism  of  Hippocratesi  which  be  thought  had 
been  long  misunderstood,  and  on  the  cure  of  fevers  as 
practised  at  Rome.  His  knowledge  appeared  also  in  his 
four  books  of  **  Observations,"  Rome,  1587,  inserted  af- 
terwards in  the  third  volume  of  Gruter*s  "  Thesaurus  Cri'- 
ticus/'  1604,  8vo..  In  1603  a  quarto  volume  was  pub^ 
Itshed  of  his  ^*  Dissertations"  on  various  medical  topicsr. 
He  died  in  1610.^ 

•  CAIET,  or  CAYET  (Pbtbr  Victor  Palma),  was  born 
in  15125  at  Montrichard  in  Touraine,  of  a  poor  family,  and 
was  at  first  a  protestant  divine,  fittached  to  Catherine  of 
Bourbon,  sister  of  Henry  IV.  but  was  deposed  in  a  synod 
on  a  charge  of  practising  the  arts  of  magic,  and  for  hciving 
written  a  book  in  favour  of  public  stews.  This  sentence 
accelerated  his  abjuration,  which  he  delivered  at  Paris  in 
4595,  and  died  in  1610,  at  the  age  of  eighty-five,  doctor 
of  Sorbonne,  and  professor  of  Hebrew  in  the  college  royaL 
Caiet  was  of  a  kind  and  officious  disposition,  and  was  so 
unfortunate  as  to  have  for'  his  enemies  all  whom  he  had 
obliged.  His  slovenly  dress,  his  manner  of  life,  and  tiis 
absurd  attempts  to  discover  the  philosopher's  stone,  drew 
upon  him  no  less  contempt  than  his  learning  brought  hini 
respect.  Notwithstanding  his  humble  and  shabby  exterior^ 
Henry  IV.  continued  to  admit  him  to  court,  not  without 
wishing,  however,  to  avoid  it,  which  he  shewed  by  pre- 
senting him  with  a  small  estate  in  the  country,  a  philoso^ 
phical  retreat  sufficient  to  satisfy  the  ambition  of  a  dcholan 
The  Calvinists,  whom  he  had  deserted,  endeavoured  to 
expose  his  principles  and  conduct,  and  as  after  his  abjura^ 
tion  he  had  had  a  conference  with  Du  Moulin,  this  was  a 
fresh  reason  for  their  animosity.  Caiet  did  not  remain 
silent,  but  published,  in  1603,  against  Du  Moulin,  the 
book  emphatically  entitled  ^^  The  fierv  Furnace,  and  the 
reverberatory  Furnace,  for  evaporating  the  pretended  wa- 
ters of  Siloam  (the  title  of  Du  Moulin's  work),  and  for 
strengthening  the  fife  of  purgatory."  The  intimacy  be- 
tween the  count  de  Soissons  and  the  sister  of  Henry  IV* 
proceeded  such  lengths,  that  they  ordered  Caiet  to  marry 
them  immediately..  On  his  refusal  to  do  it,  the  prince 
threatened  to  kill   him.  *^  Kill  me  then,"  replied  Caiet  ^ 

*  Hfforeri.-^Haller  and  Manfet.— ^Erytbrci  Pinacotbeca.— Diet.  Hist.-r-Saxii 
OnoinatUcon. 


I»  CAIET. 

<'  I  -had  pHich  ratker  die  by  tbe  k^nd  of'  pi  t»dpc#  llH^n  by 
tbs^t  pf  the  hangman.'* 

He  left  behind  him  seyernl  controversial  pieces,  iiar  leif 
consultj&d  than  bi$.  ^'  Ghrotiologie  septenpair^/'  160/6,  8vc^ 
from  the  peace  of  Vervins  in  1598  to  1604.  The  reception 
this  work  noet  with  obliged  him  to  add  to  the  history  of  the 
peace  that  of  the  war  that  went  before  it.  We  have  this 
additional  history  in  the  3  vols,  of  hi*  **  Chrpnologie  no- 
vennaire,"  1608,  8vo,  from  1589  to  1598.  Theabb6  d'Ax- 
tigny  has  collected  the  principal' particulars  of  it  in  hi^f 
"  Nouveaux  Memoires  de  Litterature."  Dr.  Caiet  enters 
into  all  the  details  that  may  furnish  amuseoient  to  curiosity, 
and  matter  of  reflection  to  philosophy.  In  the  "  Chrono- 
Jogie  septennaire"  ar^  contained  reUtioi^Sj  poems,  miani- 
festos,  instructions,  letters,  pleadings,  and  other  pieces, 
of  which  the  greater  part  would  have  b^en  lo<$t  to  posterity. 
Besides  these  public  pieces,  wfs  Und  a  great  number  of 
private  anecdotes,  unknown  to  other  writers,  which  tfaft 
author  was  enabled  to  pick  up  ajt  thie  court  qf  Catherine  de 
@ourbon,  and  that  of  Henry  IV.  with  whooi  be  wa3  on  a 
familiar  footing.  ^ 

d AJETAN,  a  cardtnd^  was  born  in  1 46^,  at  Csgeta,  » 
town  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples.  JHis  proper  name  was 
Thomas  de  Vio,  but  he  took  that  of  Cajetan  from  the  place 
pf  his  nativity.  He  was  entered  of  the  order  of  Dominic, 
pf  which  be  became  an  illustrious  ornament;  and  having 
taken  a  doctor's  degree  when  be  was  about  twenty-two 

?ears  of  age,  he  taught  philosophy  and  divinity  first  at 
*aris,  and  afterwards  at  Rome.  He  went  regularly  through 
all  the  honours  of  his  order,  till  he  was  made  general  of 
it;  which  office  he  exercised  for  ten  years.  He  defended 
the  authority  of  the  pope,  which  suffered  greatly  at  the 
council  of  Nice,  in  a  work  entitled  "  Of  the  Power  of 
the  Pope  ;''  and  for  his  zeal  upon  this  occasion,  was  made 
bishop  of  Cajeta.  Then  he  was  raised  to  the  archiepisco^ 
pai  see  of  Palermo ;  and  in  1517  was  made  a  cardinal  by 
pope  {^o  X.  The  year  after  he  was  sent  a  legate  into 
Germany,  to  quell  the  commotions  which  Luther  had 
Yaised  by  his  opposition  to  Leo's  indulgences :  but  Luther, 
being  under  the  particular  protection  of  Frederic  elector 
0f  Saxony,  set  him  at  defiance;  and. though,  in  obedience 
to  the  cardinaPs  summons,  he  repaired  to  Augsburg,  yet 

1  Geo,  Diet,  10  Ca^et^^Morerl^—Dict.  Hitt 


C  A  J  E  T  A  N.  9» 

|;ie  refider^  )^»  endeayours  of  poeffqc^  paj^tao  indeed 
wa^  tfajB  most  improper  person  that  cpqjjl  jiaye  been  se- 
lected to  oppose  Luther,  having  nothing  ito  advance  but 
the  arrogant  dicUtes  of  mere  authority.  Pe  was,  however, 
ippfe  advantagpousLy  employed  in  several  other  negotia- 
tions ^nd  trau^actiQps,  being  not  only  a  rpan  of  lettern, 
but  having  a  peculiar  turn  for  business ;  apd  at  length  died, 
in  1534,  when  be  y^as  sixty- five  years  old. 

Sixtus  SepeQsis  tells  us,  that  he  i^§is  a  most  subtle  lo-, 
gician,  an  ^4i^i^^})^^  pbilo,sQpher,  ^ud  an  it)comparabie 
divine.  He  wrote  copjmentari.es  upon  Arjstotle's  philo- 
fophy,  and  upop  ThoB^a^  iVq^inas's  theology ;  the  latter, 
ho^jireyer,  by  np  means  c;^lcu)ated  to  give  us  a  favourable 
idea  of  his  log|c,  or  his  perspicuity.  He  gaye  a  lUeral 
translation  of  ai|  the  booljLS  of  the  Q14  and  New  Testaments 
from  the  originals,  excepting  Solomon's  Song  anci  the  Pro- 
gbets,  which  h^  bad  beguu,  l^ut  did  npt  )iy^  to  proceed  far 
\^;  and  the  ^evelatigms  of  St.  Jp.ho,  whiqh.be  designedly 
omitted,  saying,  that  tq  e::^p)ain  ^hem,  it  w^  necessary  for 
^  man  to  l^e  eudqed,  pot  \yith  parts  and  learning,  but  with 
^e  spirit  of  prophecy.  F^er  Simon's  account  of  him, 
af.a  tiansl^or  of  the  Bib^e^  is  critical  and  historical:  ."Car- 
dinal Cajptan,"  says  he,  ^f  was  very  fpnd  of  translations  pf 
)be  Sibie  purely  literal;  being  persuaded,  that  the  Scfip-r 
|uji;;e  poul4  ^9^  ^e  translated  pqo  literally,  it.  being  the  word 
pf  ,Qod,  to .  v^hicb  it  is  exprpssjy  forbid  either  to  add  or 
flimip|sh  any  thing,  fl^is  cardinijLl,  in  his- preface  to  the 
J^^alpis,  largely  explains  th.e  metjiod  he  observed  in  his 
translation  of  that  bo9k  ;  and  he  affirms,  that  although  he 
i:new  nothing  of  the  Hebreyir,  yet  he  had  translated  part  of 
^he  Bible  word  for  wprd  from  it.  Fgr  this  purpose  he 
H^ade  Mi/se  of  two  persons,  w^o  unders.tQQd  the  language 
well,  the^  o^ne  a  Jew,  the  other  a  (Christian,  .whom  he  de- 
sired to  t^auslfite .  the  Hebrew  words  exactly  according  to 
the  letter  ai^d  grammf^-,  ^though  .their  translation  mig^t 
appear  to  make  np  sense  at  all.  I  oyvn,  says  he,  that  my 
interpreters  we-re  pft^n  sayiog^o  me,  this  Hebre  v  diction 
fs  literally ' [^p ;. but  then  the  sense, will  not  be  clear  unless 
^t  is  cbangied  ^p  :.  to  wbpn)  (,  when  I  heard  all  the  different 
signific^M^iop^,  cpnstaptly  replied,  Neyer  trouble  yourselves 
.fibpjut  the  S^^se,  if  'ip.49i^9  QOt  apf^ieac  to  you ;  because  it 
|a  jioty  pur  business  .to,  e^^pQupd)  but.  ito  interpret :  do  you 
interpret  it  exactly  as  it  lies,  and  leave  to  the  expositors 
the  care  of  making  sense  of  it."     'Cardinal  Pallavicini,  who 


4d  C  A  J  E  T  A  N. 

looked  upon  this  as  too  bold,  says,  that  Cajetan,  '^  who 
has  succeeded  to  the  admiration  of  the  whole  world  in  his 
other  works,  got  no  reputation  by  .what  he  did  upon  the 
Bible,  because  he  fallowed  the  prejudices  of  those  who 
stuck  close  to  the  Hebrew  grammar/'  But  father  Simon 
is  .of  opinion  that  he  *^  may  in  some  measure  be  justified  : 
for  he  did  not,  says  he,  pretend  to  condemn  the  ancient 
Latin  translator,  or  the  other  translators  of  the  Bible ;  bnt 
nvould  only  have  translations  of  the  Bible  to  be  made  from 
the  original  as  literally  as  can  be,  because  there  are  only 
these  originals,  which  can  be  called  the  pure  word  of  God ; 
and  because  in  translations,  which  are  not  literal,  there  are 
always  some  things  which  do  not  thoroughly  express  the 
original."  These  ^^  Commentaries  on  the  Holy  Scriptures,'' 
if  they  deserve  the  name,  were  published  at  Lyons  in  5 
vols.  fol.  1639.  > 

CAILLE  (Nicholas  Lewis  de  la),  an  eminent  French 
mathematician  and  astronomer,  was  born  atRumigny.in 
the  diocese   of  Rheims  on  March  15,  1713.     His'  father 
having  quitted  the  army,  in  which  he  had  served,  amused 
himself  in  his  retirement  with  studying  mathematics  and 
mechanics,  in  which  he  proved  the  author  of  several  in^ 
^  mentions  of  considerable  use  to  the  public.     From  this  ex-? 
ample  of  his  father,  our  author  almost  in  his  itifaticy  took  a 
fancy  to  mechanics,  which  proved  of  signal  service  to  him 
in  his  maturer  years.    At  school  he  discovered  early  tokens 
of  genius.     He  came  to  Paris  in  1729  ;  where  he  studied 
the.  classics,  philosophy,  and  mathematics,  and  afterwards 
divinity  in  the  college  de  Navarre,  with  a  view  to  the 
church,  but  he  never  entered  into  priest's  orders,  appre- 
hending that  his  astronomical  studies,  to  which  he  had 
become  much  devoted,  might  too  much  interfere  with  his 
religious  duties.     His  turn  for  astronomy  isoon  connected 
him  with  the  celebrated  Cassini,  who  procgred  him  an 
apartment  in  the  observatory ;  where,  assisted  by  the  coun- 
sels of  this  master,  he  soon'  acquired  a  name  among  the 
astronomers.     In  1739  he  was  joined  with  M.  Cassini  de 
Thury,  son  to  M.  Cassini,  in  verifying  the  meridian  through 
the  whole  extent  of  France ;  and  in  the  same  year  be  was 
named  professor  of  mathematics  in  the  college  of  Mazarine. 
Jn  1741   oar  author  wai|   admitted  into  the  academy  Of 
.   sciences  as  an  adjoint  member  for  astronomy ;  and  ha4 

1  Moreri  and  Diet.  Hist,  in  yio.-i-Mo8heiin. — ^XHirio* 


C  A  I  L  L  E.  41 

many  excellent  papers  inserted  in  their  memoirs ;  beside 
ivhich  he  published  several  useful  treatises,  viz.  Elements 
of  Geometry,  Astronomy,  Mechanics,  and  Optics.  He  also 
carefully  computed  all  the  eclipses  of  the  sun  and  moon 
that  had  happened  since  the  Christian  ssra,  which  mere 
printed  in  the  work  entitled  **  UArt  de  verifier  les  dates,*! 
&c.  Paris,  1750,  ito.  He  also  compiled  a  volume  of  astro- 
nomical ephemerides  for  the  years  1745  to  1755;. another 
for  the  years  L755  to  1765  ;  and  a  third  for  the  years  1765 
to  1775  ;  as  also  the  most  correct  solar  tables  of  any ;  antd 
an  excellent  work  entitled  ^^  Astronomiae  fundameuta  no^- 
yissimis  solis  et  stetlarum  observation ibus  stabilita." 

Having  gone  through  a  seven  years  series  of  astronomical 

observations  in  bis  own  observatory  in  the  Mazarine  college, 

he  formed  the  project  of  going  to  observe  the  southern 

stars  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.     This  expedition   being 

countenanced  by  the  court,  he  set  out  in  1750,  and  in  the 

space  of  two  years  he  observed  there  the  places  of  about 

ten  thousand  stars  in  the  southern  hemisphere  that  are  not 

visible  in  our  latitudes,  as  well  as  many  other  important 

elements,  viz.  the,  parallaxes  of  the  sun,  moon,  and  some 

of  the  planets, -the  obliquity  of  the  ecliptic,  the  refractions, 

&c.     Having  thus  executed  the  purpose  of  his  voyage,  and 

no  present  opportunity  offering  for  his  return,  he  thought 

of  employing  the  vacant  time  in  another  arduous  attempt; 

no  less  than  that  of  taking  the  measure  of  the  earth,  as  he 

bad  already  done  that  of  the  heavens.  This  indeed  had  been 

done  before  by  different  sets  of  learned  men  both  in  Europe 

and  America ;  some  determining  the  quantity  of  a  degree 

at  the  equator,  and  others  at  the  arctic  circle :  but  it  had  not 

as  yet  been  decided  whether  in  the  southern  parallels  of 

latitude  the  same  dimensions  obtained  as  in  the  northern. 

His  labours  were  rewarded  with  the  satisfaction  he  wished 

for;  having  determined  a  distance  of  410,814' feet  from  a 

plaee  .called  KUp-Foutyn  to  the  Cape,  by  means  of  a  base 

^f  S8j802  feet,  three  times  actually  measured  :  whence  he 

discovered  a  new  secret  of  nature,  namely,  that  the  radii 

Ojf  the  parallels  in  south  latitude  are  not  the  same,  length 

as  thos^e  of  the  corresponding  parallels  in  north  latitude* 

About  the  23d  degree  of  south  latitude  he  found  a  deglree 

on  the  meridian  to  contain  342,222  Paris  feet.     The  court 

of  Versailtes.also  sent^biq^  fm  order  to  go  and  fix  the  situ- 

f^tion  pf  the  Isles  of  France  and  qf  Bourbon.    While  at  the 

i^ape  too  he  observed  a  vybnderful  effect  of  the  atmosphere 


#♦  C  A  L  A  M  Y. 

ittinister  of  St.  Mary  Aldermanbory,  which  brought  him  tip^ 
to  LoDdon,'  16S9.    The   controversy  coucerning  church- 
gchremment  was  then  at  its  greatest  height,  in  which  Mr*. 
Calamy  had  a  very  large  share.     In  the '  month  of  July 
163^,  he  was  incorporated  of  the  university  of  Oxford^ 
which,  however,  did  not  take  him  off  from  the  party  in 
which  he  was  ejigaged.     In  1640  he  was   concerned  in 
writing  that  famous  book,    called   Smectymnuus,   which 
himself  says,  gave  the  first  deadly  blow  to  episcopacy,  and 
therefore  we  find  frequent  references  to  it  in  all  the  de^^ 
fenc^  and  apologies  for  nonconformity  which  have  been 
since  published.     In  1641  he  was  appointed  by  the  house 
of  lords  a  member  of  the  sub-committee  for  religion,  whieb 
consisted  of  very  eminent  divines,  whose  conduct,  how-^ 
ever,  has  been  differently  censured.     He  made  a  great  fi^ 
gure  in  the  assembly  of  divines,  though  he  is  not  n>en^' 
tioned  in  Fuller's  catalogue,  and  distinguised  himself  both 
hy  his  learning  and  moderation.     He  likewise  preached 
several  times  before  the  house  of  commons,  for  which  his 
Memory  has  been  very  severely  treated.     He  was  at  the 
same  time  one  of  the  Corn  hill  lecturers,  and  no  man  had 
a  greater  interest  in  the  city  of  London,  in  consequence 
of  bi&  ministerial  abilities.     He  preached  constantly  in  his 
own  parish  church  for  twenty  years  to  a  numerous  au-^ 
dience,  composed  of  the  most  eminent  citizens,  and  even 
persons  of  great  quality.     He  steadily  and  strenuously  op-- 
posed  the  sectaries,  and  gave  many  pregnant  instances  of 
bis  dislike  to  those  violences  which  were  committed  after- 
wards, on  the  king's  being  brought  from  the  Isle  of  Wight. 
He  opposed  the  beheading  of  his  sovereign  king  Charles  I. 
with  constancy  and   courage.     Under  the  usurpation  of 
Gromwell  he  was  passive,  and  lived  as  privately  as  be 
could ;  yet  he  gave  no  reason  to  suspect  that  he  was  at  all 
a  well-wisher  to  that  government.     When  the  times  af- 
forded a  favourable  opportunity,  he  neglected   not  pro-* 
moting  the  return  of  king  Charles  II.  and  actually  preached 
before  the  house  of  commons  on  the  day  they  voted  that 
g^reat  question,  which,  however,   has   not  hindered  some 
from  suggesting  their  suspicions  of  his  loyalty.     After  this 
step  was  taken,  he,  Mr.  Ash,  and  other  eminent  divines, 
were  sent  over  to  compliment  the  king  in.,  Holland,  by 
whom  they  were  extremely  well  received.     When  his  ma- 
jesty was  restored,  Mr.  Calamy  retained  still  a  considerable 
^lare  in  bis  favour,  and  in  June  1660,'  was  appointed  one- 


CALAMY.  *» 

•f  his  chaplains  in  ordinaiy,  aiid  was  offered  the  bi^hop-^ 
ric  of  Coventry  and  Litchfield,  which  he  refused.     Whettf 
the  convocation  came  to  be  chosen,  he  and  Mr.  Baxter 
were  elected.  May  2,  1661,  for  Loudon;  but  the  bishop 
of  that  diocese  having  the  power  of  chasing  two  out  of 
four,  or-  four  out  of  six,  elected  within  a  certain  circuit:. 
Dr.  Shddon,  who  was  then  bishop,  was  so  kind  as  to  ex^' 
cuse  both  of  them;   which,  perhaps,  was  owing  to  the 
share  they  had  in  the  Savoy  conference.     After  the  mis- 
carrying of  that  design,  Mr.  Calamy  made  use  of  all  his 
interest  to  procure  the  passing  of  an  act  agreeable  to  the 
king's  declaration  at  Breda  :  bat  when  this  was  frustrated^ 
and  the  act  of  uniformity  passed,  he  took  a  resolution  06 
^bmitting  to  ejection,  and  accordingly  preached  his  fare*- 
wel  sermon  at  Aldermanbury,  August  17, 1662.    He  made^ 
however,  a  last  effort  three  days  afterwards,  by  presenting 
a  petition  to  his  aiajesty  to  continue  in  the  exercise  of  hisi 
ministerial  office.     This  petition  was  signed  by  many  of 
the  London  clergy,  and  Dr.  Manton  and  Dr.  Bates  assisted 
at  the  poesenting  it,  when  Mr.  Calamy  made  a  long  and 
moving  speech ;  bat  neither  it  nor  the '  petition  had  any 
good  effect,  though  the  king  expressed  himself  in  favour 
of  toleration.     He  remained,  however,  in  his  parish,  and 
came  constantly  to  church,  though  another  was  in  the 
pulpit,  which  proved  an  occasion  of  much  trouble  to  him ; 
for  on  December  28,  1662,  the  expected   preacher  not 
coming  in  time,  some  of  the  principal  persons  in  the  parish 
prevailed  upon  Mr.  Calamy  to   supply  his  place,  which, 
with  some  importunity,  he  did  ;  but  delivered  himself  with 
such  freedom,  that  he  was  soon  after,  by  the  lord  mayor's 
warrant,  committed  to  Newgate  for  bis  sermon.     But  the 
ease  itself  being  thought  hard,  and  some  doubt  arising  how 
far  the  commitment  was  legal,  his  majesty  in  a  few  days 
discharged  him.     He  lived  to  see  London  in  ashes,  the 
sight  of  which  broke  his  heart.     He  was  driven  through  the 
rains  in  a  coach  to  Enfield,  and  was  so  shocked  at  thedis- 
oial  appearance,  that  he  could  never  wear  off  the  impres- 
sion, but  kept  his  chamber  ever  after,  and  died  October 
29,  1666,  within  two  months  after  this  accident  happened. 
He  was,  though  a  veiy  learned  man,  yet  a  plain  and  prac- 
tical preacher,  and  one  who  was  not  afraid  to  speak  hi^ 
.sentiments  freely  of  and  to  the  greatest  men  *.     He  was 

*  Dr.  Calamy  tells  «8«  that  our  author,     greatest  ii^terest  in  court,   city,  aod 
tkithe  tim«  of  th«  RestoratioQj  had  the     couatry,  «f  .any  of  the  ministers,  and. 


46 


C  A  L  A  M  Y. 


twice  married.  By  his  fiit^t  wife  he  bad  a  $ oo  arid  daugbie^} 
and  by  bi&  second  seven  childteii,  sodie  of  lAiom  W^  $ba\\ 
have  occasion  to  mention  in  suceeeding  atticles.  ? 

Besides  th^  piec^  already  mentioned,  Mr.  Calaniy  p«b« 
lished  several  single  sermons  pre!ached  on  different  occ^^ 
sions^  and  fiye  sermons  entitled  /^  The  Godly  Man's  Ark/ 
or  a  city  of  refuge  in  the  dajr  of  bis  distress/'  the  eigbib 
^ition  of  which  W2M5  printed  ftt  London,  16SS,  in  121110^ 
He  had  a  hand  in  drawing  up  the  ^^  Vindication  of  the  Pres« 
by terian  Government  and  Ministry/'  London,  1650;  and 
the  ^^  Jus  Divinum  Ministerii  Evangeliei  Anglicani,"  printed 
in  1*654.  Since  his  death,,  there  was  a  treatise  of  Meditft'^ 
tion  printed  in  a  clandestine  way,  not  by  his  son,  nor  fr<N» 
his  manuscript,  but  from  some  impeirfect  notes  tak^i  by 
an  auditor. ' 

.  CALAMY  (EDMUND)i  elde$t  son  of  the  preceding,  waft 
born  at  St.  Edmund' s-Bury^.  in  S^affdlk,  about  the  year 
1635.  In  his  jurfior  years  he  was  carefully  instructed  b^ 
his  father,  and.  when  he  had  acquired  a  sufficient  fund  ot 
teaming,  he  wits  transferred  to  the  university  of  Cambridge, 
where  he  wb&  entered  of  SEdney  college^  Mbreh<28^  165  U 
He  took  the  de^s;Tee  of  bachelor  0f  arts  in  1654-5.  Thteft 
he  removed  to  Pertibroke-hajl,  where  he  took  tii^  degree 
of  master  of  artfii  in  1658.  He  became  afterwards  feUo#' 
of  that  eoUege ;  and  on  April  20,  165d,  was  presented  to 
the  living  of  Moreton  in  Essex,  which  be  held  tiU  be  w«i 
iremoved  by  the  act  of  uniformity  in  1662.  After  his  eject* 
ment  he  retired  to  London,  and  kept  a  meeting  prUately 
in  his  house  in  Aldermanbury.  When  Charles  II.  poblished 
his  declaration  for  indulgence,  he  set  up  a. public  meetii^ 
in  Curriers-hal),  near  Gripplegate.  Biit  when  the  dissen- 
ters were  again  persecuted,  he  had  recourse  to  his  formef 
method  ;  and  thoUgh  he  was  very  assiduous  in  his  duty, 
yet  he  escaped  imprisonment,  nbtwitbstanding  warranti 
were  frequently  out  against  him  ;  but  he  had  the  misfor- 
tune, with  several  other  of  his  brethren,  to  fall  under  tt 
crown-office  prosecution,  which  put  him  to  a  great  deal  of 


therefore,  was  extremely  caressed  at 
first ;  bat  he  sobn  saw  ivbithsr  things 
were  tending.  Among  other  evidences 
of  it  this  ,is  one  :  That  having  general 
Monk  for.  his  auditor  in  his  own  church, 
A  little  after  the  Restoration,  on  a  sa- 
crament-day, he  had  occasion  to  speak 
of  ^i%  lucres  "  And  why,"  said  he, 


« 


is  it  called  Jilihy,  hut  because  it 
inaktiS  then' do  ba^b  ^ti^  Jilihy  things  t 
Some  men,''  Said  hfr,  « wiH  betr»^ 
three  kingdoms  iov filthy  lucre's  sake." 
Saying  which,  he  thi^w  his  handker- 
chief, which  he  nsnaUy  Wared  np  And 
down  while  he  was  preaching,  toward* 
the  general's  pew. 


>  Biog;  Brit.«^mlaffly'8  Liyes^  fcc. 


C  A  L  A  M  Y-  47 

trouble  and  expence.  As  be  was  a  person  of  mucb  leai-n-. 
ing  and  unaffected  piety,  so  he  was  very  careful  to  avoid 
whatever  might  draw  upon  him  the  imputation  of  party. 
}n  the  earlier  part  of  life  he  declined  takihg  the  cotenant^ 
and  through  the  whole  course  of  it  lihewed  a  spirit  of  mo-^ 
deration  and  charity  agreeable  to  his  calling.  He  w6^j 
though  a  tionconformist,  a  man  of  very  free  notiotis,  ana 
one  who  never  pretended  to  confine  the  church  of  Christ 
within  the  bounds  of  any  particular  sect.  He  had  a  great 
contempt  for  the  goods  of  this  world,  and  was  Such  a  loveir 
of  obscurity  and  retirement,  that  though  he  was  a  veiy  able 
preacher,  and  was  known  to  have  done  much  good  in  th^ 
qjace  of  three  .and  twenty  years  that  he  exercised  the 
ministry  in  London,  yet  he  would  never  be  prfevailed  oh  id 
appear  in  print,  but  satisfied  himself  with  the  conscious* 
nests  of  having  performed  his  duty.  Having  thuA  led  h 
private  and  peaceable,  though  not  ^  quiet  life,  he  etchah^ed 
it  for  a  better  in  the  month  of  May  1685,  being  laket^  off 
by  a  consumption.  He  left  behind  him  a  son  and  foUir 
daughters.  ^ 

CALAMY  (Bknjamin),  an  eminent  divihe  of  thfe  fchlirt-ft 
of  England,  was  the  son  of  Mr.  Edmund  Calaniy^  inihUtek^ 
of  Aidertiianbury  befote-menlioned,  by  a  second  wife^  and 
received  the  first  tincture  of  learning  at  St.  Pftur§  sbhool^ 
from  whence  he  was  sfent,  when  very  young,  to  the  uniVer** 
stty  of  Cambridge,  and  there  (entered  of  Catberihe-hall.' 
In  1664-5,  he  took  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  artis;  in 
1668,  that  of  tnaster  of  and,  and  became  also  fellow  df  that 
hall,  and  a  very  emiiieht  tutor  there.  April  25,  1677,  he 
was  chosen  in  the  room  of  Dr.. Simon  Ford,  minister  of  St; 
Mary  Aiderttanbury ;  and  soon  after  appointed  one  of  hii 
majesty's  chaplains  in  ordinary.  In  1680,  he  took  his  de- 
gree  of  doctor  in  divinity.  In  1683,  he  preached  in  that 
church  his  feiiions  sermon,  which  he  afterwards  published 
under  the  title  of  "A  Discoursie  about  a  jScrupulous  Con- 
science,^* than  which  no  piec^  df  its  kind  or  size  gained 
nibre  credit  to  its  author^  of  was  morts  taken  notice  of  by 
the  public.  This  iertnon  he  plieacbed  a  second  tim^  iL% 
Bow  church  with  great  effect,  and  this  csxcited  a  eealou^ 
noncdnformi^  dtie  Mr.  Thomas  pe  Lauhe,  who  had  beth 
forrnerty  a  schoolmaster,  to  write  against  it ;  which  he  did 
in  such  a  manner  as  drew  upon  him  a  fatal  iiUprisoniiient, 

1  Bioy.  ferit. — CaUmy*!  Lives,  he. 


•  » 


4f  C  A  t  A  M  Y. 

ivhich  he  endeavoured  by  all  means  to  ascribe  to  D^.  CJa/ 
lamy,  though  his  complaints  on.  this  head  had  little  or  no 
foundation.     In    1683^  Dr.  Calamy   was  admitted  to  the 
vicarage  of  St.  Lawrence  Jewry,  with  St.  Mary  Magdalen 
Milk-street  annexed,  to  which  he  was  collated  by  the  dean 
and  chapter  of  St.  Paul's^   in  the  room  of  Dr.  Benjamin 
Whichcot.     June  18,  1685,  be  was,  on  the  decease  of  Dn 
John  Wells,  installed  into  the  prebend  of  Harleston,  in  the 
cathedral    church    of   St.  Paul.     These   preferments  are 
abundant  proofs  of  his  merit,  and  of  his  great  interest  in 
the  city  of  London,  which  he  maintained,  not  by  attaching 
himself  to  any  party,  but  by  living  in  great  intimacy  with 
the  best  men  of  all  parties.  He  was  particularly  acquainted 
with  alderman  Cornish,  whp  was  his  parishioner,  and  for 
whom  he  had  so  great  a  respect,  that  he  gave  testimony  in . 
kis  favour  when. he  was  tried  for  high-treason,  October  16, 
16S5,  which  was  no  ordinary  mark  of  friendship  in  those 
times.     It  is  thought,  that  a  sense  of  public  calamities  had 
a  great  share  i\^  bringing  his  last  illness  upon  our  author, 
who  fell  into  a  declining  state  in  the  autumn  of  the  year 
last  mentioned^  and  died  of  a  pleuritic  fever  in  the  month 
of  January  1.686.     He  was  a  man  equally  valuable  for  the 
abilities  which  he  possessed,  and  the  uses  ,to  which  he 
applied  them.     He  was  a  sincere  son  of  the  church  of  Eng- 
land, and  very  intent  on  gaining  over  dissenters  of  all  sort9 
to  her  communion ;  and  had  an  extensive  charity,  and  a 
just  aversion  to  persecution.     He  was  heartily  loyal,  but 
without  bitterness  or  passion ;  and  his  loyalty  occasioned 
his  grief,  when  he  saw  those  steps  taken  which  could  end 
in  nothing  but  public  confusion.     His  own  virtues,  how-*' 
ever,  exempted  him  in   a  great  measure  from  envy  and 
scandal,  even  in  the  worst  of  times;  insomuch,  that  the 
greatest  men  of  all  sects  and  all  parties  readily  joined  m 
paying  a  just  tribute  of  praise  to  his  memory.     Though 
few  in  his  situation  were  either  better  or  more  frequent 
preachers,  yet  he  left  behind  him  very  little  in  print.  Some 
sermons  of  his  were  after  his  decease,  published  by  hiB 
brother,  which  served  only  to  raise  a  great  regret  in  the 
world,  as  that  so  many  more  of  his  excellent  performances 
were  buried  in  oblivion.     His  sernions  are  still  valued  as 
well  for  the  beauty  of  their  language  as  the  excellent  sen^ 
timents  contained  in  tbeni.^* 

^  Biog.  Brit.-^Faiieral  Sermon  by  Sherlock. 


C  A  L  A  ft|  Y.  49 

6  ALA  MY  j[ James),  son  to  Edmund  Calamy,  B.  D.  be- 
fore-mentioned, by  a  second  wife,  and  younger  brother  to 
Dr.  Benjamin  Calamy,  of  whom  in  the  preceding  article, 
was  educated  at  Catherine-hall,  in  the  university  of  Cam- 
bridge, where,  in  1672,  he  took  the  degree  of  bachelor  of 
arts  ;  and  in  1676,  that  of  master.  Having  received  holy 
orders,  and  being  highly  considered  on  account  of  his  fa- 
ther's reputation,  he  was  presented  to  the  rectory  of  Nor- 
thill,  in  Bedfordshire,  where  he  continued  till  1707,  when 
he  was  presented  by  his  intimate  friend  Df,  Blackall, 
bishop  of  Exeter,  to  that  of  Cheriton-Bishops  in  Devon- 
shire ;  and  had  at  the  same  time  a  prebend  in  the  church 
of  Exeter  bestowed  on  him.  He  was  a  man  of  great  learn- 
mg,  but  much  greater  modesty,  which  is  the  reason  that 
he  left  nothing  behind  him  in  print,  except  his  dedication 
of  his  brother's/  sermons.  He  led  a  sinorle  life,  and  on 
December  14,  1714,  was  surprised  by  a  sadden  death.* 

CALAMY  (Edmund),  a  very  eminent  divine  among  the 
nonconformists,  grandson  to  Mr.  Edmund  Calamy,  minister 
of  Aldermanbury,  by  his  eldest  son  Mr.  Edmund  Calamy 
(who  was  ejected  out  of  the  living  of  Moreton  in  Essex,  on 
St.  Bartholomew's  day,  1662),  was  born  April  5,  1671. 
Having  made  a  considerable  progress  in  grammar  learning 
at  several  private  schools,  and  under  Mr.  HartclifFe  at  Mer- 
chant Taylors,  where  he  contracted  a  close  friendship  with 
Mr.  Dawes,  afterwards  sir  William  Dawes,  and  archbishop 
of  York,  as  also  with  Mr.  Hugh  Boulter,  the  primate  of 
Ireland,  he  went  through  a  course  of  logic,  natural  philo- 
sophy, and  metaphysics,  under  the  tuition  of  Mr.  Samuel 
Craddock  at  the  academy  kept  by  him  at  Wickham  Brook 
in  Suffolk.  In  March  1688,  he  went  over  to  the  univer- 
sity of  Utrecht,  where  he  studied  philosophy  under  Da 
Vries,  and  civil  law  under  Vander  Muyden,  and  attended 
Grsevius^s  lectures  upon  Sophocles  and  PufFendorf's  In- 
troduction. His  application  to  his  studies  at  this  place 
was  so  great,  that  he  spent  one  whole  night  every  week 
among  his  books;  and  his  proficiency  gained  him  the 
friendship  of  two  of  his  countrymen  at  that  university,  who 
rose  afterwards  to  very  high  stations  in  church  and  state, 
lord  Charles  Spencer,  the  famous  earl  of  Sunderland,  and 
his  tutor  Mr.  Charles  Trimnell,  afterwards  successively 
bishop  of  Norwich  and  of  Winchester,  with  both  of  whom 

»  Bioff.  Brit 

VouVIII.  E 


60  C  A  L  A  M  Y. 

he  kept  up  bis  acquaintance  as  long  as  he  and  they  lived* 
Whilst  he  resided  in  Holland,  an  offer  of  a  professor's  chair 
in  the  university  of  Edinburgh  was  made  him  by>Mr.  Car- 
stairs,  principal  of  that  university,  sent  over  on  purpose  to 
find  a  person  properly  quaUfied  for  such  an  office  ;  which 
he  declined,  and  returned  to  England  in  1691,  bringing 
with  him  letters  from  Graevius  to  Dr.  Pocock,  canon  of 
Christ-church,  and  regius  professor  of  Hebrew,  and  to  Dr. 
Edward  Bernard,  Savilian  professor  of  astronomy,  who  ob- 
tained leave  for  him  to  prosecute  his  studies  in  the  Bodleian 
library;  and  his  residence  at  Oxford  procured  him  the  ac- 
quaintance  of  the  learned  Mr.  Henry  Dodwell.     Having 
resolved  to  make  divinity  his  principal  study,  he  entered 
into  an  examination  of  the  controversy  between  the  xon- 
formists  and  nonconformists,  and  was  led  tp  join  the  latter. 
Coming  to  London  in    1692,  he  was  unanimously  chosen 
assistant  to  Mr.  Matthew  Sylvester  at  Blackfriars ;  and  on 
June  22,  1694,  was  ordained  at  Mr.  Annesley's  meeting- 
house in  Little  St.  Helen's,  which  was  the  first  public  trans- 
action of  the  kindi  after  the  passing  of  the  act  of  unifor- 
mity, and  was  not  undertaken  without  some  timidity  on 
the  part  of  the  elder  nonconformists,  such  as  Mr.  Howe 
and  Dr.  Bates,  who  seemed  afraid  of  giving  offence  to  go- 
vernment.    Six  other  young  ministers  were  ordained  at 
the  same  time,  and  the  ceremony  lasted  from  ten  o'clock 
in  the  morning:  to  six  in  the  evening.     He  was  soon  after 
invited   to  become    assistant  to    Mr.  Daniel  Williams   in 
Hand-alley,  Bishopsgate-street.  Oct.  20, 1 702,  he  was  chosen 
one  of  the  lecturers  at  Salters'-hall,  and  in  1703  succeeded 
Mr.  Vincent  Alsop,  as  pastor  of  a  congregation  in  West- ' 
minster.   He  drew  up  the  table  of  contents  to  Mr.  Baxter's 
History  of  his  life  and  times,  which  was  sent  to  the  press 
in  1696,  made  some  remarks  on  the  work  itself,  and  added 
to  it  an  index ;  and  reflecting  on  the  usefulness  of  the 
book,  he  saw  the  expediency  of  continuing  it,  for  Mr. 
Baxter's  history  came  no  lower  than   1684.     Accordingly 
he  composed  an  abridgment  of  it ;  with  an  account  of  many 
others  of  those  ministers  who  were  ejected  after  the  resto- 
ration of  Charles  H.  their  apology  for  themselves  and  their 
adherents ;  containing  the  grounds  of  their  nonconformity 
and  practice,  as  to  stated  and  occasional  communion  with 
the  church  of  England ;  and  a  continuation  of  their  history 
till  the  year  1691.  This  work  was  pubHshed  in  1702,    The 
t'ollowing  year  Mr.  Hoadly  (afterwards  bishop  of  Winches- 


C  A  L  A  M  Y.  «l 

ter)  published  the  two  parts  of  his  ''  Reasonableness  of 
Conformity  to  the  Church  of  England,  &c.  in  answer  to  Mr. 
Calamy's  Abridgement  of  Mr.  Baxter's  history,  &c."  As  a 
reply  to  these  treatises,  Mr.  Calamy  published  the  same 
year,  "  A  Defence  of  moderate  Nonconformity  ;"  and  soon 
after  Mr.  Hoadly  sent  abroad,  ^'  A  serious  -admonition  to 
Mr.  Calamy,''  occasioned  by  the  first  part  of  his  ^^  Defence 
of  moderate  Nonconformity." 

Next  year  Mr.  Calaipy  published  the  second  part  of  bis 
**  Defence  of  moderate  Nonconformity  ;"  with  an  answer  to 
Mr.  Hoadly's  Serious  Admonition.    In  1705  he  sent  abroad 
the  third  part  of  his  Defence ;  to  which  was  added,  **  A 
letter  jto  Mr.  Hoadly,  in  answer  to  his  Defence  of  the  Rea- 
sonableness of  Conformity."     In    1707  Mr.  Hoadly  pub- 
lished his   Defence   of  Episcopal   Ordination  ;    and   Mr. 
Calamy  drew  up  a  reply,  both  to  the  argumentative  and 
historical  part  of  it,  but  forbore  printing  it,  as  he  tells  us 
himself  in  his  abridgment  of  Baxter's  life,  that  he  might 
not  give  his  antagonist  any  disturbance  in  the  pursuit  of 
that  political  contest,  in  which  he  was  engaged.     In  1709 
Mr.  Calamy  made  a  tour  to  Scotland,  and  had  the  degree 
of  D.  p.  conferred  on  him  by  the  universities  of  Edinburgh, 
Aberdeen,  and  Glasgow.     In  1713  he  published  a  second 
edition  of  his  Abridgment  of  Mr.  Baxter's  history  of  his  life 
and  times;    in  which,  among  other  aciditions,  there  is   a 
continuation  of  the  history  through  king  William's  reign, 
and  queen  Anne's,  down  to  the  passing  of  the  occasional 
bill ;  and  in  the  close  is  subjoined  the  reformed  liturgy, 
which  was  drawn  up  and  presented  to  the  bishops  in  1661 ; 
^' that  the  world  may  judge  (he  says  in  the  preface)  how 
fairly  the  ejected  ministers  have  been  often  represented  as 
irreconcileable  enemies  to  all  liturgies."    In  1718  he  wrote 
a  vindication  of  his  grandfather  and  several  other  persons, 
against  certain  reflections  cast  upon  them  by  Mr.  archdea- 
con Echard  in  his  History  of  England;  and  in  172S  ap- 
peared his  continuation  of  the  account  of  the  ministers,  lec- 
turers, masters,  and  fellows  of  colleges,  and  school-masters, 
who  were  ejected  and  silenced  after  the  restoration  in  1660, 
by,  or  before  the  act  of  uniformity.    He  died  June  3,  1732, 
greatly  regretted,  not  only  by  the  dissenters,  but  also  by 
the  moderate   membets  of  the   established  chur(?h,  both 
clergy  and  laity,  with  many  of  whom  he  lived  in  great  in- 
timacy.    Mr,  Daniel  Mayo,  by  whom  his  funeral  sermon 
w^s  preached,  observes,  **  that  he  was  of  a  candid  and  be- 

¥.  1 


52  C  A  L  A  M  Y. 

nevolent  disposition^  and  very  moderate  with  regard  to 
differences  in  point  of  religion."  Besides  tiie  pieces  already 
mentioned,  iie  published  a  great  many  sermons  on  several 
subjects  and  occasions,  particularly  a  vindication  of  that 
celebrated  text,  I  John  v.  7,  from  being  spurious,  and  an 
explanation  of  it  on  the  supposition  of  being  genuine,  in 
four  sermons,  preached  at  the  Salters^-hall  lectures.  He 
was  twice  married,  and  had  thirteen  children. 

Dr.  Calamy  left  behind  him  a  MS.  in  3  vols,  folio,  en- 
titled "  An  historical  account  of  my  own  life,  with  some 
reflections  on  the  times  I  have  lived  in."  Some  account 
is  given  of  this  MS.  in  the  Biog.  Britannica,  by  Dr.  Kippis, 
who  was  favoured  with  the  perusal  of  it  by  the  author's 
grandson  Edmund  Calamy,  esq.  barrister  at  law ;  but  there 
does  not  appear  to  be  much  in  it  that  would  now  be 
thought  interesting.  His  most  valuable  work  is  undoubtedly 
his  Lives  of  the  Nonconformists,  to  which,  whatever  objec- 
tions may  be  offered  to  individual  passages,  every  student 
of  English  biography  must  acknowledge  his  obligations. 
An  abridgment  of  this  work,  in  2  vols.  8vo,  under  the  title 
of  "  The  Nonconformist's  Memorial,'*  was  published  by  the 
rev.  Sam.  .Palmer  .of  Hackney,  in  1775,  and  republished, 
with  additions,  in  1802,  3  vols.  8vo.  ^ 

CALANUS  was  an  Indian  philosopher  who  followed 
Alexander  the  Great  in  his  expedition  to  the  Indies.  Being 
tormented  with  the  colic  after  passing  eighty-three  years  in 
health,  he  petitioned  the  conqueror  to  cause  a  funeral  pile 
to  be  erected  whereon  he  might  finish  his  days  according 
to  the  custom  of  his  country.  That  prince,  who  loved  and 
esteemed  him,  reluctantly  yielding  to  his  entreaties,  or- 
dered his  army  to  range  itself  in  order  of  battle  round  the 
funeral  pile.  Calanus,  crowned  with  flowers,  and  magni- 
ficently habited,  ascended  the  pile  with  a  tranquil  and 
composed  countenance,  saying  as  he  went  up,  that  ^^  hav- 
ing lost  his  health,  and  seen  Alexander,  life  had  nothing 
more  to  interest  him."  He  bore  the  action  of  the  fire 
without  discovering  any  signs  of  uneasiness  or  pain ;  and, 
on  being  asked  if  he  had  nothing  to  say  to  Alexander  ?— - 
**  No,"  returned  the  philosopher,  "  I  reckon  soon  to  receive 
him  at  Babylon."  The  hero  dying  three  months  after- 
wards in  that  city,  thfe  brachman  was  thought  to  have  been 
a  prophet  ^  a  circumjstance  which  added  not  a  little  of  the 

>  Biog.  Brit»— Funeral  Sermon  by  Mayo. 


C  A  L  A  N  U  S.  53 

marvellous  to  his  history.     Calanus's  death  took  place  in 
the  fourth  year  of  the  1 13th  Olympiad,  or  325  B.  C. ' 

CALASIO  (Marius)  was  a  Franciscan^  and  professor  of 
the  Hebrew  language  at  Rome,  but  we  have  no  other  in- 
formation respecting  his  personal  history.  He  p.biished 
at  Home  in  1621,  a  '^Concordance  of  the  Bible,"  which 
consisted  of  four  great  volumes  in  folio.  This  work,  which 
is  properly  a  concordance  of  Hebrew  words,  has  been 
highly  approved  and  commended  by  both  papists  and  pro* 
testants.  Besides  the  Hebrew  words  in  the  Bible,  which 
are  in  the  body  of  the  book,  with  the  Latin  virrsion  over 
against  them,  there  are  in  the  margin  the  ditiFerences  be* 
tween  the  Septuagint  version  and  the  Vulgate;  so  that 
at  one  view  may  be  seen  wherein  the  three  Bibles  agree, 
and  wherein  they  diiFer;  and  at  the  beginning  of  every 
article  there  is  a  kind  of  dictionary,  which  gives  the  signi- 
fication of  each  Hebrew  word,  and  affords  an  opportunity 
of  comparing  it  with  other  oriental  languages,  viz.  with  the 
Syriac,  Arabic,  and  Chaldee;  which  is  extremely  useful  for 
determining  more  exactly  the  true  meaning  of  the  Hebrevt 
words.  The  plan  of  this  Hebrew  concordance  was  takea 
from  a  concordance  of  rabbi  Nathan,  which  was  pnnted 
first  at  Venice,  iand  afterwards  at  Basil,  much  augmented 
by  rabbi  Mordochee.  Calasio's  concordance  was  published 
in  London  by  Romaine,  Rovve  Mores,  and  Lutzena,  a 
Portuguese  Jew,  1747,  4  vols,  folio;  but  very  incorrectly, 
as  it  is  said  ;  and  the  fidelity  of  the  principal  editor,  who 
was  a  follower  of  Hutchinson,  has  upon  that  account  been 
suspected,  probably  without  justice,  but  it  is  certain  that 
the  learned  give  the  preference  to  the  old  edition.  * 

CALCAGNINI  (Crlio),  a  canon  of  the  church  of  Fer- 
rara,  and  a  poet  and  orator  of  considerable  distinction, 
was  born  at  Ferrara  in  1479,  and,  as  generally  supposed, 
was  the  natural  son  of  a  person  who  was  an  apostolic  ro-^ 
tary.  He  studied  under  Peter  Pomponazzo,  but  devoting 
himself  to  a  military  life,  served  under  the  emfieror  Maxi« 
xnilian.  He  afterwards  engaged  in  the  service  of  Julius  IL ' 
and  was  endployed  in  several  important  negociations.  Re- 
turning to  Ferrara,  he  obtained  the  particular  favour  of  the 
family  of  Este,  and  was  chosen  to  accompany  the  cardinal 
Ippolito  on  his  journey  into  Hungary.  About  the  year 
1520,  he  was  appointed  professor  of  the  belles  lettres  in 

1  Moreri.— •Bruckert— Qaintuf  Curtiuf  •  *  Moreri.-— Diet.  Hist. 


S*  CALCAGNINL 

the  unirersity  of  Ferrara,  which  situation  he  611ed  with 
great  credit  untii  his  death,  in  1541.  He  was  interred  in 
the  hbrary  of  the  Jacobins,  to  which  he  bequeathed  his 
books,  and  on  «yhich  are  two  inscriptions  to  his  memory, 
one  signifying  that  ^^  by  continual  study,  he  had  learned  to 
despise  earthly  things,  and  not  to  be  insensible  of  his  own 
ignorance,"  fignorantiarn  suavi  non  ignoi^are.J  His  works 
were  published  at  Basil  in  1541,  one  vol.  folio,  or  accord- 
ing to  Moreri,  in  1544,  and  contain  sixteen  bo4»ks  of  epis- 
tles, and  philosophical,  political,  and  critical  dissertations 
on  various  subjects,  and  he  also  wrote  some  Latin  poetry, 
which  the  critics  of  his  time  prefer  to  his  prose,  the  latter 
being  heavy,  unequal,  and  affected ;  his  poetry  was  pub- 
lished with  the  poems  of  John  Bapttsta  Pigna  and  Louis 
Ariosto,  at  Venice,  1553,  8vo.  He  appears  to  have  cor- 
responded with  Erasmus,  whom,  like  many  others,  he 
hlamed  for  his  undecided  character  in  the  questions  which 
arose  out  of  the  reformation. ' 

CALCAR,  or  KALKAR  (John),  a  historical  and  por- 
trait painter,  was  born  at  Calcar,  a  city  ofOleves,  in  1499, 
and  was  the  principal  disciple  of  Titian  ;  and  by  the  pre- 
cepts of  that  great  master,  made  such  progress,  that  several 
of  his  designs  and  paintings  have  been  accounted,  by  very 
sufficient  judges,  the  work  of  Titian's  own  hand.  Even 
Goltzius  himself,  when  at  Naples  he  was  examining  some 
of  Calcar's  portraits,  was  of  opinion  they  were  Titian's,  nor 
could  he  be  undeceived  till  he  saw  the  name  of  Calcar  in- 
scribed on  others,  which  were  equally  excellent.  It  is  also 
affirmed  by  Sandrart,  that  he  imitated  the  works  of  Ra- 
phael with  such  exactness,  as  to  deceive  the  connoisseurs. 
Vasari,  who  knew  hiip  at  Naples,  says  that  it  is  impossible 
to  observe  in  the  works  of  this  master,  the  smallest  traces 
of  the  Flemish  taste.  He  designed  all  the  beads  for  the 
works  of  Vasari,  and  the' anatomical  figures  in  the  works  of 
Vesalius.  Rubens  possessed  a  most  capital  picture  by 
Calcar,  a  nativity,  afterwards  purchased  by  Sandrart,  and 
*  sold  by  him  to  the  Emperor  Ferdinand.  Calcar  died  in 
1546.« 

CALDARA.     See  CARAVAGGIO. 
'   CALDERINUS  (Domitius),  a  man  of  great  learning  in 
the  fifteenth  century,  was  bom  at  Torri  sul  lago,  in  1445. 

1  Moreri.— Diet.  Hist. — Rotco«'i  Leo.— Paul  Joyius,  who  gires  a  rary  ai^ 
flilroarabl^  account  of  X^alcagniifi,  %  Pilkiogtoq, 


N 


C  A  L  D  E  R  I  N  U  S.  5p 

•Sacfa  was  fais  early  reputation,  that  at  the  age  of  twenty- 
four  he  was  invited  by  Paul  II.  to  take  upon  him  the  office 
of  public  lecturer  on  the  belles-lettres  at  Rome ;  and  Sixtus 
IV.  appointed  him  apostolic  secretary.     After  a  short  life  / 

of  incessant  study  and  literary  warfare,  he  was  cut  o(F  by  a 
fever  in  1477,  when  only  thirty-two  years  of  age.  To  him 
is  attributed  the  praise  of  having  first  pointed  out  and  ex- 
emplified the  true  method  of  elucidating  ancient  authors, 
by  combining  with  verbal  criticism,  the  lights  of  antiquity 
and  general  erudition.  The  literary  reputation  of  Cal- 
derinus  procured  him  many  rivals  during  his  life-time,  as 
George  Merula,  Aurispa,  Aug.  Sabinus,  Nic.  Perottus, 
Trapezuntius,  &c.  and  it  is  certain  that  Politian  draws  his 
character  with  much  more  blame  than  praise.  Of  his  ta- 
lents, indeed,  his  application  and  skill  in  Latin,  Politian 
speaks  in  handsome  terms,  and  acknowledges  that  his  pro- 
ficiency in  Greek  was  not  inconsiderable ;  but  adds,  that 
he  was  so  vain  of  his  own  talents,  and  so  tenacious  of  any 
opinion  he  had  once  adopted,  as  to  adhere  to  it  in  open 
defiance  of  conviction  and  truth.  The  style  of  his  compo- 
sitions is  haughty,  contemptuous,  and  overbearing ;  he 
cavils  on  every  trifling  pretext,  and  attacks  all  without 
discrimination.  These  were  propensities  which  involved 
him  in  numberless  disputes  with  the  learned  of  the  day. 
Yet  while  he  was  the  object  of  undisguised  hatred  to  per- 
sons of  this  description,  such  was  his  authority  in  letters, 
that  even  in  his  youth  be  carried  away  the  palm  of  ce- 
lebrity from  all  the  Roman  professors.  Politian  adds  more 
to  the  same  purpose,  which  may  be  seen  in  our  authority  ; 
on  the  other  hand,  the  learned  world  are  under  unquestion* 
able  obligations  to  Calderinus,  and  probably,  had  he  lived 
longer,  he  would  have  corrected  that  vivacity  of  passion 
which  involved  him  so  often  with  his  contemporaries.  > 
Among  his  works,  is  an  ample  Commentary  on  Martial, 
Venice,  1474,  fol. ;  another  on  Juvenal,  ibid.  1475,  fol. 
The  edition  of  Virgil  of  1492,  has  some  notes  of  his ;  and 
,  he  commented  on  Ovid's  Metamorphoses,  Persius,  and  Ca- 
tullus. His  notes  "  In  Ibih"  were  published  at  Venice, 
1485,  and  on  the  "  Sylvae"  of  Statins,  Brixiae,  1476,  with 
a  dissertation  on  the  letter  of  Sappho,  and  another  on  the 
most  difficult  passages  of  Propertius,  addressed  to  Francis 
of  Arragon,  son  of  Ferdinand,  king  of  Naples.  * 

1  Gen.  Diet.— CirttwelPs  Politian.— 'PaulJorius  in  Elogiis. — Saxii  Oaomast. 


S6  CALDERONI. 

CALDERONI  de  la  Barca  (Don  Pedro),  a  celebrated 
Spanish  dramatic  poet,  was  chevalier  of  the  order  of  St. 
James,  and  at  first  distinguished  himself  as  a  soldier.  This 
profession  he  quitted,  and  became  an-ecclesiastic,  and  was 
made  priest  and  canon  of  Toledo.  There  are  several  dra- 
matical pieces  by  him  in  9  vols.  4to,  Madrid,  1689;  not 
to  mention,  several  others  that  have  not  been  printed. 
The  imagination  of  Calderoni,  however,  was  too  fertile  to 
allow  him  to  be  regular  and  correct.  The  rules  of  the 
drama  are  violated  in  almost  all  his  works.  We  perceive 
in  his  tragedies  the  irregularity  of  Shakspeare,  his  eleva- 
tion and  his  degradation,  flashes  of  genius  as  strong,  comic 
turns  as  much  out  of  place,  an  inflation  no  less  capricious, 
and  the  same  bustle  of  action  and  incident.  Some  of 
his  pieces  are  still  performed  on  the  Spanish  stage,  and 
some  have  been  translated  into  Frenqb.  This  poet  flou- 
rished about  the  year  1640.  * 

C  ALDER  WOOD  (David),  a  famous  divine  of  the 
church  of  Scotland,  and  a  distinguished  writer  in  behalf 
of  the  presbyterians,  was  descended  of  a  good  family  in 
that  kingdom,  and  born  in  1575.  Being  early  designed 
for  the  ministry,  he  applied  with  great  diligence  to  the 
study  of  the  scriptures  in  their  original  tongues^  the  works 
of  the  fathers,  the  councils,  and  the  be^t  writers  of  church 
history.  He  was  settled,  about  1604,  at  Crailing,  not  far 
from  Jedburgh,  in  the  south  of  Scotland.  James  VI.  of 
that  country,  and  the  first  of  Great  Britain,  being  desirous 
of  bringing  the  church  of  Scotland  to  a  near  conformity 
with  that  of  England,  laboured  earnestly  to  restore  the 
episcopal  authority,  and  enlarge  the  powers  of  the  bishops 
in  that  kingdom  ;  but  this  design  was  very  warmly  opposed 
by  many  of  the  ministers,  and  particularly  by  David  Cal- 
derwood,  who,  when  James  Law,  bishop  of  Orkney,  came 
to  visit  the  presbyteries  of  the  Merse  and  Teviotdaie,  de- 
clined his  jurisdiction,  by  a  paper  under  his  hand,  dated 
May  5,  160S.  The  king,  however,  having  its  success 
much  at  heart,  sent  the  earl  of  Dunbar,  then  high-trea- 
surer of  Scotland,  Dr.  Abbot,  afterwards  archbishop  of 
Canterbiiry,  and  two  other  divines,  into  that  kingdom, 
with  instructions  to  employ  every  method  to  .persuade  both 
the  clergy  and  the  laity,  of  his  majesty's  sincere  desire  to 
promote  the  good  of  the  church,  and  of  his  zeal  for  th« 

1  Diet.  If  i|t.—Moreric— Antonio  Bibl.  Hisp. 


C  A  L  D  E  R  W  GOD.  SI 

-Protestant  religion,  in  which  they  succeeded.     Calder- 
wood,  however,  did  not  assist  at  the  general  assembly  held  at 
Glasgow,  June  8,  1610,  in  which  lord  Dunbar  presided  as 
commissioner ;  and  it  appears  from  his  writings,  that  he 
looked  upon  every  thing  transacted  in  it  as  null  and  void. 
Exceptions  were  also  taken  by  him  and  his  party,  against 
a  great  part  of  the  proceedings  of  another  general  assembly, 
held  with  much  solemnity  at  Aberdeen,  Aug.    13,   1616. 
In  May  following,  king  James  went  to  Scptland,  and  iii 
June  held  a  parliament  at  Edinburgh ;  at  the  same  time 
the  clergy  met  in  one  of  the  churches,  to  hear  and  ad- 
vise with  the  bishops ;  which  kind  of  assembly,  it  seems, 
was  contrived  in  imitation  of  the  English  convocation.    Mr. 
Calderwood  was  present  at  it,  but  declared  publicly  that 
he  did  not  take  any  such  meetings  to  resemble  a  convoca- 
tion ;  and  being  opposed  by  Dr.  Whitford  and  Dr.  Ha- 
milton, who  were  friends  to  the  bishops,  he  took  his  leave 
of  them  in  these  words  :  "  It  is  absurd  to  see  men  sitting 
in  silks  and  satins,  and  to  cry  pqverty  in  the  kirk,  when 
purity  is   departing."      The  parliament  proceeded  mean 
while  in  the  dispatch  of  business ;  and  Calderwood,  with 
several  other  ministers,  being  informed  that  a  bill  was  de-* 
pending  to  empower  the  king,  with  advice  of  the  archbi-^ 
shops,  bishops,  and  such  a  number  of  the  ministry  as  his 
majesty  should  think  proper,  to  consider  and  conclude,  as 
to  matters  decent  for  the  external  policy  of  the  church, 
not  repugnant  to  the  word  of  God  ;  and  that  such  conclu- 
sions should  have  the  strength  and  power  of  ecclesiastical 
laws  :  against  this  they  protested  for  four  reasons  :   J .  Be- 
cause their  church  was  so  perfect,  that,  instead  of  needing 
reformation,  it  might  be  a  pattern  to  others.     2.  General 
assemblies,  as  now  established  by  law,  and  which  ought 
always  to  continue,  might  by  this  means  be  overthrown. 
3.  Because  it  might  be  a  means  of  creating  schism,  and 
disturb  the  tranquillity  of  the  t^hurch.     4.  Because  they 
had  received  assurances,  that  no  attempts  should  be  made 
to  bring  them  to  a  conformity  with  the  church  of  England. 
They  desired,  therefore,  that  for  these  and  other  reasons, 
all  thoughts  of  passing  any  such  law  may  be  laid  aside ;  but 
in  case  this  be  not  done,  they  protest,  for  themselves  and 
their  brethren  who  shall  adhere  to  them,  that  they  can 
yield  no  obedience  to  this  law  when  it  shall  be  enacted, 
because  it  is  destructive  of  the  liberty  of  the  church  ;  and 
therefore  shall  submit  to  such  penalties,  and  think  them* 


$t 


C  A  L  D  E  R  WO  O  D. 


selves  obUged  to  undergo  such  punishments,  as  may  be 
inflicted  for  disobeying  that  law.  This  protest  was  signed 
by  Archibald  Simpson,  on  behalf  of  the  members,  who  sub- 
scribed another  separate  roll,  which  he  kept  for  his  justi- 
fication. It  was  delivered  to  Peter  Hewet,  who  had  a  seat 
in  parliament,  in  order  to  be  presented ;  and  another  cqpy 
remained  in  Simpson^s  hands,  to  be  presented  in  case  of 
any  accident  happening  to  the  other.  The  affair  making 
a  great  noise.  Dr.  Spotswood,  archbishop  of  St.  Arjdrew's, 
asked  a  sight  of  the  protest  from  Hewet,  one  day  at  court ; 
and,  upon  some  dispute  between  them,  it  was  torn.  The 
other  copy  was  actually  presented  by  Simpson  to  the 
clerk  register,  who  refused  to  read  it  before  the  states  in 
parliament.  However,  the  protest,  though  not  read,  had 
its  effect ;  for  although  the  bill  before-mentioned,  or,  as 
the  Scottish  phrase  is,  the  article,  had  the  consent  of  par- 
liament, yet  the  .kingf  thought  fit  to  cause  it  to  be  laid 
aside ;  and  not  long  after  called  a  general  assembly  at  St. 
Andrew's.  Soon  after,  the  parliament  was  dissolved,  and 
Simpson  was  summoned  before  the  high  commission  courts 
where  the  roll  of  names  which  he  had  kept  for  his  justi- 
fication, wa3  demanded  from  him  ;  and  upon  his  declaring 
that  he  had  given  it  to  Harrison,  who  had  since  delivered 
it  to  Calderwood,  he  was  sent  prisoner  to  the  castle  of 
Edinburgh  ;  and  Calderwood  was  summoned  to  appear  be- 
fore the  high  commission  court  at  St.  Andrew's,  on  the  8th 
of  July  following,  to  exhibit  the  said  protest,  and  to  an- 
swer for  his  mutinous  and  seditious  behaviour. 

July  12,  the  king  came  to  that  city  in  person,  and  soon 
after  Hewet  and  Simpson  were  deprived  and  imprisoned. 
After  this,  Calderwood  was  called  upon,  and  refusing  to 
comply  with  what  the  king  in  person  required  of  him, 
James,  after  haranguing  at  some  length  on  his  disobe- 
dience, '  committed  him  to  prison  ;  and  afterwards  the 
privy^council,  according  to  the  power  exercised  by  them 
at  that  time,  directed  him  to  banish  himself  out  of  the 
king's  dominions  before  Michaelmas  following,  and  not  to 
.  return  w  ithout  licence  ;  and  upon  giving  security  for  this 
purpose,  be  was  discharged  out  of  prison,  and  suffered  to 
return  to  his  parish,  but  forbid  to  preach.  Having  applied 
to  the  king  for  a  prorogation  of  his  sentence  without  suc- 
cess, because  he  would  neither  acknowledge  his  offence, 
nor  pifomise  conforgaity  for  the  future,  he  retired  to  Hol- 
land in  1619,  where  his  publicatioais  were  securely  muU 


CALDERWOOn.  f9 

tiplied,  and  diffused  through  Scotland,   particu^iiy  one 
entitled  "  The  Perth  Assembly/*  which  was  condemned 
by  the  council.     In  1623  he  published  his  celebrated  trea- 
tise entitled  ^'  Altare  Damascenum,  seu  ecclesiae  AngU- 
canae  politia,  ecclesise  Scoticans  obtrusa  k  formalista  quo- 
dam  delineata,  iliustrata^  et  examinata."     The  writer  of 
the  preface  prefixed  to  Calderwood's  ^^  True  history  of 
the  church  of  Scotland"  tells  us,  that  ^*  the  author  of  this 
very  learned  and  celebrated  treatise  (which  is  an  answer  to 
Liuwood^s  *  Description  of  the  Policy  of  the  church  of 
England')  doth  irrefragably  and  unanswerably  demonstrate 
the  iniquity  of  designing  and  endeavouring  to  model  and 
conform  the  divinely  simple  worship,  discipline,  and  go-, 
vernment  of  the  church  of  Scotland  to  the  pattern  of  the 
pompously  prelatic  and  ceremonious  church  of  England ; 
under  some  conviction  whereof  it  seems  king  James  himself 
was,  though  implacably  displeased  with  it,  when,  being 
after  the  reading  of  it  somewhat  pensive,  and  being  asked 
the  reason  by  an  English  prelate  standing  by  and  observing 
it,  he  told  him  he  had  seen  and  read  such  a  book  ;  where- 
upon the  prelate  telling  his  majesty  not  to  suffer  that  to 
trouble  him,  for  they  would  answer  it ;  he  .replied,  not 
without  some  passion,    ^  What  would  you  answer,  man  i 
There  is  nothing  here  but  scripture,  reason,  and  the  fa- 
thers*.*' This  work  was  in  fact  an  enlargement,  in  Latin;  of 
one  which  %e  wrote  in  English,   and  published  in   1621, 
under  the  title  of  **  The  Altar  of  Damascus,"  and  which  is 
uncommonly  rare.     It  concludes  with  noticing  a  rumour 
spread  by  bishop  Spotswood,    that  Mr.  Calderwood  had 
turned  Brownist,  which  rumour  it  denies  in  strong  language, 
and  with  the  following  intemperate  and  unbecoming  threat: 
**  If  either  Spotswood,  or  his  supposed  author,  persist  in 
their  calumny  after  this  declaration,  1  shall  try  if  there  be 
any  blood  in  their  foreheads."    Calderwood  having  in  1624 
been  afflicted  with  a  long   fit  of  sickness,    and   nothing 
haying  been  heard  of  him  for  some  time,  one  Patrick  Scot 
(as  Calderwood  himself  informs  us),  took  it  for  granted 
that  he  was  dead  ;  and  thereupon  wrote  a  recantation  in 
his  name,  as  if  before  his  decease  he  had  changed  his  sen- 
timents.    This  imposture  being  detected,  Scot  went  over 
to  Holland,  and  staid  three  weeks  at  Amsterdam,  where 
he  made  diligent  search  for  the  author  of  "  Altare  Damas- 
cenum,"  with  a  design,  as  Calderwood  believed,  to  have, 
dispatched  him:  but  Calderwood  had  privately  returned 


90  C  A  L  D  E  R  W  O  O  D. 

into  his  own  country,  where  he  remained  for  several  years. 
Scot  gave  out  that  the  king  furnished  him  with  the  matter 
for  the  pretended  recantation^  and  that  he  only  put  it  in 
<irder. 

During  his  retirement,  Calderwood  collected  all  the 
memorials  relating  to  the  ecclesiastical  affairs  of  Scotland, 
from  the  beginning  of  the  reformation  there,  down  to  the 
death  of  king  James ;  which  collection  is  still  preserved, 
that  which  was  published  under  the  title  of  "  The  true 
History  of  Scotland,"  1680,  fol.  being  only  an  extract 
from  it.  He  probably  returned  to  Scotland  about  1636,  and 
in  1 643  we  find  him  one  of  those  who  were  appointed  to 
draw  up  the. form  of  the  "  Directory  for  the  public  worship 
of  God"  by  the  Genecal  Assembly ;  and  when  the  English 
army  lay  at  Lothian,  in  1651,  he  went  to  Jedburgh,  where, 
we  are  told,  he  sickened  and  died  ia  a  good  old  age,  but 
the  date  is  not  given. 

It.  may  be  necessary  to  say  somewhat  more  of  his  manu- 
script his^tory,  which  is  contained  in  six  large  folio  volumes, 
in  the  Glasgow  library*.  In  the  first  volume,  immediately 
after  the  title-page,  there  is  the  following  note. — "  This 

work,  comprehended  in  P^g^s,    is  collected  out  of 

Mr.  Knox's  History,  and  his  Memorials  gathered  for  the 
continuation  of  his  History,  out  of  Mr.  James  Melvil's  Ob* 
servations,  Mr.  John  Davidson  his  Diary,  the  Acts  of  the 
General  Assemblies,  and  Acts  of  Parliament,  and  out  of 
several  Proclamations,  and  Scrolls  of  diverse ;  and  com- 
prehendeth  an  History  from  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of 
king  James  V.  to  the  death  of  king  James  VI.  but  is  con- 
tracted and  digested  in  a  better  order,  in  a  work  of  three 
volumes,  bound  in  parchment,  and  is  comprehended  in 
2013  pages.  Out  of  which  work  contracted,  is  extracted 
another,  in  lesser  bounds,  but  wanting  nothing  in  sub- 
stance, and  comprehended  in  —  pages,  which  the  author 
desireth  only  to  be  communicated  to  others,  and  this  with 
the  other,  contracted  into  three  volumes,  to  serve  only  for 
the  defence  of  the  third,  and  preservation  of  the  History, 
in  case  it  be  lost.''    The  first  of  the  six  volumes  gives  a 

*  There  are  three  other  transcripts  formerlymlnister  of  Glasgow;  and  the 

of  it,  one  in  the  Advocates  library  at  third  belongs  to  the  General  Assembly 

Edinburgh  ;  another  in  the  possesfiion  of  the  church  of  Scotland,  to  whom  it 

of   general    Calderwood    Durliam   of  was   presented   by   Mr.  Wodrow,    a 

Largo,  the  representative  of  Mr.  Cal-  more  recent  ecclesiastical  historian  of 

derwood,  and  of  Mr.  James  Durham,  Scotliind.     / 


CALDERWOOD.  6k 

large  introduction,    in   which  the   author  undertakes  to 
inform  us  of  the  time  when,  and  the  persons  by  whom 
the  island  of  Great  Britain  was  first  inhabited ;  and  after- 
wards  brings  down    the  Scottish    Civil   History  as    well 
as  the  Ecclesiastical,   from  the   first   planting  of  Chris-* 
tianity  to  the  end  of  James  the   Fourth's   reign.     Aftec 
his  account  of  the  affairs  of  the  state   and  the   church, 
we   have  a   view  of  all  the  most  considerable  wars  and 
battles    (domestic    and   foreign)    wherein    the   people  of 
Scotland  have  been  engaged  before  the  said   period,  aa 
also  of  the  ancient  honorary  titles,  and  their  institution. 
On  thisi  last  head  he  quotes  an  old  manuscript,  sent  from 
Icolmkiil  to  Mr.  George  Buchanan,  which  testifies  that  a 
parliament  was  held  at  Forfar,  in  the  year  1061,  wherein 
surnames  are  appointed  to  be  taken,   and  several   earls, 
barons,  lords,  and  knights,  were  created.     After  this  ge« 
neral  preface  he  begins  his  proper  work.  The  History  of 
the  Scottish  Reformation.     And  in  this  volume  advances  as 
far  as  the  marriage  of  queen  Mary  with  the  lord  Darnley, 
in  1565.     In  his  story  of  Mr.  Patrick  Hamilton,  the  pro* 
tomartyr  in  this  cause,  he  gives  a  copy  of  the  sentence 
pronounced  against  him,  together  with  a  congratulatory 
letter  from  the  doctors  at  Louvaiu  to  the  archbishop  of  St. 
Andrew's,  on  the  occasion  of  his  death.     Amongst  those 
learned  men,  who  upon  the  first  persecution  fled  into  Ger- 
many, he  reckons  Mr.  George  Buchanan.     In  his  large 
account  of  the  disputes  and  sufferings  of  the  reformers, 
under  the  administration  of  cardinal  Beaton  and  the  queen 
regent,  we  have  the  particulars  of  the  contentions  at  Frank- 
furt, which  are  mostly  taken  out  of  a  book  entitled  ^'  A 
brief  discovery  of  the  Troubles  of  Mr.  John  Knox,  for  op- 
posing the  English  Service  Book,  in  1554."     After  which 
we  have  Knox's  Appeal  from  the  sentence  of  the  clergy, 
to  the  nobility,  estates,  and  community  of  Scotland,  with 
a  great  many  letters  from  the  nobility  to  the  queen-regent 
and  him,  on  the  subject  of  religion.     All  this  part  of  the 
history,  which  in  the  printed  book  makes  no  more  than 
thirteen  pages,  ends  at  page  571;  from  whence  (to  the 
end  of  the  book  at  page  902)  there  is  a  good  collection  of 
curious  letters,  remonstrances,  &c.  which  are  not  in  the 
prints,  either  of  Knox  or  Calderwood.     The   second  vo- 
lume contains  the  history  from  1565  to  the  arraignment  of 
the  earl  of  Moreton  for  treason,  in  December  1590,  aii4 
contains  614  pages,  wherein  are  mmy  valuable  discoveries 


€2  C  A  L  D  E  R  W  O  6  D. 

relating  to  thfe  practices  of  David  Rizzio,  the  king's  mur- 
der, Bothwell's  marriage   and  flight,  &c.  and  a  more  per- 
fect narrative  of  the  proceedings  in  the  general  assemblies, 
than  the  printed  history  will  afford  us.     The  third  volume 
comprehends  the  entire  history^  of  both  church  and  state, 
from  the  beginning  of  January  1581   to  July  1586,  when 
queen  Mary's  letter  to  Babington  was  intercepted.     Under 
the  year  1584,  there  is  a  severe  character  of  Mr.  Patrick 
Adamson,  archbishop  of  St.  Andrew's ;  which,  in  the  con- 
clusion, refers  us  for  a  farther  account  of  him  to  a  poem 
made  by  one  Robert  Semple,  and  entitled  "  The  Legend 
of  the  Limmer's  Life."     Here  is  also  "  An  account  of  the 
State  and  Church  of  Scotland  to  the  Church  of  Geneva,'* 
which  was  written  by  Andrew  Melvil,  in  answer  to  the  mis- 
representations of  the  Scottish  discipline  scattered  in  fo- 
reign countries,  by  the  said  archbishop  Adamson.     The 
fourth  gives  the  like  mixed  history  of  affairs,  from  July  1586 
to  the  beginning  of  1596.     Here  we  have  a  full  collection 
of  papers  relating  to  the  trial,  condemnation,  and  execu- 
tion, of  the  unfortunate  queen  Mary,  with  abundance  of 
others,  touching  the  most  remarkable  transactions  of  this 
Decennium.      In   1587  there    is  a  large  account  of  the 
coming  of  the  sieur  du  Bartas  into  Scotland  ;  of  his  being 
carried  by  king  James  to  the  university  of  St.  Andrew's,  his 
hearing  of  the  lectures  of  Mr.  A.  Melvil  there,  and  the 
great  opinion  he  had  of  the  abilities  of  that  professor,   &c. 
In  1590  there  are  some  smart  reflections  on  Dr.  Bancroft's 
sermon  at  Paul's  Cross,  censuring  the  proceedings  of  J. 
Knox,  and  others  of  the  northern  reformers,  with  the  as- 
sembly's letter  to  queen  Elizabeth  about  that  sermon.   The 
fifth  volume  reaches  from  the  beginning  of  January  1596, 
to  the  same  month  in  1607.     After  the  accounts  of  the 
proceedings  of  the  assembly  in  1596,  the  author  subjoins 
this  pathetic  epiphonema:  "  Here  end  all  the  sincere  assem- 
blies general  of  the  kirk  of  Scotland,  enjoying  the  liberty 
of  the  gospel  under  the  free  government  of  Christ."     The 
new  and  constant  Piatt  of  Planting  all  the  Kirks  of  Scotland 
(written  by  Mr.  David  Lindsay,  one  of  the  Octavians)  is 
here  inserted  at  large,  as  it  was  presented  to  the  king  and 
states  in  the  said  year  1596.    The  history  of  the  conspiracy 
of  the  Gowries,  and  the  manner  of  its  discovery,  is  likewise 
here  recorded  at  length,  in  the  same  order,  wherein  the 
king  commanded  it  to  be  published.     The  new  form  of 
nomination  to  bishoprics,  the  protestation  in  parliament 


CALDERWOOD.  63 

against  the  restitution  of  episcopacy,  and  the  reasons  of- 
fered against  it  by  others,  are  the  remaining  matters  of 
consideration  in  this  book.  The  sixth  concludes  with  the 
death  of  king  James  VI. 

Besides  what  we  have  already  mentioned,  Calderwood 
was  the  author  of  many  other  works  relating  to  the  church 
discipline  of  Scotland,  which  are  now  of  rare  occurrence, 
and  prized  only  by  collectors.  These  were  printed  in 
Holland,  but  imported  into  Scotland,  notwithstanding  the 
most  severe  prohibitions.-* 

CALDWALL  (Richard),  or  Chaldwell,  an  English  phy- 
sician, was  born  in  Staffordshire  about  1513,  and  was  ad- 
mitted into  Brazeu-nose  college  in  Oxford,  of  which  he 
was  in  due  season  elected  fellow.  In  1539  he  took  his 
decnree  of  M.  A.  and  became  one  of  the  senior  students  of 
Christ  Church  in  1547,  which  was  a  little  after  its  last 
foundation  by  king  Henry  VIII.  Afterwards  he  studied 
physic  and  took  the  degrees  in  that  faculty,  and  became 
so  highly  esteemed  for  his  learning  and  skill,  that  he  was 
examined,  approved,  admitted  into,  and  elected  censor 
of,  the  college  of  physicians  at  London  in  the  same  day. 
Six  weeks  after,  he  was  chosen  one  of  the  elects  of  the  said 
college,  and  in  1570  made  president  of  it.  Wood  tells 
us,  that  he  wrote  several  pieces  upon  subjects  relating  to 
his  profession ;  but  does  not  say  what  they  were.  He  men- 
tions a  book  written  by  Horatio  Moro,  a  Florentine  physi- 
cian, and  called  **  The  Tables  of  Surgery,  briefly  com* 
prehending  the  whole  art  and  practice  thereof;''  which 
Caldwall  translated  into  English,  and  published  at  London 
in  1585.  We  learn  from  Camden,  that  Caldwall  founded 
a  chirurgical  lecture  in  the  college  of  physicians,  and  en- 
dowed it  with  a  handsome  salary.  He  died  in  1585,  and 
was  buried  at  the  church  of  St.  Bennet  near  Paul's  wharf.* 

CALDWELL  (Andrew),  a  literary  gentleman  of  Ire- 
land, was  the  son  of  Charles  Caldwell,  esq.  an  eminent  so- 
licitor, and  was  born  in  Dublih,  1732.  He  received  part 
of  his  education  in  one  of  the  universities  in  Scotland,  from 
whence  he  removed  to  London ;  and  after  a  residence  of 
about  five  years  at  the  Temple,  returned  to  Dublin,  where 
he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1760 ;  but  his  father  being 
possessed  of  a  good  estate,  fully  adequate  to  his  son's  wishes^ 

1  Biog.  Brit— -Biog.  Scoticana.-^Baillie's  Letters  and  Journali.— Laing's  His- 
tory of  Scotland.— Brewster's  Ediubuifh  £ncvclop»dia. 
*  Ath.  Ox.  rol.  I.— Geo.  Diet. 


64  CALDWELL. 

he  never  paid  much  attention  to  the  profession  of  the  law,- 
and  for  several  years  before  his  death  had  entirely  quitted 
it.  His  studious  disposition,  and  taste  for  the  fine  arts, 
always  afforded  him  sufficient  employment,  and  be  was  a 
liberal  patron  of  those  who  excelled  in  any  of  the  various 
branches  of  art.  He  had  studied  architecture  with  parti- 
cular attention  ^  and  about  the  }'ear  1770,  published,  anony- 
mously, some  very  judicious  "  Observations  on  the  pub- 
lic buildings  of  Dublin,"  and  on  some  edifices,  which  at 
that  time  were  about  to  be  erected  in  that  city  at  the  ex- 
pence  of  the  state.  The  only  other  known  production  of 
his  pen  that  has  been  published,  is  a  very  curious  ^^  Ac- 
count of  the  extraordinary  escape  of  James  Stewart,  esq* 
(commonly  called  Athenian  Stewart)  from  being  put  to 
death  by  some  Turks,  in  whose  company  he  happened  to 
be  travelling ;"  the  substance  of  which  had  been  commu- 
nicated to  Mr.  Caldwell  by  the  late  Dr.  Percy,  bishop  oif 
Dromore,  as  related  to  his  lordship  by  Stewart  himself. 
Of  this  narrative,  of  which  only  a  small  number  was  printed 
'at  Lonidon  in  1304,  for  the  use  of  the  author^s  friends,  it 
is  believed  not  more  than  a  dozen  copies  were  distributed 
in  this  country.  Mr.  Caldwell's  love  of  literature  naturally 
led  him  to  collect  an  ample  library,  which  was  particularly 
rich  in  natural  history.  His  manners  were  gentle  and 
pleasing,  and  his  benevolence,  various  knowledge,  and  cul-. 
tivated  taste,  endeared  him  to  a  very  numerous  circle  of 
friends.  He  died  at  the  house  of  his  nephew,  major-gene- 
ral Cockburn,  near  Bray  in  the  county  of  Wicklow,  July 
2,  1808,  in  the  seventy-sixth  year  of  his. age.  * 

CALENTIUS,  or  CALENZIO  (Eusius),  a  modern 
Latin  poet  of  the  fifteenth  century,  was  a  native  of  Naples, 
and  became  preceptor  to  Frederic,  the  son  of  Ferdinand  I. 
king  of  Naples,  whom  he  endeavoured  to  inspire  with  the 
love  of  those  virtues  and  principles  of  justice  which  would 
dignify  his  high  station.  He  did  not  approve  of  condemn- 
ing malefactors  *  to  death.  According  to  him,  ^^  thieves 
should  be  obliged  to  restore  what  they  had  stolen,  after 
being  beaten  for  the  theft;  homicides  should  be  made 
slaves ;  and  other  criminals  be  sent  to  the  mines  and  the 
gallies."  He  had  also  studied  and  practised  agriculture 
and  horticulture  with  great  success.  Having  come  to 
France,  he  was  a  witness  of  the  war  between  Charles  the 
hardy,  duke  of  Burgundy,  and  the  Swiss,  the  history  pf 

1  QenU  Mag.  I80S. 


CALENTIUS.    '  es 

ti4i]ch  he  was  requested  to  write,  but  declined  it,  aslie 
thought  it  did  not  become,  him  to  speak  ill  of  princes,  or  to* 
tell  what  was  not  true.  It  appears  by  his  letters  that  he 
tnarried  young,  was  extremely  fond  of  his  wife,  and  had 
many  children.  Yet  he  was  accused  of  illicit  amours, 
which  it  is  said  k^pt  him  poor.  He  is  supposed  to  have 
died  about  [503.  There  have  been  three  editions  of  his 
works,  two  at  Rome,  one  in  1 503,  fol.  *^  Opuscula  Elisii 
Calentii,  poetsB  clarissimi  ;**  and  a  third  at  Basil,  1554. 
They  consist  of  elegies,  epigrams,  epistles;  the  battle  of 
the  frogs,  imitated  from  Homer ;  satires,  fables,  &c.  &c« 
His  poem  of  the  battle  between  the  rats  and  the  frogs, 
from  Homer,  was  reprinted  in  1738  at  Rouen,  in  a  collec- 
tion, 12mo,  of  select  fables  of  la  Fontaine  put  into  Latin 
verse,  publii^ed  by  the  abb6  Saas.  Calentius  composed 
this  poem  at  eighteen  years  of  age,  and  finished  it  in  seven 
days.  * 

CALEPIN,  or  CALEPINUS  (Ambros^,  a  lexicogra- 
pher of  considerable  fame,  was  a  native  of  Calepio  near 
Bergamo  in  Italy,  from  which  lie  took  his  name,  and  lived 
in  the  fifteenth  and  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century. 
He  took  the  habit  of  the  Augustine  order,  and  was^much 
esteemed  for  learning  and  personal  character.  His  ^'  Lex- 
icon,'* on  which  he  had  laboured  for  many  years,  appeared 
first  in  1503.  He  died  in  1510,  deprived  of  his  sight 
through  old  age,  but  had  employed  his  latter  days  in  re* 
viewing  and  correcting  his  work.  It  appears  to  have  had 
the  fate  of  Moreri^s  Dictionary,  to  have  fallen  into  the 
hands  of  editors  who  by  repeated  corrections  and  enlarge- 
ments, rendered  it  a  publication  of  some  consequence.  The 
editors  of  Stephanus*  Thesaurus  concur,  with  Erasmus^ 
Ludovicus  Vives,  Borrichius,  and  others,  in  speaking  with 
great  contempt  of  Calepin,  and,  perhaps,  with  more  than 
he  deserves.  Jacobus  Philippius  only,  of  that  age,  speaks 
respectfully  of  Calepin.  The  Lexicon,  however,  has  gone 
through  fifteen  editions,  with  successive  improvements,  the 
best  of  which  are  that  of  Chifflet,  Lyons,  1631,  2vols.  foL 
and  that  of  Facciolati,  Padua,  1758,  also  in  2  vols.  fol. 
Chrbtopher  Wase's  Latin  Dictionary,  the  second  edition 
of  which  was  published  at  Oxford  in  1675,  is  a  very  judi4 
cious  compendium  of  Calepin.  * 

»  Morcri.— Diet.  Hist. 

*  Moreri.— Fabr.  Bibl.  Med.  et  Inf.  ^at.i^Stephen's  Theiaurat.-«-6aiU«t 
Ju^mens  d«t  SaTani.— Saxii  OnoituieC. 

Vol.  VII  I.  F 


e&  .CALETTL 

^ALETTI  (JoS£Ph),  called  II  Cremonesi:,  an  eminenr 
.arti9t  of  Ferrara,  where  he  was  born  about  1600,  studied 
and  imitated,  beyond  all  others,  the  tones  of  Titian,  and 
carried  the  illusion  to  such  a  degree,  that  his  half-figures, 
bacchanal^  and  small  histories,  entered, the  best  galleries 
of  Rome  and  Bologna  as  originals  ;  nor  is  he  easily  disco<- 
yered  by  the  be&t  eye  or  taste,  but  from  the  admission  of 
some  moce  modern  conceit,  or  carelessness  of  execution. 
That  he  possessed  talents  superior  to  what  m^re  mimickry 
can  confer,  is  evident  from  his  St.  Mark,  in  the  church  of 
S«  Benedetto  at  Ferrara,  a  majestic,  correct,  e^cpressive 
:$gare,  girt  by  a  profusion  of  volumes,  whose  picturesque 
arrangement  and  truth  of  touch  procured  him  the  name  of 
the  Bo(5k-Painter  (Pittor  da'  Libri).  Immediately  after  the 
e:s:eciition  of  this  work,  some  say  that  h6  disappeared,  and 
was  heard  of  no  more :  whilst  others,  with  tess  probability 
of  conjecture,  extend  the  date  of  his  death  to  1660. ' 

CALFHILL,  or  CALFILL  (James),  a  learned  divine  of 
the  sixteenth  century,  otherwise  named  Calfield,  Cawfield, 
Chalffaill,  or  Calfed,  was  born  in  Shropshire^  in  153G« 
Strype,  however,  says  he  was  a  Scotchman^  and  cousin  to 
Toby  Mathew,  afterwards  archbishop  of  York.  He  ^-* 
eeived  his  education  at  Eton  school,  and  from  thence  was 
sent,  in  1545,  to  King's  college  in  Cambridge,  from  which 
he  was  removed,  with  many  other  Cambridge  men,  in  1 54^S-, 
to  Christ  Ohurch  in  Oxford,  newly  founded  by  king  Henry 
VIII.  Here  1^  shewed  himself  to  be  a  person  of  quick 
wit  and  great  capacity ;  being  an  excellent  poet;  and  au- 
thor of  a  tragedy,  with  other  theatrical  performances.  In 
1549,  he  took  his  degree  of  bachelor  of  arts ;  and  that  of 
master  in  1552,  being  junior  of  the  act  celebrated  in  St 
Mary^j^  church,  July  13.  He  was  made,  in  1560,  canon  of 
the  second  canonry  in  Christ  Church  cathedral,  Oxon ;  and, 
on  the  12th  of  December  1 56 1,  took  the  degree  of  bachelor 
pf  divinity.  In  1 562  he  was  proctor  for  the  clergy  of  Lon* 
don  and  the  chapter  of  Oxford  in  the  convocation  that 
made  the  XXXIX  Articles  ;  and  on  the  16th  of  May,  the 
same  year,,  was  admitted  ro  the  rectory  of  St.  Andrew 
Wardrobe,  London.  The  4th'  of  October  following,  be 
was  presented  by  the  crown  to  the  prebend  of  St.  Pan  eras  J 
i»  the  cathe'dral  church  of  St-'-Paul;  and  May  4,  1565,  wai 
collated  by  Matthew  Parker,  archbishop  pf  Canterbury,  .to 


C  A  L  F  H  t  L  L^  6» 

tlie  tectory  of  Bocking,  in  Essex;  and  on  July  l€th'fol« 
lewing,  to  the  archdeaconry  of  Colcbestef  in  Essex,  by 
Edmund  Grindal,  bishop  <tf  London.  The  same  year,  De- 
cember 17  th^  he  took  the  degree  of  doctor  in  divinity.  In 
1568,  he  preached  two  sermons  in  Bristol  cathedral,  on  pur« 
pose  to  confute  Dr.  Cheney,  who  held  that  see  in  commen- 
dam,  and  who  had  spoken  disrespectfully  of  certain  opi« 
hions  of  Ltttherand  Cal?in.  In  1569  he  made  application 
to  secretary  Cecil,  chancellor  of  the  university  of  Cam- 
bridge, for  the  provostsbip^  of  king's  college^  but  Dri 
Goad's  interest  prevailed.  Upon  the  translation  of  Dr.  Ed- 
win jSandys  from  the  bishopric  of  Worcester  to  that  of 
London  in  1570^  Dn  Caifhill  was  nominated  by  queen 
f^Iizabeth  to  succeed  him  j  but  before  his  consecration  h6 
(^ied^  about  the  beginning  of  August  (having  a  little  be- 
fore resigned  his  canonry  of  Christ  Church,  and  rectory  of 
St.  Andrew  Wardrobe),  and  was  buried  in  the  chancel  of 
Booking  church. «  His  works  were,  1.  *'  Querela  Oxonien- 
sis  Academis  ad  Cantabrigiam/'  Lond.  1552,  4to>  a  Latin 
poem  on  the  death  of  Henry  and  Charles  Brandon,  sons  of 
Charles  duke  of  Sttff<rik,  who  died  of  the  sweating-sick-^ 
ness  in  the  bishop  of  Lincoln's  house  at  Bugden,  July 
14,  I55L  2.  ^'  Historic  de  exhumatione  Catherine  nuper 
Qxoris  Pet  Martyris ;"  or,  The  History  of  the  digging  up 
the  body  of  Catherine  late  wife  of  Peter  Martyr,  Lond^ 
1562,  8vo.  The  remains  of  this  lady  bad  been  deposited 
in  the  cathedral  of  Christ  Church,  near  to  the  relics  of  St* 
Frideswide,  and  in  queen  Mary's  reign  were  dug  up  and 
buried  in  the  dunghill  near  the  stables  belonging  to  the 
dean ;  but  on  the  accession  of  queen  Elizabeth,  an  ordet 
was  given  to  replace  them  with  suitable  solemnity.  This 
order  our  author  partly  executed,  and  the  remains  of 
Martyr's  wife  were  on  this  occasion  purposely  mixed  with, 
those  of  St.  Frideswide,  that  the  superstitious  worshippers 
pf  the  latter  might  never  be  able  to  distinguish  or  separate 
them.  3.  Answer  to  John  Martiall's  *^  Treatise  of  the  Cross^ 
gathered  out  of  the  Scriptures,  douncils^  and  ancient  Fa** 
thers  of  the  primitive  Church,"  Lond.  1565,  4to.  4. 
i^  Progne,"  a  tragedy,  in  Latin;  which  probably  was  never 
printed,  k  was  acted  before  queen  Elizabeth  at  Oxford 
in  1566,  in  Christ  Church  hall ;  but,  says  Wood,  ^*  it  did 
hot  take  half  so  well  as  the  much  admired  play  of  PalsDroon 
and  Arcyte,"  written  by  £;dwards.  5.  "  Poemata  varia.'* 
As  to  his  character^  we  are  inforiped,  tha^  he  was  in  his 

F  2 


«»  C  A  L  F  H  I  L  L. 

*  ,  .    • 

younger  days  a  noted  poet  and  comedian  ;  and  in  bis  eldei^ 
an  exact  disputant,  and  had  an  excellent  faculty  in  speak« 
ing  and  preachmg.  One  who  had  beard  him  preach,  gives 
this  account  of  him :  <'  His  exceUent  tongue,  and  rhe^ 
torical  tale,  filled  with  good  and  wholesome  doctrine,  sd^ 
ravished  the  minds  of  the  hearers,  that  they  were  all'  in 
admiration  of  his  eloquence."  One  John  Calfhili,  chap- 
lain to  Dr.  Matthew,  archbishop  of  York,  a  prebendary  of 
Durham,  &c.  who  died  in  1619,  was  probably  son  to  our 
author.  * 

CALIGNON  (SoFFREY  de),  a  native  of  Saint  Jean,  near 
Voiron  in  Dauphiny,  was  secretary  to  M.  de  Lesdiguiercsy 
and  minister  of  the  reformed  religion,  aftlerwards  chancel- 
lor of  Navarre.     Henry  IV.  had  a  particular  esteem  for 
him,  and  employed  him  in  affairs  of  the  highest  import- 
ance.    Cahgnon  and  Thuanus  together  drew  up  the  edict 
of  Nantes.    He  died  September  1606,  at  Paris,  aged  fifty- 
six,  much  lamented.     He  was  a  man  of  great  learning^r 
und   well  skilled  in  the  management  of  affairs.     A  satire 
written  by  him,  entitled  "  Le  Mepris  des  Dames,'*  has  been 
preserved  to  us  by  du  Verdier  Vauprivas.     **  L*  Histoire 
des  choses  plus  remarquables  advenues  en  France  en  Aiv^ 
pees  1587,   1538,  et  1589,  par  S.  C."  printed  1590,  Svo; 
is  also  attributed  to  him,  and  contains  much  information  Of 
importance  to  the  protestant  cause.     His  life  has  been  writ- 
ten by  Gui  Allard,  with  that  of  the  baron  des  Adrets,  and 
Dupuy  Monbrun,  Grenoble,  1675,  12mo.  *  ' 

CALIXTUS  (George),  an   eminent   Lutheran   divine, 
was  born   at  Medelbui,  in  Holstein>  Dec.  14,  1586.     His 
ifather,  who  was  also  a  minister,  intended  him  for  the  same 
profession,  and  seut  him  to  study  at  Helmstadt,  Jena,  and 
Giessen,  and  most  of  the  protestant  schools  of  Germany. 
He  travelled  also  with  Matthias  Overbeck,  a  rich  Lutherarf, 
who  resided  in  Holland,  and  conceiving  a  high  opinion  of 
Calixtus,  became  his  liberal  patron,  as  he  had  been  to  Her- 
man Conringius  and  many  othert.     After  travelling  also  in 
f  ranee  and  England,  Calixtus  returned  to  Germany,  and 
was  appointed  professor  of  theology  at  Helmstadt  in  1614^ 
and  there  he  died,  March  18,  1656,  after  a  long  theologi- 
cal warfare,  both  with  his  brethren  aitd.the  Roman  catho- 
^  lies,  excited  by  his  endeavours  to  effect  a  comprehension 

1  Ath.  Ox.  vol,  1. — ^Wood's  Hist,  and  Ajitiq.  of  Oxford, — llutchlssou's  Hi^U 
•f  DurhUDa,  toL  1L  p.  1B7.  «  Mor«ri;— 'Diet.  Hiit, 


C  A  L  I  X  T  t  S.  W  • 

Wtween  the  Roman  and  the  Lutheran  and  Calv inist  churches. 
According  to  MosheiiBy  Calixtus  was  the  first  person  that* 
reduced  theology  into  a  regular  system,  and  gave  it  a  truly 
scientific  and  philosophical  form.  As  he  had  imbibed  the 
spirit  of  the  Aristotelian  school,  he  arranged  the  substance* 
of  Christianity  according  to  the  method  of  the  Stagirite  ; 
and  divided  the  whole  science  of  divinity  into  three  parts« 
viz.  the  end,  the  subject,  and  the  means.  He  was  also  the 
first  who  separated  the  objects  of  faith  from  the  duties  of 
morality,  and  exhibited  the  latter  under  the  form  of  an  in- 
dependent science.  These  innovations  rendered  him  the 
object  of  much  censure  and  opposition.  In  his  attempt  to 
reunite  the  several  bodies  of  Christians,  and  to  comprehend 
the  different  churches  in  one  profession  of  religion,  he  was 

*  9,  principal  promoter  of  that  system  which  was  called  syn- 
cretism. The  controversy  which  was  thus  occasioned,  sub- 
sisted long  after  his  death  ;  and  though  he  seemed,  in  his 
efforts  for  comprehension,  to  give  advantage  to  the  Romish 
church,  no  one  attacked  its  tyranny  and  corruption  with 

^  .greater  vigour.  Mosheim  has  entered  largely  into  his  sys- 
tem and  the  consequence  of  it,  but  it  appears  to  us  to  be 
in  sdme  parts  inconsistent ;  and  experience  has  shewn  that 
all  plans  of  comprehension  are  impracticable,  without  such 
sacrifices  as  the  respective  parties  either  cannot  or  will  not 
make*  His  writings,  which  are  extremely  numerous,  on 
various  subjects  of  controversy,  are  enumerated  by  Freher, 
but  without  the  necessary  appendages  of  size,  dates,  &c. ' 
CALLE,  or  CALLET  (John  Francis),  a  French  ma- 
thematician, was  born  on  the  25th  of  October  1744,  at 
Versailles,  where  he  received  a  good  education,  and  ac- 
quired an  early  taste  for  the  mathematics.  In  1763  he 
came  to  Paris,  where  he  had  an  opportunity  of  being  more 
thoroughly  instructed.  In  1774  he  formed  some  distm- 
guished  pupils  for  the  school  of  engineers,  where  the  ex- 
aminations were  strict,  ^nd  admission  difficult  to  be  ob- 
tained. In  1779  he  gained  the  prize  proposed  by  the  so- 
ciety of  arts  at  Geneva,  for  escapements.  In  1783  he  com- 
pleted his  edition  of  "  Gardiner's  Tables  of  Logarithms,** 
.which  were  exceedingly  convenient,  of  great  utility,  and 
very  correct;  and  which  possessed  advantages  above  all 
the  others.  In  1788  he  was  appointed  professor  of  hydro- 
graphy at  Vannes,  afterwards  at  Dunkirk  ;  and  in  1792  he 

*  Moreri.— Mosheim's  History. — Frehiri  Theatrum. — Saxii  OAomasticon,     . 


70  C  A  L  L  E, 

returned  to  Paris,  and  was  for  a  few  years  professor  cfr^  tn^ 
genieurs  geographes  at  the  dep6t  of  war.     This  place  hav- 
ing been  suppressed^  he  continued  to  teach  in  Paris^  where 
he  was  alyva^ys  considered  fts  one  of  the  beat  mathematical 
mftsters  to  whom  pupils  could  apply.  In  1795  be  published 
the  new  stereotype  edition  of  the  "  Tables  of  Logarithms," 
considerably  enlarged  with  logarithmic  tables  of  the  sines, 
ILccording  to  the  new  decimal  division  of  the  circle.  The^e 
are  the  first  which  ever  appeared.     Towards  the  end  of 
1797  he  presented  to  the  National  Institute  the  plan  of  a 
new  telegraph  and  a  telegraphic  language,  accompanied 
with  a  dictionary  of  12,000  French  words  adapted  to  it  by 
a  combination  worthy  of  so  able  a  mathematician.     These 
labours  had  injured  his  health,  and  he  had  been  a  long  time 
asthmatic,  but,  notwithstanding  his  condition,  he  published 
that  year  an  excellent  memoir  on  finding  the  longitude  at 
sea,  under  the  modest  title  of  *^  A  Supplement  to  the . 
Trigonometry  and  Navigation  of  Bezout/'     He  died  on 
the.  14th  of  November,  1798,  leaving  behind  him  a  daugh'v 
ter,  born  4t  Vannes  ia  1793.     According  to  a  tradition  ia 
the  family,  be  was  descended  from  Descartes.  ^ 

CALLIERGUS  (Zacuaiuas),  a  native  of  Crete,  became 
^  very  eminent  Gree^  printer  about  tbe.^od  of  the  fifte^intb 
eentury,  which  business  he  carried  ofi  first  at  Yeniee,  and 
^terwards  at  Ropfie.  He  had  a  principal  concern  in  the 
compil$ition  as  well  as  printing  of  the  ^'  EtymologicuiQ. 
magnum,"  printed  at  Venice  in  1499,  and  printed  in  the 
aame  year  Simp(icius*s  Commentary  on  Aristotle^s  cate- 

fories.  His  edition  of  Pindar,  with  Greek  scholia  collected 
y  himself,  appeared  at  Roipe  in  1515,  4to,  and  was:  the 
first  Gr^ek  book  printed,  in  that  city.  He  also  printed^ 
which  is  thought  to  be  the  secpnd  Greek  book  executed.  a|^ 
Rome,  an  editit)n  of  Theocritus,  1516j  8vo.  Reiske  CQn<4 
siders  it  among  the  most  accurate  and  complete,  of  the 
early  editions  of  Theocritus,  and  it  was  the  first  with  the 
scholia.  It  is  now  both  scarce  and  dear.  An  edition  of 
Phavorinus*s  Lexicon  was  also  published  by  Cailierggs,  a| 
Rome,  1523.  Of  the  personal  history  of  this  learned  an4 
ingenious  printer  we  have  no  account.  J^rasqiiis  calls  hioi 
f^  juvenis  eximie  doctus,''  and  Gyraldus  speaks  of  him  aat 
having  been  of  a  family  of  some  rank.  ^ 

*  Leland*s  History  of  Astronomy  for  1798  — "Rees's  Cyclopedia.— Diet.  Hist. 
<  Hodiui  de  Qraecis  iliustribss. — Fabric.  BibU^Grec— Dibdin's  Classic«.«^ 
^xii  Onomast. 


C  A  L  L  I  M  A  C  H  U  S.  7t 

« 

,  CALLIMACHUSy  m  ancletu  Greek  poet,  was  bovn  at 
Cjrrene,  a  town  in  Africa,  and  flourished  under  the  Ptole- 
mies Philadelphus  and  Euergetes ;  Berenice,  queen  -of 
the  latter,  having  consecrated  her  locks  in  the  temple  of 
Venuii,  and  a  flattering  astronomer  having  translated  them 
from  thence  into  a  constellation  in  the  heavens,  gave  occa« 
sion  to  the  fine  el^y  of  this  poet,  which  we  have  now 
only  in  the  Latin  of  Catullus.  He  may  be  placed,  there* 
fore,  about  2S0  B.  C.  His  common  name  Battiades  has 
made  the  grammarians  usually  assign  one  Battus  for  bis 
father ;  but  perhaps  he  may  as  well  derive  that  name  from 
king  Battus,  the  founder  of  Cyrene,  from  whose  line,  as 
Strabo  assures  us,  he  declared  himself  to  be  descended.  But 
whoever  was  his  father^  the  poet  has  paid  all  his  duties 
and  obligations  to  him  in  a  most  delicate  epitaph,  which 
we  find  in  the  Antholpgia ;  and  which  shews  that  Martial 
bad  good  reason  to  assign  him,  as  he  has  done,  the  crown 
amcMtg  the  Grecian  writers  of  the  epigram.  He  was  edu- 
cated under  Hermocrates,  the  grammarian;  and  before 
he  was  reeommended  to  the  favour  of  the  kings  of  Egypt, 
he>  taught  a  school  at  Alexandria ;  and  had  the  honour  of 
educating  Apollonius,  the:  author  of  the  Argonautics.  But 
Apoilonius  making  an  unmteful  return  to  his  master  for 
the  pains  he  had  tdcen  wiw  him,  Callimachus  was  prpvoked 
to  revenge  himself  in  an  invective  poem,  called  Ibis^'^ 
which,  it  is  known,  furnwhed  Ovid  with  a  pattern  iand  title 
for  a  satire  of  the  same  nature.  Suidas  relates,  that  Calli-- 
macbus  wrote  above  800  pieces ;  of  which  we  have  now 
remaining  only  a  few  hymns  and  epigrams.  Quintilian  is- 
'very  justtfiable  in  having  asserted,  that  Callimachus  wds. 
the  first  of  all  the  elegiac  poets.  He  has  the  credit  of  hav- 
ing first  spoken  the  proverbial  spying,  ^^  a  great  book  is  w 
jgreat  evil,^*  which  critics  have  been  fonder  of  repeating 
than  authors. 

We  know  no  more  of  the  time  of  this  poet's  death  than 
we  do  of  ti)»t  of  his  birth ;  but  it  was  probably  in  the  reign 
of  Ptolemy  Euergetes :  for  Apollonius  Rhodius,  who  was  his 
scholar,  vtm  chosen  by  that  prince  to  the  care  of  the  Alex* 
imdrian  libraty,  and  after  dying  in  that  office  was  buried 
in  Caliunacbus's  grave.  * 

The  best  e4?tions  of  Callimachus  are  those  of  Grs^vius, 
Utrecht,  1697,  2  vols.  8vo;  Bentley,  London,  1741,  8vo ; 
Ernest,  Leyden,  176 1,  2  vols.  Bvo^  &c.  The  English  reader 
h^s  been  in  some  measure  made  acquainted  with  CalU<> 


IZ  C  A  L  L  I  M  A  C  H  U  «. 

xnachus  in  the  translation  of  >  the  unfortunate  Dr.  Dodd, 
and  more  recently  (1793)  in  that  of  Dr.  H.  W.  Tytler.  * 

CALLISTHENES,  a  Greek  philosopher  and  historian, 
tvas  a  native  of  Olintbus,  and  the  disciple  and  relation  of 
Aristotlfy  by  whose  advice  he  accompanied  Alexander  in 
his  expeditions.     Aristotle  gave  him  to  his  scholar,  that  he 
might  moderate  the  fury  of  his  passions ;  but  Callisthenes 
was  top  deficient  in  the  arts  of  a  courtier  to  render  truth  ^ 
sufficiently  palatable  to  the  prince.     Hi$  animadversions 
on  him  were  probably  conveyed  in  repulsive  language,  and 
he  is  said  to  have  placed  his  writings  far  above  the  con- 
quests of  the  king  of  Macedon,  who  ought^  said  he,   **  to 
look  for  immortality  more  from  his  books  than  from  the 
madness  of  being  the  son  of  Jupiter.'^     He  thus  coarsely 
eicpostulated  with  Alexander  on  the  absurdity  of  his  ex- 
pecting divine  honours,  and  he  became  insupportable  to 
the  youthful  hero,     Callisthenes.  being  accused,  in   the 
year  328  before  the  Christian  sera,  of  conspiring  against 
the  life  pf  Alexander^  the  prince  eageiiy  seized  that  op- 
portunity for  getting  rid  of  his  censor.  "  This  conqueror  (says  . 
the  historian  Justin),  irritated  against  the  philosopher  Callis-' 
thenes  for  boldly  disapproving  his  resolution  to  make  himself* 
adored  after  the.  manner  of  the  kings  of  Persia,  pretended  ^ 
to  believe  that  he  had  engaged  in  a  conspiracy  against 
him ;  and  made  use  of  this  pretext  for  cruelly  causing  his 
lips^  his  nose,  and  his  ears  to  be  cut  off.     In  this  mutilated 
condition  he  had  bim  drawn  in  his  retinue,  shut  up  with  a 
dog  in  an  iron  ca^e,  to  make  him  an  object  of  horror  and- 
affright  to  his  army.     Lysimachus,  a  disciple  of  this  vir^? 
tuous  man,  moved  at  beholding  him  languish  in  a  misery  be'' 
had  brought  on  himself  only  by  a  laudable  frankness,  pro- 
cured him  poison,  which  at  once  delivered  him  from  hisv 
exquisite  torments  and  such  unmerited  indignity.     Alex-^. 
ahder,  being  informed  of  it,  was  so  transported  with  rage,* 
that  he  caused  Lysimachus  to  be  exposed  to  the  fury  of 
a  hungry  lion,     The  brave  man,  on  seeing  the  beast  ap*' 
proach  to  devour  hiniy  folded  his  cloak  round  his  arm^ 
plunged  it  down  his  throat,  and,  tearing  out  his  tpngue,- 
stretched  him  dead  upon  the  sppt.    An  exploit  so  courage-' 
ous  struck  the  king  with  an  admiration  that  disarmed  hisi 
wrath,  and  made  Lysimachus  more  de^to  biga^than  ever.'^ 

« 

t  Fabric.  Biblt  Graec— Vossius  de  Poet.  Graec. — Saxu  Onomast. — Dibdin  aQ^ 


C  A  L  L  I  S  T  H  E  N  E  S.  7« 

Them  are,  howevar,  other  accounts  of  his  di^ath,  but  all 
of  them  sufficiently  shocking.     It  is  reported  that  Alex- 
ander caused  these  words  to  be  engraved  on  the  tomb  of 
Callistbenes :  "  odi  sophistam  qui  srBi  non  sapit.**     In 
the  seventh  volume  of  Memoirs  of  the  academy  o(  belles- 
lettres  of  Paris  may  be  seen  some  curious  researches  on 
the  life  and  writings  of  this  philosopher  by  the  abb6  Sevin.' 
The  philosophers  that  succeeded  Callistbenes  thought  it 
their  duty  (says  M.  Hardion)  to  avenge  their  brother  by 
launching  out  into  furious  declamations  against  the  memory  . 
of  Alexander,  whose  criminality,  according  to  Seneca,  was 
never  to  be  effaced,  because  he  was  the  murderer  of  Callis- 
tbenes. 

.  The  "  Life  of  Alexander,**  said  to  have  been  written  by 
Callistbenes,  often  referred  to  by  the  ancients,  has  been 
long  since  lost ;  but  a  Greek  life  of  Alexander,  under  the 
adopted  name  of  Callistbenes,  at  presetit  exists,  and  is  no 
uncommon  manuscript  in  good  libraries.     There  is  one 
copy  in  the  Bodleian,  and  another  in  the  roysl  library  at 
Paris,     It  was  written  in  Greek,  being  a  translation  from 
the  Persic  by  Simeon  Setb,  styled  magister  and  protoves- 
tiary  or  wardrobe-keeper  of  the  palace  of  Antiochus  at' 
Constantinople,  about  the  year  1070,  under  the  emperor. 
Micha^  Ducas. '  It  was  most  probably  soon  after  translated' 
from  the  Greek  into  the  Latin,  and  at  length  from  thence 
into  French,  Italian,  and  German.     But  it  is  unnecessary 
to  say  more  of  a  work  which  does  not  belong  to  our  Callis- 
tbenes.    He  is  said  to  have   written  other  works,  as  ^'A 
History  of  Greece,"  4  "History  of  the  Trojan  war,'*  &c. 
but  no  traces  of  them  are  now  to  be  found.  ^ 

CALLISTUS.     See  AIslDRONICUS  and  NICEPHO- 
RUS. 

CALLOT  (James),  a  famous  engraver,  son  of  John 
Callot,  herald  of  arms  in  Lorrain,  was  descended  from  an 
ancient  and  noble  family,  and  born  at  Nancy  in  1593.  *  He 
cherished  almost  from  his  infancy  a  taste  and  spirit  for  the 
belles  lettres,  as  well  as  for  the  fine  arts.  When  he  was 
only  twelve  years  old  he  set  off  for  Rome,  without  the 
knowledge  of  his  parents,  in  order  tx)  see  the  many  curiosi- 
ties there  he  had  heard  so  much  talk  of;  but  his  money 
failing,  he  joined  himself  to  a  party  of  Bohemians,  wha 
were  going  into  Italy,  and  went  with  them  to  Florence. 

*  Moreri.— Vossius. — ^Arriao. — Justin. 


74  C  A  L  L  O  T. 

n. 

/ 

Tfaene  he  was  taken  under  the  protection  of  an  officer  of 
the  great  duke,  who  placed  him  to  learn  designing  under 
Ramigio  Canta  GaUiiia,  a  skilful  painter  and  engraver. 
Afterwairds  he  got  to  Rome,  where  he  was  known  by  a 
merchant  of  Nancy,  and  sent  immediately  home  to  his 
parents*  When. he  was  about  14  years  of  age  he  left  home 
again,  atid  directed  bis  course  towards  Rome ;  but  being 
discoviered  by  his  elder' brother,  who  was  at  Turin  about 
business,  he  was  brought  back  a  second  time  to  Nancy. 
His  passion,  however,  for  seeing  Rome  being  still  ardent 
and  irresistible,  his  father  at  length  gave  him  leave  to  go 
in  the  train  of  a  gentleman  whom  the  duke  of  Lorrain 
sent  to  the  pope. 

\\{hen  he  arrived  at  Rome,  he  learned  to  design  and  en« 
grave  first  with  Giulio  Parigri,  and  afterwards  with  Philip 
Thomassin  .of  Troyes  in  Champaghe,  who  bad  fettled  in 
that  city  ;  but  this  latter  ha;iring  a  beautiful  wife,  who  paid 
some;  marked  attentions  to   Callot,    a  disagreement  took 
plage,  aqd  ouy  young  arti»t  removed  to  Florence,  where 
the  great  duke  employed  him  with  several  other  excellent 
workmen.     Callot  at  that  time  began  to  design  in  minia- 
ture, and  had  so  happy  a  genius  for  it,  that  be  became  in^ 
comparable  in  that  way.     He  quitted  his  graver^  and  used 
aquafortis^  becauae  this  was  both  the  quickest  way*  of  work- 
iug,  and  gave  more  strength  and  spirit  to  the  performance, 
Aner  the  great  duke's  death^  he  began  to  think  of  return*- 
ing  to  his  own  country  -y   and  about   that  time,    prince 
Charles,  coming  through  Florence,  and  being  uncommonly 
struck  with. some  of  his  curious  pieces,  persuaded  Callot 
to  go  along  with  him  to  Lorrain,  and  promised  him  a  good 
salary  from  his  father-in-law  Henry,  the  reigning  duke. 
Callot  attended  him,  and  had  a  considerable  pension  set- 
tled upqn  him  ;  and,  being  in  his  S2d  year^  he  took  a  wife, 
^ho  was  a  woman  of  family.      His  reputation  was  now 
spread  all. over  E^urope,  and  the  infanta  of  Spain  sent  f6r 
))im  to  Brussels,  when  the  marquis  of  Spinola  was  laying 
siege  to  Breda,  that  he  might  first  draw,  and  afterwards 
engrave,  as  he  did,  the  siege  of  that  town.     He  went  to 
France  in  1628,  when  Louis  XIIL  made  him  design  and 
engrave  the  siege  of  Rocbelle  and  the  isle  of  Rh6.     After 
he  bad  been  amply  recompensed  by  that  monarch,  he  re-, 
tumeii  to  Nancy ;  where  he  continued  to  follow  the  busi- 
ness of  engraving  so  assiduously,  that  he  is  said  to  have 
left  1500 pieces  qf  hi^  own;  au  incr^c^ible  nun^beir  for  30 


C  A  L  L  O  T.  75 

i^ort  a  life  as  bis !  When  tbe  duke  of  Orleans,  Gaston  of 
France,  withdreve  into  Lorrain,  he  made  him  engrave  seve- 
ral silver  stamps,  and  went  to  his  house  two  hours  every 
day  to  learn  to  draw.  }n  1G31,  when  the  king  of  France 
had  reduced  Nancy,  he  sent  for  Callot  to  engrave  that  new 
conquest,  as  he  had  done  Rocbelle  ;  but  Callot  begged  to 
be  excused,  because  that  being  a  Lorrainer  he  could  not 
do  any  thing  so  much  against  the  honour  of  his  prince  and 
country.  The  king  was  not  displeased  at  his  answer,  but 
said,  **  The  duke  of  Lorrain  was  very  happy  in  having 
such  faithful  and  affectionate  subjects."  Some  of  the 
courtiecs  insinuated,  that  he  ought  to  be  forced  to  do  it ;  to 
which  Callot,  when  it  was  told  him,  replied  with  great  firm- 
ness, ^'  That  he  would  sooner  disable  his  right  band  than 
be  obliged  to  do  any  thing  against  his  honour.^'  The  king 
then,  instead  of  forcing  him,  endeavoured  to  draw  faim  into 
France,  by  offering  to  settle  upon  him  a  pension  of  300D 
livres ;  to,  which  Callot  answered,  "That  he  conld  no« 
leave  his  countjy  and  birth-place,  but  that  there  he  wo«ld 
always  be  ready  to  serve  his  majesty."  Nevertheless,  when 
he  afterwards  found  the  ill  condition  Lorrain  was  reduced 
to  by  the  taking  of  Nancy,  he  projected  a  scheme  of  re- 
turning with  bis  wife  to  Florence ;  bat  was  hindered  firom 
executing  it  by  his  death,  which  happened  on  the  2Sith  of 
March,  1636,  when  he  was. only  43  years  of  age.  He  was 
buried  in  the  cloister  of  the  cordeliei*s  at  Nancy,  where  his 
ancestors  lay  ;^  and  had  an  epitaph  inscribed  upon  a  piece 
of  black  marble,  on  which  was  engraved  a  half  portrait  of 
himself.  He  left  an  excellent  moral  character  behind  him, 
and  died  with  the  universal  esteem  of  men  of  taste. 

This  artist  engraved  in  several  styles;  the  first  of  which 
w^  ah  imitation  of  his  master  Canta  Oallina.  He  after- 
wards worked  altogether  with  the  graver ;  but  without 
success.  His  next  style  was  the  mixture  of  the  point  and 
the  graver,  with  coarse  broad  hatchings  in  the  shadows. 
But  his  best  manner,  is  t^hat  which  appears  to  have  been 
executed  with  the  greatest  freedom,  by  which  he  has  ex- 
pressed^ as  we  may  say,  with  a  single  stroke,  variety  of 
character,  and  correctness  of  design.  He  is  said  to  have 
been  the  first  who  used  hard  varnish  in  etching,  which  has 
been  found  much  superior  to  that  which  was  before  adopted. 
The  fertility  of  invention,  and  the  vast  variety,  found  in 
the  works  of  this  excellent  artist,  are  astonishing.  It  could 
Jiardly  have  been  supposed  possible  to  combine  so  great  a 


19  C  A  L  L  O  T- 

number  ctf  figures  together  as  he  has  done,  and  to  vary  the 
attitudes,  without  forced  contrast,  so  that  all  of  them,  whe- 
ther single  figures  or  groupes.  may  be  easily  distinguished 
from  each  other,  even  in  the  masses   of  shadow ;    more 
especially  when  it  is  considered  that  they  are  often  ex- 
ceedingly minute.     On  a  cursory  view  of  some  of  his  most 
admired  pieces,  the  whole  appears  confused,  and  without 
harmony  ;-but  a  careful  examination  discovers  therichne^, 
the  beauty,  the  taste,  and  the  judgment  which  are  be- 
stowed on  the  disposition  of  the  figures,  the  management 
of  the  groupes,  and  the   variety  and  proprietj^  of  the  atti- 
tudes.    The  works  of  this  master  are  very  numerous  and 
various.     In  representation  of  all  the  varieties  of  human 
life,  from  beggars  and  peasants  to  knights  and  nobles,  be 
excelled  ;  characterising  all  with  the  nicest  touches  of  na>« 
tufe.     Of  his  subjects,  many  are  of  the  most  painful  and 
shocking  kind,  such  as  public  executions,  the  miseries  of 
war,  and  the  like ;  many  are  grotesque  and  fanciful,  and 
^^shibit  a  strong  imagination.     Among  his  most  admired 
prints,  Strutt  enumerates :  "  The  Murder  of' the  Inno- 
cents," of  which  that  engraved  at  Florence  is  most  rare ; 
a  fine  inapressioa  of  it  being  found  with  difficulty ;  "  The 
Marriage  of  Canain  Galilee,"  from  Paolo  Veronese ;  "The 
Passion  of  Christ,"  the  first  impressions  of  which  are  very 
scarce ;  "  St.  John  in  the  island  of  Palma ;"  "  The  Temp- 
tation of  St.  Anthony;"  "The  Punishments,"  exhibiting 
the   execution   of  several  criminals;    "  The  Miseries  of 
War ;"  "  The  great  Fair  of  Florence ;"  The  little  Fair,** 
otherwise   called   "  The    Players   at  Benti,"    one  of  the 
scarcest  of  Callot's  prints ;"  ^^  The  Tilting,  or  the  New 
Street  at  Nancy;"  The  Garden  of  Nancy;"  "  View  of 
the  Pont  Neuf;"    "View  of  the  Louvre;"  and  "Four 
Landscapes.",' 

CALLY  (Peter),  a  celebrated  French  philosopher,  wa^ 
ft  native  of  Mesnil-Hubert,  near  Argenton,  in  the  diocese 
of  Seez.  About  1655,  he  studied  philosophy  at  Caen, 
and  afterwards  divinity  at  Paris,  but  philosophy  was  hid 
favourite  pursuit,  and  the  foundation  of  his  fame.  In 
1660  he  taught  in  the  college  du  Bois,  in  Caen,  and  be- 
came there  acquainted  with  Huet,  afterwards  bishop  of 
Avranches,  who  acknowledged  the  assistance  he  derived 

>  Moreri.r—Strutt. — Feliblen*s  Fntreticns  gur  les  vies  deg  pemtres.~>PerrBult 
.  ks  Hommes  lUustitiii. — Evelyn's  Sculpture,  p,  87.  ^ 


C  A  L  L  y.  77 

from  Cally  in  his  studies.     Their  intimacy,  however,  was 
interrupted  by  Cally*s  avowal  of  adherence  to  the  Carte- 
sian system.     Cally  was  the  iSrst  in  France  who  had  the 
courage  to  profess  himself  a  Cartesian,  in  defiance  of  thei 
prejudices  and  numbers  of  those  who  adhered  to  the  aur 
cient  philosophy.     He  first  broached  his  Cartesianism  in 
the   way   of  hypothesis,    but  afterwards   taught  it   more 
openly,    wbiqh  procured  him  many  enemies.      Huet,  al- 
though then  very  young,  ventured  to  censure  him  \  and 
father  Valois,  the  Jesuit,  who  was  a  contemporary  prp- 
fessbr  of  philosophy,  attacked  both  Caily  and  his  opinions 
in  a  work  which  he  published  under  the  name  of  Louis  de 
la  Ville,  in  J 680,  entitled   "  Seutimens  de  M.  Descartes^ 
touchant  Tessence  et  les  p)ropri6t^s  des  corps,  opposes  a  la 
doctrine  de  Teglise,  et  conformes  aux  erreurs  de  ^alvin  sut 
reucharistie."     Cally,  not  thinking  there  was  much  in  this, 
did  not  answer  it  until  pressed  by  his  friends,  when  he 
wrote  an  aniswer  in  Latin,   which,  however,    was  not  al 
this  time  published.    When  the  duke  de  Monta\isier  was 
appointed  by  Louis  XIV.   to  provide  eminent  classical 
scholars  to  write  notes  on  the,  classics  published  for  the  use 
of  the  Dauphin,    Cally  was  selected  for   the  edition  of 
'^  fioethius  de  Consolatione,"  which  he  published,  accord* 
ingly,  in  1680,  in  4to,  now  one  of  the  scarce  quarto  Del* 
phin  editions.     In  1674  he  published  a  short  introduction 
to  philosophy,  '^^Institutio  philosophica,"  4to,  which  he 
»  afterwards  greatly  enlarged,  and  published  in  1695  under 
the  title  '^  Universal  philosophise  institutio,"  Caen,  4  vols. 
4to.     In  167S  he  was  appointed*  principal  of  the  college  of 
arts  in  Caen,  on  which  he  began  a  new  course  of  philoso-^ 
phical  lectures,  and  laid  out  ten  or  twelve  thousand  francs 
an  rebuilding  a  part  of  the  college  which  had  fallen  into 
iruin.     In  1684  he  was  appointed  curate  of  the  parish  of 
St  Martin,  in  Caen,  and  the  Protestants  who  were  then 
very  numerous  in  that  city,  flocked  to  his  sermons,  and  he, 
held  conferences  once  or  twice  a  week  in  his  vestry,  which 
they  attended  with  much  pleasure,  and  we  are  told  he  made 
many  converts  to  the  Popish  religion.     But  this  success, 
for  which  every  Catholic  ought  to  have  been  thankful,  ex- 
cited the  envy  of  those  who  had  quarrelled  with  him  befor^ 
on  account  of  his  Cartesianism,  and  by  false  accusations, 
rtey  procured  him  to.be  exiled  to  Mpulins.in  1686,  where 
he  remained  for  two  years.     Finding  on  his  return  that  the 
Protestants  w^re  stilji  numerous  in  Caen,  and  that  they  en- 


▼9  '  C  A  L  L  Y. 

tertained  the  same  resp^et  for  him  as  befofe^  he  wrote  for 
their  use  a  work  Entitled  '^Durand  comment^y  ou  Taccord 
de  la  philosophic  avec  la  theologie,  touchant  la  trarisub- 
stantiation.^*  In  this^  which  contained  part  of  his  answer 
to  father  Valois,  mentioned  above,  he  revives  the  opinion 
of  the  celebrated  Durand,  who  said,  if  the  church  decided 
that  there  was  a  transubstantiation  in  the  eucharist,  there' 
must  remain  something  of  what  was  bread,  to  make  a  dif- 
ference between  the  creatioiv  and  production  of  a  thing 
which  was  not,  and  annihilation  or  a  thing  reduced  to 
nothing.  Caily  sent  this  work  in  MS.  to  M.  Basqage,  who 
had  been  one  of  his  scholars,  but  received  no  answer.  In 
the  mean  time,  uHwilling  to  delay  a  work  which  he  hoped 
.would  contribute  to  the  conversion  of  the  Protestants^  he 
engaged  with  a  bookseller  at  Caeii  to  j^int  only  sixty 
copies,  which  he  purposed  to  send  to  his  friends  at  Paris^ 
and  iobtain  their  opinion  as  to  a  9iore  extended  publication. 
The  bookseller,  however,  having  an  eye  only  to  his  own 
interest,  undertook  to  assure  Cally  that  the  work  would  be 
approved  by  the  doctors  of  the  Sorbonne,  and  he  therefore 
would  print  eight  hundred.  Cally  unfortunately  con- 
sented, and  the  work  no  sooner  Appeared,  than  he  who 
fondly  hoped  it  would  convert  heretics,  was  himself  treated 
as  a  heretic.  M.  de  Nesmond,  then  bishop  of  Bayeuity 
condemned  the  work  in  a  pastoral  letter  March  SO,  1701^ 
and  Cally  in  April  following  made  his  retractation,,  which 
be  not  only  read  in  his  own  churchy  but  it  was  read  in  ail- 
other  churches ;  and  he  also  destroyed  the  impression, '^o 
that  it  is  now  classed  among  rare  books.  It  was  a  smatt 
vol.  12mo,  1700,  printed  at  Cologne,  under  the  name  of 
Pierre  Marteau.  Cally  also  published  some  of  his  sermons^ 
but  they  were  too  philosophical  and  dry  for  the  closet,  aK 
though  ne  had  contrived  to  give  them  a  popular  effect  in 
the  pulpit.  A  work  entitled  <^  Doctrine  heretique,  &c, 
touchant  la  primaut^  du  pape,  enseign^e  par  les  Jesuites 
dans  leureoUege  de  Caen,"  is  attributed  to  him,  but  as  it 
bears  date  1644,  he  must  have  then  been  too  young.  He 
died  Dec.  31,  1709.* 

CALMET  (Augustine),  a  learned  Benedictine  of  the 
college  of  £t  Vannes,  was  born  at  Mesnil-la-Horgue,  near 
Commercy,  Feb.  26,  1672,  arid  was^  first  educated  in  the 
priory  Qf  Breuil.     In  1687  be  went  to  study  at  the  univer- 

*  Moreri* 


C  A  L  M  E  T*  M 

slty  of  Podt-a-Mousson,  where  be  was  taught  a  bonrM  of 
rhetoric.  On  leaving  this  class,  he  entered  among*  tjfaa 
Benedictines  in  the  abbey  of  St.  Mansuy,  in  the  fauxbourg 
of  Touly  Oct  17,  1683,  and  made  profession  in  the  same 
place  Oct.  33,  1689.  He  began  bis  philosophical  course 
ia  the  abbey  of  St  Evre,  and  completed  that  and  his  theo« 
logical  studies  in  the  abbey  o^St  Munster.  At  his  leisure 
hours  be  studied  the  Hebrew  language  with  great  attention 
and  success,  and  likewise  improved  his  knowledge  of  the 
Greek.  In  1696  he  was  sent  with  some  of  his  companions 
to  the  abbey  of  Moyenmoutier,  where  they  studied  the 
Holy  Scriptures  under  P.  D.  Hyacinthe  Ailiot  Two  years 
after,  in  1698,  Calmet  was  appointed  to  teach  philosophy 
and  theology  to  the  young  religious  of  that  monastery,  an 
employment  which  he  filled  until  1704,  when  he  was  sent, 
with  the  rank  of  sub-prior,  to  the  abbey  of  Munster.  There 
he  was  at  the  head,  of  an  academy  of  eigh*t  or  ten  religious^ 
with  whom  he  pursued  his  biblical  studies,  and  having, 
while  at  Moyenmoutier  written  commentaries  and  disserta- 
tions on  various  partes  of  the  Bible,  he  here  retouched  and 
improved  these,  although  without  any  other  design,  at  this 
time,  than  his  own  instruction.  During  a  visit,  however, 
at  Paris^  in  1706,.he  was  advised  by  the  abb^  Duguet,  to 
whom  he  had  been- recommended  by  Mabillon,  to  publish 
bis  commentaries  in .  French,  and  the  first  volume  accord- 
ingly appeared  in  1707,  In  1715  he  became  prior  of  Lay, 
9nd  ia  1718  the  chapter-general  appointed  him  abb^  of 
St  Leopold,  of  Nancy,  and  the  year  following  he  was 
made  visitor  of  the  congregation.  In  1728  he  was  chosen 
abb£  .of  Senones,  on  which  occasion  he  reigned  his  priory 
of  Lay.  When  pope  Benedict  XIII.  confirmed  his  elec- 
tion, the  cardinals  proposed  to  his  holiness  that  Calmet 
should  also  have  the  title  of  bishop  in  partibus  in^^Utm^y 
with  power  to  exercise  the  episcopal  functions  in  those 
parts  of  the  province  which  are  exempt  from  the  jurisdic^^ 
tion  of  the  ordinary  ;  but  this  Calmet  refused,  and  wrote 
on  the  subject  to  Rome.  The  pope  in  Sept.  1729,  ad- 
dressed a  brief  to  him,  accepting  of  his  excuses,  and  some 
time  after  sent  •him  a  present  of  his  works,  in  3  vols.  fol. 
Calmet  took  possession  of  the  abbey  of  Senones,  January 
3,  1729,  and  continued  his  studies,  and  increased  the  )i* 
hraiy  and  museum  belonging  to  th^  abbey  with  9everal 
valuably  purchases,  particularly  of  the  medals  of  the  de- 
ceased M«  de  Corbei;on,  •  secretary  of  ^late,  and  of^  the  na- 


•O  C  A  L  M  E  T. 

tural  curiosities  of  M.  Voile,     Here  he  died  Oct.  55, 1 757, 
respected,  by  all  ranks,  Roman  cathplics  and  Protestantsy 
for  his  learning  and  candour,  and  by  his  more  particular 
friends  and  those  of  his  own  order,  for  his  amiable  temper 
and  personal  virtues.  •  His  learning,  indeed,  was  most  ex- 
tensive, as  the  greater  part  of  his  long  life  was  devoted  to 
study;  but  amidst  such  vast  accumulation  of  materials,  we 
are  not  surprised  that  he  was  sometimes  deficient  in  se-* 
lection,  and  appears  rather  as  a  collector  of  facts,  than  a» 
an  original  thinker.     His  principal  works  are^  1.  ^^  Corn- 
men  taire  litteral  sur  tons  les  livres  de  T  Ancien  et  du  Nou- 
veau  Testament,"  1707 — 1716,  2S  vols.   4to ;    reprinted 
in  26  vols.  4to,  and^  fol.  and  abridged  in  14  vols.  4to. 
Rondet  published  a  new  edition  of   this    abridgment  in 
17  vols.  4to,  Avignon,  1767 — 1773.    M.  Fourmont,  Arabic 
professor  in  the  royal  college,  had  begun  an  attack  on 
this  commentary*,  because  Calmet  had  not,  as  he  thought^ 
paid  sufficient  respect  to  the  rabbins,  but  the  king  (Louis 
XIV.)  and  the  cardinal  de  Noailles  obliged  him  to  desist* 
The  celebrated  father  Simon  wrote  some  letters  against 
Calmet)  which  were  ccmimunicated  to  him  by  Pinsonnat, 
the.  Hebrew  professor,  who  did  not  approve  of  them,  nor 
did  Anquetille,    the    librarian  of    Tellier,    archbishop  of 
Rheims,  nor  were  they  published  until  eighteen  or  twenty 
years  afterwards,    and  even  then  the  censors  expunged 
many  illiberal  passages  respecting  Calmet.     2.  The  "  Dis- 
sertations and   Prefaces"  belonging  to  his  commentary, 
published    separately    with    nineteen    new   Dissertations^ 
Paris,  1720,  2  vols.  4to.     3.  "  Histoire  de  I'Ancien  et  da 
Nouveau  Testament,"  intended  as  an  introduction  to  Fleu- 
ry's  "  Ecclesiastical  History,"  2  and  4  vols.  4to ;  and  5  and 
■'7  vols.   l2mo.      4.  "  Dictionnaire  historique,  critique,  et 
chronologique  de  la  Bible."  Paris,  1730,  4  vols.  foL    This 
work,  which  is  a  valuable  treasure  of  sacred  history  and 
criticism,  was  soon  made  known  to  the  English  public  by 
a  translation,  in  3  vols.  fol.  London,  1732,  by  Sam.D'Oyly^ 
M.  A.  vicar  of  St.  Nicholas,  Rochester,  and  John  Colson, 
F.R.S.  vicar  of  Chalk,  in  Kent,  a  work  elegantly  printed 
and  embellished  with  a  profusion  of  fine  engravings.     A 
new  edition  appeared  in  1793,  4to,  with  valuable  additions 
from  subsequent  critics,  travellers,  and  philosophers.     5« 
**  Histoire  ecclesiastique' et  civile  de  la  Lorraine,"  .3  vola» 
foL  reprinted  1745,  in  5  vols.  fol.     6.  "  Bibliotheque  des 
Ecrivains  de  Lorraine/'  fol,  1751.     7,  '^  Histoire  univer* 


C  A  1  M  tT*  il 


tellie  siBLcrie  et  pKO&t) e/'  1 5  i^ofe.  4to.  Tbis  €«1ri^  iid  not 
live  to  finisfa,  and  in  cKher  4res]p«e.ts  it  is  -not  iiis  b«8l  wotk. 
t.  ^*  Dissertatioms  sur  l<es  apparii;ions  des  AugeSjAe^  De9koiti»^ 
et  d^  Espms,  etsorles  ReveB.aM'et  Vampires  de  ftongJEie^'' 
Paris,  itr46,  l2iiio,and£iDiVdl«n9  4  74d)i2g)a,awork,$aytte  , 
FretKh  crkics,  in  wbich  tbere  are  many  sy<ftptoin6  of  old  ag^| 
aad  ha  eredi»Iou8  weakn^sse^.  it  was  how^^f%r  translated  and 
published  in  Ejngjish  in  1739)  Sv.p*  The  author  admits  «b^ 
reality  of  eppanHiiosis,  on  tke  auidiorKy«of  the  scriptu^eS) 
but  disGredit!!  oiaiiy  of  the  n]ira0uious  stories  coneeralng 
tbem  to  which  his  own  church  has  given  currency*  ^4 
^'Coiskttientairelitteral^hi^torique,  et  aaioraJ,  su'r  la lliegLe da 
St.  Benoit^"  1754,  2  vdk  fto.  10.  **  DeJaPoe$ie  et  Mu- 
aique  des  anciens  HebreuK^^'  A-npst.  '1 723,  ^vo.  Hiti  con-^ 
jectui^s  on  this  subject,  Dr.  Bumey  thinks,  ^fe  p^haps  a* 

Eobabie  as  vthose  of  any  one  of  the  nu  melius  authors  who 
iT>e -exercised  their  skill  in  ^expounding  and  defining  what 
some  bav^e  longsince  <6bougbt  involved  in  CiitMinei'iaii  dark^ 
ness.  Calrnet  also  left  a  vast  number  of  manuscripts,  ot 
father  fi>anuscript  coUeotions,  as  i,t  had  long  been  (his  prac- 
tice to  copy,  or  employ  others  to  copy,  whatever  he  found 
eufious  in  books.  In  1733,  be  deposited  in  the  royal 
libpary,  a  correct  transcript  of  the  Vedaai,  a  work  which 
the  natives  of  Hipdostan  attribute  to  their  legislator  Sraiif>a» 
who  'received  it,  a,€Gording  to  their  tradition,  from  God 
himself.  Thiscopy  came  iiHoCaln^et^spossesufion^by  meaiis 
#  z  bi^amin  <who  had  been  Gonyeyted  by  the  Jesuit  m^is-» 
tiottaries*  Calmet's  life  was  written  by  Dom  Fang^,  his 
BOphewand  successor  in  the  abbey  of  Senonos^  and  pub- 
lished in  8vo.  It  was  afterwards  traoslat-ed  into  Italian  by 
Benedetto  Passionei,  and  published  at  Rome  in  177^.^ 

CALMO  (Andrew),  who  was  born  at  Venice  about  th« 
year  1 5 10,  became  celebrated  both  as  a  comedian  and  aui 
author,  tie  composed  several  comedies  in  prose,  of  whioli 
%he  best  is  bis  Rodiaiva,  which  in  fact  belongs  to  him^ 
though  -printed  under  the  name  of  Ruzssants.  There  k 
tdso  by  bim^a  volume  of  letters,  ^entitiled  '^'Discorsi  Piace«> 
voK,*'  IMS,  Svo,  oft^en  reprinted,  and  which  had  a  great 
ttm  in  vbeir  day,  af)d  ^'^lie  Giocose  mo4erne,  e  faoefirsf 
ftme  Egloghe  Pas^orali/'  Yenioe,  1^53,  Hvo.  These  loti* 
tens,  ^.  as  Mrell  as-ahnosi  aH  his  other  woi4ss,  are  writteA 
te  the  Veiieti«a  dialect.     Calmo  died  at  Vemoe  jin  1  S^l  I A 

y  Diet.  Hist.— Haym  fiiMivteta  Italiana. 

Vol.  VIII.  G 


M  C  A  L  O  N  N  E. 

CALONNE  (Charles  Alexander  de))  an  eminent  but 
unfortunate  French  minister,  was  born  at  Douay  in  1734. 
His  father  was  president  of  the  parliaaieut  of  Fianders,  and 
descended  from  a  noble  family,  originally  of  Toarnay,  and 
well  known  in  the  history  of  that  city,  which  makes  honour- 
able mention  of  his  ancestors  in  the  remotest  times.  Hav- 
ing finished  his  studies  at  the  university  of  Paris  with  ex^ 
traordinary  success,  young  Calonne  was  appointed,  in  his 
twenty-third  year,  advocate  or  solicitor-  general  of  the  su- 
perior council  of  Artois ;  and  before  he  had  attained  the 
age  of  twenty -five,  was  promoted  to  the  office  of  procura- 
tor-general  of  the  parliament  of  Flanders,  the  duties  of 
which  he  performed  with  distinguished  ability  for  six  years. 
He  was  then  called  as  rapporteur  to  the  king's  council,  to 
report  to  his  majesty  the  most  momentous  affairs  of  admi- 
nistration, of  which  arduous  and  laborious  task  he  acquitted 
himself  in  a  manner  that  evinced  bis  profound  knowledge 
of  the  government,  constitution,  history,  and  jurisprudence 
of  France,  and  established  his  reputation  as  a  writer  of  no 
less  perspicuity  and  judgment,  than  elegance  and  energy 
of  diction* 

In  1776,  he  was  named  intendant  of  the  province  of  the 
Trois  Eveches,  and  for  four  years  fulfilled  the  duties  of 
that  important  office  with  universal  approbation,  and 
greatly  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  inhabitants,  by  whom  he 
was  much  beloved,  and  who  expressed  the  utmost  regret  at 
his  departure  when  he  quitted  that  province  in  1780,  bein^ 
appointed  intendant-general  of  Flanders  and  Artois.  The 
same  affability  and  mild  and  equitable  conduct  in  the  ad- 
ministration of  public  affairs,  which  had  procured  him  theiif 
esteem,  conciliated  no  less  the  affections  of  his  country- 
men in  Flanders,  to  whose  commercial  interests'  he  shewed 
particular  attention,  in  promoting  the  fisheries  and  every 
useful  establishment,  both  during  the  three  years  of  his 
residence  at  Dunkirk,  and  after  being  appointed  in  1783, 
comptroller-general  of  the  finances,  and  minister  of  state. 
In  this  important  office  he  continued  until  1787,  and  during 
the  period  of  his  administration  raised  and  maintained  the 
public  credit  by  a  punctuality  till  then  unknown  in  tbd 
payments  of  the  royal  treasury,  although  on  his  accession 
he  found  it  drained  to  the  lowest  ebb,  and  had  the  mortifi-* 
pation  to  perceive  that  the  annual  income  had  long  been: 
inadequate  to  the  annual  expenditure.  To^trace  the  cause 
•f  this  deficiency^  its  oiigin  and  pro^res^  was  the  sepifet 


C  A  L  O  N  N  iTi  sV 

>vork  of  many  an  hour,  supposed  by  the  public  to  be  de- 
voted to  pleasure  or  repose,  as  he  conceived  it  of  the  ut-. 
most  importance  to  conceal  the  deficiency  until  he  had 
explored  its  source,  and  provided  such  an  adequate  remedy 
for  it,  as  might  restore  the  proper  equipoise  between  the 
annual  income  and  expenditure,  and  provide  a  surplus  for 
emergencies  without  increasing  the  burthens  of  the  people 
beyond  their  ability  to  support.  For  this  purpose  he  pre* 
vailed  on  the  king  to  revive  the  ancient  usage  of  national 
assemblies,  by  calling  together  the  Notables  of  the  king- 
dpm ;  and  after  laying  before  them  a  true  state  of-  the 
l^uances,  he  boldly  proposed,  as  a  chief  remedy  for  the  de* 
ficiency,  that  the  pecuniitry  privileges  and  exemptions  of 
the  nobility,  clergy,  and  magistracy,  should  be  suppressed;, 
and  although  aware  that  a  measure  which  appeared  to  mill-' 
tate  so  much  against  the  .  immediate  interests  of  the  three 
most  powerful  ranks  of  the  community  must  meet  with  op- 
position, he  determined  to  risk  the  sacrifice  of  his  own  situ- 
ation, rather  than  longer  to  conceal  or  palliate  the  evil. 

When  this  assembly  met,  Calonne  accused  his  prede- 
cessor M.  Necker,  of  having  caused  the  deficiency  by  his 
system  of  loans,  and  of  war  y^ithout  taxation ;  and  Calonne^s 
enemies,  on  their  side,  threw  the  blame  on  his  personal  ex- 
travagance, and  his  readiness  in  yielding  to  the  unlimited' 
demands  of  the  royal  family.  The  comparative  merits  of 
those  two  ministers,  equally  unfortunate  in  the  issue,  may 
be  probably  ascertained  by  a  perusal  of  the  appeals  they 
made  to  the  public,  M.  Calonne  in  his  **  Speech  to  the  As- 
j^embly  of  Notables,''  in  his  '^Requete  au  Roi,"  and  his 
"  Reponse  a  I'Ecrit  de  M.  Necker ;"  and  M.  Necker  in  his 
**  Answer  to  Calonne's  Speech,  and  Requete,  &c."  The 
consequence,  however,  of  the  opposition  Calonne.  met  with, 
was,  that  the  king  withdrew  his  confidence  from  him,  took 
from  him  the  insignia  of  his  order,  and  banished  him  to 
Lorraine.  He  and  his  brother  presented  themselves  to  the 
assemblies  of  the  bailiwick  of  Bailleul  in  Flanders,  but  .were 
disrespectfully  received,  and  obliged  to  withdraw  into  the 
Low  Countries.  He  returned  to  France  for  a  very  short 
time,  and  in  1790  left  it  again,  and  retired  to  England.  In 
1791  the  brothers  of  Louis  XVI.  summoned  him  to  join  them 
at  Coblentz,  where  he  for  some  time  managed  their  finances, 
if  not  with  ceconomy,  at  least  wjith  integrity,  as  appeared 
by  hb  inability  two  years  afterwards  to  maintain  his  sou, 
Hdio  served  as  a  foot  soldier  in  the  corps  of  nobility  in  the  * 

e  2 


8*  C  A  L  O  N  N  £. 

• 

BTtivy  of  CondiS.  It  was  at  that  tirtie  that  he  ptoposed  a 
plan  of  counter-tevotiition,  which  was  not  generally  ap- 
proved iu  the  royalist  party,  to  w'bom,  it  is  certaiti  that 
lAany  of  the  sentiments  he  expressed  in  his  political^  wri- 
tings, published  at  London  in  1793  and  1796,  were  not  ac« 
c^eptable.  In  1 8d2,  during  the  consular  government,  the  re- 
putation of  bis  talents,  which  no  party  has  questioned,  |>ro- 
cured  him  permission  to  return  to  'Prahce,  where  he  gave  ih 
some  memorials  on  finani^e,  which,  however,  were  not  fa- 
vourably deceived.     Me  died  in  Paris  October  29,  1802. 

In  the  course  of  his  administration  and  exile  he  {yiblished, 
1.  "  Observations  et  Jugemens  sur  plusieurs  matieres  da 
^roit  civil  et  coutumier,'*  17'8*,  4to.  2.  "  Gorrespon dance 
de  N^ckcir  avec  Calonne,*'  1787;  4to.  S.  "  Requete  an 
Koi,"  1787,  8vo.  4.  "  Reponse  de  Calohne  a  I'Ecrit  de 
Necker,"  London,  1788,  2  vols.  8vo.  5.  **  Second  Lettrie 
au  Roi/'  ibid.  1789,  8vo.  6.  "  Notes  sur  \e  Memoire  re- 
mis  par  Necker  au  comit^  des  subsistances,^'  ibid.  178^^^ 
12mo.  7.  **  De  Tetat  de  la  France,  present  et  a  venir,** 
1790,  8vo.  He  is  also  the  reputed  author  of,  1.  *'  De  Tetat 
de  la  France,  tel  quMl  peut  et  quMl  doit  6tre,^'  London, 
1790,  8\^o.  2.  "  Observations  sur  les  Finances,"  ibid.  1790, 
4to.  3.  *^  Lettres  d^un  publiciste  de  France  a  un  publi- 
diste  d'Allemagne,'*  1791,  8vo.  4.  "  Esquisse  de  Tetat  de 
la  France,'*  1791,  8vo.  5.  "  Tableau  de  TEurope  en  No- 
vembre  1795,"  1796,  8vo.  6.  "  Des  financefs  publiques 
de  la  France,'*  1797,  8vo.  7.  "  Lettre  a  I'auteur  des  Con- 
siderations sur  I'etat  des  affaires  publiques,*'  1798,  8vo.^— 
The  abb6  Calonne,  his  brother,  who  accompanied  him  to 
England,  was  for  some  time  editor  of  the  '^  Courier  de  Lon- 
dres,"  and  died  in  1799.  * 

CALOVIUS  (Abraham),  a  celebrated  Lutheran  divine, 
and  one  of  the  ablest  opponents  of  the  Socinians  of  his 
tiibe,  was  born  Aug.  16,  1612,  at  Morungen  in  the  ddchy 
of  Brunswick,  where  his  father  was  a  man  of  some  conse- 
quence. Having  finished  his  studies,  and  especially  di$« 
tinguished  himself  by  his  knowledge  in  oriental  languages, 
he  came  to  Rostock,^  where,  in  1637,  he  took  his  doctor's 
degree  in  divinity,  and  some  tim^  after  was  made  professor 
of  that  faculty.  He  was  very  rigid  in  adhering  to  the  Lu- 
theran tenets,  and  the  firmness  he  displayed  in  a  tbntro* 
tersy  with  John  Bergius,  a  protestant  divine,  on  the  sub* 

*  '  •  '  * 

1  Plot  HisL«-Blevtaphw  Modern^  kcm 


i 


» 

ject  of  th^  Lorfl^s  supp€r^  Qcca$ipne<l  his  being  appo|nte4 
visitor  pf  t^d  churches  and  schools  pf  the  circle  of  ^^oilandi^ 
in  Prussia^  and  counsellor  in  ^he  cpurt  of  justic^.  In  1643 
he  was  invited  to  Dantzjc^  ^nd  made  rector  of  the  college. 
Ue.cai'ried  on  several  controversies,  especially  with  Martin 
Statins,  a  Lutheran  deacon,  with  Henry  NicoUi,  professor 
of  philosophy,  and  with  John  Caesar,  a  protfstant  minister 
of  Dantzic.  In  i65p  he  w^s  appointed  professor  of  ^ivinity 
at  Witteniberg,  and  becfiipe  one  of  th^  warmest  opponent 
of  the  comprehending  systein  pfoppsed  by  palixtus  (see 
Calixi  us),  apd  the  partizans  of  the  respective  poinbatants 
were  called  Calixtins  and  Caloyians.  IThis  dispute,  con- 
ducted with  much  intemperance  on  both  sides,  tasted  until 
bis  death,  Feb.  20,^  1686.  His  principal  yyqrks,  exclusive 
of  those  he  wrote  against  Bergius,  Nicolai,  and  Calixt^s, 
were,  I.  "Metaphysica  divina,  etaliascriptaphilpsophiea.'* 
2.  **  Criticus  sacer  Bibliciis."  3.  "  Socinianismus  proflU 
gatus."  4.  "  Systema  loporum  tbeplpgicorum/'  5.  *f  Cop- 
fiider^tip  Arminianismi."  6.  ^^  ^iblia  illustrata,'*  a  Gem^ai^ 
Bible  with  Luther^s  notes.  His  "  Historia  Syncretistipa,'* 
first  published  in  1682,  W3$  suppressed  by  order  of  the; 
elector  of  $axony,  a$  calculated  to  revive  the  dispute  with 
Calixtus,  but  was  republished  in  1685.' 

CALPRENEDE  (Walter  de  Costes),  a  French  dr^* 
matic  and  romance  writer,  was  born  in  th^  chateai)  of 
Toulgon  in  P^rigord,  in  the  4iocese  6f  Cabors,  about  thci 
year  1612,  and  became  gentleman  in  ordins^ry  to  the  king. 
He  i^  said  to  have  conciliated  the  good  opinio^  pf  the  court 
by  bis  happy  talent  for  telling  agreeable  stories.  Whpn  a 
very  yoqng  man  he  wrote  several  tragedies  and  comedies 
i^bich  procured  him  some  reputation,  particularly  hia 
♦^Mithridates"  and  the  ^*  Earl  of  Essex,"  but  he  was  most 
celebrated  for  his  romances,  particularly  ^*  Cassandra," 
**  Cleopatra,"  and  **  Pharamond,"  which  gave  place,  how- 
ever, to  a  better  taste  in  the  course  of  some  years,  and  are 
now  thought  intolerable  by  their  insipidity  and  tediousness^ 
Calprenede  had  an  excellent  opinion  of  himself,  and  when 
the  cardinal  Richelieu  said  of  some  of  his  vei^ses,  th^t  they 
were  dull,  he  replied  that  ^'nothing  dull  belonged  to  tb^ 
family  of  Calprenede."     He  died  in  1663.* 

CALPURNIUS,  orCALPHURNIUS,  a  Latin  poet,  a 
nktive  of  Sicily,  lived  about  the  end  of  the  thud  centu^, 

*  Moreri.^-^xii Onomast-^I^osheiin^s  UiBtory* 

*  Diet.  Hiit,'>«^  Moferi  ia  art,  Costes. 


S6   .  C  A  L  P  U  R  N  I  U  S. 

under  the  empetors  Carus,  Carinus,  and  Numerianns. 
Seven  of  his  eclogues  are  extant,  which  were  once  in  such 
high  reputation  as  to  be  read  in  schools ;  but  they  hav€  not 
preserved  their  reputation,  and  are  generally  considered, 
notwithstanding  some  occasional  passages  of  genius,  as 
indicating  the  declining  taste  of  the  age.  Poggio  is  said 
to  have  found  them  in  England,  and  sent  them  to  his  friend 
Niccolo  Niccoli.  They  are  published  in  the  "  Poeta)  rei 
Vehaticae,"  Leyden,  1728,  4to,  and  in  the  "Poetse  Latini 
Minores ;"  but  there  are  editions  along  with  Silius  Italicus 
and  other  wjriters,  aseaCrlyas  1471,  1472,  1481,  &c.  The 
latest  edition  is  that,  of  Beck,  Leipsic,  1803,  8vo,  with 
notes  and  a  glossary.  Adelung  translated  them  into  Ger- 
man, and  published  them  in  1S05,  in  a  magnificent  man-r 
ner.  * 

CALVART  (Denis),  an  artist,  was  born  at  Antwerp  in 
1553,  and  first  painted  landscapes,  having  accustomed  him- 
self to  retire  to  groves  and  fields,  to  study  such  scenes 
and  objects  after  nature,  as  might  be  useful  to  him  in  that 
branch  of  his  profession.  But  being  desirous  to  obtain  a 
better  manner  of  designing  figures,  to  adorn  his  landscapes, 
he  determined  to  travel  to  Italy.  In  his  journey  he  stopped 
at  Bologna,  where  he  unexpectedly  met  with  many  induce^ 
ments  to  detain  him  in  that  city  for  some  time ;  and  became 
the  disciple  of  iProspero  Fontana,  who  had  every  qualifica-r' 
tion  requisite  for  th^  improvement  of  his  pupils,  as  well 
by  his  precepts  as  his  performances.  In  such  a  situation 
Calvart  applied  himself  diligently  to  his  studies,  not  only 
carefully  examining,  but  also  copying  the  works  of  Co- 
reggio  and  Parmigiano ;  and  when  he  afterwards  quitted 
the  school  of  Fontana,  he  placed  himself  with  Lorenzo 
Sabattihi,  with  whom  he  travelled  to  Rome,  where  he  per- 
fected himself  in  design,  in  perspective,  architecture,  and 
anatomy.  At  his  return  from  Rome  to  Bologna,  which 
city  he  now  considered  as  the  place  of  his  nativity,  he 
there  opened  an  academy ;  and  his  style  of  colour  pro- 
cured him  a  large  number  of  disciples,  among  whom  were 
some  of  the  first  rank  for  genius  ;  he  is  ^relebrated  as  the 
first  instructor  of  Guido,  Albano,  and  Domenichino^  as 
well  as  of  several  other  excellent  painters.  He  died  in 
l6l9.  In  the  Palazzo  Ranuzzi,  at  Bologna,  there  is  a  fine 
picture  by  Calvart,  representing  two  hermits,  which  is  cor- 

*  Moreri. — Diet.  Hift«-«Roscoe'8  Lorenzo.— -Saxii  Onomast. 


t^ALVART.  «7 

rectly  designed,  beautifully  coloured,  and  delicately  pen* 
ciiled ;  and  in  the  Pembroke  collection,  at  Wilton,  there  is 
a  Nativity  painted  by  him*  * 

CALV£RT  (George),  descended  from  the  ancient  and 
noble  house  of  Calvert,  in  the  earldom  of  Flanders,  and 
afterwards  created  lord  Baltimore,  was  born  at  Kipling  in 
Yorkshire,  about  1582.  In  1593  he  became  a  commoner 
of  Trinity  college,  Oxford,  and  in  Feb.  1597  he  took  the 
degree  of  B,  A.  At  his  return  from  his  travels  he  was  made 
secretary  to  Robert  Cecil,  one  of  the  principal  secretaries 
of  state  to  James  I.  who  continued  him  in  his  service  when 
he  was  raised  to  the  office  of  lord  high-treasurer.  On  Aug* 
30,  1 605,  when  king  James  was  entertained  by  the  univer- 
sity of  Oxford,  he  was  created  M.  A.  with  several  noble« 
men  and  gentlemen.  Afterwards  he  was  made  one  of  the 
clerks  of  the  privy  council,  and  in  1617  received  the  ho- 
nour of  knighthood,  and  in  Feb.  1619  he  was  appointed  to 
Ibe  one  of  the  principal  secretaries  of  state.  Thinking  the 
duke  of  Buckingham  had  been  the  chief  instrument,  of  his 
preferment,  he  presented  him  with  a  jewel  of  great  value ; 
but  the  duke  returned  it,  acknowledging  he  had  no  hand  in 
his  advancement,  for  that  his  majesty  alone  had  made  choice 
of  him  on  account  of  his  great  abilities.  In  May  1620  the 
king  granted  him  a  yearly  pension  of  1000/.  out  of  the 
customs.  After  having  held  the  seals  about  five  years,  he 
resigned  them  in  1624,  frankly  owning  to  the  king,  that 
he  was  become  a  Roman  catholic.  The  king,  nevertheless, 
continued  him  a  privy  counsellor  all  his  reign  ;  and  in  Feb. 
1625  created  him  (by  the  name  of  sir  George  Calvert  of 
Danbywiske  in  Yorkshire,  knight)  baron  of  Baltimore  in 
the  county  of  Longford  in  Ireland.  He  was  at  that  time  a 
representative  in  parliament  for  the  university  of  Oxford* 

While  he  was  secretary  of  state,  he  had  obtained  a  pa- 
tent for  him  and  his  heirs  to  be  absolute  lord  and  proprie- 
tor (with  the  royalties  of  a  count- palatine)  of  the  province 
of  Avalon  in  Newfoundland.  This  name  he  gave  it  from 
Avalon  in  Somersetshire,  whereon  Glastonbury  stands,  the 
first-fruits  of  Christianity  in  Britain,  as  the  other  was  in 
that  part  of  America.  He  laid  out  2500/.  in  advancing  this 
new  plantation,  and  built  a  handsome  house  in  Ferr)7land. 
After  the  death  of  king  James  he  went  twice  to  Newfound- 
land    When  M.  de  TArade,  with  three  French  men  of 

1  Pilkington.— IVAr|;eavnie. 


t8  CALVERT. 

wsiTy  ^kt  wH^teA  th^  EngUsb  Kaberoimi  Ih6ni  to  ffeat  ew 
treoiiiy,  lard  Bakiraore,  With  tv^e  sbipi  manBed  at  bis  enrn 
expence,  drove  away  the  Fretiish,  taking  sixty  of  them 
|>hsmiers9  and  relieteid  the  English;  but  still  finding  his 
plantation  trery  much  Exposed  to  the  in&dtts  of  the  French^ 
heait  ias£  deiennined  to  abandon  it.  He  then  went  to 
Virginia ;  and  havitig  viewed  the  n^glibeufing  ooaHtry, 
teturn^d  to  Etigladd,  ^nd  obtained  ft-ona  Cbaries  h  (tvha 
had  aa  ^at  a  regaixi  for  him  as  Jam^s  bad)  a  patent  td^ 
hint  and  hh  beirs  for  Maryland  on  the  noilh  of  Ytrginim 
He  died  at  London,  April  15^  1692^  before  the  grant  wtw 
iliade  cKrt;  but  his  6oh  Oecil  Calvert,  lord  Baltimore)  wbo 
kad  been  at  Virginia,  took  it  out  in  bis  own  natne,  and  the 
patent  bears  da^e  June  bb^  1632.  He  wds  to  bold  it  of  tbn 
orbv^n  of  £t)gland  in  eomnion  soceage^  as  df  the  manor  of 
Windsdr;  paying  yearly,  on  Easter  Tuesday^  two  Indian 
ILfrbtr^  of  those  parts  at  the  castle  of  Windsor,  and  the  fift^ 
part  of  the  gold  arid  silver  ore  that  should  be  found  thereim 
King  Charles  hinsself  gave  that  p)*ovinoe  the  nUme  of  Mary^ 
lano^  in  honour  of  his  queen  Henrietta  Maria*  The  fif^f 
colbny  sent  thither  consisted  of  about  200  people,  RdiiMifl 
catholics,  th^  chief  of  Wfad^m  were  gendeoien  of  good  fa^ 
ttiilids.  The  Baltimore  family  were  in  danger  of  losin^f 
tfalEur  ph)perty  dn  acconnt  of  tbeir,.  religion,  by  the  htt 
trhiefa  reqtlir^s  all  Roman  catholic  heirs  to  profess  the  pm^n 
lestant  tehgioil,  on  pain  of  being  deprived  of  their  estatci  t 
but  this  w^  prevented  by  tlietr  professisig  the  protectant 
n^ligion. 

George^  the  fii^st  iopdl,  wi^  bwried  in  the  ehanoel  of  St, 
Bunstan's  in  the  west.  In  Fleet-stmet.  As  to  l]|is  ebaracter^ 
Lloyd  says,  **  he  was  the  only  ^taftiesaien,  tbat^  being  efi<» 
gaged  to  a  decHed  party  (the  RoMia^i  catholics),  mana^^ed 
his  business  with  that  great  respect  for  all  i^des,  that  ail 
who  knew  him  applauded  him,  aM  nen«  that  had  any 
thing  to  'do  with  hi'aft  eovnpkMYed  of  him.'*  But  arohbishop 
A'bboty  in  a  letter  to  sir  TboniaB  Roe  (Ro^'s  Letters,  p* 
S72)  seems  to  impute  his  turning  Roma«i  «atbolic  to  politic 
eal  discontent.  This  nobleman  wrote,  1 .  ^^  Carmen  fune<» 
bre  in  D.  Hen.  Untonum  ad  Galios  bis  ilegatudn^  ibit|ai» 
Duper  fatb  functum."  2.  "  Spefeefbes  in  Parliafment.*'  9« 
**  Varioxis  Letters  of  State."  4.  "  The  Answer  of  Tbiti 
Tell  Tmth."  5.  "  The  Practice  ^  Princes ;"'  and  6.  '^  iThft 
Lamentation  of  the  Kirk.''    There  ^rQ  $pme  pf  bis  letteri  ' 


CALVERT.  «9 

Ifk  tit  Harltftan  MS  ^olleetion)  and  «pmie  in  HoiR49d> 
collection,  4to,  p.  5^—61,  * 

CALVERT  (Frebehick),  Lord  BAtTiMOHE,  adew^eiw 
daivt  of  the  preceding,  and  eldest  son  of  Charles,  the  sUih 
lord,  was  born  in  1731,  and  sueceedied  to  the  ti^l^  oa  vbf 
death  of  iiis  father  in  1751,  and  also  to  the  |>roprietorfbi|^ 
of  Maryland.  After  •returning  from  his  travels  be  Q»arrie4 
lady  Diana  Egerton,  youngest  daughter  of  the  duke  of 
Bridgwater.  In  1768  he  was  indicted  at  thie  Kiogston  aar 
ttzes  for  $1  rape,  but  aequitted*  He  went  soon  aftef  t# 
reside  on  the  continent,  and  died  at  Naples,  Sept  14,  1771, 
without  issue  by  marriage,  leaving  his  fortune  to  bis  sister^ 
Mrs.  Eden.  In  1767,  he  published  ^'  A  Tour  to  the  East 
in  tiie  years  1763  and  1764,  with  remarks  on  th^e  oity  of 
Cooataotinople  and  the  Turks.  Also  ^lect  pieces  of  Orir 
ental  wit,  poetry,  and  wisdoaa,^^  Lond.  1767.  This  book 
abounds  with  quotations  from  tljke.  Roman  classics,  many  of 
which  bis  lordship  has  translated  into  very  indifferent  pooseu 
He  also  published,  but  iu  a  confined  way,  a  collection^ 
the  tide  of  which  is  ^^  Gaudia  Poetica,  Latina,  AogUcat 
et  Gallica,  Lingua  com po^ta,  anno  1769.  Augustae  Lit* 
teris  Spaibianis,  1770.'*  It  is  dedicated,  h\  Laitm^  to  Lin^ 
9SBUS,  and  consists  of  various  piieces  in  Latio,  Fr^^ocli,  and 
Eogiiah,  prose  and  verse,  of  v^ry  little  Q»erit.  A  eopy# 
the  only  oae  said  to  be  known  in  this  country^,  was  .sold 
at  Mr.  Itttao  Reed's  sale,  who  likewiiie  h^d  another  peiH 
fonnance  of  iua  lordsliip'a,  equaiiy  rare,  and  valued  qnijr 
for  its  rarity,  entitled  ^^  Ccelestes  et  laferi,**  V^eo^trnf 
}77i,  4to.  The  foniier  was  sold  for  6i.  lOr.aiid  the  h^tef 
forbalf  a  gnini».* 

CALVERT  (James),  the  son  of  Robert  Calvert,  a  g«o« 
eer  and  sheriff  of  York,  was  born  on  the  Pavement  in  ^at 
^jfKieot  x:ity.  HeVos  educated  at  Clare*hall,  Cambridge, 
whom  hn  was  oontnmpocmry  w4th  the  famoijs  arcbbisbup 
TiUatsna.  He  was  bned  up  under  Mr.  David  Cbrikaon, 
and  was  a  graduate  ui  iihe  univei^ity.  He  bad  been  for 
several  yeans  at  Topcliff,  when  be  was  silenced  by  iJfte  act 
of  unifonnity ;  afiier  which  he  retired  to  Tork,  lavad  prif^ 
vately,  but  ataidiad  kacd ;  and  tbere  it  was  that  tie  wooto 

*  Tbif  it  qptftrlctlf  the  case.    ^  correspondent  in  the  Gent.  Mn^.  n,95, 
jrtio  datss  from  Northampton,  speaks  of  possesstng*  both  these  works. 

^  TWoj.  Brit— Ath.  Ox.  !. 

*  Park'!  ediu  of  Lord  Orford's  Royal  and  Noble  Authors. 


90  C  A  L  V  E  R  T. 

his  learned  book  concerning  the  ten  tribes,  entitled  ^  Naph* 
thali,  seu  eoUuctatio  theologica  de  reditu  decern  tribuum, 
conversione  Judeeorum  et  mens.  Ezekielis,*'  Lond.  1672, 
4to*  This  book  he  dedicated  to  bishop  Wilkins,  on  whom 
he  waited  at  Scarborough  Spaw,  together  with  Mr.  Wil« 
liams  of  York.  Bishop  Wilkins  received  him  with  much 
Respect,  and  encouraged  him  to  live  in  hopes  of  a  com- 
prehension. About  the  year  1675  he  became  chaplain  to 
sir  William  Strickland  of  Boynton,  where  he  continued 
several  years,  preaching  and  educating  his  son,  till  both 
he  and  his  lady  died ;  then  he  removed  to  Hull,  and  from 
thence  into  Northumberland,  to  sir  William  Middletou's^ 
where  he  constantly  exercised  his  function  as  chaplain, 
educated  his  only  son,  was  left  tutor  to  bim  when  his  father 
died,  and  was  very  careful  of  his  education  both  at  home 
and  in  Cambridge.     He  died  in  December  1698.  ^ 

CALVERT  (Thomas),  uncle  to  the  preceding,  was  bom 
at  York  in  1606,  and  studied  at  Sidney  college,  Cambridge. 
After  being  chaplain  for  some  time  to  sir  T.  Burdet,  in 
Derbyshire,  he  held  the  vicarage  of  Trinity  in  the  king's 
court,  York.  He  also  preached  at  Christ  Church,  and  was 
one  of  the  four  preachers  who  officiated  at  the  cathedral 
during  the  time  of  Oliver  Cromwell.  On  passing  the  act 
of  uniformity  he  was  ejected  from  AUhallows  parish  in  that 
city,  and  lived  privately.  His  studies  appear  to  have  been 
much  directed  to  the  scriptures  in  the  original  languages, 
and  to  the  Jewish  rabbins.  He  was  much  disturbed  in  mind 
and  injured  in  his' property  by  an  extravagant  son,  but  was 
greatly  comforted  in  the  excellent  character  of  his  nephew, 
the  subject  of  the  preceding  article.  He  died  March  1679, 
His  works  are,  1.  '^  Mel  Coeli,  an  exposition  of  Isaiah, 
chap.  53,''  1657,  4to.  2.  *^  The  blessed  Jew  of  Morocco : 
a  demonstration  of  the  true  Messias,  &c.  by  Rabbi  Samuel, 
a  converted  Jew,  &c."  1648,  8vo,  originally  written  in 
Arabic,  and  translated  into  English  by  our  author,  with 
notes.  He  published  also  translations  of  Fox's  <^  Christus^ 
Triumphans ;"  <<  Comqedia  Apocalyptica;"  Gerard^s  ^*  Scho-* 
la  Consolatoria,"  with  additions,  and  wrote  some  poetical 
pieces,  elegies,  and  a  practical  work  entitled  *^  Heart- 
salve  for  a  wounded  Soul,  &c."  1675,  12mo.  ^ 

CALVI  (Lazzaro),  an  artist,  remarkable  for  longevity 
as  well  as  skill,  a  native  of  Genoa,  was  a  son  of  Agostiuo 

>  Calanijr.  '   f  Ibid,  and  X<e  toof ,  Bibl,  Sacr.  fol.  p.  66% 


C  A  t  V  I.  91' 

I 

Calvi,  one  of  the  most  tolerable  painters  and  reformers  of 
the  old  style,  and  was  with  Pantaleo  Calvi,  his  eldest  brother^ 
among  the  first  pupils  of  Perino  del  Vaga.     Pantaleo  was 
content  to  lend  his  assistance  and  his  name  to  Lazaaro, 
without  pretending  to  share  the  praise  due  to  his  numerous 
ornamental  works  at  Genova,  Monaco,  and  Napoli ;  among 
ii^hich,  none  excels  the  fagade  of  the  palace  Doria  (now 
S^pinola)  with  prisoners  in  various  attitudes,  and  stories  in 
colour  and  chiaroscuro,  considered  as  a  school  of  design 
and  models  of  taste.     In  the  palace  Pallavicini  al  Zerbino 
they  represented  the  story  commonly  called  the  Conti- 
nence of  Scipio,  and  a  variety  of  naked  figures,  which,  in 
the  opinion  of  Mengs  himself,  might  be  adjudged  to  Peri- 
no.    Whether  or  not  he  assisted  them  with  his  hand,  as  he 
had  with  his  cartoons,  is  matter  of  doubt :  certain  it  is,  that 
Lazzaro,  giddy  with  self-conceit,  fell  into  excesses  un- 
known to  other  artists,  if  we  except  Corenzio.     At  the 
least  appearance  of  rival  merit,  jealousy  and  avidity  prompt- 
ed him  to  have  recourse  to  the  blackest  arts.     Of  Giacomo 
Bargone  he  rid  himself  by  poison,  and  others  he  depressed 
by  the  clamour  of  hired  ruffians.     Such  were  his  cabals 
when  he  painted  the  Birth  of  John  the  Baptist  in  the  chapel 
Centurioni,  in  concurrence  with  Andrea  Semini  and  Luca 
Cambiaso,  which,  though  one  of  bis  best  works  and  most 
in  the  style  of  his  master,  fell  short  of  the  powers  of  Luca, 
to  whom  prince  Doria  gave  the  preference  in  the  ample 
commission  of  the  frescos  for  the  church  of  S.  Matteo.  This 
80  enraged  Calvi  that  he  turned  sailor,  and  touched  no 
brush  for  twenty  years :  he  returned  at  last  to  the  art,  and 
continued  in  practice  to  his  eighty -fifth  year,  but  with  di- 
minished powers :  his  works  of  that  period  are  cold,  la« 
boured,  and  bear  the  stamp  of  age.     The  death  of  Pantaleo 
still  ferther  depressed  him,  and  the  only  remaining  mark  of 
his  vigour  was  to  have  protracted  life  to  one  hundred  and  five 
years.     He  died  at  that  very  uncommon  age  in  1606,  or 
1607,  leaving  only  a  daughter,  whom  he  had  married  to 
an  opulent  gentleman.     Whatever  his  talents,  we  see  no- 
thing but  what  is  atrocious  in  his  personal  character. ' 

CALVIN  (John),  one  of  the  chief  reformers  of  the 
church,  was  born  at  Noyon  in  Picardy,  July  10,  1505.  He 
was  instructed  in  grammar  at  Paris  under  Maturinus  Cor*^ 
derius,  to  whom  he  afterwards  dedicated  his  Commentary 

!  Filkin^on.— ^Moreri. 


n  C  A  I,  V  I  N. 

fD  tbie  first  epi||tl«  ^f  the  Th^MatoBians,  and  atudied  pbtr 
lQ&opb3f  ^a  t\\e  coilleg^  9S  Montaigu  ^nder  a  Spanish  pr.Q^ 
fes^^qr.  Dis  father,  who  diacorered  many  mark^  of  bis 
early  pietV)  particularly  in  his  r^prehjen$ions  of  the  vices  of 
bis  cp^ipanioqsi  d^sign^  him  for  the  church,  ai^d  got  him 
presented,  Afay  21,  1521,  to  th^  chapel  of  Notre  Dame 
de  la  Ge»pe,  in  the  phurch  of  Noyon.  In  1527  he  was 
presenle^  to  the  rectory  of  Marteville,  which  he  excha&ged 
lin , i  5?9  for  th^  reptory  of  Pont  TEyeqite  »ear  Noyon,  His 
father  afterwards  chfinged  his  res&luiion,  and  would  have 
biqi  study  law;  to  which  C^^'vin,  who,  by  reaching  the 
fpriptur«s,  had  co^ce4v^d  a  dislike  to  the  superstitions  of 
papery,  readily  cpns^nted,  ajid  resigned  the  chapel  of  Ge- 
sise  ^n{\  th^  roctory  of  Pont  TEveque  in  1534.  He  had 
neyer,  it  ipqst  b^re  b^  ob^erred,  been  in  priest's  orders,  and 
b(slpi)ged  t»  the  churph  only  by  having  received  the  tonsure. 
U^  was  sent  to  study  the  law  fir9t  Hinder  Peter  de  TEtoile 
(Petr^s  Stella)  £|(  Orleani;,  and  afterwards  under  Andrew 
V^lciat  at  Bpuxg^&i  and  while  be  made  a  great  progress  in 
fhat  science,  he  impro^y^d  no  less  in  the  knowledge  of  di^ 
vinity  by  his  priv^^  studies*  At  Bourges  he  applied  to  the 
Qr(^k  tongue,  und^r  the  dire^stion  of  professor  Wolo^ar. 
Hi$  father's  dea^h  haying  called  hint  back  to  Noyon,  he 
staid  there  a  stiort  time,  and  then  went  tp  Paris,  where  be 
wrpfQ^a  cQmmentai'y  pp  Senega'^  treatis^^  '^  De  Clemeniaay^' 
b^in^g  at  this  tiqcie  abqu^  twenty-four  ye9rs  of  age.  .  Having 
put  his  name  in  Latin  tp  this  piece,  he  laid  aside  his  sur^ 
nstmie  C^ny^n,  for  that  of  CaUin,  styling  himself  in  the 
^tle-jpage.  *^^  Lucius  Caivinus  oivis  Romanus.^'  He  aooti 
P9ade  himself  kpi^^wn  at  Pai:is  to  such  &s  bad  privately  ^n« 
bracecjl  the  reformatio^,  and  by  freqtient  intercourse  with 
)khein  be^*sip^  more  cpnBrmed  in  his  principles.  A  speech 
of  Nicholas  Cop,  reptor  of  the  university  of  Paris,  of  which 
£;alvin  furiiisihed  the  materials,  having  greatly  displeased 
Ibe  S^rboniie  and  the  parliaqoeiYt^  gave  rise  to  a  peraecfi<» 
^n  i^atDist  the  protestants;  und  Calvin,  who  narrowly  es- 
caped being  taken  in  the  c^lege  of  {Torteret,  wa^  forced  to 
retire  to  Xaintonge^  after  having  bad  the  honour  to  be  intro* 
duM^efl  to  the  qoeen  of  Navarre,  who  allayed  this  first  storm 
raised  against  the  protestants^  Caivjn  returned  to  Paris  .in 
1534.  This  year  the  reformed  met  with  severe  treatinedt, 
!i^hich  determined  him  to  leave  France,  after  puhiishioga 
treatise  against  those  who  believe  that  departed  souls  are 
in  aikind  of  sleep.     He  retired  to  Basil,  where  he  studied 


CALVIN.  95 

Hebrew :  at  tins  tioie  he  published  bis  ^*  Invtittitions  of  the 
€hf istian  Rel^rion,''  a  work  weii  adapted  to  spread  his  famfe^ 
tbofQgh  be  himself  was  desirous  of  living  in  obscurity.  It 
is  dedicated  to  the  French  king^  Francis  I.  TMs  prince 
being  solicitous,  according  to  Be2»a,  -to  gain  the  friendiAi|» 
of  the  Protestants  in  Germciny,  and  knowing  that  tlhejr 
were  highly  incensed  by  the  crnel  persecations  which  tbe«^ 
brethren  buffered  in  France,  be,  by  advice  of  Williatn  de 
Beliay,  represented  to  them  that  be  had.oihly  punished 
obtain  enthusiasts,  who  substitnted  their  own  innrgrnationi 
in  the  place  of  God's  word,  and  despised  the  cipvil  •tfna^is* 
trate.  Calf^in,  stung  with  indignation  at  tibis  wicked  e"^^ 
sion,  wrote  this  work  as  an  apology  for  tbe  Protesttants  who 
were  burnt  for  their  religion  in  France.  The  dedicfation  t6 
Francis  L  is  one  of  the  three  that  <bave  been  highly  ad-' 
mired :  that  of  Thuanus  to  his  hiytory,  >and  Gasaubon*s  to 
PolybioS)  are  the  two  otfaevs.     Bat  fti^  ti»eatise,  when  first 

Published  in   1535,  was  only  a  sfcelch  of  a  larger  Wo^k. 
'he  complete  editions,  both  in  Latin  and  in  French,  With 
the  author's  last  additions  and  corrections,  tlid  not  appear 
till  1558.     After  the  publication  of  this  work,  Calvin  went 
to  Italy  to  pay  a  visit  to  tte  duchess  of  Ferrara,  a  lady  of 
eminent  piety,   by  whdm   he  was  Very  kindly  received. 
From  Italy  he  came  back  to  France^  and  having  settled  his 
private  aflatirs,  ^he  purposed  to  go  to  Strasbourg,  or  Basils 
in  company  with  his  sole  sarviving'brother  Antony  Calvin  ; 
bot  as  the  roada  were  not  safe  on  account  of  the  war,  e)t- 
<rept  through  the  duke*  of  Savoy^  territories,  he  chose  that 
fdad.     **  This  was  a  paHicalar  direction  df  Providence,'* 
aaya  Bayle;  ^it  was  his  >destiny< that  be  i^uld  settle  at 
€}eneva,  ^dnd  when  be  was  whdUy  imtent  on  going  farther^ 
be  found  himself  detained  by^  an  ord^r  from  heaven,  if  I 
may  so  itpeakJ*^    William  Fai'el,  a  mto  ^f  ia  *Wai^  entfau'* 
nastic  temper,  who  bad  in  vain  ulsed  mafty  entreaties  'to 
ptbiestt  with  Calvin  to  be  bis  fetlow-^abdtrrer  in  that  part  df 
the  Lord^s  vineyard^  at  last  sotenMtydeetared  to  him,  in 
the  name  ^of  God,  that  if 'hewould^not  stay,  the  curse  6f 
God  would^attend  him  wh«r6i^er  <be  went,  as  seeking  hhn-^ 
self  and  not  Christ.      Calvin  therefore  was  obliged  to 
comply  widi  the  choice  which  the  consistory  and  magis- 
traterof  Geneva  made  ^f  him,  with  die  consent  of  the 
people,  to  be  one  of  their  ministers,  and  professor  of  di* 
Tioity.    It  was  his  own  wish  to  undertake  only  this  last 
o£ce^  but^bie  in»  "oMig^  to  tsdce  btyth  upon  him  in  Au|^st 


94 


C  A  L  V  IN. 


1536.  The  y^r  following  he  made  all  the  people  declare^ 
vpw  oath,  their  assent  to  a  confession  of  faith,  which  con* 
tained  a  renunciation  of  Popery ;  and  because  this  reforma- 
tion in  doctrine  did  not  put  an  entire  stop  to  the  immo-  ' 
ralities  that  prevailed  at  Geneva,  nor  banish  that  spirit  o£ 
faction  which  had  set  the  principal  families  at  variance, 
Calvin,  in  concert  with  his  colleagues,  declared  that  they^ 
could  not  celebrate  the  sacrament  whilst  they  kept  up  their 
animosities,  and  trampled  on  the  discipline  of  the  church^ 
He  also  intimated,  that  he  could  not  submit  to  the  regula* 
tion  which  the  synod  of  the  carfton  of  Berne  had  lately. 
Qiade  ^.  On  this,  the  syndics  of  Geneva  summoned  an  as*, 
sembly  of  the  people;  and  it  was  ordered  that  Calvin, 
Earel,  and  another  minister,  should  leave  the  town  in  two 
days,  for  refusing  to  administer  the  sacrament.  Calvin 
retired  to  Strasbourg,  and  established  a  French  church  in 
that  city,  of  which  he  waa.j:he  first  minister ;  he  was  ako 
appointed  to  be  professor^  of  divinity  there.  During  his 
stay  at  Strasbourg,  he  continued  tp  give  many  marks  of 
his  affection  for  the  church  of  Geneva;  as  appears,  amongst: 
other  things,  by  the  answer  which  he  wtQte  in  1539,  to  the 
beautiful  but  artful  letter  of  cardinal  Sadolet,  bishop  of 
Carp^ntras,  inviting  the  people  of  Geneva  to  .return  into 
the  bosom  of  the  Romish  church*  Two  years  kfeer,  the. 
divines  of  Strasbourg  being  very  desirous  that  he  i^ould 
assist  at  the  diet  which  the  emperor  had  appointed  to  be 
held  at  Worms  and  at  Ratisbon,  for  accommodating  reli* 
gious  differences,  he  went  thither  with  Bucer,  and  had  a 
conference  with  Melancthon.  In  the  mean  time  the  people 
of  Geneva  (the  syndics  who  promoted  his  banishment  being 
now  some  of  them  executed,  and  others  forced  to  fly  their 
country  for  their  crimes),  entreated  him  so  earnestly  ta 
return  to  them,  that  at  last  he  consented.  He  arrived  at 
Geneva,  Sept  13,  1541,  to  the  great  satisfaction  both  i  of 
the  people  and  the  magistrates ;  and  the  first  measure  hm 
adopted  after  his  arrival,  was  to  establish  a  form  of  church 
discipline,  and  a  consistorial  jurisdiction,  invested  with 
the  power  of  inflicting  censures  and  canonical  punishments. 


*  The  church  of  Genera  made  use 
of  leavened  brtead  in  the  holy  commu- 
nioQ,  had  removed  all  the  baptismal 
font!  out  of  the  churches,  and  ob- 
'lenredno  holidays  but  Sundays.  These 
three  things  were  disapproved  by  the 
^htucbes  of  tii«  «Mitem  of  Berne,  who 


made  an  act  in  a  synod  held  at  Lau- 
sanne»  that  the  church  of  Geneva 
should  be  required  to  restore  the  use 
of  unleavened  bread,  the  baptismal 
fonts,  and  the  observation  of  the  feasts. 
These  were  the  regulation!  to  which 
Calvin  refiwed  to  Buj^tti^ 


CALVIN.  95 

as  far  as  excomraunicatioi;!  inclusively*  This  step  was  ex-* 
claimed  against  by  many,  as  a  revival  of  Romish  tyranny; 
but  it  was  carried  into  execution,  the  new  canon  being 
passed  into  a  law,  in  an  assembly  of  the  whole  people^ 
held  on  Nov.  20,  1541;  and  the  clergy  and  laity  solemnly 
promised  to  conform  to  it  for  eveir.  Agreeably  to  the 
spirit  of  this  consistorial  chamber,  which  some  considered 
as  a  kind  of  inquisition,  Calvin  proceeded  to  some  of  those 
lengths  which  have  cast  a  stain  upon  his  memory  in  the 
opinion  of  even  his  warmest  admirers,  and  had  a  consider* 
able  hand  in  the  death  of  Michael  Servetus,  a  Socinian 
writer,  and  in  the  lesser  punishments  inflicted  on  Bolsec^ 
Castalio,  and  others  whose  opinions  were  <  at  variance  witk 
his  new  establishment. 

The  inflexible  rigour  with  which  Calvin  asserted,  on  all 
occasions,  the  rights  of  his  consistory,  procured  him  many 
enemies ;  but  nothing  daunted  him  ;  and  one  would  hardly 
beHeve,  if  there  were  not  unquestionable  proofs  of  it,  that 
amidst  all  the  commotions  at  home,  he  could  take  so  much 
care  as  he  did  of  the  churches  abroad,  in  France,  Germany^ 
England,  and  Poland,  and  write  so  many  books  and  letters. 
He  did  more  by  his  pen  than  his  presence ;  yet  on  some 
occasions  he  acted  in  person,  particularly  at  Francfort,  in 
1556,  whither  he  went  to  put  an  end  to  the  disputes  which 
divided  the  French  church  in  that  city.  He  was  always 
employed,  having  almost  constantly  his  pen  in  his  hand, 
even  when  sickness  coniined  him  to  his  bed  ;.  and  he  con« 
tinued  the  discharge  of  all  those  duties,  which  his  zeal  for 
the  general  good  of  the  churches  imposed  on  him,  till  the 
day  of  his  death.  May  27,  1564. 

The  character  of  Calvin,  like  that  of  Luther,  and  the 
other  more  eminent  reformers,  has  been  grossly  calumni- 
ated by  the  adherents  of  popery,  but  the  testimonies  in  its 
favour  are  too  numerous  to  permit  us  for  a  moment  to  doubt 
that  he  was  not  only  one  of  the  greatest,  but  one  of  the 
best  men  of  his  time,  and  the  deduction  which  necessarily 
must  be  made  from  this  praise,  with  respect  to  his  conduct 
towards  Servetus  and  oth^ers,  must  at  the  same  time  in  can- 
dour be  referred  to  the  age  in  which  he  lived,  and  in 
which  the  principles  of  toleration  were  not  understood  ^. 

*  Joseph  Scaliger,  a  man  not  lavish  of  the  prophets ;  and  he  particularly 

of  his. praise,  could  not  forbear  ad-,  commended  him  for  not  attempting  t9 

miring  Calvin :  none  of  the  commenia-  comment  the  book  of  the  Revelation. 

tors,  be  said,  bad'hit  sq  ffeU  the  sense  We  learn  from  Guy  Patin^  that  many 


M 


CALVIN. 


i)n  ibe  (ntker  band  his  ufuxnnftMMi  talentt  Imve  b^iert  ae« 
kaowledged  not  only  by  tbe  m^st  etninefit  person^  ef  bis 
9^^)  bat  by  ail  who.bave  studied  bra  works,  or  have  tra^d 
tbe  vast  and  <Mrerpovi/<erkig  mfluenoe  he  posteesed  in  e^^ry 
country  in  Europe,  where  tbe  work  <»f  reformation  was 
caitying  on>  Every  society,  every  obiai>eh,  'every  district^ 
^£ry  nation  that  bad  in  any  degree  adopted  the  prinoVpies 
of  tbe  reformers,  were  glafd  to  cons»tt  and  coiH'est>ond  with 
Calvin  on  tbe  steps  they  were  to  pui^fte.  Tif>e  i;<Mirt  of 
England  in  particular,  Edward  VI.  queen  Eiizabetn,  »rob<> 
faisbop  Cranmer,  and  the  leading  prelates  and  refornaera 
here,  ex^pressed  their  high  respect  for  him,  and  freqo^ntty 
asked <and  followed  his  advice,  In  France  perhaps  he  was 
yet  more  consulted,  and  at  Geneva  be  was  an  ecclesiastical 
di^ctaior^  whose  doctrines  and  discipline  became  tbe  regu- 
lar church  establishment,  and  were  afterwards  adopted  and 
stirll  remain  in  full  force  in  Scotland.  Calvinism  was  also 
extensively  prc^agated  in  Germany,  the  United  Provinces, 
and  England.  In  France  it  was  abolished,  as  well  as  every 
other  species  of  protestantism,  by  the  revocation  qf  the 
edict  of  Nantz  in  1685.     Durinar  the  reio^n  of  Edward  VL 


<}f  the  Roman  catholics  would  do  justice 
to  Calvin's  merit,  if  they  dared  to 
t|*e«k  tfieir  minds.  One  camnot  help, 
says  Bayte,  laughing  at  those  who 
have  been  so  stupid  as  to  accuse  him 
of  ha^nK  been  a  loTer  of  wine,  good 
«heer,  monay,  kc.  Artful  <laiiderers 
would  have  owned  that  he  was  sober 
by  constitution,  and  that  he  was  not 
tolteitous  to  -heap  up  riehes.  That  a 
man  who  had  acquired  so  great  a  re- 
putation and  such  an  authority,  should 
yet  have  had  but  a  salary  of  100 
crowns,  and  refuse  to  accept  of  more ; 
and  after  living  55  years  with  the  ut- 
most frugality,  should  leave  but  300 
crowns  to  his  heirs,  including  the  valne 
of  bis  library,  which  sold  very  deat,  is 
something  so  heroical,  that  one  must 
liave  lost' all  deling  not  to  fllddiire  it« 
When  Oalvla  took  bts  leatse  of  the 
people  of  Strasbourg,  to  return  to 
Geneva,  tb^y  wanted  to  continue  to 
ImId  (1m -privilege  of  «  freem«in  '^f  their 
Iffwti,  and  the  revenues  of  a  prebend^ 
which  had  been  assigned  to  him  }  the 
former  he  accepted,  but  absolutely  re- 
lusM  the  other.  He  carried  one  of  his 
brdihers  with  him  to  Geneva,  but  he 
never  laboured  to  raise  him  to  an  ho- 
aoarable  post^  i»  any  cither  possess^ 


of  his  credit  would  have  done.  He  took 
care,  indeed,  of  the  honour  of  his  hro- 
ther*s'faraily,  by  getting  him  loosened 
from  an  adulteress,  and  obtaining  leaye 
for  him  to  marry  again  :  but  even  his 
enemies  relate,  that  he  made  him  learn 
the  trade  of  a  boOk^Nnder,  which  ht 
followed  all  his  life. 

Calvin,  when  he  was  about  thirty, 
by  the  advice  of  his  patron,  Martiii 
Bucf r,  married  at  Strasbonig,  Idolel^i 
de  Bure,  widow  of  an  anabaptist. 
Whom  he  had  converted.  She  had 
some  children  by  her  first  h^sbaridy 
and  bore  Calvin  one  son,  who  died 
soon  after  his  birth.  The  mother 
died  in  1549.  Calvin  appears  by  his 
letters,  to  have  been  extfemely  a€> 
flioted  for  the  loss  of  her,  and  never 
married  a^ain.  We  are  told  by  Beza, 
who  wrote  his  life  both  in  Latin  taut 
French,  that  he  knew  men  again,- after 
many  years,  whom  he  had  seen  bi|t 
once;  and  that  when  be  was  inlef^ 
nipted-for  several  ho«»rs  whilst,  he  m^ 
dictating  any  thing,  he  would  resunotf 
the  thread  of  his  discourse,  with^t 
being  told  where  he  broke  off;  and  never 
forgot  what  he  bad  once  committed  t^ 


CALVIN.  97 

it  entered  much  into  the  writings  of  the  eminent  divines  of 
that  period ;  in  queen  Elizabeth's  time,  although  many  of 
her  divines  were  of  the  ^me  sentiments,  it  was  discouraged 
as  far  as  it  showed  itself  in  a  dislike  of  the  ceremonies^ 
babits>  &c.  of  the  church.  In  the  early  part  of  Charles  Ts 
time  it  was  yet  more  discouraged,  Arminianism  being  the 
favourite  system  of  Laud ;  but  during  the  interregnum  it 
revived  in  Ian  uncommon  degree,  and  was  perhaps  the  per-* 
suasion  of  the  majority  of  the  divines  of  that  period,  all 
others  having  been  silenced  and  thrown  oi^t  of  their  livings 
by  the  power  of  parliament.  How  far  it  now  exists  in  the 
church  of  England,  in  her  artiples  and  hooiilies,  has  re« 
cently.been  the  subject  of  a  very  long  and  perhaps  unde-* 
cided  controversy,  into  which  it  is  not  our  inteution  to  « 
enter,  nor  could  we,  iudeed,  make  the  attempt  within  any 
moderate  compass.  One  excellent  effect  of  this  contro- 
versy has  been  to  inform  those  of  the  real  principles  of  Cal« 
vinism,  who  have  frequently  used  that  word  to  express  a 
something  which  they  did  not  understand.  Perhaps  it 
would  be  well  if  the  word  itself  were  less  used,  and  the 
thing  signified  referred  to  the  decision  of  more  than  human 
authority.  It  may  be  added,  however,  that  the  distin- 
guishing theological  tenets  ipf  Calvinism,  as  the  term  is 
now  generally  applied,  respect  the  doctrines  of  Predesti** 
nation,  or  particular  Election  and  Reprobation,  original 
Sin,  particular  Redemption,  effectual,  or,  as  some  have 
called  it,  irresistible  Grace  in  Regeneration,  Justification 
by  faith.  Perseverance,  and  the  Trinity.  Besides  the 
doctrinal  part  of  Calvin's  system,  which,  so  far  as  it  differs 
from  that  of  other  reformers  of  the  same  period,  principally 
regarded  the  absolute  decree  of  God,  whereby  the  futurei 
and  eternal  condition  of  the  human  race  was  determined 
out  of  mere  sovereign  pleasure  and  free-will ;  it  extended 
likewise  to  the  discipline  and  government  of  the  Christian 
church,  the  nature  of  the  Eucharist,  and  the  qualification 
of  those  who  were  entitled  to  the  participation  of  it.  Cal- 
vin,considered  every  church  as  a  separate  and  independent 
body,  invested  with  the  power  of  legislation  for  itself.  He 
proposed  that  it  should  be  governed  by  presbyteries  and 
synods,  composed  of  clergy  and  laity,  without  bishops,  or 
any  clerical  subordination  ;  and  maintained,  that  the  pro* 
?ince  of  the  civil  magistrate  extended  only  to  its  protec- 
tion and  outward  accommodation.  In  order  to  faciliiato 
an  union  with  the  Lutheran  churchy  he  acknowledged  a 
VOL^VIIL  H 


98  CALVIN. 

real,  though  spiritual,  presence  of  Christ  in  the  Eucfasritt ; 
that  true  Christians  were  united  to  the  man  Christ  in  this 
ordinance ; '  and  that  divine  grace  was  conferred  upon  them, 
and  sealed  to  them,  in  the  celebration  of  it :  and  be  con* 
fined  the  privilege  of  communion  to  pious  and  regenerate 
believers.  In  France  the  Calvinists  are  distinguished  by 
the  name  of  Huguenots ;  and,  among  the  commoti  people, 
by  that  of  Parpaillots,  In  Germany  they  are  confounded 
with  the  Lutherans,  under  the  general  title  Protestants ; 
only  sometimes  distinguished  by  the  name  Reformed, 

The  best  edition  of  Calvin's  whole  works  is  that  of  Am- 
sterdam, 1671,  in  9  vols.  fol.  Most  of  his  practical,  and 
many  of  his  controversial  pieces,  were  translated  into 
English,  and  much  read  here  in  the  sixteenth  century.  * 

CALVISIUS  (Sethus),  a  learned  German  chronologist, 
the  son  of  a  Lutheran  peasant,  was  born  at  Gorschleben, 
a  village  of  Thuringia,  in  1556.  Being  very  poor  in  his 
youth,  he  got  his  livelihood  by  his  skill  in  music,  which 
he  learned  very  early,  and  was  so  liberally  encouraged  at 
Magdeburgh,  that  he  was  enabled  to  study  for  some  time 
at  die  university  of  Helmstadt,  where  he  made  great  pro- 
gress in  the  learned  languages,  and  in  chronology  and 
astronomy.  He  died  at  Leipsic,  where  he  held  the  office 
of  chanter,  in  1615.  His  "Opus  Chronologicum".  «ip- 
peared  first  in  1605,  on  the  principles  of  Joseph  Scaliger, 
for  which  he  was  not  a  little  commended  by  Scaliger. 
Isaac  Casaubon,  also,  a  better  judge  in  this  case  than  Sca-% 
liger,  as  being  under  less  temptation  to  be  partial,  has  be^ 
stowed  *  high  praises  on  Calvisius.  In  1611,  Calvisius 
published  a  work  against  the  Gregorian  calendar,  under 
the  title  of  "  Elenchus  calendarii  a  papa  Gregorio  XIIL 
eomprobati  ;'*  or,  a  *^  Confutation  of  the  calendar,  ap- 
proved and  established  by  pope  Gregory  XIII."  Vossius 
tells  us,  that  he  not  only  attempts  in  this  work  to  shew  the 
errors  of  the  Gregorian  calendar,  but  offers  also  a  new  and 
more  concise,  as  well  as  truer  method  of  reforming  the  ca-^ 
lendar.  He  was  the  author  also  of  "  Enodatio  duaruna 
qoestionum,  viz.  circa  annum  Nativitatis  et  Tempus  Mi- 
nisterii  Christ,''  Erford,  1610,  4to.  His  "Chronology** 
was  often  reprinted.  Of  his  muisical  talents,  he  has  left 
ample  proofs  to  posterity  in  his  short  treatise  called 
"  MEAOnOIA,  sive  Melodioe  condendae  ratio,  quam  vulg6 

>  Gen.  Diet. — Life  by  Beza  prefixed  to  hii  Works*-— Saiui  Onomsttt, 


C  A  L  V  I  S  I  U  S.  99 

musicam  poetieam  vocant,  ex  ^eris  fundameniis  extracta 
ct  expiicata>'*  1592.  This  ingenious  tract  contains,  though 
but  a  small  duodecimo  volume,  all  that  was  known  at  the 
time  concerning  harmonics  and  practical  music ;  as  be  has 
compressed  into  his  lUtle  book  the  science  of  most  of  the 
best  writers  on  the  subject ;  to  which  he  has  added  short 
compositions  of  bis  own,  to  illustrate  their  doctrines  and 
precepts.  With  respect  to  composition,  be  not  only  gives 
examples  of  concords  and  discords,  and  their  use  in  combi- 
nation, but  little  canons  and  fugues  of  almost  every  kind 
then  knbArn.  He  composed,  in  1615,  the  iSOth  psalm  in 
twelve  parts,  for  three  choirs,  as  an  Epithalamium  on  the 
nuptials  of  his  friend  Casper  Ankelman,  a  merchant  of 
Hamburgh,  and  published  it  in  folio  at  Leipsic  the  same 
year.  Several  of  his  hymns  and  motets  appear  in  a  collec- 
tion of  Luthet*an  church  music,  published  at  Leipsic,  16 18, 
io  eight  volumes  4to,  under  the  following  title  :  **  Florile- 
giam  portens  CXV.  selectissimas  Cantiones,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8, 
voc.  praestantissimorum  Auctorum."  Some  of  these  whicb 
Dr.  Burney  had  the  curiosity  to  score,  have  the  laws  of 
harmony  and  fugue  preserved  inviolate.  * 

CAMBRIDGE  (Richard  Owen),  an  ingenious  English 
writer,  was  born  in  London,  Feb.  14,  1717,  of  ancestors 
belonging  to  the  county  of  Gloucester.  His  father,  who 
was  a  younger  brother,  had  been  bred  to  business  as  a  Tur- 
key merchant,  and  died  in  London  not  long  after  the  birth 
of  his  son,  the  care  of  whom  then  devolved  on  his  mother 
and  his  maternal  uncle  Thomas  Owen,  esq.  who  adopted 
him  as  his  future  representative.  He  was  sent  to  Etoa 
school,  where  quickness  of  parts  supplied  the  place  of  dili- 
gence ;  yet  although  he  was  averse  to  the  routine  of  stated 
tasks,  he  stored  hi^  mind  with  classical  knowledge,  and 
amused  it  by  an  eager  perusal  of  works  addressed  to  the 
imagination.  He  became  early  attached  to  the  best  Eng-^ 
lish  poets,  and  to  those  miscellaneous  writers  who  delineate 
human  life  and  character.  A  taste  likewise  for  the  beau- 
ties of  rural  nature  began  to  display  itself  at  this  period^ 
which' he  'afte;rwards  exemplified  at  his  seat  in  Gloucester- 
shire, and  that  at  Twickenham.  In  1734,  he  entered  as  at 
gentleman  commoner  of  St.  John's  college,  Oxford,  and, 
without  wishing  to  be  thought  a  laborious  scholar,  omitted 

1  Moreri. — Qoetzii  Elogia  prsBCocioin  Eruditorum,  1722,  Sro.— ^en.  DicU"M> 
JBurQey  and  Hawkins's  Hist*  of  Music. — Freheri  TheaU-ttiii.-*SAxii  OaomasU 

H  2 


100  CAMBRIDGE. 

no  opportunity  of  improving  his  mind  in  such  studies  a^ 
were  suitable  to  his  age  and  future  prospects.  His  first, 
or  one  of  his  first,  poetical  effusions  was  on  the  marriage  of 
the  prince  of  Wales,  which  was  published  with  the  other 
verses  composed  at  Oxford  on  the  same  occasion.  In  1737, 
be  became  a  member  of  Lincoln^ s-inn,  where  he  found  many 
^nen  of  wit  and  congenial  habits,  but  as  he  had  declined 
taking  a  degree  at  Oxford,  he  had  now  as  little  inclination 
to  pursue  the  steps  that  lead  to  the  bar;^  and  in  1741,  in 
bis  twenty-fourth  year,  he  married  Miss  Trenchard,  the 
second  daughter  of  George  Trenchard,  esq.  of  Woolverton 
in  Dorsetshire,  a  lady  who  contributed  to  his  happiness  for 
tipwards  of  half  a  century,  and  by  whom  he  had  a  family 
equally  amiable  and  affectionate.  She  died  Sept.  5,  1806, 
having  survived  her  husband  four  years. 

He  now  settled  at  his  family  seat  of  Whitminster  in  Glou- 
cestershire, for  seven  or  eight  years,  where  his  life,  though 
easy  and  independent,  was  never  idle  or  useless.  While 
he  continued  co  cultivate  polite  literature,  his  more  active 
hours  were  employed  in  heightening  the  beautieaof  the 
scenery  around  his  seat :  for  this  purpose  he  made  the  little 
river  Stroud  navigable  for  some  distance,  and  nat  only 
constructed  boats  for  pleasure  or  carriage,  but  introduced 
some  ingenious  improvements  in  that  branch  of  naval  archi-^ 
lecture,  which  were  approved  by  the  most  competent 
judges.  In  one  of  these  boats  or  barges  he  had  the  honour 
to  receive  the  prince  and  princess  of  Wales  and  other  dis-*- 
tinguished  visitors,  who  were  delighted  with  the  elegance 
of  bis  taste,  and  the  novelty  and  utility  of  his  various  plans. 
For  the  sports  of  the  field  he  had  little  relish,  not,  how- 
ever, from  a  motive  of  tenderness,  for  he  practised  the  bow 
and  arrow,  and  we  read,  but  with  lio  great  pleasure,  that 
V  the  head  of  a  duck,  swimming  in  the  river,  was  a  favourite 
mark,  which  he  seldom  missed."  As,  however,  he  ever 
endeavoured  to  unite  knowledge  with  amusement,  .he  stu- 
died the  history  of  archery,  and  became  a  connoisseur  in 
its  weapons  as  used  by  modern  and  ancient  nations.  The 
collection  he  formed  while  this  pursuit  occupied  his  s^tten-* 
tion,  he  afterwards  sent  to  sir  Ashton  Lever's  museum. 

During  bis  residence  at  Whitminster,  he  wrote  his  most 
celebrated  poem,  "  The  Scribleriad.*'  The  design  he  im- 
parted to  some  of  his  particular  friends,  and  communicated 
bi^  progress  from  time  to  time.  He  had  naturally  a  rich 
fund  of  humour,  which  he  could  restrain  within  the  bounds 


CAMBRIDGE.  loi 

tif  delicacy,  or  expand  to  the  burlesque,  as  his  subject  re- 
quired ;  and  the  topics  which  he  introduced  had  evidently 
been  the  result  of  a  course  of  multifarious  reading:  But 
such  was  his  diffidence  in  his  own  powers,  or  in  the  since- 
rity of  his  friends  who  praised  his  labours,  that  he  laid  his 
poem  aside  for  many  years  after  it  was  completed,  until  he 
could  ascertain,  by  their  impatience,  that  they  consulted 
his  reputation  in  advising  him  to  publish  it. 

In  consequence  of  the  death  of  his  uncle  (in  1748)  to 
whom  he  was  heir,  he  added  the  name  of  Owen  to  his  own. 
He  now  took  a  house  in  London,  but  after  about  two  years' 
residence,  finding  the  air  of  London  disagree  with  himself 
and  with  Mrs.  Cambridge,  he  purchased  a  villa  at  Twicken- 
ham, immediately  opposite  Richmond-hill.  He  quitted  at 
the  same  time  his  seat  in  Gloucestershire,  and  with  it  all  de- 
sire of  farther  change,  for  he  resided  at  Twickenham  during 
the  remainder  of  his  very  long  life.  How  much  he  im- 
proved this  villa  cannot  now  be  remembered  by  many  :  two 
generations  have  admired  it  only  in  its  improved  state.-** 
His  mode  of  living  has  been  affectionately,  yet  justly,  de- 
scribed  by  his  biographer.  He  was  at  once  hospitable  and 
economical,  accessible  and  yet  retired.  By  his  knowledge 
and  manners  he  was  fitted  to  the  highest  company,  yet 
although  his  circle  was  extensive,  he  soon  learned  to  select 
his  associates,  and  visiting  became  a  pleasing  relief,  instead 
of  a  perpetual  interruption. 

The  same  year  in  which  he  commenced  his  establishment 
at  Twickenham,  he  became  known  to  the  public  as  the 
author  of  "  The  Scribleriad,"  which  was  published  in  1751. 
Some  of  his  lesser  poems  succeeded  :  *<  The  Dialogue  be- 
tween a  member  of  parliament  and  his  servant,''  in  1752  ; 
the  "Intruder,"*  in  1754;  and  "The  Fakeer,"  in  1756. 
About  the  same  time  be  appeared  as  a  writer  in  "  The 
WoaLD,''  to  which  he  contributed  twenty-one  papers, 
which  are  unquestionably  among  the  best  in  that  collection. 
Lord  Chesterfield,  who  knew  and  respected  him,  drew  the 
following  character  in  one  of  his  own  excellent  papers  : 
*^  Cantabrigius  drinks  nothing  but  water,  and  rides  more 
miles  in  a  year  than  the  keenest  sportsman ;  the  former 
keeps  his  head  clear,  the  latter  his  body  in  health  :  it  is 
not  from  himself  that  he  runs,  but  to  his  acquaintance,  a 
synonimous  term  for  his  friends.  Internally  safe,  he  seeks 
no  sanctuary  from  himself,  no  intoxication  for  his  mind. 
His  penetration  makes  him  discover  and  divert  himself  with 


lop  CAMS  R  I  D  G  E. 

the  follies  of  mankind^  which  his  wit  enables  him  to  eicpose 
with  the  truest  ridicule,  though  always  without  personal 
offence.  Cheerful  abroad  because  happy  at  home,  and 
thus  happy  because  virtuous*." 

On  the  commencement  of  the  war  with  France  in  175^, 
in  the  events  of  which  he  appears  to  have  taken  a  more 
lively  interest  than  could  have  been  expected  from  a  man 
of  his  retired  disposition,  he  was  induced  to  undertake  a 
history  of  the  rise  and  progress  of  the  British  power  in 
India,  in  order  to  enlighten  the  public  mind  in  the  nature 
and  importance  of  that  acquisition.  At  first  he  intended 
that  this  work  should  be  on  a  very  large  scale,  but  as  recent 
events  demanded  such  information  as  could  be  iinmediatelj 
procured,  and  promised  to  be  useful,  he  produced  his 
*^  History  of  the  War  upon  the  Coast  of  Coromandel," 
which  was  published  in  1761.  He  then  resumed  his  ori*- 
ginal  design,  and  obtained  permission  from  the  Edst  India 
Company  to  inspect  such  of  their  papers  as  might  be  re- 
quisite. He  had  also  a  promise  of  Mr.  Orme's  papers,  but 
that  gentleman  happening  to  return  from  India  at  this 
juncture,  with  an  intention  to  publish  himself  the  history 
which  afterwards  appeared,  Mr.  Cambridge  considered 
that  his  own  work  would  now  be  in  a  great  measure  super- 
fluous, and  therefore  relinquished  the  further  prosecution 
6f  his  plan.  What  he  had  published,  however,  was  consi- 
dered as  an  important  memoir  of  the  period  it  embraced^ 
smd  as  a  fair  and  correct  statement  of  the  French  proceed  ^ 
iugs  in  India ;  and  it  served  to  introduce  him  more  into  the 
study  of  India  affairs,  in  whickhe  ever  afterwards  delighted. 
It  led  him  also  to  an  intimate  acquaintance  with  lordClive, 
general  Carnac,  Mr.  Scrafton,  majof  Pearson,  Mr.  Varelst, 
general  Calliaud,  Mr.  Hastings,  and  others,  who  had  gained 
distinguished  reputation  by  their  sjervices  in  the  East. 

Mr.  Cambridge  survived  the  publication  of  this  work 
above  forty  years,  but  appeared  no  more  before  the  public 
as  an  author.  Many  of  the  smaller  pieces  in  his  works 
were  written  as  amusements  for  his  friends,  and  circulated 
only  in  private.  The  long  remainder  of  his  life  passed  in 
the  enjoyment  of  ail  tliat  elegant  and  polished  society  could 

*  **  This  character  stands  at   Ihe  example  of  oae,  who  did  not  reqiiirt 

close  of  a  paper  written  to  expose  the  the  exhilarating  aid  of  wine  to  eniiveii 

folly  and  ill  effects  of  hard  drinking  :  his  wit,  or  increase  his  vivacity.*'  Life 

and  lord  Cbesterfleid  names  diy  father  of  Mr.  Cambridge,  by  bis  Son>  iire<t 

who  was  a  watcr-drinJi^eri  as  a  living;  fixed  to  bis  works,  p.  44* 


CAMBRIDGE.  je3 

yield.  Mopt  of  the  friendships  of  his  youth  were  those  of 
his  advanced  age,  and  they  were  contracted  with  such  mea 
as  are  not  often  found,  within  the  reach  of  a  stationary  indi- 
Tidual.  At  Eton  he  became  acquainted  with  Bryant,  Gray^ 
West,  Walpole,  Dr.  Barnard,  and  Dr.  Cooke ;  at  Lincoln'^ 
Inn  he  found  Mr.  Henry  Bathurst,  afterwards  lord  chan- 
cellor, the  lK>n.  Charles  Yorke,  Mr.  Wcay,  and  Mr.  Edwards. 
To  these  he  afterwards  added  lord  Ansoii,  Dr.  Atwell,  bi-^ 
shop  Benson,  sir  Charles  Williams,  Mr.  Henry  Fox,  Mr« 
William  Whitehead,  Villiers  lord  Clarendon,  lord  Gran- 
ville, lord  Lyttelton,  Mr.  Grenville,  lord  Chesterfield,  Mr, 
Pitt,  lord  Bath,  lord  Egremont,  Soame  Jenyns,  lord  Hard- 
wicke,  admiral  Boscawen,  lord  Barrington,  James  Harris, 
Andrew  Stone,  bishop  Egerton,  lord  Camel  ford,  Welbore 
Ellis,  lord  North,  Garrick,  Dr.  Johnson,  Dr.  Porteus,  late 
bishop  of  London,  and  the  illustrious  navigators  Byron^ 
Wallis,  Carteret,  Phipps,  Cook,  and  Vancouver.  In  th^ 
company  of  these,  some  of  whom  were  long  his  neighbours 
at  Twickenham,  be  delighted  to  increase  his  knowledge 
by  an  interchange  of  sentiment  on  topics  of  literature  and 
common  life.  His  conversation  was  enriched  by  various 
reading,  and  embellished  by  wit  of  the  most  delicate  and 
unobtrusive  kind.  His  temper  made  him  universally  be** 
loved.     It  wals  uniformly  cheerful,  mild,  and  benevolent. 

The  conclusion  of  his  life  is  thus  related  by  bis  biogra- 
pher :  ''  He  was  considerably  advanced  in  his  eighty-third 
year  before  he  was  sensible,  to  any  considerable  degree 
of  the  infirmities  of  age ;  but  a  difficulty  of  hearing,  which 
bad  for  some  time  gradually  increased,  now  rendered  con- 
versation troublesome^  and  frequently  disappointing  to  him. 
Agstinst  this  evil  his  books,  for  which  his  relish  was  not 
abated,  bad  hitherto  furnished  an  easy  and  acceptable  re- 
source ;  but,  unfortunately,  his  sight  also  became  so  im- 
perfect, that  there  were  few  books  he  could  read  with  com- 
fort to  himself.  His  general  health,  however,  remained  the 
same,  and  his  natural  good  spirits  and  cheerfulness  of  tern-' 
per  experienced  no  alteration.  Having  still  the  free  use 
of  his  limbs,  be  C()ntinued  to  take  his  usual  exercise,  and 
to  follow  his  customary  habits  of  life,  accepting  of  such 
amusement  as  conversation  would  afford,  from  those  friends 
who  bad  the  kindness  to  adapt  their  voices  to  his  prevail- 
ing infirdiity ;  and  that  he  still  retained  a  lively  concern  in 
all  those  great  and  interesting  events,  which  were  then 
taking  place  in  Europe,  may  be  seen  in  some  of  his  latest 


10*  C  A  M  B  R  I  D  G  E.' 

t 

productions,  fiut  as  his  deafness  increased,  he  felt  himself 
grow  daily  more  unfit  for  the  society  of  any  but  his  omi  fa- 
mily, into  whose  care  and  protection  he  resigned  himself 
with  the  mpst  affectionate  and  endearing  confidence,  re- 
ceiving those  attentions,  which  it  was  the  first  pleasure  of 
his  children  to  pay  him,  not  as  a  debt  due  to  a  fond  and 
indulgent  parent,  but  as  a  free  and  voluntary  tribute  of 
their  affection.  In  the  contemplation  of  these  tokens  of 
esteem  and  love,  he  seemed  to  experience  a  constant  and 
unabating  pleasure,  which  supplied,  in  no  small  degree^ 
the  want  of  other  interesting  ideas. 

"  It  is  well  known,  that  among  the  many  painful  and 
humiliating  effects  that  attend  the  decline  of  life,  and  fol- 
low from  a  partial  decay  of  the  mental  powers,  we  have 
often  to  lament  the  change  it  produces  in  the  heart  and 
affections  ;  but  from  e\^ry  consequence  of  this  sort  my 
father  was  most  happily  exempt.  This  I  allow  myself  to 
say  upon  the  authority  of  the  medical  gentleman  ^  of  con- 
siderable eminence,  by  whose  skill  and  friendly  attentions 
he  was  assisted  through  the  progressive  stages  of  his  slow 
decline  ;  and  who  has  repeatedly  assured  me,  that,  in  the 
whole  course  of  his  extensive  practice,  he  had  never  seen 
a  similar  instance  of  equanimity  and'  undeviating  sweetness 
of  temper. 

^^  During  this  gradual  increase  of  feebleness,  and  with 
the  <liscouraging  prospect  of  still  greater  suffering,  which 
besaw  before  him,  his  exemplary  patience,  and  constant 
care  to  spare  the  feelings  of  bis  family,  were  eminently  con- 
spicuous :  nor  did  the  distressing  infirmities,  inseparably 
attendant  on  extreme  debility,  ever  produce  a  moroiur  of 
eomplaint,  or  even  a  hasty  or  unguarded  expression.  It 
is  somewhat  singular,  and  may  be  regarded  as  a  proof  of 
an  unusually  strong  frame,  that  no  symptom  of  disease  took 
place :  all  the  organs  of  life  continued  to  execute  their 
respective  functions,  until  nature  b^ng  wholly  exhausted, 
he  expired  without  a  sigh,  on  the  17th  of  September,  1802, 
leaving  a  widow,  ^wo  sons,  and  a  daughter.^' 

It  appears  from  the  whole  of  his  Son's  very  interesting 
narrative,  that  few  men  have  enjoyed  a  life  of  the  same 
duration  so  little  interrupted  by  vexation  or  calamity.  His 
fortune,  if  not  relatively  great,  was  rendered  ample  by  ju- 
dicious management,  and  as  he  had  been  highly  favoured^ 

^  *'  David  Dun  (lass,  csc[.  of  Richmpnd." 


C  A  M  B  K  I  D  G  E.  laf 

by  Providence  in  bis  person  and  in  bis  family,  be  felt  tbe 
importance  of  these  blessings  with  the  gratitude  of  a  Chrii- 
tian.  Such  information  as  the  following,  so  honourable  to 
the  subject  of  it,  and  to  bim  who  relates  it,  ought  not  to 
be  suppressed. 

**  At  an  early  age  be  attentively  examined  tbe  evidences 
of  Christianity,  and  was  fully  satisfied  of  its  truth.  His 
was,  in  the  truest  sense,  the  religion  of  the  heart,  and  be 
always  felt  that  a  constant  conformity  to  its  precepts  was 
the  strongest  and  best  proof  he  could  give  of  tbe  sincerity 
of  his  faith.  Of  its  prescribed  forms  and  exterior  duties 
he  was  no  less  a  strict  observer :  whatever  were  his  engage- 
ments, he  constantly  passed  his  Sundays  at  home  with  his 
family,  at  tbe  head  of  whom  he  never  failed  to  attend  tbe 
public  service  of  the  day,  until  prevented  by  a  bodily  in- 
firmity, for -some  years  before  his  death  :  but  he  still  con- 
tinued his  practice  of  reading  prayers  to  them  every  even- 
ing ;  a  usage  of  more  than  sixty  years ;  these  were  taken 
from  our  Liturgy,  of  which  he  was  a  great  admirer. 
.  '^  When  no  longer  able  to  partake  of  the  communion  at 
church,  he  continued  to  receive  it  at  home  on  the  festivals 
and  other  suitable  occasions,  to  the  latest  period,  and  his 
manner  of  joining  in  this  service  furnished  an  edifying  ex- 
ample of  the  happy  influence  of  a  mind  void  of  offence  to- 
wards God  and  man. 

**  His  devotional  exercises  were  always  expressed  in  so 
solemn  a  manner,  and  with  such  unaffected  piety,  as 
shewed  that  his  lips  spoke  the  language  of  his  heart ;  but 
his  impressive  tone  of  voice,  when  offering  prayer  and 
thanksgiving,  marked  that  to  be  tbe  branch  of  worship 
most  suited  to  his  feelings  ;  and  in  conformity  with  this 
sentiment,  he  frequently  remarked,  that  '  in  our  petitions 
we  are  liable  to  be  misled  both  as  to  their  object  and  mo- 
tive ;  but  in  expressing  our  thanksgivings  to  the  Deity  we 
can  never  err,  the  least  favoured  among  us  having  received 
sufficient  tokens  of  tbe  bounty -of  Providence,  to  excite 
emotions  of  the  sincerest  gratitude.* 

'^  This  principle  of  piety  led  him  also  to  bear  afflictions 
in  the  most  exemplary  manner.  Whatever  trials  or  depri- 
vations he  experienced  through  life,  be  always  met  with 
fortitude,  and  his  demeanour  under  the  losses  which  be 
was  ordained  to  suffer  in  bis  own  family,  was  such,  that 
those  only^  who  saw  him  near,  and  knew  bow  sacred  he 
held  the  duty  of  submission  tp  tbe  divine  wiU^  and  the  self- 


WS  C  A  M  II  R  I  D  G  E. 

conaniand  this  produced|  could  form  any  idea  liow  poig- 
nantly they  were  felt." 

Of  his  literary  character  his  Son  has  formed  a  just  esti« 
mate,  when  he  says  that  he  is  to  be  regarded  rather  as  an 
elegant  than  a  profound  scholar.  Yet,  where  he  chose  to 
apply,  his  knowledge  was  far  from  being  superficial,  and 
if  he  had  not  at  an  early  period  of  life  indulged  the  pro* 
spect  of  filling  the  station  of  a  retired  country  gentleman, 
it  is  probable  that  he  might  have  made  a  distinguished 
figure  in  any  of  the  learned  .professions.  It  is  certain  that 
the  ablest  works  on  every  subject  have  been  produced, 
With  very  few  exceptions,  by  men  who  have  been  scholars 
by  profession,  to  whom  reputation  was  necessary  as  well  as 
curnamental,  and  who  could  not  expect  to  rise  but  in  pro- 
portion, to  the  abilities  they  discovered.  Mr.  Cambridge, 
without  being  insensible  to  the  value  of  fame,  had  yet  none 
of  the  worst  perils  of  authorship  to  encounter.  As  a  writer 
be  was  better  known  to  the  world,  but  he  could  not  have 
been  more  highly  respected  by  bis  friends. 

Abodt  a  year  after  his  death,  his  son,  the  rev.  George 
Owen  Cambridge,  published  a  splendid  edition  of  all  his 
works  (except  his  History  of  the  War)  to  which  he  prefixed 
an  account  of  his  hfe  and  writings.  To  this  very  interest- 
ing narrative,  the  present  sketch  is  indebted  for  all  that  is 
valuable  in  it,  but  from  what  is  here  borrowed  the  reader 
can  have  but  a  feeble  conception  of  a  composition  which 
does  so  much  honour  to  the  moral  and  literary  reputation 
of  the  father,  and  to  the  filial  piety  and  chastened  affection 
of  the  son. 

The  Scribleriad  is  one  of  those  poems,  that,  with  great 
merits,  yet  make  their  way  very  slowly  in  the  world.  It 
was  received  so  coolly  on  the  publication  of  the  first  two 
parts,  that  he  found  it  necessary  to  write  a  preface  to  the 
second  and  complete  edition,  explaining  his  design.  He 
had  some  reason  to  apprehend  that  it  had  been  mistaken, 
and  that  the  poem  was  in  danger  of  being  neglected.  In 
this  preface  he  lays  down  certain  rules  for  the  mock  heroic, 
by  which,  if  his  own  production  be  tried,  it  must  be  con- 
fessed he  has  executed  all  that  he  intended,  with  spirit 
and  taste.  As  an  imitator  of  the  true  heroic  he  is  in  ge- 
neral faithful,  and  his  parodies  on  the  ancients  show  that 
he  had  studied  their  writings  with  somewhat  different  from 
the  ardour  of  an  admirer  of  poetry,  or  the  acuteness  of 
a  critical  lip^uisu     But  it  mav  be  doubted  whether  tb« 


CAMBRIDGE:  lOT 

« 

rules  he  wishes  to  establish  are  sufficieotly  comprehensive, 
whether  he  has  not  been  too  faithful  to  his  models,  and 
whethec  a .  greater  and  more  original  portion  of  the  bur- 
lesque would  not  have  conferred  more  popularity  on  his 
performance.  His  preference  of  Don  Quixote,  as  a  true 
mock  heroic,  is  less  a  matter  of  dispute.  In  ail  the  attri- 
butes of  that  species  of  composition,  it  is  unquestionably 
stiperior  to  any  attempt  ever  made,  and  probably  will  ever 
remain  without  a  rival,  for  what  subject  can  the  wit  of  man 
devise  so  happily  adapted  to  the  intention  of  the  writer? 
Its  great  excellence  too  appears  from  its  continuing  to 
please  every  class  of  readers,  although  the  folly  ridiculed 
no  longer  exists,  and  can  with  some  difficulty  be  supposed 
to  have  ever  existed.  But  Cervantes  is  in  nothing  so  su- 
perior,e  as  in  the  delineation  of  his  hero,  who  throughout 
t^e  whole  narrative  creates  a  powerful  interest  in  his  fa- 
vour, and  who  excites  ridicule  and  compassion  in  such  nice 
proportions  as  never  to  be  undeserving  of  sympathy,  or 
overpowered  by  contempt. 

Mr.  Cambridge  was  not  so  fortunate  in  a  hero.  He  was 
content  to  take  up  Scriblerus  where  Pope  and  Swift,  or 
rather  Arbuthuot,  left  him,  a  modey,  ideal  being,  with^ 
out  an  exemplar,  combining  in  one  individual,  all  that  is 
found  ridiculous  in  forgotten  volumes,  or  among  the  pre- 
tenders to  science  and  the  believers  of  absurdities.  Mr. 
Cambridge's  hero,  therefore,  without  any  qualities  to  se- 
cure pur  esteem,  is  an  antiquary,  a  pedant,  an  alchymist, 
and  what  seldom  is  found  among  such  characters,  a  poet. 
In  conducting  him  through  a  series  of  adventures,  upon  the 
plan  sketched  by.  the  triumvirate  above  mentioned,  it  is 
with  great  difficulty  that  he  is  able  to  avoid  the  error  they 
fell  into,  either  of  inventing  nonsense  for  the  sake  of  laugh- 
ing at  it,  or  of  glancing  their  ridicule  at  the  enthusiasm  of 
useful  research,  and  the  ardour  of  real  science  and  justi- 
fiable curiosity.  The  composition  of  the  Scribleriad  is  in 
general  so  regular,  spirited,  and  poetical,  that  we  cannot 
but  wish  the  author  had  chosen  a  subject  of  more  perma^ 
nent  interest.  The  versification  is  elegant,  and  the  epi- 
thets ehosen  with  singular  propriety.  The  events,  al- 
though without  much  connection,  all  add  something  to 
the  character  of  the  hero,  and  the  conversations,  most 
gravely  ironical,  while  they  remind  us  of  the  serious 
epics,  are  never  unnecessarily  protracted. 

It  is  to  be  regretted,  and  perhaps  it  may  be  mentioned 


%0t  CAMBRIDGE. 

as  another  hindrance  to  the  popularity  of  the  Scribleriad, 
that  the  author  determined  tp  avoid  moral  reflections,  re* 
flections  which  he  could  have  easily  furnished.     His  pe« 
riodical  papers  exhibit  a  happy  union  of  wit  apd  sentiment, 
and  few  men  were  better  acquainted  with  local  manners 
and  the  humours  and  whims  of  interest  and  passion.    If 
such  reflections  arise  naturally  from  the  subject,  they  are 
surely  not  only  useful,  but  lead  to  many  of  the  most  strik- 
ing beauties  of  imagery.     The  Scribleriad,  however,  will 
ever  be  considered  by  impartial  judges,  with  whom  popu- 
larity is  not  an  indispensable  qualification,  as  a  poem  that 
does  honour  to  the  taste  and  imagination  of  Mr.  Cambridge^ 
and  as  deserving  a  place  with  the  most  favourite  attempts 
of  the  satirical  muse. ' 

CAMDEN  (William),  one  of  the  most  eminent  Ewglish 
antiquaries,  was  born  in  the  Old  Bailey,  London,  May  2, 
1551.  His  father,  Samson  Camden,  was  a  native  of  Lich* 
field,  whence  he  was  sent  very  young  to  London,  where 
he  practised  painting,  and  settling  in  London,  became  a 
member  of  the  company  of  Painter-stainers.  The  inscrip* 
tiou  on  the  cup  left  by  his  son  to.,  the  company  calls  him 
jPictor  LondinensiSy  which  may  refer  either  to  his  profes^ 
sion  or  to.  his  company.  His  mother  was  of  the  ancient 
family  of  the  Curwens  of  Workington  in  Cumberland* 
Their  son  received  his  first  education  at  Christ's  hospital, 
which  was  founded  the  year  after  his  birth  by  king  Edward 
VI. ;  but  the  records  of  that  house  being  destroyed  in  the 
fire  of  London,  the  date  of  his  admission  is  lost.  Bishop 
Gibson  treats  his  admission  at  Christ's  hospital  as  a  fiction, 
because  not  mentioned  by  himself;  but  as  it  is  by  Wheare, 
who  pronounced  his  funeral  oration  very  soon  after  his 
death,  it  seems  to  have  some  foundation,  especially  if  we 
consider  the  lowness  of  his  circumstances,  and  his  depen- 
dence on  Dr.  Thornton  at  Oxford.  Dr.  Smith  (his  biogva** 
pher)  says,  some  infer  from  hence,  that  he  had  lost  his  f4-« 
ther,  and  was  admitted  as  an  orphan  ;  but  it  is  certain 
Wheare  does  not  give  it  that  turn.  Being  seized  with  the 
plague  i«i  1563,  he  was  removed  to  Islington,  or  perhaps 
was  sei/.ed  with  it  there,  "  peste  correptus  Islingtoniae  v^* 
but  on  his  recovery,  he  completed  his  education  at  St. 
Paul's  school ;  where  under  Mr.  Cook  or  Mr.  Malin,  he 

1  Life  as  above. — Johnson  and  Chalmers's  English  PqcIs^  21  vols,   ISlQ^rs* 
Shtish  Essayists^  Preface  to  the  World, 


C  A  M  D  £  ^NT.  109 

made  such  progrets  in  learoing  as  laid  the  foundation  of 
his  future  fame.  ^ 

From  this  school  he  was  removed  when  about  fifteen 
years  old,  in  1566,  to  Oxford,  and  entered  as  a  servitor 
at  Magdalen  college ;  and  in  the  school  belonging  to  that 
college  perfected  himself  in  grammar  learning  under  Dr. 
Thomas  Cooper,  afterwards  bishop  of  Lincoln  and  Win- 
chester; but  being  disappointed  of  a  demi*s  place,  he  re- 
moved to  Broadgate-hali,  now  Pembroke  college,  by  the 
invitation  of  Dr.  Thomas  Thornton,  cahon  of  Christ  churchy 
his  patron  and  tutor,  and  who  had  the  honour  to  be  tutor 
both  to  Camden  and  to  sir  Philip  Sidney.  Camden  left 
behind  him  in  Broadgate-hall  a  signal  mark  of  the  respect 
paid  him  by  his  contemporaries  in  the  short  Latin  graces 
composed  by  him,  which  were  used  many  years  after  by 
the  scholars  of  this  society.  Th^ee  years  after  he  ren^o%ed 
from  hence  to  Christ  church,  on  the  promotion  of  Dr, 
Thprnton  to  a  canonry  there.  This  kind  patron  provided 
ioY  him  during  the  rest  of  his  contiouance  at  the  univer- 
sity, and  he  lived  in  his  patron^s  lodgings.  At  this  time 
his  acquaintance  commenced  with  the  two  Carews,  Richard 
and  George;  the  latter  of  whom  was  by  James  I.  created 
baron  Ciopton,  and  by  Charles  L  earl  of  Totness;  and  it 
has  been  supposed,  as  they  were  both  antiquaries,  their 
conversation  might  give  Mr.  Camden  a  turn  to  that  study^ 
which  he  himself  informs  us  he  had  strongly  imbibed  be* 
fore  he  left  school,  and  improved  at  Oxford.  He  was 
also  acquainted  with  John  Packington,  Stephen  Powel, 
and  Edward  Lucy,  knights. 

About  this  time  by  the  encouragement  of  bis  friends,  he 
stood  for  a  fellowship  at  All  Souls,  bat  met  with  a  repulse, 
through  the  interest  of  the  Popish  party,  on  account  of  his 
zeal  for  the  church  of  England.  He  met  with  a  second 
disappointment  in  his  supplication  to  be  admitted  to  the 
degree  of  bachelor  of  arts  in  1570,  and  upon  this  he 
quitted  Oxford,  and  came  up  to  London  the  next  year, 
being  now  about  twenty.  He  pursued  his  studies  under 
the  patronage  of  Dr.  Gabriel. Goodman  and  Dr.  Godfrey 
Goodman  his  brother,  who  supplied  him  both  with  money 
and  books.  In  1573,  he  applied  again  for  the  same  de-- 
gree,  and  seems  to  have  taken  it,  but  never  completed  it 
by  determinations.  In  June  158S,  we  find  him  supplica- 
ting the  convocation  by  the  name  of  William  Camden,  B.  A. 
pf  Christ  churchy  '^  that  whereas  from  the  time  he  had 


no  CAMDEN. 

taken  the  ilegree  of  bachelor,  he  had  spent  sixteen  years 
in  the  study  of  philosophy  and  the  liberal  arts,  he  might  he 
dispensed  with  far  reading  three  solemn  lectures,  and  be 
allowed  to  proceed.^'  His  supplication  was  granted  on 
condition  that  he  stood  in  the  foilowing  act,  which  it  seems 
.his  other  engagements  would  riot  permit;  for  Wood  says, 
iiis  name  is  noc  in  the  registers.  When  he  attended  the 
funeral  of  sir  Thomas  Bodhey  in  1613,  his  fame  was  so 
great,  that  the  university,  voluntarily  offered  him  the  de- 
gree of  master  of  arts,  but  whether  he  accepted  it  does  not 
appear. 

Upon  leaving  the  university,  he  seems  to  have  made  the 
tour  of  great  part  of  England;  and  in  1575,  by  the  in*- 
terest  of  his  friend  Dr.  Giabriei  Gpodman,  dean  of  West* 
minster,  be  obtauned  the  place  of  second  master  of  West- 
minster school.  The  little  leisure  he  could  sparfe  from  this 
important  charge  he  devoted  to  his  favau rite  study.  He 
was  not  content  with  pursuing  it' in  his  ckxiei,  4>ut  made 
excursions  o¥er , the  kingdom  every  yacatidn."  In  1582,  for 
example,  he  took  a  journey  through  Suffdk  into  York- 
shire, and  returned  by  Lancaster.  When  4it  hom^  he 
searched  into  the  .manuscript  coUecUoifs  of  out  own  wri* 
ters,  and  the  published  writings  of  fore^ners  respecting 
us.  At  this  time  too,  he  meditated  bi^  great  work,  the 
^^  Britannia  ;^'  and  as  his  reputation  engaged  him  in  an  ex-^ 
tensive  correspondence  both  at  home  and  abroad,  Orte- 
Jius,  whom  he  terms  the  great  restorer  of  geography,  hap- 
pening to  come  over  into  England,  applied  himself  to  Mr* 
•Camden  for  information  respecting  this  country.  His  so* 
liciutions,  and  the  regard  our  author  had  for  his  native 
country,  prevailed  on  him  to  improve  and' digest  the  col- 
lections, which  he  seems  to  have  made  at  first  only  for  pri- 
vate satisfaction  and  curiosity.  He  entered  upon  this  task 
with  every  difficulty  and  disadvantage.  It  was  a  new 
science,  which  was  to  amuse  and  inform  an  age  which  had 
just  began  to  recover  itself  from  the  heat  and  perplexity  of 
philosophy  and  school  divinity.  The  study  of  geography 
bad  been  first  attended  to  in  Italy  for  the  facilitating  the 
reading  of  Roman  hisjtory.  The  names  of  places  there,  and 
even  in  the  rest  of  Europe,  where  the  Romans  had  so  long 
kept  possession,  were  not  greatly  altered  ;^but  in  Britain^ 
which  they  subdued  so  late,  and  held  so  precariously,  a 
great  degree  of  obscurity  prevailed.  The  Roman  ortho- 
graphy and. terminations  bad  obscured  in  some  instances 


CAMDEN;  111 

the  British  names;  but  the  Saxons,  who  succeeded  the 
Romans  here,  as  they  gained  a  firmer  possession,  made  an 
almost  total  change  in  these  as  in  every  thing  else.  Upon 
their  expulsion  by  the  Normans,  their  language  ceased  to 
be  a  living  one,  while  that  of  the  Britons  was  preserved  in 
a  corner  of  the  island.  Very  soon  after  the  conquest  there 
were  few  who  could  read  the  Saxon  characters.  In  tnicinisr 
the  Roman  geography  of  Britain,  Mr.  Camden  might  be 
assisted^ by  Ptolemy,  AiUoninus^s  Itinerary,  and  the  No« 
titia;  but  before  he  could  become  acquainted  with  the 
Saxon  geography,  it  was  necessary  for  him  to  make  him- 
self master  of  a  language  which  bad  ceased  for  above  400 
years.  The  few  written  remains  of  it  were  almost  divided 
between  three  collections;  that  of  archbishop  Parker,  now 
at  Bene't  college,  Cambridge.;  that  of  archbishop  Laud, 
now  at  Oxford  ;  and  that  of  sir.  Robert  Cotton,  now  in  the 
British  Museum. 

After  ten  years^  labour  Mr.  Camden  published  his  *^  Bri-« 
tannia''  in  1586,  dedicated  to  William  Cecil  lord  Burleigh, 
lord  treasurer  to  queen  Elizabeth.  What  a  favourable  re-* 
ception  it  met  with  appears  from  the  number  of  editions  it 
passed  through  ;  for  in  the  compass  of  four  years  there  were 
three  at  London,  one  at  Frankfort,  1590,  one  in  Germany, 
and  a  fourth  at  London  in  1594.  The  title  which  he  re*^ 
tained  in  all  -editions  was  *^  Britannia,  sive  florenttssimo^ 
rum  regnorum  Angliie,  Scotiae,  Hiberniee,  et  insularum 
adjacentium,  ex  intima  antiquitate,  chorographica  descrip^ 
tio.*'  The  dedication  is  dated  May  2,  1586,  so  that  he 
finished  this  great  work  precisely  at  the  age  of  thirty- five  ; 
and  yet,  as  he  informs  us  himself,  lie  devoted  to  it  only  his 
spare  hours  and  holidays,  the  duties  of  his  ofBce  ingrossing 
all  the  rest  t)f  his  time. 

As  each  new  edition  recei\'ed  large  corrections  and  im^ 
provements  from  its  author,  he  took  a  journey  into  Devon 
in  1589,  and  in  June  Ibtit  year  was,  as  he  tells  us  in  his 
diary,  at  Ilfracomb,  which  is  a  prebend  of  the  church  of 
Salisbury,  and  had  been  bestowed  on  him  that  year  by 
Dr.  John  Piers,  then  bishop  of  that  see  and  his  intimate 
friend  ;  and  he  had  been  installed  Lito  it  by  proxy  Feb.  6i 
This  preferment  he  held  till  his  death  ;  and  when  bishop 
Abbot  held  his  general  visitation  at  Whitsuntide  in  1617, 
he  excused  himself  from  attending  on  account  of  his  agei 
being  then  seventy,  and  was  allowed  to  appear  by  proxy. 
The  expence  of  this  and  other  journies  was  defrayed  by 


112  CAMDEN. 

his  friend  Mr.  Godfrey-  Goodman.  In  1 590  he  visited 
Wales  in  company  with  the  famous  Dr.  Godwin,  after-^ 
wards  bishop  of  Landaff  and  Hereford.  On  Oct.  2j$,  1592/ 
he  was  attacked  with  a  quartan  ague,  which,  for  a  long 
while,  baffled  the  help  of  physic,  and  brought  him  very, 
low.  During  this  illness.  Dr.  Edward  Grant,  who  had 
been  head  master  of  Westminster  school  upwards  of  twenty 
years  with  great  reputation,  worn  out  with  fatigue,  re- 
signed that  place  Feb.  1592-3;  and  in  March  following 
was  succeeded  by  Camden.  Mr.  Wheare,  Dr.  Smith,  and 
bishop  Gibson,  all  assign  this  vacancy  to  the  death  of  Dr* 
Grant;  and  Wood,  though  in  two  articles  he  expresses 
himself  doubtfully,  in  another  affirms  that  be  resigned 
about  February  1592,  and  was  succeeded  by  William  Cam-^ 
den.  He  adds,  that  Dr.  Grant  died  in  1601,  and  wa& 
buried  in  Westminster  abbey,  where  his  epitaph,  now  de* 
faced,  but  preserved  in  Mr.  Camden's  account  of  this  ab- 
bey-church, dates  his  death  Aug.  3,   160K 

It  was  not  till  next  year  that  Mr.  Camden  perfectly  re* 
covered  from  bis  ague;  and  soon  after  published  the  fourth 
edition  of  his  Britannia,  with  great  enlargements  and  im- 
provements by  bis  own  care,  and  that  of  his  friends.  But 
all  his  attention  could  not  defend  him  from  the  violent 
and  indecent  attack  from  Ralph  Brooke  (more  properly, 
Brookesmouth),  York  Herald,  exposing  certain  mistakes 
which  be  pretended  to  have  discovered  in  the  pedigrees  of 
the  earls  of  each  county,  and  which  he  fancied  might  be 
attended  with  circumstances  dishonourable  to  many  of  the 
most  ancient  and  noble  families  in  this  kingdom.  Brooke's 
book  did  not  appear  till  many  years  after  the  fourth  edition 
of  the  Britannia;  but  he  had  framed  his  materials  soon 
after.  Bishop  Gibson  ascribes  this  attack  to  envy  of 
Mr.  Camden's  promotion  to  the  place  of  Clarencieux  king 
at  arms,  in  1597,  which  place  Brooke  expected  for  him- 
self. But  though  the  piece  is  u^di^ted,  it  appears  by  the 
address  to  Maister  Camden  prefixed  to  it,  that  Camden 
was  not  then  king  at  arms,  and  he  was  created  Richmond 
herald  but  the  day  before.  The  truth  is,  that  Mr.  Camden 
in  his  first  editions  touched  but  lightly  on.  pedigrees,  and 
mentioned  but  few  families ;  whereas  in  the  fourth  he  en- 
larged so  much  upon  them,  that  he  has  given  a  particular 
iqdex  of  JBaranes  et  illustriores  familiar  and  recited  near 
250  noble  houses.  This  Brooke,  with  the  mean  jealousy 
of  a  man  whose  livelihood  was  connected  with  his  place^ 


C  A  M  P  E  N.  Ill 

considered  a$  an  invasion  on  the  rights  of  the  college^ 
This  put  him  on  examining  these  pedigrees,  and  on  wishing 
to  have  them  corrected,  as  Mr.  Camden  appears  to  have 
been  ever  ready  to  have  bis  mistakes  set  right.  Brooke 
tells  ns,  indeed^  that  what  he  offered  him  for  the  fifth  edi*' 
tion  did  not  meet  with  that  favourable  reception  he  ex«> 
pected  even  before  Camden  professed  himself  an  herald 
officially^  and  that  foreigners,  misled  by  his  former  edilion% 
had  blundered  egregiousiy.  He  complains  too,  that  b^ 
had  been  disturbed  in  writing,*  and  mvicfa  more  in  printing 
it,  by. Mr,  Cainden's  friendis.  That  thid  was. rather  owing 
to  a  jealousy  of  his  profession  than  of  his  promotion,  ap«> 
pears  further  from  hence,  that  though  Mr.  Camden  himself 
in  his  answer  to  Brooke  does  not  indeed,  take  notice  of  his 
promotion,  and  the  disgust  it  migbthave  gixren  him^  yet 
^is  was  after  he  had  published  his  ^^  Discoverie,'^  and  he 
shews  throughout  that  di3dain  of  his:  adversary's  abtliti^^ 
which  Brooke  complains  of,  never  once  admitting  him  ta 
be  right,  or  his  corrections  worth  regarding}  though  in  the 
fifth  edition  he  wisely  mad^  use  of  them;. and  whoever 
peruses  Brooke's  book  carefully  will  find,  that  what  siamg 
him  most  was,  that  a  schoolmaster  shouU  meddle  with 
descents  and  families,  and  at  ;the  same  time  treat  betaidi 
iritb  so  little  respept. 

>  As  soon  as  Cankden  found  his  health  re^establishi^,  h% 
made  a  journey  to  Salisbury  and  Wales,  and  xetamii^  b^ 
Oxford,  spent  some  time  in  that  city,  taking  notes  in  tb« 
churches  and  chdpels  there,  which  Wood  ^ys  he  had  neen 
in  the  author's  band-^writing  ;  and  bishop  Gibson  ;speaks  of 
fragments  of  them  as^  still  remainingv  In  1591  he  had  d 
fresh  illness^  from  which  b^  recovered  by. tbe  care  of  on# 
Mrs.  Line,  wife  of  Cuthbert  Line,  to  whose  house  he  re^ 
moved.  This  year  he  published  his  Greek  gmmmar  for 
the  use  of  Westminster*  school,  entitled  ^^  Grammaticet 
Grseooa  institutio  compendiaria  in  usum  regis^  scholse  West^ 
monasteriensis,"  London,  Svo,  which,  when  Dr.  Smith 
published  his  life^  in  1691,  had  run  through  forty  impress 
sions.  Dr.  Crrant  had  eon>posed  one  before,  bot  Mr. 
Camden  thought  it  deficient  and  inconvenient  Wood  says 
he  contracted  it, 

At  this  time  be  probably  entertained  no  thoughts  of 
quitting  a  post  in  which: he  was  universally  esteemed  and 
riespected*     He  refused  the  place  of  master  of  requests^ . 
offered  him  probably  by  lord  treasurer  Burleigh.     B«t 

Vol.  VIIL  I 


11*  CAMDEN. 

before  the  end  of  the  year  he  quitted  it  for  one  in  the  He- 
ralds' college.  Richard  Leigh,  Clarencieux  king  at  arms, 
dying  Sept.  23,  sir  Fuik  Greville,  Camden's  intimate 
friend,  solicited  that  office  for  him,  which  was  immedi- 
ately granted.  But,  because  it  was  not  usual  for  a  person 
to  rise  to  that  dignity  without  having  iirst  been  a  herald, 
he  was  Oct.  22,  created  Richmond  herald,  and  the  next 
day  Clarencieux.  Bishop  Gibson  remarks,  that  lord  Bar-* 
leigh  was  offended  with  Camden  for  obtaining  this  prefer- 
ment by  any  other  interest  than  his ;  but,  on  Mr.  Camden's 
representing  it  to  be  the  free  thought  of  sir  Fulk  Greville, 
he  was  reconciled  to  him,  and  continued  his  patronage 
during  the  remainder  of  his  life. 

Being  now  more  at  liberty,  he  travelled  in  1600  as  faf 
as  Carlisle,  with  his  intimate  friend  Mr.  (afterwards  sir) 
Robert  Cotton,  and  having  surveyed  the  northern  counties, 
returned  to  London  in  December.  Thi«  year  he  published 
his  account  of  the  monuments  in  Westminster  abbey, 
'^  Reges,  ReginsB,  Nobiles,  et  alii  in  ecclesia  collegiata 
B.  Petri  Westmonasterii  sepulti,  usque  ad  annum  reparatas 
salutis  1600,"  4to;  which,  though  no  more  than  a 'collec- 
tion of  epitaphs,  has  preserved  many  that  have  been  sined 
destroyed  or  effaced.  He  reprinted  it  with  enlargeVnentis 
in  1603,  anii  1606.  This  year  also,  c^me  out  a  fifth 
(edition  of  his  Britannia,  to  which  he  added  ^^  An  apology 
to  the  reader,"  in  answer  to  what  Rfilph  Brooke  had  pub- 
lished to  the  prejudice  of  bis  work.  The  original  difier- 
43nce  related  only  to  some  niistakes  which  Brooke  imagined 
he  had  discovered.  But  when  he  fancied  himself  under 
the  necessity  of  appealing  to  the  world  and  to  the  earl  of 
Essex,  then  earl  marshal,  and  his  patron,  he  brought  in 
other  oiatter,  foreign  to  his  purpose,  charging  Camden 
with  errors  in  the  pedigrees  of  noble  fafe^ilies,  with  not  ac- 
iLuowledgiug  the  assistance  he  derived  from  Glover's  papers 
in  lord  Burleigh'^  libraiy,  and  from'  Leland,  whom  he  pre^^ 
tends  be  had  pillaged  largely.  Camden,  in  answer,  ac-^ 
knoiwledges  himself  to  have  beien  misled  by  one  of  his 
predecessors,  Robert  Cook,  clarencieux ;  that  he  had  in- 
deed borrowed  from  Leiandy  but  not  Without  citing  him, 
and  that  where  he  says  the  same  things  on  bis  own  know^ 
ledge,  that  Leland  had  mentioned  on  his^  he  did  not  think 
himself  obliged  to  him  ;  and  xhat  whereas  Leland  had  spent 
five  years  in  this  pursuit,  he  had  ^pent  thirty  in  consulting 
author^  both  foreign  and  doiii^<^i<;,  living  and  dead.     Ht^ 


CAMDEN.  lis 

.concludes  with  rallying  his  antagonist,  as  utterly  ignorant 
of.  his  own  profession,  incapable  of  translating  or  under- 
standing the  Britannia,  and  offers  to  submit  the  disputed 
points  to  the  earl  marshal,  the  college  of  heralds,  the  so- 
ciety of  antiquaries,  or  four  persons  learned  in  these  stiji- 
dies.  This  did  not  prevent  Brooke  from  writing  *'  A  Se- 
cond Discoverie  of  Errors,"  in  which  he  sets  down  the 
passages  from  Camden,  with  his  objections  to  it  in  his  first 
book ;  then  Camden's  reply,  and  last  of  all,  his  own  an- 
swer:  and  in  the  appendix  in  two  columns,  the  objection- 
able passages  in  the  edition  of  1594,  and  the  same  as  they 
stood  in  that  of  1600.  This  was  not  printed  till  about  100 
years  after  the  death  of  its  author,  by  Mr.  Austis,  in  1723, 
4to.  The  story  which  Mr.  Camden,  in  his  Annals,  and  Pr, 
Smith  tell.of  Brooke's  dirty  treatment  of  sir  William  Segar, 
another  officer  in  the  college,  whom  he  had  a  pique  against, 
in  161u>,  will  justify  us  in  believing  hioj  capable  of  any 
thing*  .     '         .  ■       • 

In  1602,  jWr.  Camden  was  again  visited  by  a  fever,  from 
which  he  was  recovered  by  the  care  of  bis  friend  Mr. 
Heather,  afterwards  the  founder  of  the  music  lecture  at 
Oxford.  He  escaped  the  plague  in  1,603,  by  returning  to 
his  friend  Cotton's  seat  at.  Connington ;  and  this  year  a 
collection  of  .our  historians,  Asser,  Walsingham,  De  la 
More,  Gul.  Gemeticensis,  Gir.  Cambrensis,  &c.  inade  by 
him,  part  of  which  had  been  incorrectly  published  before, 
was  printed  at  Frankfort,  in  folio.  In  the  dedication  to 
sir  Fulk  Greville,  he  apologizes  for  this  publication,  as 
having  laid  aside  the  design  he  had  once  formed,  of  writing 
an  history  of  England,  Mr.  Gough  here  remarks  that 
great  stress  has  been  laid  on  a  supposed  insertion  by  Cani»- 
den,  of  a  passage  in  Asser,  ascribing  the  foundation  of  the 
university  pf  Oxford  to  Alfred,  and  Mr.  Gough  seems  in- 
clined to  acquit  Camden  of  the  crime  of  inserting  what  was 
not  in  the  original.  We  are  of  the  same  opinion,  yet, 
after  perusing  what  Mr.  Whitaker  has  advanced  on  this 
subject,  in  his  life  of  St.  Neot,  it  seems  utterly  impossible 
to  deny  that  the  passage  is  a  forgery. 

Camden's  next  publication  is  entitled  "Remainesof  a 
greater  work  concerning  Britain,  the  inhabitants  thereof, 
their  language,  names,  surnames,  empresses,  wise  speeches, 
poesies,  and  epitaphs,"  London,  1605,  4to.  In  his  dedi- 
cation to  sir  Robert  Cotton,  dated  1603,  and  signed  only 
Iby  his  initials^  he  calls  it  '^  the  outcast  rubbish  pf  a  greater 

12. 


116  CAMDEN. 

and  more  serious  work  ;*'  so  that  Dr.  Sinith  mistakes  wheii 
he  dates  its  publication  1604,  contrary  to  the  express  note 
of  its  author  in  his  Diary.  The  number  of  the  editions  it 
has  run  through  (not  less  than  seven),  and  the  additions 
made  to  it  in  1636,  or  earlier,  by  sir  John  Philipbt,  Somer- 
set herald,  and  W.  D.  gent  are  proofs  of  its  value,  not- 
withstanding the  slight  put  upon  it  by  bishop  Nicolson. 
It  is  a  kind  of  common  place  from  his  Britannia,  and  ha3 
preserved  a  number  of  curious  things.  Many  other  of  hia 
lesser  essays  have  been  printed  by  Hearne  in  bis  "  Collec- 
tion of  cunous  discourses,*'  and  more  were  added  tQ,the  se- 
cond edition  of  that  work  in  177 1 ;  which  may  be  considered 
as  the  earliest  transactions  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  of 
which  Mr.  Camden  was  a  distinguished  member. 

In  1606,  Mr.  Camden  began  a  correspondence  with  the 
celebrated  president  De  Thou,  which  was  continued  till 
the  death  of  the  latter.  Five  of  the  president's  letters,  end- 
ing 1615,  are  printed  by  Dr.  Smith  among  Camden's  Epis- 
tles, 54,  59j  71,  99,  111,  acknowledging  the  information 
he  received  from  him  relative  to  the  affairs  of  this  island. 

Upon  the  discovery  of  the  powder-plot,  the  king  think- 
ing it  proper  to  put  the  reformed  churches  abroad  on  their 
guard  against  the  enemies  of  their  religion,  as  well  as  to 
satisfy  foreign  princes  of  all  religions  of  the  justice  of  bis 
proceedings,  made  choice  of  Mr.  Camden  to  translate  the 
whole  account  of  the  trial  of  the  conspirators  into  Latin, 
which  he  performed  with  great  accuracy,  elegance,  and 
spirit  It  was  published  in  1607,  4to,  by  John  Norton  the 
king's  printer,  under  the  title  of  **  Actio  iu  Henricum 
Garnetum  societatis  Jesuiticae  in  Anglia  superiorem  et 
cseteros  qui  proditione  longe  immanissima  sereniss.  Brit. 
Mag.  regem  et  regni  Anglise  ordines  e  medio  toUere  coiia- 
bantur,"  &c.  and  presently  was  put  into  the  list  of  books 
prohibited  by  the  inquisition. 

Mr.  Camden  being  confined  many  months  in  conse- 
quence of  a  hurt  in  his  leg  by  a  fall  from  his  horse,  Sept  7, 
1607,  employed  himself  in  putting  the  last  hand  to  the 
complete  edition  of  bis  Britannia  in  folio,  considerably 
augmented,  adorned  with  maps,  and  applauded  by  a  variety 
of  poetical  compliments  from  his  friends  both  at  home  and 
abroad.  He  did  not  to  the  last  give  up  thoughts  of  re- 
vising and  enlarging  it,  for  in  1621^  we  find  him  at  Sand- 
hurst in  Kent,  searching  without  success  for  a  camp  of 
Alexander  Severus^   who  was,    without  any  foundation, 


CAMDEN.  117 

supposed  to  hare  been  killed  there  instead  of  at  Sisila  or 
Sicila  in  Gaul.  Dr.  Smith  gave  Mr.  Hearnei  who  left  it' 
to  the  Bodleian  library,  a  copy  of  the  last  edition  of  the 
Britannia,  with  notes  and  emendations  by  Mr.  Camden 
himself,  in  the  margin  and  on  little  pieces  of  paper  fixed 
in  their  proper  places ;  and  from  this  copy  Heame  onoe 
had  thoughts  of  publishing  a  new  edition  of  the  Britannia 
in  the  original  language.  Before  Camden  undertook  this 
elaborate  and  finished  work,  he  had  formed  a  design  for 
writing  a  general  history  of  this  nation  in  Latin,  of  which 
the  account  of  the  conquest  inserted  in  the  Britannia,  ar« 
tide  Normans,  is  a  part:  but  foreseeing  that  the  bate 
collecting  materials  would  take  up  a  man's  life,  he  con^ 
tented  himself  with  publishing  the  volume  of  original  histo- 
rians before  mentioned, 

.  Not,  however,  to  neglect  the  leisure  he  now  enjoyed,  he 
began  in  1608  to  digest  the  matter  which- he  had  been 
years  collecting  towards  a  history  of  the  reign  of  queea 
Elizabeth,  to  which  he  had  been  first  incited  by  his  old 
patron  the  lord  treasurer  in  1597,  ten  years  before,  and 
solicited  by  other  great  personages.  But  the  death  of 
Burleigh  next  year,  the  queen's  decease  soon  after,  and 
the  difficulty  of  the  task,  obliged  him  to  defer  it  While  he 
was  meditating  this  great  work,  he  was  seized  on  his  birth* 
day,  1609,  with  a  dangerous  illness,  and  the  plague  breaki* 
ing  out  in  bis  neighbourhood,  he  was  removed  to  his  friend 
Heather's  house,  and  by  the  care  of  his  physician  Dr.  Gif« 
fsrd,  be,  though  slowly,  recovered  bis  health,  retired  to 
Cbiselhurst  Aug.  15  of  that  year,  and  returned  Oct.  23. 
This  year  upon  the  passing  of  the  act  to  erect  a  college  at 
Chelsea,  for  a  certain  number  of  learned  men,  who  were 
to  be  employed  in  writing  against  popery,  on  a  plan  pro* 
posed  by  Dr.  SutclifFe,  dean  of  Westminster,  consistuig  of 
a  dean  or  provost,  seventeen  fellows  and  two  historians^ 
Mr.  Camden  was  appointed  one  of  the  latter.  But  this 
design  failing,  as  we  have  more  than  once  had  occasion  to 
notice,  he  received  from  it  only  the  honour  of  being 
thought  qualified  to  fill  such  a  department.  From  this  time 
his  history  of  Elizabeth  employed  his  whole  aittention,  and 
when  the  first  part  was  ready,  which  reached  to  the  year 
1589^  he  obtained  the  king's  warrant  to  sir  Robert  Cotton 
and  himself  to  print  and  publish  it.  It  was  accordingly 
pubiiafaed  iu  1615,  folio,  uiidef  the  title  oi  ^'Annalei 


lis 


CAMDEN, 


rerum  Anglicarum  et  Hibernicarum  regnante  Elizabeth&  ad 
aun.  salutis  1589/'  Loud. 

His  impartiality  has  been  attacked  on  seTeral  parts  of 
this  work.     He  has  been  charged  with  being  influenced  in 
his  account  of  the  queen  of  Scots  by  complaisance  for  her 
son,  and  with  contradictions  in  the  information  given  by 
him  to  M.  deThouy  and  his  own  account  of  the  same  parti ^ 
culars.     It  is  not  to  be  wondered  if  James  made  his  own 
corrections  on  the  MS.  which  his  warrant  sets  forth  he  had 
perused  before  he  permitted  it  to  be  published.     It  was  no 
easy  matter  to  speak  the  truth  in  that  reign  of  flattery  in 
points   where  filial  piety  and  mean  ambition  divided  the 
mind  of  the  reigning  monarch.     An  English  historian  in 
such  a  reign  could  not  indulge  the  same  freedom  as  Thua- 
nus.     The  calumnies  cast  upon  him  for  his  detail  of  Irish 
affairs  were  thought  by  him  beneath  the  notice  his  friends 
wanted  to  take  of  them.     But  though  he  declined  adding 
his  own  justification  to  that  which  the  government  of  Ire- 
land thought  proper  to  publish  of  their  own  conduct,    we 
have  the  letters  he  wrote  on  the  subject  to  archbishop  Usher 
and  others  ;  and  it  had  this  effect  on  him,  that  he  declined 
publishing  in  his  life-time  the  second  part  of  his  history, 
which  he  completed  in  1617.    He  kept  the  original  by  him, 
which  was  preserved  in  the  Cottonian  library,  and  sent  an 
exact  copy  of  it  to  his  friend  Mr.  Dupuy,  who  had  given, 
him  the  strongest  assurances  that  he  would  punctually  per^ 
form  the  duty  of  this  important  trust,  and  faithfully  kept 
bis  word.     It  was  first  printed  at  Leyden,  1625,  8vo,  again 
London,   1627,   folio,    Leyden,  1639,  8vo,  &c.     But  the 
most  correct  edition  of  the  whole  is  that  by  Hearne.from 
Dr.  Smith's  copy  corrected  by  Mr.  Camden's  .  own   hand, 
collated  with  another- MS.  in  Mr.Rawlinson's  library.  Both 
parts  were  translated  into  French  by  M.  Paul  de  Belligent, 
^  advocate  in  the  parliament  of  Paris  ;  and  from  thence  into 
English  with  many  errors,  by  one  Abraham  D'Arcy,  who 
did  not  understand  English.     The  materials  whence  Cam- 
den compiled  this  history  are. most  of  them  to  be.  found  in 
the  Cottonian  library.     We  learn  from  a  MS  letter  of  Dr. 
Goodman's,  that  he   desired  them  as  a  legacy,   but  re- 
ceived   for    answer,    that   they    had   been  .  promised    to 
archbishop  Bancroft,    upon  whose   death   he  transferred 
them  to  his  successor  Abbot,   and  archbishop  Laud  said 
tbey  were  deposited  in  the  palace  at  Lambeth^  but  where" 


CAMDEN.  119 

ever  they  were  archbishop  Sancroft  could  not  find  one  of 
them. 

From  this  time  he  seems  to  have  lived  in  retirement  at 
Chiselhurst,  declining  the  solicitations  of  his  friend  Saville, 
to  make  his  house  at  Eton  his  own,  and  to  have  amused 
himself  with  entering  memoranda  of  events  as  they  hap- 
pened, which  have  been  printed  at  the  end  of  his  epistles 
by  Dr.  Smith,  and  called  "  Apparatus  annalium  regis  Ja- 
cobi  L"  These  are  called  by  Wood  **  A  skeleton  of  a  his- 
tory of  James  L  or  bare  touches  to  put  the  author  in  mind 
of  greater  matters,"  or  rather  memoranda  for  private  use. 
He  adds,  bishop  Hacket  stole,  and  Dugdale  borrowed  and 
transcribed  them,  as  did  sir  Henry  St.  George,  Clarencieux, 
both  incorrectly.  The  original  is  in  Trinity  coHege,  Cam* 
bridge,  and  Dr.  Smith  printed  these  and  parts  of  an  Eng* 
lish  Diary. 

On  Feb.  10,  1619,  he  was  seized  with  a  vomiting  of  blood, 
which  brought  on  a  deliquium,  and  continued  at  intervals 
till  August  following.  In  June  this  year,  he  had  a  dispute 
with  his  brother  kings  Garter  and  Norroy,  about  the  ap- 
pointment of  his  deputies  to  visit  for  him,  which,  though 
founded  partly  on  a  mistake,  did  not  prevent  their  com- 
plaining to  the  commissioners  for  executing  the  office  of 
earl  marshal.  He  vindicated  himself  in  his  answer  to  the 
earl  of  Arundel,  and  the  matter  seems  to  have  ended  hereii 
In  the  beginning  of  1621,  he  was  consulted  by  lord  chan* 
cellor  Bacon  on  the  ceremonies  requisite  for  creating  him 
viscount  St.  Alban's,  which  was  performed  Jan.  27  follow- 
ing. In  June  that  year,  he  Assisted  in  Westminster-hall, 
at  the  execution  of  a  very  extraordinary  sentence  of  de- 
gradation passed  in  parliament  on  sir  Francis  Mitchell,  knt. 
for  the  monopolies  which  had  oppressed  the  inn-holders: 
his  spurs  were  broken  in  pieces,  and  thrown  away  by  the 
servants  of  the  esurl  marshal,  his  sword  broken  over  his 
head,  and  himself  declared  an  arrant  knave,  as  sir  Andrew 
Harcla  had  formerly  been  treated.  The  king  at  arms  sat 
at  the  feet  of  the  lord- commissioners  during  the  whole  pro- 
ceeding. 

On  the  last  day  of  August  the  same  year,  he  was  seized 
with  a  return  of  his  old  disorder,  but  happily  recovered. 
This,  added  to  his  advanced  age,  determined  him  to  putig; 
execution  hiis  intention  of  founding  an  history  lecture  at 
Oxford.  Accordingly  in  May  1622,  he  sent  down  his  deed 
of  gifi  by  the  bands  of  bis  friend  Mr.  William  Heather^ 


120  CAMDEN- 

dated  March  5, 1 621-2.  On  May  1 7,  Dr.  Piers,  dean  of  Pe- 
terborough, and  vice-chancellor  of  the  university,  declared 
the  foundation  in  full  convocation,  and  its  endowment  with 
the  manor  of  Bexley  in  Kent,  which  be  had  bought  of  sir 
Henry  Spilman,  jeweller  to  James  I. ;  the  rents  and  pro- 
fits of  which,  valued  at  about  4002.  per  annum,  were  to  be 
enjoyed  by  Mr.  Heather,  his  heirs  and  executors,  for 
ninety-nine  years  from  the  death  of  Mr.  Camden,  the  said 
Mr.  Heather  paying  the  professor  of  this  new  foundation 
140/.  per  annum ;  and  at  the  expiration  of  the  said  term 
the  whole  to  be  vested  in  the  university.  They  expressed 
their  acknowledgments  in  a  letter  of  thanks,  and  conferred 
the  degree  of  doctor  of  music  on  Mr.  Heather,  organist  of 
the  chapel  royal,  and  on  Mr.  Orlando  Gibbons,  another  of 
Mr.  Camdeu^s  intimate  acquaintance.  In  return  for  this 
compliment,  Mr.  Heather  founded  a  music  lecture  at  Ox- 
ford, and  endowed  it  with  the  annual  revenue  of  16/.  6s.  Sd. 
Mr.  Camden  himself,  at  the  recommendation  of  his  friend 
Thomas  Allen,  appointed  his  first  professor  Degory  Wheare, 
A.  M.  fellow  of  Exeter  college,  assigned  him  20/.  for  the 
first  year,  40/.  for  the  second,  and  after  the  third  he  was  to 
enjoy  the  full  stipend.  Thus  Camden  fulfilled  the  vow 
with  which  he  closes  his  Britannia,  to  dedicate  some  votive 
tablet  to  God  and  antiquity. 

On  August  18, 1623,  as  Mr.  Camden  was  atting  thought- 
fully in  his  chair,  he  suddenly  lost  the  use  of  his  hands  and 
feet,  and  fell  down  on  the  floor,  but  presently  recovered 
his  strength,  and  got  up  again  without  receiving  any  hurt 
This  accident  was  followed  by  a  severe  fit  of  illness,  which 
ended  in  his  death,  Nov.  9,  1623,  at  his  house  at  Chisel- 
hurst,  in  the  seventy-third  year  of  his  age. 

In  his  last  testament,  after  a  devout  introduction,  and  be- 
queathing eight  pounds  to  the  poor  of  the  parish  in  which 
he  should  happen  to  die,  he  bequeaths  to  sir  Fulke  Grevile, 
lord  Brooke,  who  preferred  him  gratis  to  his  office,  a  piece 
of  plate  of  ten  pounds ;  to  the  company  of  painter  stainers 
of  London,  he  gave  sixteen  pounds  to  buy  them  a  piece  of 
plate,  upon  which  he  directed  this  inscription,  **  GuL  Cam- 
denus  Clareneeux  fifins  Saropsonis,  Pictoris  Londinensis, 
dono  dedit  ;'*  he  bestowed  the  sum  of  twelve  pounds  on  the 
•ompany  of  cordwainers,  or  shoemakers  of  London,  to 
purchase  them  a  piece  of  plate,  on  which  the  came  inscrip* 
tion  was  to  be  »)graved.  Then  follow  the  legacies  to  his 
private  firiends.    As  to  hb  books  and  papery  lie  directi 


V»  •  ■"T'  ••■  '"• 


CAMDEN. 


ISM 


that  sir  Hphert  Cotton  of  Coaingtoo,  should  tftke  out  sucb^ 
as  be  had  borrowed  of  him,  and  then  he  bequeaths  to  him 
all  his  printed  books  and  manuscripts,  excepting  such  a$ 
concern  arms  and  heraldry,  which,  with  his  ancient  seals^ 
he  bequeaths  to  his  successor  in  the  of&ce  of  Clarenceux, 
provided,  because  they  cost  him  a  considerable  sum  of 
money,  he  gave  to  his  cousin  John  Wyat,  what  the  kings 
at,  arms  Garter  and  Norroy  for  the  time  being  should 
think  fit,  and  agreed  also  to  leave  them  to  his  successor* 
But  notwithstanding  this  disposition  of  his  books  and  papers^ 
Dr.  John  Williams,  then  dean  of  Westminster,  and  bishop 
of  Lincoln,  afterwards  archbishop  of  York,  procured,  all 
the  printed  books  for  the  new  library  erected  in  the  church 
of  ^Vestminster.  It  is  understood,  that  his  collections  in 
support,  of  his  History,  with  respect  to  civil  affairs^  were, 
before  this  time  deposited  in  the  Cotton  library  ;  for  as  to 
those  that  related  to  ecclesiastical  matters,  when  asked  for 
them  by  Dr.  Goodman,  son  to  his  great  benefactor,  he  de- 
clared he  stood  engaged  to  Dr.  Bancroft,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury. They  came  afterwardi'to  archbishop  Laud,  and  are 
supposed  to  have  been  destroyed  when  his  papers  fell  into  the 
hands  of  Mr.  Prynne,  Mr.  Scot,  and  Hugh  Peter$ ;  for  upon 
a  diligent  search  made  by  Dr.  Sancroft,  soon  after  his  pro- 
motion to  that  see,  there  was  not  a  line  of  them  to  be  found,, 
as  we  have  already  mentioned.  His  body  was  removed  to 
his  house  in  London,  and  on  the  19th  of  November,  carried 
in  g^eat  pomp  to  Westminster  abbey,  and  after  a  sermon 
preached  by  Dr.  Christopher  Sutton,  was  deposited  in  the 
south  aile,  near  the  learned  Casaubon,  and  over  against 
.Chaucer.  Near  the  spot  was  erected  a  handsome  monu-^ 
ment  of  white  marble,  with  an  inscription,  erroneous  as  to 
his  age,  which  is  stated  to  be  seventy-four,  whereas  h^ 
wanted  almost  six  months  of  seventy -three.  At  Oxford^ 
Zouch  Townley,  of  Christ  Church,  who  was  esteemed  a 
perfect  master  of  the  Latin  tongue  in  all  its  purity  and  ele-- 
gance,  was  appointed  to  pronounce  his  funeral  oration  in 
public,  which  is  printed  by  Dr.  Smith.  The  verses  written 
on  his  death  were  collected  and  pripted  in  a  thiq  quarto^ 
entitled  ^Insignia  Camdeni,"  Ox.  1624,  and  his  name 
was  enrolled  in  the  list  of  public  benefactors. 

Camden's  personal  character  is  drawn  by  lusbop  Gibson 
in  few  words :  that  he  was  ^^  easy  md  innooent  in  his  oon-^ 
versation^  and  in  his  whole  life  even  and  e:s^eiiiplary.*'    W^ 


122  CAMDEN. 

bave  seen  him  unruffled  by  the  attacks  of  envy^  which  his  me^ 
rit  and  good  fortune  drew  upon  him.  He  seems  to  have  stu- 
died that  tranquillity  of  temper  which  tlie  love  of  letters  ge- 
nerally superinduces,  and  to  which  one  may,  perhaps,  ra- 
tionally ascribe  his  extended  life.  The  point  of  view  in 
which  we  are  to  set  him,  is  as  a  writer  ;  and  here  he  stands 
foremost  among  -British  antiquaries.  Varro,  Strabo,  and 
Pausanias,  among  the  ancients,  fall  short  in  the  compari- 
son ;  and  however  we  may  be  obliged  to  the  two  latter  for 
their  descriptions  of  the  world,  or  a  small  portion  of  it,  Cam- 
den's description  of  Britain  must  be  allowed  the  pre-emi- 
nence, even  though  we  should  admit  that  Leland  marked 
out  the  pl^n,  of  which  he  filled  up  the  outlines.  A  crowd 
of  contemporaries,  all  admirable  judges  of  literary  merit, 
and  his  correspondents,  bear  testimony  to  his  merit.  Among 
these  may  be  reckoned  Ortelius,  Lipsius,  Scaliger,  Ca- 
saubon,  Merula,  De  Thou,  Du  Chesne,  Peiresc,  Bignon, 
Jaque  Godefre,  Gruter,  Hottoman,  Du  Laet,  ChytraBus, 
Gevartius,  Lindenbrogius,  Mercator,  Pontanus,  Du  Puy, 
Rutgersius,  Schottus,  Sweertius,  Limier,  with  many  others 
of  inferior  note.  Among  his  countrymen,  dean  Goodman 
and  his  brother,  lord  Burleigh,  sir  Robert  Cotton,  Dr. 
(afterwards  archbishop)  Usher,  sir  Philip  Sidney,  and  arch- 
bishop PsCrker,  were  the  patrons  of  his  literary  pursuits,  as 
the  Arst  two  had  befriended  him  in  earliest  life :  and  if 
to  these  we  add  the  names  of  Allen,  Carleton,  Savllle, 
Stradling,  Carew,  Johnston,  Lambarde,  Mathews,  Spel- 
man,  Twyne,  Wheare,  Owen,  Spenser,  Stowe,  Thomas  ' 
James,  Henry  Parry,  afterwards  bishop  of  Worcester, 
Miles  Smith,  afterwards  bishop  of  Gloucester,  Richard 
Hackluyt,  Henry  Cuff,  Albericus  Gentilis,  John  Hanmer, 
sir  William  Beecher,  Dr.  Budden,  Dr.  Case»  sir  Christo- 
pher Heydon,  bishop  Godwin,  Richard  Parker,  Thomas 
Ryves,  besides  others  whose  assistance  he  acknowledges 
in  the  course  of  his  Britannia,  we  shall  find  no  inconsi- 
derable bede-roU  of  associates,  every  one  of  them  more  or 
less  eminent  in  the  very  study  in  which  they  assisted  Mn 
Camden,  or  were  assisted  by  him. 

Mr.  Camden  possessed  no  contemptible  vein  of  poetry^ 
as  may  be  seen  by  his  Latin  poem,  entitled  ^  Sylva,''  in 
praise  of  Roger  Ascham,  written  in  compliment  to  his 
fi4end  Dr.  Grant,  and  prefixed  to  his  edition  of  Ascham's 
Letters  i)i  Latin^  1(90,  12mo9  another  entitled  <<  Hiber- 


,       CAMDEN.  123 

nia :  an  hexastich  prefixed  to  Haklnyt's  Voyages ;  another 
to  sir  Clement  Edmondes'  translation  of  Caesar's  Commen- 
taries ;  another  to  Thomas  Rogers's  *'  Anatomy  of  the  hu- 
man mind,"  1576,  12mo.  He  wrote  also  ten  epitaphs^ 
the  most  remarkable  of  .which  is  that  for  the  queen  of 
Scots.  The  marriage  of  the  Tame  and  Isis,  of  which  he 
more  than  half  confesses  himself  the  author,  does  honour 
to  his  fancy,  style,  and  numbers. 

The  first  edition  of  his  Britannia  was  in  1586,  8vo,  and 
not  4to,  as  Mr.  Gough,  probably  by  a  slip  of  the  pen,  hasf 
noted ;  and  the  sixth  and  last  was  in  1607,  fol.  This  was 
the  first  with  maps.  There  were  also  several  editions 
printed  abroad.  The  first  translation  of  it  was  in  1610,  by 
Philemon  Holland,  who  was  thought  to  have  consulted 
Mr.  Camden  himself,  and  therefot'e  great  regard  has  beeii 
paid  by  subsequent  editors  to  his  additions  and  explana- 
tions. Mr.  Camden's  MS  supplement  to  this  edition  of 
1610,  in  the  Bodleian  library,  expressly  cautions  the  rea- 
der to  hold  only  his  "  Latin  copy  for  autentiq,'*  but  this* 
bishop  Gibson  denies  ;  but  in  a  later  edition  of  his  transla* 
tion,  1637,  fol.  Holland  has  taken  unwarrantable  liberties. 
Mr.  Wanley  supposes  this  second  edition  was  published 
after  Holland's  death  in  1636,  the  title  being  like  a  book- 
seller's ;  and  that  he  made  the  translation  without  consult- 
ing Camden. 

The  Britannia  was  translated  in  1694  by  bishop  Gibson, 
and  published  in  folio,  with  large  additions  at  the  end  of 
,  each  county ;  others  are  inserted  in  the  body  of  the  book, 
distinguished  from  the  original,  and  Holland's  most  mate- 
rial notes  placed  at  the  bottom  of  each  page.  As  this  was 
grown  scarce,  and  many  improvements  were  communicated 
to  the  editor,  he  published  a  new  edition  1722,  2  vols.  fol. 
and  additions,  greatly  enlarged,  incorporated  with  the 
text,  distinguished  by  hooks.  This  edition  was  repririted 
1753,  2  vols.  fol.  and  again  in  1772, . 'with  a  few  correc- 
tions and  improvements  from  his  lordship's  MS.  in  his  own 
copy,  by  his  son-in-law,  George  Scot,  esq.  of  Wolston- 
hall,  near  Chigwell,  Essex,  who  died  .1780.  A  first  vo- 
lume of  a  translation,  by  W.  O.  (William  Oldys),  esq.  was 
printed  in  4to,  but,  as  Mr.  Gough  thinks,  was  never 
finished  or  dated.  A  manuscript  most  erroneous  transla- 
tion of  it,  without  acknowledgment,  l3y  Richard  Butcher, 
author  of  the  '^  Antiquities  of  Stamford,'*  is  in  St  John's 


124  CAMDEN. 

college  hbraiyi  Cambridge,  with  a  few  immaterial  addi^. 
tions.  The  last  and  most  complete  translation  of  the  Bri* 
tannia,  by  such  an  antiquary  as  Camden  would  have  chosen^ 
the  late  learned  and  excellent  Richard  Gougbi  esq.  wa{| 
published  in  1789,  3  vols.  fol.  of  which  we  shall  speak 
more  at  large  in  his  article.  Some  years  afterwards  he  had 
made  preparations  for  a  new  edition,  of  which  he  super- 
*intended  only  the  first  volume,  and  announced  that  fact  ii^ 
a  public  advertisement,  which  did  not,  however,  prevent 
an  attempt  to  pass  off  the  whole  of  a  recent  edition  as  his. 
Of  Mr.  Gough's  Life  of  Camden  we  have  here  availed 
ourselves,  as  far  preferable  to  the  ill-digested  cpmpilation 
in  the  Biog.  Britannica. 

It  only  remains  to  be  mentioned  that  Camden^s  house  at 
Chiselhurst  passed,  tt\rough  the  hands  of  several  possesr 
sors,  to  the  late  lord  Camden,  who  purchased  it  in  1765, 
and  enlarged  and  improved  the  mansion  and  grounds.  V 

CAMEkARIUS  (Joachim),  one  of  the  most  learned 
writers  of  his  age,  was  born  at  Bamberg  April  12,  1500. 
The  ancient  family  name  was  Leibh^rd,  but  it  was  afters- 
wards  changed  into  that  of  Cammermeister,  in  Latin  Car 
merarius,  or  Chamberlain,  from  one  of  his  ancestors  hav- 
ing held  that  ofHce  at  court.  He  was  sent  to  a  school  at 
Leipsic  when  he  was  13  years  of  age,  and  soon,  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  application  to  Greek  and  Latin  au- 
thors, which  be  read  without  ceasing.  When  Leipsic,  od 
one  occasion,  was  in  a  tumult,  Camerarius  shewed  no  con- 
cern about  any  thing  but  an  Aldus's  Herodotus,  which 
he  carried  under  his  arm ';  and  which  indeed  to  a  scholar 
at  that  time  was  of  some  consequence,  when  printing  was 
in  its  infancy,  and  Greek  books  not  easily  procured.  It  is 
yet  more  to  his  praise  that  his  Greek  pirofessor,  when 
obliged  to  be  absent,  entrusted  him  to  read  his  lecture^i 
although  at  that  time  be  was  but  sixteen  yea^rs  old.  In 
1517  he  studied  philosophy  under  Mosellanus;  and  this 
was  the  year,  when  the  indulgences  were  preached,  which 
gave  oeca&ion  to  the  reformation.  Camerarius  was  at  St. 
Paul's  church  in  Leipsic  with  Heltu%  who  was  bis  master 
in  Gr^eek  and  Latin  literature,  when  these  indulgences 
were  exposed  from  the  pulpit;  but  Heltus  was  ^o  offended 
with  the  impudence  of  the  Dominican  who  obtruded  tbem^ 

t 

1  Lif«  in  Gouffh'ii  Camden.— Bio^.  Brit.«-Life  by  SmiOi*  1691,  4to,—AUi, 

Ox.  YOl.  I.  <IC. 


C  A  M  E  R  A  R  I  U  S.  125 

that  he  went  ont  of  the  charch  in  the  middle  of  the  sermoni 
and  ordered  Camerarius  to  follow  him.  When  he  had 
itaid  at  Leipsic  five  years,  he  went  to  Erford ;  and  three 
years  after  to  Wittemberg,  where  Luther  and  Melanctbon 
were  maintaining  and  propagating  the  reformation.  He 
knew Melancthon  before;  lived  afterwards  in  the  utmost 
intimacy  with  him ;  and,  after  Melancthon^s  death/  wrote 
a  very  copious  and  accurate  life  of  him.  He  was  also 
ioon  after  introduced  to  Erasmus,  and  his  uncommon  abi« 
lities  and  industry  made  him  known  to  all  the  eminent 
men  of  his  tttne. 

In  1525,  when  there  was  an  insurrection  among  the 
common  people  through  all  Germany,  commonly  called 
the  war  of  the  peasants,  Camerarius  went  into  Prussia,  but 
he  retiirned  very  soon,  and  was  made  professor  of  the 
belles  lettres  in  an  university  which  th^  senate  of  Nurem- 
berg had  just  founded  under  the  direction  and  superiiiten- 
dency  of  Melancthon.  In  1526,  when  the  diet  of  Spires 
was  held,  Albert  earl  of  Mansfelt  was  appointed  ambassa* 
dor  to  Charles' V.  of  Spain,  and  Camerarius  to  attend  him 
as  his  Latin  interpreter ;  but  this  embassy  being  suspended, 
Camerarius  went  no  farther  than  Eslingen,  whence  he  re- 
turned home,  and  was  married  the  year  after  to  Anne 
Truchses,  a  lady  of  an  ancient  and  noble  family,  with 
whom  he  lived  forty-six  years  very  happily,  and  had  four 
daughters  and  five  sons  by  her,  who  all  did  honour  to  their 
family.  In  1530,  the  Senate  of  Nuremberg  sent  him  with 
some  other  persons  to  the  diet  of  Augsburgh,  and  four 
years  after  offered  him  the  place  of  secretary;  but,  pre- 
ferring the  ease  and  freedom  of  a  studious  life  to  all  ad- 
vantages of  a  pecuniary  nature,  he  refused  it.  In  1538, 
Ulric  princiB  of  Wittemberg  sent  him  to  Tubingen,  to  re- 
store the  discipline  and  credit  of  that  university ;  and  in 
i54l,  Henry,  duke  of  Saxony,  and  afterwards  Maurice  his 
son,  invited  him  to  Leipsic,  to  direct  and  assist  in  found- 
ing an  university  there. 

When  Luther  w4s  dead^  and  Germany  at  war,  Came- 
rarius experienced  very  great  hardships,  Leipsic  being 
besieged  by  the  elector  of  Saxony,  on  which  account  he 
tembved  all  his  effects  with  his  Tamily  to  Nuremberg,  not 
hiiWever  without  considerable  loss,  and  did  not  return  till  tha 
war  was  at  an  end.  In  1556  he  went  with  Melancthon  to 
the  diet  of  Nuremberg ;  arid  attended  him  the  year  after  to 
that  of  Ratisbon.     After  spending  a  life  of  literary  labour 


126  C  A  M  E  R  A  R  I  U  8. 

and  fame,  be  died  at  Leipsic^  April  17,  1575,  surviving 
bis  wife  not  quite  a  year ;  and  Melcbior  Adam,  relates,  that 
he  never  recovered  this  shock.  Among  his  friends  were 
Jerome  Baumgartner,  Carlovitcb,  Melanctbou,  Petrug 
Victorius,  Turnebus,  Hieronymus  Wolfius,  apd  in  short, 
almost  all  the  great  men  of  his  time.  He  is  said  to  have 
been  to  Melanctbon,  what  Atticus  was  to  Cicero,  an  ad- 
viser, Counsellor,  assistant,  and  friend  upon  all  occasions ; 
SiuSi  that,  when  Melanctbon* s  wife  died  during  bis  absence 
at  the  diet  of  Worms,  Camerarius  quitted  all  bis  concerns 
at  home,  however  necessary  and  requiring  his  presence, 
and  immediately  set  off  on  purpose  to  comfort  him. 

Bis  labours  in  the  li|terary  republic  were  prodigious. 
He  wrote  a  vast  number  of  book^,  among  which  are  the 
lives  of  Melanctbon  and  Hessius,  and  ^^  Commentaries  on 
the  New  Testament,  grammatical  and  critical,'*  printed  with 
Beza's  Greek  Testament,  Cambridge,  1642,  fol.  He  like- 
wise published  a  catalogue  of  the  bishops  of  the  principal 
sees ;  Greek  epistles ;  itineraries  in  Latin  verse ;  epigrams 
of  the  ancient  Greek  poets ;  a  commentary  oh  Plautus, 
&c.  But  he  was  perhaps  a  greater  benefactor  to  the  stu* 
dents  of  his  time  by  the  translations  be  made  from  many  of 
the  anci^eht  authors.  Greek  was  but  little  understood,  and 
to  facilitate  the  learning  of  that  language,  he  translated 
Herodotus,  Demosthenes,  Xenophon,  Euclid,  Homer, 
Theocritus,  Sophocles,  Lucian,.  Theodoret,  Nicepborus, 
&c.  Melcbior  Adam  says,  that  "  be  studied  incessantly, 
within  doors  and  without,  up  and  in  bed,  on  a  journey,  and 
in  hours  even  of  recreation ;  that  he  learned  French  and 
Italian  when  he  was  old ;  that  be  had  but  a  smattering  of 
Hebrew ;  that  he  understood  Greek  well ;  and  that  in  Latin 
he  was  inferior  to  none."  Turnebus,  Henry  Stephens, 
Lipsius,  Beza,  Scaliger,  Thuanus,  and  Vossius,  all  speak 
of  him  in  the  highest  terms. .  Erasmus  only  said  he  owed 
more  to  industry  than  to  nature,  which  might,  however, 
apply  to  the  uncommon  care  he  took  in  remedying  her 
defects;  but  this  opinion  does  not  correspond  with  that 
of  any  of  his  contemporaries.  In  private  character  he  was  a 
man  of  great  goodness  of  disposition,  great  humanity,  can* 
dour,  and  sincerity  in  his  searches  after  truth.  ^ 

CAMERARIUS  (Joachim),  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  at  Nuremberg,  in   1534,   and  there  first  educated. 

^  Gen*  Dict.-^NiceroD>  who  gives  a  catalogue  of  bis  works. — Saxi?  Onomast. 


C  A  M  E  R  A  R  I  U  S.  127 

As  bis  mind  was  early  turned  to  the  study  of  botany  and 
medicine,  wttb  tbe  view  of  improying  himself  he  visited 
the  principal  seminaries  in  Germany,  and  thence  went  to 
Padua,  and  afterwards  to  Bologna,  where  he  took  the  degree 
of  doctor  in  1 562.  Two  years  after  he  returned  to  Nu- 
lemberg,  and  by  his  superior  skill  and  ability,  seemed  the 
legitimate  inheritor  of  his  father's  fame.  In  1592,  be 
founded  a  medical  college,  of  which  he  was  appointed  dean 
or  president,  and  continued  to  direct  its  affairs  for  tbe  re« 
mainder  of  his  life.  He  formed  an  extensive  garden,  stored 
with  tbe  choicest  plants,  the  cultivation  of  which  be  su^ 
perintended  with  great  assiduity,  and  assisted  the  land* 
grave  of  Hesse  in  forming. a  botanical  garden  ;  and  with:a 
view  of  disseminating  the  knowledge  of  plants,  he  pur* 
chased  the  collections  of  Gesner  and  Wolfe,  which  he 
methodised)  and  corrected,  and  with  considerable  addi^ 
tions  frpm  his  own  stores,  together  with  the  works  of 
Matthiolus,  he  published  them  in  1586,  under  the  title  of 
^^  De  Plantis  Epitome  utilissima  Petri  Andreas  Mattbioli 
noyis  Iconibus  et  Descriptionibus  plurimis  diligenter 
aucta,''  4to.  <<  Hortus  Medicus  et  Philosopbicus,  in  quo 
plurimarum  Stirpium  braves*  Descriptiones,  novee  Icones 
non  paucas,  continentur,"  1^88,  4to.  "  Opercula  de  Re 
Rustioa^  quibus,  pcseter  alia,  Catalogus  Rei  BotanicsD  et 
Rustics^  Scriptorum  veterum  et  recentiorum  insertu^  est,*' 
1577,  4to.  Also  ^*  De  recta  et  necessaria  Ratione  presort 
vandi  a  Pestis  Contagion e,"  1583,  with  other  small  tracts 
on  the  same  subject,  and  three  centuries,  of  emblems.  On 
his  death,  which  happened  October  11,  1598,  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  son  Joachim  in  his  practice,  and  in  tbe  ho« 
nour  of  being  dean  of  the  college.— Euas  Rodolphus  Ca.- 
MEHARiifs,  and  bis  son  of  the  same  names,  appear  likewise 
to  have  been  of  the  same  femily,  and  were  physicians  of 
considerable  fame,  although  their  works  are  now  in  little 
request.^ 

CAMERON  (John),  one  of  the  most  famous  divines  of 
the  -seventeenth  century,  among  the  French  Protestants^ 
was  born  at  Glasgow,  ia  Scotland,  about  the  year  1530, 
and  educated  at  the  university  of  his  native  city.  After 
reading  lectures  on  the  Greek  language  for  a  year,  he  be* 
gan  his  travels  in  1 600,  and  at  Bourdeaux  evinced  so  much 

^  Gen.  Diet.— Niceron.  <-tedi  Onomast.— Halldr  Bibl.  Botan.-**R0es'fl  Cf- 
dopftdia. 


I^S  CAMERON* 

ability  and  erudition,  that  the  ministers  of  thab  city  ap- 
pointed him  master  of  a  college  which  they  bad  established 
at  Bergerac,  fov  teaching  Greek  and.  Latin ;  and  from  this 
the  duke  de  Bouillon  removed  him  to  the  philosophical 
professorship  at  Sedan,  where  he  remained  for  two  years. 
He  then  went  to  Paris,  and  from  Paris  to  Bourdeausr, 
where  he  arrived  in  1604,  and  began  his  divinity  stu- 
dies, and  in  1608  was  appointed  one  of  the  ministerit 
of  Bourdeanx,  and  officiated  there  with  snch  increasing 
r^utation,  that  the  university  of  Saumur  judged  him  wor-. 
thy  to  succeed  Gomarus  in  the  divinity  chair.  Having 
accepted  this  offer,  he  gave  his  lectures  until  1 620,  when 
the  university  was  almost  dispersed  by  the  civil  war*  He 
now  came  over  to  England  with  his  family,  and  was  re- 
commended to  king  James,  who  appointed  him  professor 
of  divinity  at  Glasgow,  in  the  room  of  Robert  Boyd,  of 
Trochrig,  (whom  Bayle  and  his  translators  call  Trochore- 
gius)y  because  he  was  supposed  to  be  more  attached  to  the 
episcopal  forni  of  church  government.  This  situation, 
however^  not  suiting  his  taste,  be  returned  to  Saumur  in 
less  than  a  year ;  but  even  there  he  met  with  opposition, 
and  the  court  having  prohibited  bis  public  teaching,  he  wa$ 
obliged  to  read  leetnres  in  private.  After  a  year  passed  in 
this  precarious  state  of  toleration,  he  went  in  1624  to  Mon- 
tanban,  where  he  was  chosen  professor  of  divinity,  but 
having  declared  himself  too  openly  against  the  party  which 
preached  up  the  civil  war,  he  created  many  enemies,  and 
among  the  rest  an  unknown  miscreant  who  assaulted  him 
in  the  street,  and  wounded  him  so  desperately  as  to  occa- 
sion his  death,  which  took  place^  after  he  bad  knguished  a 
considerable  time,  in  1625.  Bayle  says,  he  was  a  man  of 
a  great  deal  of  wit  and  judgment,  had  a  happy  memory, 
was  very  learne<l,  a  good  philosopher,  of  a  cfaearfnl  temper, 
and  ready  to  communicate  not  only  his  knowledge,  but 
even  his  money :  he  was  a  great  talker,  a  long  preacher; 
little  acquainted  with  the  wOrks  of  the  fathers,  obstinate 
in  his  opinions,  and  somew^t  troublesome^  He  frankly 
owned  to  his  friends,  that  he  found  several  things  stil!  to 
reform  in  the  refofmed  chtrrcbes.  He  took  a  delight  in 
publishing  particular  opinions,  and  in  going  out  of  tb<$ 
beaten  road  ;  and  he  gave  instances  of  this  when  he  wa«  a 
youth,  in  his  theses  "  De  Tribus  Foederibus,"  which  he 
published  and  maintained  at  Heidelberg,  although  yet 
but  a  proposant,  or  candidate  for  the  ministry.     He  also 


C  A  M  E  Jl  O  N.  129 

torixed  some  novelties  in  all  the  theological  questions 
which  he  examined  ;  and  when  in  explaining  some  pas- 
sages of  the  holy  scripture,  he  met  with  great  difficulties, 
he  took  all  opportunities  to  contradict  the  other  divines, 
and  especially  Beza;  for  he  pretended  that  they  had  not 
penetrated  into  the  very  marrow  of  that  science.  It  was 
irom  him  that  monsieur  Amyraut  adopted  the  doctrine  of 
universal  grace,  which  occasioned  so  many  disputes  in 
France,  and  will  always  be  found,  at  least  upon  Amyraut's 
principles,  to  be  too  inconsistent  for  general  belief.  Ca- 
meron's works  are  his  "  Theological  Lectures,"  Saumur, 
1 626-— 1628,  3  vols.  4to,  published  by  Lewis  Capellus, 
with  a  life  of  the  author,  and  afterwards  at  Geneva  in  one 
vol.  folio,  with  additions,  by  Frederick  Spanheim.  Ca« 
pellus  also  published,  in  1632,  Cameron's  ^'  Myrothecium 
Evangelicum."*' 

C AMERTL     See  PHAVORINUS. 

CAMOENS  (Luis  de,  or  Lewis),    a  very  celebrated 
Portuguese  poet,   and  from  his  much-admired  poem  the 
**  Lusiadas,"  called  the  Virgil  of  Portugal,  was  descended 
from  an  illustrious,  and  originally,  Spanish  family,  and  was 
born  at  Lisbon  about  the  year  1524.     His  father  Simon 
Vaz  de  Camoens  is  said  to  have  perished  by  shipwreck  in 
the  year  which  gave  being  to  his  son,  although  this  is  some- 
what doubtful.     It  appears,  however,  that  our  poet  was 
sent  to  the  university  of  Coimbra,  and  maintained  there 
by  his  surviving  parent.     On  his  arrival  in  Lisbon,  he  be- 
came enamoured  of  Donna  Catarina  de  Ataide,  whom  he 
addressed  with  all  the  romantic  ardour  of  youth  and  poetry, 
but  according  to  the  prescribed  reserve,  or  prudery  of  the 
age,  obtained  no  higher  mark  of  her  favour,  after  many 
months  of  adoration,  than  one  of  the  silken  fillets  which 
encircled  her  head.     His  impatience,  however,  hurried  him 
into   some  breaches  of  decorum,  while  pursuing  his  coy 
mistress,  who  was  one  of  the  queen^s  ladies,  and  her  pa- 
rents took  this  opportunity  to  terminate  an  intercourse 
which  worldly  considerations  rendered,  on  her  part,  of  the 
highest  imprudence.     This  interference  produced  its  usual 
effect.     Camoens    was  banished^  the  court,    and  on  the 
morning  of  his  departure,  Catarina  confessed  to  him  the 
secret  of  her  long-concealed  affection.  Thus  comforted,  hm 
removed  to  Santarem,  the  place  of  his  banishment,  but  if 

I  Geoi  Dict,«-Mosbeim'8  Eccl.  Hisii 

Vol.  VIII.  .  K 


no  G  A  M  O  E  N  S. 

si^id  to  have  speedily  retarned  to  LisboDi  where  be  was 
agaiQ  detected,  and  again  sent  into  exile. 

He  now  sougbt  and  obtained  permission  to  accompany 
king  John  III.  in  an  expedition  concerted  against  the  Moori 
in  Africa.  His  conduct  in  this  campaign  was  so  heroicy 
that  he  obtained  permission  to  return  booiey  where  he  found 
that  his  mistress  was  dead.  To  aggravate  his  sorrows,  he 
obtaioed  no  reward  for  his  services,  after  much  application  ^ 
and  stung  with  the  ingratitude  of  his  country,  he  deter* 
mined  to  leave  it.  Mr.  Mickle,  but  without  quoting  his^ 
authority,  attributes  this  event  to  the  discovery  of  an  in-* 
trieue  which  he  carried  on  with  the  wife  of  a  Portuguese 
^opleman,  a  circumstance  not  very  improbable,  as  all  his 
biographers  allow  that  be  was  not  very  correct  in  bis  morals. 
He  sailed^  bowever,  for  India,  ^nd  ppntributed,  in  no  small 
measure,  to  the  success  of  an  expedition  against  the  Pi-- 
menta  Isles,  carried  on  by  the  king  of  Cochin  and  his  allies 
1)he  Portuguese.  In  the  following ^year  (1555),  Manuel  de 
Vasconcelos  conducted  an  armament  to  the  Red  Sea.  Our 
poet  accompanied  him,, and  with  the  intrepid  curiosity  of 
genius,  explored  the  wild  regions  of  Africa  by  which  Mount 
Felix  is  surrounded.  Here  his  mind  was  stored  with 
^ketches  of  scenery,  which  afterwards  formed  some  of  th^ 
most  finished  pictures  in  his  Lusiad,  and  in  his  other  com-* 
positions. 

The  mal-administratipn  of  affairs  in  India  was  at  thia 
time  notorious ;  and  Camoens,  with  more  justice  than  pru-^ 
dence,  took  an  opportunity  of  expressing  his  disgust  in  a 
satirical  account  of  some  amusements  exhibited  before  the 
governor  of  Goa,  in  consequence  of  which  he  was  banished 
to  China.  His  adventures,  while  in  China,  are  amply  de- 
tailed by  Mr.  Mickle.  After  an  absence  of  sixteen  years, 
be  returned  to  Portugal,  poor  and  friendless  as  when  ho 
departed*.  His  Lusiad,  after  being  delayed  for  sosne  time 
by  the  raging  of  the  plague  in  Lisbon,  was  published  in  the 
summer  of  1572.  From  this  display  of  uncommon  genius, 
the  author  derived  much  honour,  but  little  emoluments 
King  Sebastian,  it  is  said,  rewarded  him  with  a  pension  of 
375  reis,  a  sum  so  small  (for  20  reis  make  only  one  penny )y 
that  we  know  not  how  to  reconcile  it.  with  the  lowest  com* 
putation  of  maintenan<^e,  yet  even  this  be  lost  on  Sebas>*> 

*Id  hitf'passage  homeward,  hewaa     he  if  laid  to  have  held  wiUi  his  left 
shipwrecked  by  a  storm,  aod  lost  all     ImimI,  while  he  swam  with  his  righU 
his  effectiy  except  his  Lasiadi  which 


C  A  M  O  E  N  a  ISl 

tian's  death,  and  his  latter  years  present  a  mouriifal  picture. 
Dot  merely  of  individual  calamity,  but  uf  national  ingrati<» 
tude*  ''  He,"  says  lord  Strangtord,  '^  whose  best  years 
bad  been  devoted  to  the  service  of  his  country,  he,  who 
bad  taught  her  literary  fame  to  rival  the  proudest  efforts  of 
Italy  itself,  and  who  aeemed  born  to  revive  the  remem* 
brance  of  ancient  gentility  and  Lusian  heroism,  was  corn** 
pelled  in  age  to  wander  through  the  streets,  a  wretched 
dependent  on  casual  contribution.  One  friend  alone  re<^ 
Hudned  to  soiooth  his  downward  path,  and  guide  his  steps 
to  the  grave  with  gentleness  and  consolation.  It  was  An-* 
tonio,  his  slave,  a  native  of  Java,  who  had  accompanied  Ca* 
moens  to  Europe,  after  having  rescued  him  from  the  waves^ 
when  shipwrecked  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mecon.  This  faiths 
fol  attendant  was  wont  to  seek  alms  throughout  Lisbon,  and 
at  night  shared  the  produce  of  the  day  with  his  poor  and 
broken-hearted  master.  But  his  friendship  was  employed 
in  vain  cCamoens/Sunk  beneath  the  pressure  of  penury  and 
disease,  and  died  in  an  almshouse  early  in  11^79,  and  was 
boried  in  the  church  of  St.  Anne  of  the  Franciscans.  Over 
bis  grat^e,  Oon9i^  Coutinho  placed  the  following  inscrip- 
tion, wltich,  for  comprehensive  simplicity,  the  translator 
ventorea  lo  prefer  to  almo&t  every  production  of  a  similai 
kind: 

Here  ues  Luis  de  Camoens  : 

He  excelled  all  the  Poets  op  his  time. 

He  uved  poor  and  miserable  ; 

And  he  died  so, 

MDLXXIX."^ 
Some  years  afterwards,  Don  Gonf9alves  Camera  caused  a 
l»iig  aiid  pompous  epitaph  to  be  engraved  on  the  same 
tomb*    But  tbis  posthumous  panegyric  only  added  deeper 
disgrace  to  the  ficts  recorded  in  the  former  inscription. 

Camoens  wrote  a  variety  of  poetical  compositions,  some 
of  which  have  been  lately  very  elegantly  translated  into 
Engiish  by  lord  viscount  Strangford,  who  has  also  prefixed 
a  life  of  the  author,  from  which  we  have  extracted  some 
femarfcs.  According  to  the  researches  his  lordship  has 
■mde  into  the  character  of  Camoens,  he  appears  to  have 
possessed  a  lofty  and  independent  .spirit,  with  a  disposi^ 
laon  to  gallantry  which  may  probably  have  involved  him  in 
difficaities.  His  genius,  however,  appears  principally  in 
the  ^'  Lusiad,"  the  subject  of  which  is  the  first  discovery  of 
the  East  Indies  by  Vasco  de  Gsuna :  the  poem  is  conducted 

^  K2 


13t  C  A  M  O  E  N  S. 

according  to  the  epic  plan  :  both  the  subject  and  the  in« 
cidents  are  magnificent,  but  the  machinery  is  perfettly 
extravagant     Not  only,  says  Blair,  is  it  formed  of  a  sin- 
gular mixture   of  Christian  ideas  and  pagan  mythology, 
but  it  is  so  conducted,  that  the  pagan  gods  appear  to  be 
the  true  deities,  and  Christ  and  the  blessed  Virgin,  to  be 
«ubordinate  agents.     One  great  scope  of  the  Portuguese 
expedition,  our  author  informs  us,    is  to  propagate  the 
Christian  faith,  and  to  extirpate  Mahometanism.     In  this 
religious  undertaking,  the  great  protector  of  the  Portu-* 
guese   is  Venus,  and  their   great  adversary  is  Bacchus, 
whose  displeasure  is  excited  by  Vasco's  attempting  to  rivaA 
his  fame  in  the  Indies.     Councils  of  the  gods  are  held,  in 
"which  Jupiter  is  introduced,  as  foretelling  the  downfall  of 
Mahometanism,  and  the  propagation  of  the  gospel.    Vasco, 
in  a  great  distress  from  a  storm,  prays  most  seriously  to 
God ;  implores  the  aid  of  Christ  and  the  Virgin ;  and  begs 
for  such  assistance  as  was  given  to  the  Israelites,  when  they 
were  passing  through  the  Red  Sea;  and  to  the  apostle 
Paul,  when  he  was  in  hazard  of'  shipwreck.     In  return  to 
this  prayer,  Venus  appears,  who,  discerning  the  storm  to 
be  the  work  of  Bacchus,  complains  to  Jupiter,  ctnd  pro** 
cures  the  winds  to  be  calmed.     Such  strange  and  prepos- 
terous machinery,   shews  how  much  authors  have  heea 
misled  by  the  absurd  opinion,  that  there  could  be  no  epic 
poetry  without  the  gods  of  Homer.    Towards  the  end  of 
the  work,  indeed,  the  author  gives  us  an  awkward  salvo  for 
his  whole  mythology :  making  the  goddess  Thetis  inform 
Vasco,  that  she,  and  the  rest  of  the  heathen  deities,  are  no 
more  than  names  to  describe  the  operations  of  Providence. 
There  is,  however,  says  the  same  judicious  critic,  some 
fine  machinery  of  a  different  kind  in  the  Lusiad^    The  ge- 
nius of  the  river  Gauges,  appearing  to  Emanuel  king  of 
Portugal,  in  a  dream,  inviting  that  prince  to  discover  his 
sepret  springs,  and  acquainting  him  that  he  was  the  de- 
stined monarch  for  whom  the  treasures  of  the  East  were 
reserved,  is  a  happy  idea.     But  the  noblest  conception  of 
this  sort  is  in  the  fifth  canto,  where  Vasco  is  recounting  to 
the  king  of  M^iinda  all  the  wonders  which  he  met  with  in 
bis  navigation,     He  tells  him,  that  when  the  fleet  arrived 
at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  which  never  before  had  been 
doubled  by  any  navigator,  there  appeared  to  them  on  a 
sudden,  a  huge  and  monstrous  phantom  rising  out  of  the 
tea^  in  the  midst  oi  tempests  and  thunders^  with  i^  head 


C  A  M  O  £  N  S.  133 

I 

ti^at  reached  the  cloQds^  and  a  countenance  that  filled  them; 
with  terror.  This  was  the  genius,  or  guardian,  of  that 
liitherto  unknown  ocean.  It  spoke  to  them  with  a  voice 
like  thunder  :  menaced  them  for  invading  those  seas  which 
he  had  so  long  possessed  undisturbed,  and  for  daring  to 
explore  those  secrets  of  the  deep,  which  never  had  been 
revealed  to  the  eye  of  mortals  ;  required  them  to  proceed 
no  farther :  if  they  should  proceed,  foretold  all  the  sue** 
cessive  calamities  that  were  to  befall  them  t  and  then,  with 
a  mighty  noise,  disappeared^  This  is  one  of  the  most  so- 
lemn and  striking  pieces  of  machinery  that  ever  was  em« 
ployed,  and  is  sufficient  to  show  that  Camoens  is  a  poet^ 
though  of  an  irregular,  yet  of  a  bold  and  lofty  imagination. 
The  critical  student  will  find  a  more  severe  censure  of  Ca-* 
moens  in  Rapin,  Dryden)  and  Voltaire.  But  the  Lusiad 
has  generally  been  considered  as  a  poem  of  very  superior 
merit,  and  has  been  often  reprinted  and  translated  into 
several  languages,  once  into  French,  twice  into  Italian, 
four  times  into  Spanish ;  and  lately,  with  uncommon  ex- 
cellence, into  English,  by  Mr.  Mickle ;  but  it  had  been 
translated  in  the  17th  century  by  sir  Richard  Fanshaw. 
Mickle's  translation  will  be  considered  in  his  life.  It  was 
translated  into  Latin  by  Thomas  de  Faria,  bishop  of  Targa 
in  Africa ;  who,  concealing  his  name,  and  saying  nothing 
of  its  being  a  translation,  made  some  believe  that  the  Lu- 
Biadas  was  originally  in  Latin.  Lafge  commentaries  have 
been  written  upon  the  Lusiadas ;  the  most  considerable  of 
which  are  those  bf  Emanuel  Faria  de  Sousa,  in  2  vols,  folio, 
Madrid,  1639.  These  commentaries  were  followed  the 
year  after  with  the  publication  of  another  volume  in  folio, 
written. to  defend  them ;  besides  eight  volumes  of  observa- 
tions upon  the  miscellaneous  poems  of  Camoens,  which 
this  commentator  left  behind  him  in  manuscript.  ^ 

CAMP  AN  ELLA  (Thomas),  a  celebrated  Italian  philo- 
sopher, was  born  at  Stilo,  a  small  village  in  Calabria,  Sept. 
5,  1568.  At  thirteen  he  understood  the  ancient  orators 
and  poets,  and  wrote  discpurses  and  verses  on  various  sub- 
jects ;  and  the  year  after,  his  father  purposed  to  send  him 
to  Naples  to  study  law  :  but  young  Campanella,  having 
othe\  views,  entered  himself  into  the  order  of  the  Domi- 
nicans. Whilst  he  was  studying  philosophy  at  San  Giorgio, 

.  1  Mickle*!  Lusiad. — Lord  Strangford    ubi  supra.— 43#ii.  JOicft.— Moreii'-* 
Blair's  l«e«tttrt>.-^Antonio  Bibl.  Hispf 


134  C  A  M  P  A  N  E  L  L  A. 

bis  professor  was  invited  to  dispute  upon  some  theses  which 
were  to  be  maintained  by  the  Franpiscans;  but  findinj^ 
himself  indisposed,  he  sent  Cainpanella  in  his  rooni|  who 
argued  with  so  much  subtilty  and  force,  as  to  charm  his> 
auditory.  When  his  course  of  philosophy  was  finished,  he 
was  sent  to  Cosen^a^  to  sti;vdy  divinity  :  but  his  inclination 
led  him  to  philosophy.  Having  conceived  a  notion  that 
the  truth  was  not  to  be  found  in  the  peripatetic  phiioso-^ 
phy>  he  anxiously  examined  aU  the  Greek,  Latin,  and 
Arabian  commentators  upon  Aristotle,  and  began  to  hesi- 
tate more  and  more  with  regard  to  the  doctrines  of  that 
sect.  His  doubts  still  remaining,  he' determined  to  peruse 
the  writings  of  Plato,  Pliny,  Galen,  the  Stoics,  the  foU 
lowers  of  Democritus,  and  especially  those  of  Telesius ; 
and  he  found  the  doctrine  of  his  masters  to  be  false  in  so 
many  points,  that  he  be^an  to  doubt  even  of  uncontro-' 
verted  matters  of  fact  At  the  age  of  twenty-two  he  be-, 
gan  to  commit  his  new  system  to  writing,  and  in  1590  be 
went  to  Naples  to  get  it  printed.  Some  time  after  he  was 
present  at  a  disputation  in  divinity,  and  took  occasion  to 
commend  what  wa^  spoken  by  an  ancient  professor  of  hitf 
order,  as  very  judicious ;  but  the  old  man,  jealous,  per- 
haps, of  the  gliory  which  Campanella  had  gained,  bade 
him,  in  a  very  contemptuous  manner,  be  silent,  since  it 
did  not  belong  to  a  young  man,  as  he  was,  to.  interpose  in 
questions  of  divinity.  Campanella  fired  at  this,  andsaid^ 
that,  young  as  he  was,  he  was  able  to  teach  him  ;  and  im- 
mediately confuted  what  the  professor  had  advanced,  to 
the  satisfaction  of  the  audience.  The  professor  conceived 
a  mortal  hatred  to  him  on  this  account,  and  accused  hioir 
to  the  inquisition,  as  if  he  had  gained  by  magic  that  vast 
extent  of  learning  which  he  had  acquired  without  a  master.. 
His  writings  now  made  ^  great  noise  in  the  world,  and  the 
novelty  of  his  opinions  birring  up  many  enemies  against 
him  at  Naples,  he  removed  to  Rome;  but  not  meeting  with 
H  better  reception  in  that  city,  he  proceeded  to  Florence^ 
and  presented  some  of  his  works  to  the  grand  duke,  Fer« 
dinan4  L  the  patron' of  learned,  men.  After  a  short  stay 
there,  as  be  was  passing  through  Bologna,  in  his  way 
to  Padua,  his  writings  were  seized,  and  carried  to  th^  ia- 
quisition  at  Rome,  which,  however,  gave  him  little  distur- 
bance, and  he  continued  his  journey.  At  Padua,  he  was 
employed  in  instructing  some  young  Venetians  in  his  doc- 
trines, and  composing  some  pieces.     Returning  afterward^. 


CAMPANELLA.  13S 

to  Rome,  he  ixiet  with  a  better  reception  than  before,  and 
was  honoured  with  the  friendship  of  several  cardinals.     la 
159S  he  went  to  Naples,  where  be  staid  but  a  short  time^ 
then  visited  his  own  country.     Some  expressions  which  he 
dropped,  with  regard  to  the  government  of  the  Spaniards^ 
and  the  project  of  an  insurrection,  being  reported  to  the 
Spaniards,  be  was  seized  and  carried  to  Naples  in  1599^  as 
a  criminal  against  the  state,  and  put  seven  times  to  the 
rack,  and  afterwards  condemned  to  perpetual  imprison* 
ment.     At  first  he  was  not  permitted  to  see  any  person, 
and  denied  the  use  of  pen,  ink,  and  paper  j  but,  being  ilf* 
terwards  indulged  with  these  implements,  he  wrote  several 
of  his  pieces  in  prison  ;  some  of  which  Tobias  Adamus  of 
Saxony  procured  from  hita,  and  published  in  Germany. 
Pope  Urban  VIII.  who  knew  him  from  his  writings,  having 
obtained  his  liberty  from  Philip  IV.  of  Spain  in  May  1626, 
Campanella  went  immediately  to  Rome,  where  he  con- 
tinued some  years  in  the  prisons  of  the  inquisition^  but  w^ 
a  prisoner  only  in  name.     In  1629  he  was  discharged,  but 
the  resentment  of  tbd  Spaniards  was  not  abated.    The 
friendship  inhewn  him  by  the  pope,  who  settled  a  consi* 
derable  pension,  and  conferred  many  other  favours  on  him, 
excited  their  jesilodsy;  and  bis  correspondence  with  some 
of  the  French  nation,  gave  them  new  suspicions  of  him. 
Being  informed  of  their  designs  against  him,  he  Went  odt 
of  Rome,  disguised  like  a  minim,  in  tlie  French  ambassii* 
dor^s  coach,  and,  embarking  for  France,  landed  at  Mar« 
seilles  in  1634.     Mr.  Peireso,  being  informed  6t  his  arrival, 
sent  a  letter  to  bring  him  to  Aix,  where  be  entertained  him 
some  months.    The  year  following  he  went  td  Paris,  and 
was  graciotisly  received  by  Lewis  XIII.  and  cardinal  Ridhe* 
lied ;  the  latter  procured  him  a  pension  of  2000  livres,  and 
often  consulted  him  on  thd  affairs  of  Italy.     He  passed  th^ 
remainder  of  his  days  in  a  monastery  df  the  Doniinicans  af 
Paris,  and  died  March  21,  1639. 

Campanella,  says  Bfticker,  wsts  oonfefis^Iy  a  man  of 
genius,  but  his  itnaginsliiob  predominated  over  his  jtidg« 
ment.  Innumerable  proofs  of  this  may  be  found  in  hi^ 
astrological  writings,  in  his  book  '^  De  sensu  ref um/*  and 
in  many  other  parts  of  his  Works.  There  seeihs  indeed  much 
reason  to  think  that  his  mind  iiiras  not  sound,  although  he  had 
his  lucid  intervals,  in  which  he  could  reason  soberly.  He  is 
chiefly  worthy  of  praise  for  ^e  freedom  with  which  he  ex- 
posed the  futility  of  thff  Aristotj^lian  pbilosopbyi  and  for  th« 


1S6  CAMPANELLA. 

pains  which  lie  took  to  deduce  natural  science  from  obsefta^' 
tion  and  experience.  Of  the  numerous  writings  which  hit 
fertile  imagination  produced,  the  most  celebrated  are, 
!•  •*  Prodomus  Philosophise  Instaurandse,''  Francfort,  i6l7, 
4to.  2.  "  Atheismus  triumphatus."  3.  "  De  Gentilismo 
non  retinendo,"  Paris,  1636,  4to.  4.  "  A^trologica,"  Ley- 
den,  1629,  4to.  5.  "  Philosophia  rationalist'  6.  *«  Civl- 
tas  soils,"  Utrecht,  1643,  12mo.  7.  "  Universalis  Philo- 
Sophia."  8^,  ".De  libris  propriis,"  et  "  De  recta  ratione 
studendi,"  Paris,  1642,  8vo.  9.  "  Apologia  pro  Galileo/* 
Franc.  1622,  4to.  10.  **  De  sensu  rerum  et  magia,"  ibid* 
1620,  4to.  Jl.  "  De  reformatione  scientiarum,"  Venice, 
1633,  4to.  12.  "  De  Monarchia  Hispanica,"  Harderv. 
tran^ated  into  English,  Lond.  1654,  4to.  13.  "  Poetica 
idea  Reipublicee  Philosophic^,"  Utrecht,  1643,  12mo; 
Brucker  has  given,  we  doubt  not,  a  very  accurate,  but  not 
perhaps,  in  our  times,  a  very  interesting  sketch  of  Campa- 
nella's  opinions ;  and  concludes  with  remarking  that  as  far 
as  any  idea  can  be  formed  from  the  confused  mass  of  opi- 
nions, so  diffusely,  but  obscurely  expressed  in  his  volumi* 
nous  writings,  we  must  conclude  that  notwithstanding  the 
censures  which  have  often  been  passed  upon  him  for  im- 
piety, he  is  rather  to  be  ranked  among  enthusiasts  than 
atheists ;  and  that,  as  in  his  other  undertakings,  so  also  in 
his  attempts  to  reform  philosophy,  he  was  unsuccessful.  * 

.  CAMPANUS  (John  Anthony),  an  Italian  poet  and 
prelate,  was  born  in  1427  at  Cavelli,  a  village  of  Campa- 
nia,  of  parents  so  obscure  that  he  bore  no  name  but  that  of 
his  country,  and  was  employed  in  his  early  years  as  a 
shepherd,  in  which  situation  an  ecclesiastic  discovering 
«ome  promise  of  talents  in  him,  sent  him  to  Naples,  where 
he  studied  under  Laurentius  Valla.  He  went  afterwards 
to  Perugia,  where  he  rose  to  be  professor  of  eloquence, 
and  filled  that  chair  with  so  much  reputation,  that  wheji, 
in  1459,  pope  Pius  II.  happened  to  pass  through  Perugia 
in  his  way  to  the  council  of  Mantua,  he  bestowed  his  pa- 
tronage on  him,  and  made  him  bishop  of  Crotona,  and  se- 
condly of  Teramo.  Enjoying  the  same  favour  under  pope 
Paul  II.  this  pontiff  sent  him  to  the  congress  of  Ratisbon, 
which  assembled  for  the  purpose  of  consulting  on  a  leagne 
of  the  Christian  princes  against  the  Turks.  Sixtus  IV.  who 

»  Gen.  Diet— Morcri.— Brucker.— Life  by  Era.  Sal.  Cyprian,  Amst  172i^ 
12mo.  See  Bibl.  Anc.  et  Moderne,  vol.  XVlII.— Erytbnei  Tiwco^btetugm 
BWunt'g  Ceasurii.— Baillet /u|;eiBeDs.*-^3di  OilomiU 


C  A  M  P  A  N  U  &  iS7 

had  been  one  of  his  scholars  at  Perugia,  made  him  sacf 
cessively  governor  of  Todi,  of  Foligno,  and  of  Citta  di 
,CasteIlq ;  but  the  pope  having  thought  proper  to  beslega 
this  last  named  city,  because  the  inhabitants  made  some 
scruple  about  receiving  his  troops,  Campano,  touched 
with  the  hardships  they  were  likely  to  suffer,  wrote  to  the 
pope  with  so  much  freedom  and  spirit  as  to  enrage  his  ho^ 
liness,  and  provoke  him  to  deprive  him  of  his  government, 
and  banish  him  from  the  ecclesiastical  states.  Campano 
on  this  went  to  Ns^ples,  but  not  finding  the  reception  he 
expected,  he  retired  to  his  bishopric  at  Teramo,  where 
lie  died  July  15,  1477,  of  chagrin  and  disappointment. 
His  works,  which  were  first  printed  at  Rome  in  1495,  fol. 
consist  of  several  treatises  on  moral  philosophy,  dis-, 
courses,  and  funeral  orations,  and  nine  books  of  letters,  in 
;  which  tbeire  is  some  curious  information  with  respect  both 
to  the  political  and  literary  history  of  hb  times.  This  vo« 
lume  contains  likewise,  the  life  of  pope  Pius  II.  and  of. 
Braccio  of  Perugia,  a  famous  military  character,  and  lastly, 
of  eight  book  of  elegies  and  ^igrams,  some  of  which  are 
rather  of  too  licentious  a  nature  to  accord  with  the  gravity 
of  his  profession.  These,  or  part  of  them,  were  reprinted 
at  Leipsic  in  1707,  and  in  1734.  Campano  was  at  one 
time  a  corrector  of  the  press  to  Udalric,  called  Gallus,  the 
first  printer  of  Rome,  and  wrote  prefaces  to  Livy,  Justin, 
Plutarch,  and  some  other  of  the  works  which  issued  from 
that  press. ' 

CAMPBELL  (G£ORO£),  a  very  learned  divine  of  the 
church  of  Scotland,  and  principal  and  professor  of  divinity 
of  the  Marischal  college,  Aberdeen,  was  born  in  that  city 
Dec.  25,  1719.  His  father,  the  rev.  Colin  Campbell,  who 
was  one  of  the  ministers  of  Aberdeen,  and  a  man  of  pri* 
mitive  piety  and  worth,  died  in  1728.  George,  the  sub- 
ject of  this  article,  who  was  his  youngest  son,  was  edu* 
cated  in  the  grammar-school  of  his  native  city,  and  after-^ 
wards  in  Marischal  college,  but  appears  to  have  originally 
intended  to  follow  the  profession  of  the  law,  and  for  that 
purpose  served  an  apprenticeship  to  a  writer  of  the  sig- 
net in  Edinburgh.  By  what  inducements  he  was  made  to 
alter  his  purpose  we  are  not  told ;  but  in  1741  he  began  to 
study  divinity  at  the  university  of  Edinburgh,  and  con* 
(inued  the  same  pursuit  both  in  King's  college  and  M^- 

l  Otn.  Diet.— Moreri.— QJBgtt«n4  Hift.  Litt.  datolit .-»rrtb«ri  Thtatruni, 


1S8  CAMPBELL. 

rischal  coUegei  Aberdeen  ;  and  here  he  delivered,  with 
great  approbation^  those  discourses,  whi^h  are  usually  pre- 
jMsribed  to  students  of  divinity  in  the  Seotch  universities; 
After  studying  the  usual  number  of  years  at  the  divinity 
hMj  be  was,  according  to  the  practice  of  the  Scotch 
church,  proposed  €o  the  Synod;  and  having  undergone^ 
the  ordinary  trials  before  the  presbytery  of  Aberdeen,  was 
licensed  as  a  probationer,  or  preacher  of  the  gospel,  on 
the  11th  of  June,  1746.  In  Ibis  rank  h^  remained  two 
years,  before  he  obtained  a  settlement  in  the  church  of 
Scotland,  but  at  the  end  of  that  period  was  pNresented  tor 
the  church  of  Banchory  Ternan,  about  seventeen  miles 
west  from  Aberdeen,  and  was  ordaihed  June  2,  1748. 

While  be  held' this  charge,-  the  powers  of  his  mind  be- 
ganmore  fully  to  unfold  themc^lves,  and  his  character  rose 
in  the  opinion  of  men  of  learnings  Here  he  prosecuted 
the  study  of  the  holy  scriptures^  and  instructed  others  mAi 
great  success.  In  the  church  of  Scotland^  it  is  the  ptzc^ 
tice  to  explain  a  chapter,  or  large  poition  of  scripture, 
every  Lord's  day,  oi"  at  lea^t  every  other  Sui^day.  Mr. 
Campbell  paid  so  much  aiteiitioi^  to  this,  and  was  so  mticfar 
master  of  it,  that  bis  character  as  a*  scripture  critic,  and 
lecturer  of-  holy  writ,  was  deservedly  very  high.  It  was 
while  explaining  thd  New  Testament  to  his  parishidtiefs, 
that  he  first  fortned  a  plan  of  translating  that  part  of  it, 
vis.  tbe  four  gospelsy  which  he  afterwards  published.  And 
it  was  in  this  country  parish,  long  before  any  attention  was 
paid,  in  the  porth  of  Scotland,  to  the  niceties  of  grammar, 
that  he  composed  a  paft  of  the  philosophy  of  rhetoric. 

After  reltiaining  nine  years  ii>  this  country  parish,  he 
was  chosen  oneof  the  miinisiers  of  Aberdeen  in  June,  1757, 
where  his  various  and  extensive  talents  were  appreciated 
by  those  who  knew  best  their  worth,  and  where  bis  fame 
was  most  likely  to  be  rewarded.  Accordingly  in  1759",  he 
was  presented  by  his  majesty  to^  the  office  of  principal  of 
Mariscbal  college,  afid  soon  made  it  appear  that  he  was 
worthy  of  this  digrtity.  Home  hlid  recently  published  hia 
<<  Essay  on  Miracles,^  and  despiseci  his  opponents  until 
priimptA  Camfpbell  poblisbed  his  celebrated  <<  I>isserta<* 
tion  on  Miracles,"  whteb  deservedly  raised  bis  character  is- 
an<  acute  metaphysician  and  an  tMe  polemical  writer.  Tbi^ 
^^  Dissertation"  was  origina^Hy  drawn  up  in  the  form  of  a 
sermon,  which  he  preached  before  the  provinc^ial  synod  of 
Abcfrdeen,  Oct.  9,  1760,  and  whicb,  Dn  their  requesting 


CAMPBELL  li3 

htm  to  publish  ity  be  afterwards  enlarged  into  its  present^ 
form.     Some  circumstances  attended  the  publication  which 
are  rather  singular^  and  which  we  shall  relate  in  the  words 
of  his  biographer.     '^  Before  it  was  pubHshed,  be  sent  a 
copy  of  his  manuscript  to  Dr.  Blair  of  Kdinburgh,  with  a 
request  that„  after  perusing  it,  he  would  communicate  th<t 
performance  to  Mr.  Hume.     The  learned  and  judiciotm 
Blair  read  the  dissertation  both  as  a  friend,  and  as  a  critic^ 
then  showed  it  to  his  opponent,  and  afterwards  wrote  to 
Mr.  Campbell  both  wlmt  had  occurred  to  himself,   and 
what  Mr.  Hume  chose  at  first  to  write  on  the  subject.     It 
•oon  appeared,  that  this  sceptical  philosopher,  with  all  his* 
affected  equanimity,   felt  very  senisiibiy,    on  reading  so 
acute,  so  learned,  and  so  complete  an  answer  to  his  essay 
en  miracles.     He  complained  of  some  harsh  expressions, 
and  stated  a  few  objections  to  what  Mr.  Campbell  had  ad- 
vanced, shewing,  in  some  cases,  where  his  meaning  had 
been  misunderstood.     Instead  of  being  displeased,  his  ge- 
D^rou^s  adversary  instantly  expunged,  or  softened,  every 
expression  that  either  was  severe,  or  was  only  supposed  to 
be  offensive,  removed  every  objection  that  bad  been  made 
to  his  arguments,  and  availed  himself  of  the  remarks  both 
of  his  friend,  and  of  his  opponent,  in  rendering  his  disser^ 
tation  a  complete  and  unanswerable  performance.     Thtis^ 
corrected  and  improved,  it  was  put  to  the  press,  and  a 
copy  of  it  sent  to  Mr.  Hara&      That  philosopher  wair 
charmed  with  the  gentlemanly  conduct  of  Mr.  Campbell, 
confessed  that  he  felt  a  great  desire  to  answer  the  disserta* 
tion,  and  declared  that  he  would  have  attempted  to  dor 
something  in  this  way,  if  he  had  not  laid  it  down  as  a  rule, 
in  early  life,  never  to  rcturii  am  answer  to  any  of  his  op-* 
ponents.     Thus  principal  Campbell,  from  a  manly  and 
well-bred  treatment  of  his  adversary,   rendered  his  own 
work  more  correct,  gained  the  esteem  of  his  opponent, 
and  left  an  example  worthy  to  be  imiizated  by  alt  polemicat 
writers."     How  far  such  an  example  i«  worthy  to  be  igii« 
tated,  may  surely  be  questioned ;  in  Mr.  Campbells  con* 
duct  we  see  somewfaeit  of  timidity  and  irresolution,  nor 
does  he  seem  to  have  been  aware  of  the  impropriety  o£ 
gratifying  Hume  by  personal  vespect ;  and  after  all  no 
good  was  produced^  for  Hume  reprinted  his  essay  again 
and  again  without  any  notice  of  Campbell  or  any  other  of 
his.  opponents>  a  decisive  proo£  that  in  this  respect  he  had 
BO  titlje  to  the  character  of  ptulosopber.  . 


140  CAMPBELL 

:  The  '^  Dissertation  on  Miracles'V  was  published  in  176^/ 
previously  to  which  the  authcnr  received  the  degree  of  D.D. 
from  King's  college.  Old  Aberdeen.  The  sale  of  the  work 
was  in  proportion  to  its  merit,  most  extensive  in  Great 
Britain,  and  being  translated  into  the  French,  Dutch,  and 
German  languages,  the  name  of  Dr.  Campbell  was  from 
this  time  always  mentioned  with  the  highest  respect  among 
the  learned  men  of  Europe. 

Dr.  Campbell  continued  for  twelve  years  to  discharge! 
the  oflSices  of  principal  of  Marischal  college^  and  of  one  of 
the  ministers  of  Aberdeen.  In  the  former  capacity  he  was 
equally  esteemed  by  the  professors  and  students;  as  he 
united  great  learning  to  a  conduct  strictly  virtuous,  and  to 
manners  equally  gentle  aiid  pleasant.  In  the  latter  office 
he  lived  in  the  greatest  harmony  with  his  colleagues,  over- 
whom  he  affected  no  superiority ;  and  by  all  his  hearers 
was  esteemed  as  a  worthy  man,  a  good  preacher,  and  one 
of  the  best  lecturers  they  had  ever  heard.  In  lecturing^ 
indeed,  he  excelled,  while  he  rarely  composed  ser- 
mons, but  preached  from  a  few,  and  sometimes  without 
any  notes.  Yet  his ,  discourses  on  particular  occasions^ 
were  such  as  maintained  his  reputation.  In  June  1771, 
he  was,  on  a  vacancy  by  resignation,  elected  professor  of 
divinity  in  Marischal  college.  This  appointment  was  at- 
tended  with  the  resignation  of  his  pastoral  charge,  as  one 
of  the  ministers  of  Aberdeen;  but  as  minister  of  Gray 
Friars,  an  office  conjoined  to  the  professorship,  he  had  to 
preach  once  every  Sunday  in  one  of  the  churches,  and 
besides  this,  had  the  offices  both  of  principal  and  profes-^ 
sor  of  divinity  to  discharge.  In  the  latter  office  he  in- 
creased the  times  of  instructing  his  pupils,  so  that  they 
heard  nearly  double  the  number  of  lectures  which  were 
Vsual  with  his  predecessors,  and  he  so  arranged  his  sub* 
jects,  that  every  student  who.chose  to  attend  regularly 
during  the  shortest  period  prescribed  by  the  Idws  of  the' 
^hurcb,  might  hear  a  complete  course  of  lectures  on  ^the- 
ology, embracing,  under  the  theoretical  part,  every  thing 
that  the  student  of  divinity  should  know ;  and  under  the 
practical  branch,  every  thing  that  he  should  do,  as  a 
reader  of  sacred  or  church  history,  a  biblical  critic,  a  po- 
lemic divine,  a  pulpit  orator,  a  minister  of  a  parish,  and  a. 
member  of  the  church  courts  on  the  Scotch  establishment. 
Some  idea  may  be  formed  of  the  value  of  his  labours,  by 
the  canons  of  scripture  criticism,  and  a  few  other  prelect 


>3  A  M  P  B  ELL.  Ul 

tions  on  the  same  subject,  which  are  included  in  prelimi- 
nary dissertations,tprinted  along  with  his  <*  Translation  of  the 
Gospels^"  and  by  the  *<  Lectures"  published  after  his  death; 
•    In   1776  Dr.  Campbell  published  his  <^  Philosophy  of 
Rhetoric,"  which  established  his  reputation  as  an  excellent 
grammarian,  an  accurate  and  judicious  critic,  a  scholar  of 
delicate  imagination  and  taste,  and  a  philosopher  of  great 
acuteness  and  deep  penetration.      Our  author  also  pub- 
lished a  few  occasional  sermons,  which  were  much  ad- 
mired, but  not  equally.  That  ^  On  the  Spirit  of  the  Gospel," 
vl771,  placed  him  at  variance  with  many  members  of  his 
own  church,  who  adhered  more  closely  to  the  Calvinistic 
creed  than  the  doctor.     That  in  1776,  a  Fast  Sermon  on 
account  of  the  American  war,  inculcating  the  duty  of  alle- 
giance, was  circulated  in  an  edition  of  six  thousand,  in 
America,  but  it  had  no  effect,  at  that  period  of  irritation 
among  the  colonies,  in  persuading  the  Americans  that  they 
had  no  right  to  throw  off  their  allegiance.     In  1779,  when 
a  considerable  alarm,  followed  by  riots  in  Scotland,  took 
place  in  consequence  of  a  bill  introduced  into  parliament 
for  the  relief  of  the  Roman  catholics.  Dr.  Campbell  pub- 
lished an  address  well  calculated  to  quiet  the  public  mind, 
at  the  same  time  that  he  took  occasion  to  express  hig  ab- 
horrence of  the  tenets  of  Popery.     The  same  year  he  pub- 
lished a  sermon  en  the  happy  influences  of  religion  on  civil 
society.     It  has  already  been  noticed  that  he  did  not  often 
write  sermons,  but  the  few  which  he  did  compose,  were  in 
general  highly  finished. 

The  last  work  which  he  lived  to  publish,  was  his  ^  Trans- 
lation of  the  Gospels,",  with  preliminary  dissertations  and 
explanatory  notes,  2  vols.  4to.  It  is,  we  believe,  univer- 
sally acknowledged  that  this  work  places  him  vei^  high  in 
the  rank  of  biblical  critics,  and  is  that  which  will  probably 
hand  down  his  name  to  a  late  posterity. 

In  his  seventy-second  year,  he  was  seized  with  a  severe 
illness,  from  which  he  unexpectedly  recovered,  and  though 
his  bodily  strength  was  impaired,  resumed  his  former  voc- 
cupations.  Some  years  before  his  death,  he  made  a  dis« 
interested  and  unsolicited  offer  of  resigning  his  professor- 
ship of  divinity,  provided  that  anyone  of  three  gentlemen 
whom.be  named,  and  to  whom  he  applied  for  their  consent, 
should  succeed  him  ;  but  this^  offer  not  being  accepted  by 
the  patrons  of  the  professorship,  he  continued  to  hold  his 
office,  lest  an  improper  person  should  in  his  life-time  be 
x^hoaen  as  his  suecessor.  But  afterwards  application  was  made 


tia    '  CAMP  BELL. 

to  him,  and  Ant  to  tbe  patrontf  of  the  professonhipy  in  behalf 
<»f  Dr.  William  Laurence  Brown^late  minister  of  the  English 
church,  and  professor  of  moral  philosophy,  &c.  in  the  uni« 
tersity  of  Utrecht,    This  gentleman  had  been  driven  from 
these  offices  by  the  French  invasion  of  Holland,  on  account 
4»f  bis  attachment  to  the  house  of  Orange,  and  his  native 
country;   and  because,  in  some  of  his  writings,  be  had 
opposed  the  progress  of  jf  rench  principles,  and  maintained 
the  cause  of  religion.     Dr.  Campbell,  knowing  tbe  excel- 
lence of  bis  character,  instantly  resigned  the  offices  of 
professor  of  divinity,  and  minister  of  Gfay  Friars  church, 
which  wei^  worth  160/.  a  jwar,  and  scoo  after  hisrr^igna^ 
tion,  government,,  desirous  of  testifying  in  a  public  man* 
ner,  the  high  respect  so  justly  entertained  of  bis  abilities 
sind  services,  offered  him,  on  condition  of  resigning  the 
principalship  of  Marischal  college,  a  pensioiB  of  300^  a 
yewc.     Dr>  Campbell  accepted  this  token  of  his  majesty's 
munificence,  and  was  succeeded  in  the  office  of  principal 
also  by  Dr.  Brown.     This  -  pension,  however,  be  did  not 
long  live  to  enjoy,  though  be  continued  writing  till  within 
a  week  of  his  death ;  an  event  which  he  expected  with 
great  tranquillity  and  composure.     On  the  31st  of  Maxvfa, 
1796,  aftec  some  previous  symptoms  of  uneasiness,  he  wa« 
struck  with  the  palsy,  which  deprived  him  of  speech,  and 
under  which  be  languished  for  a  few  days  till  he  jdied. 
He  bad  long  accustomed  himself  to  prepare  fot  death ;  and 
in  a  former  illn^s  he  had  given  the  testimony  of  a  dying 
man  in  favour  of  religion.     A  funeral  sermon  was  preached 
on  occasion  of  his  death,  by  Dr.  Brown,  in  which  he  has 
given  a  sketch  of  his  character  as  a  pubhc  teacher,  as  the 
head  of ,  a  public  seminary  of  learning,  and  as  a  priva)» 
Christian.'    His  character  is  thois  summed  up  in  a  few  sen« 
tenees  by  lus  btograpber.  Dr.  Keith :  f^  His  imagination 
was  lively  and  fertile-— his  understanding  equally  acute  and 
vigorous — and  his  erudition  was  at  onoe  very  deep  and 
wonderfully  diversified;      His  piety  was   unfeigned — his 
morals  unimpeached — his  temper  cfaearfQl'«--aud  his  man-» 
ners  gentle  and  unassuming.     His  love  of  truth  was  even 
more  remarkable  than  the  uncommon  success  with  which 
he  sought  after  it*     Where  intuitive  fitculties  could  be  of 
service  to  any  man,  be  saw  at  once  if  he  saw  at  all.     But 
bis  deep  perspicacity  was  not  satisfied  with  a  superficial 
view  of  any  thing ;  his  piercing  eye  darted  to  the  bottom 
of  eveiy  subject  to  which  disoernment  couki  be  applied;  ^ 
Where  study  and  reflection  were  necessary,  be  could  be« 


CAMPBELL.  i4| 

turn  as  mucb  dme  on  putient  thinking^  as  tf  be  had  been 
possessed  of  no  genius  at  all,  and  had  acquired  only  a 
small  share  of  erudition.  And  when  once  he  began  to  ex-^ 
aoiine  any  subject,  be  was  never  satisfied  till  hehad  viewed 
it  in  every  light  in  which  it  could  be  seen.  He  always 
sought  for  truth  in  the  love  of  truth,  but  be  could  not  bear 
to  he  suspected  of  deviating  from  it ;  for  he  neither  courted 
those  who  might  support,  nor  feared  those  who  did  oppose 
bim.  The  tone  of  bis  mind  was  high,  and  he  would  not 
let  it  down  from  the  elevation  of  truth  and  of  virtue.  Whe- 
ther engaged  in  conversation,  or  employed  in  study,  he 
<;ould  pa3S  easily  from  the  lightest  subject  to  the  most  se* 
rious  one.  And  the  reach  of  his  mind  was  so  great,  as  to 
comprehend  a  great  variety  of  subjects.  He  could  explore 
the  causes  of  that  pleasure  which  arises  iti  the  mind  from 
dramatic  entertainment^,  and  lay  down  the  rules  of  Scrip** 
ture  criticism.  He  could  iUustrato  the  whole  theory  of 
evidence,  or  detect  the  fal«e  reasonings  of  Mr.  Hume.  He 
could  explain  the  spirit  of  the  Gospel,  marking  the  ex<- 
tremes  of  superstition  and  enthusiasm ;  and  both  as  a  phi* 
losopher  and  a  divine,  declare  the  nature,  extent,  and 
importance  of  the  duty  of  allegiance.  While  he  zealously 
contended  for  the  faith,  he  could  warn  the  Christian  against 
imbibing  a  persecuting  spirit,  and  yet  shew  the  influence 
of  religion  upon  civil  society,  warning  bis  countrymen 
against  inGdelity,  befoi^e  they  had  seen  its  dreadful  effects. 
He  could  with  manly  eloquence  describe  the  success  of  the 
fishermen  of  Galilee,  while  preacbii^  the  doctrine  of  the 
cross  to.  prejudiced  Jews,  learned  Greeks,  and  ambitious 
Romans;  and  at  the  same  time,  with  well >ap plied  enidi^ 
ttoo,  be  could  delineate  the  characters  of  the  pretended 
successors  of  the  apostles,  and  trace  the  progress  of  the 
l^ierarcby  through  all  the  dark  and  middle  ages,  until  the 
reformation  of  religion.  As  the  principal  of  a  college,  a 
professor  of  divinity,  or  a  minister  of  the  Gospel,-— as  m 
true  patriot,  a  good  man,  and  a.  sincere  Christian^  quanda 
uttum  invenies  pareMP^ 

Tbis  character  may  be  seen  enlai^ed,  with  many  in- 
teresting and  instructive  partieulars  of  the  private. and 
public  Me  of  Dr.  Campbell^  in  an  excellent  acoount  of  him 
written  by  the  rev.  Dr.  George  Skene  Keith,  and  prefixed 
to  Dr«  Campbell's  ^^  Lectures  on  Ecclesiastical  History,'^ 
published  in  1800,  2  vols.  9vo.  These  lectures  have  since 
been  the  subject  of  much  ingenious  criticism,  particularly 


144  CAMPBELL. 

in  the  British  Critic,  vol.  XX.  As  their  object  is  to  give 
a  preference  to  the  church  government  of  Scotland,  it  wa^ 
thought  necessary  by  the  advocates  for  the  church  of 
England  to  bestow  particular  notice  on  an  attack  on  the 
latter  coming  from  a  man  of  so  high  talents  and  literary 
fame.  In  Scotland  Dr.  Campbell's  opinions  were  opposed 
by  Dr.  Skinner,  a  prelate  of  the  Scotch  episcopal  church, 
in  a  volume  entitled  "  Primitive  Truth  and  Order  vindi- 
cated," and  in  England,  by  archdeacon  Danbeny,  in  his 
•*  Eight  Discourses,"  &c.  Dr.  Campbeirs  "  Lectures  on 
Systematic  Theology,"  and  on  "  The  Pastoral  character," 
have  also  been  recently  published,  which,  if  inferior  'in 
popularity,  are  yet  worthy  of  the  pen  which  produced  the 
^  Essay  on  Miracles,"  the  "  Philosophy  of  Rhetoric,"  and 
the  "  Translation  of  the  Gospels."* 

CAMPBELL  (John),  second  duke  of  Argyle,  and  duke 
of  Greenwich  and  baron  of  Chatham,  grandson  to  the  un-» 
fortunate  earl  of  Argyle,  was  born  on  the  IQth  of  October, 
1678.  He  was  son  to  Archibald,  duke  of  Argyle,  by  Eli- 
zabeth, daughter  of  sir  Lionel  Talmash,  of  Helmingham^ 
in  the  county  of  Suffolk.  He  very  early  gave  signs  of  spi- 
rit and  capacity,  and  at  the  age  of  fifteen^  made  consider- 
able progress  in  classical  learning,  and  in  some  branches  of 
philosophy,  under  the  tuition  of  Mr.  Walter  Campbell, 
afterwards  minister,  of  Dunoon,  in  Argyleshire.  .  It  soon, 
however,  appeared,  that  his  disposition  was  towards  a  mili-> 
tary  life  ;  and  being  introduced  at  the  court  of  king  Wil- 
liam, under  the  title  of  Lord  Lorn,  he  wzs  preferred  by 
that  prince  to  the  command  of  a  regiment  of  foot  ifi  1694^ 
when  he  was  not  quite  seventeen  years  of  age ;  and  in  that 
station  he  gave  signal  proofs  of  courage  and  military 
capacity  during  the  remainder  of  king  William's  reign^ 
and  till  the  death  of  his  father,  the  first  duke  of  Argyle, 
28th  of  September,  1703,  whom  he  succeeded  in  his  ho-^ 
nours  and  estate ;  and  was  soon  after  sworn  of  queen  Anne's 
privy  council,  appointed  captain  of  the  Scotch  horse- 
guards,  and  one  of  the  extraordinary  lords  of  session.  He 
was  likewise  made  one  of  the  knights  of  the  order  of  the 
thistle  the  following  year,  on  the  restoration  of  that  order. 

In  1705,  he  was  nominated  her  majesty's  lord  high  com« 
missioner  to  the  Scottish  parliament,  though  he  was  then 
only  twenty<othree  years  of  age,  an  appointment  which  gave 

1  Xiife  by  Dr.  Keith,  ubi  fuprft. 


CAMPBELL.  US 

much  satisfaction  to  that  nation,  where,  on  his  arrival,  he 
was  received   with  unusual  ceremony.     On   the  28th  of 
June,  his  grace  opened  the  parliament  by  a  speech,  and 
was  so  well  convinced  of  the  advantages  which  w6uld  re- 
sult to  both  kingdoms  from  an  union  between  England  and 
Scotland,  that  he  employed  his  whole  interest  in  the  pro** 
motion  of  that  measure ;  for  which,  on  his  arrival  in  Eng- 
land, her  majesty  created  him  a  peer  of  England,  by  the 
.title  of  Baron  of  Chatham,  and  Earl  of  Greenwich.     In 
1706,  he  made  a  campaign  under  the  duke  of  Marlborough; . 
and  greatly  distinguished  himself  by  his  courage  and  con- 
duct in  the  battle  of  Ramillies,  in  which  he  acted  as  a  bri- 
gadier-general ;  and  also  at  the  siege  of  Ostend,  and  in  the 
attack  of  Menin,  of  which  his  grace  took  possession  on  the 
25th  of  August.     After  that  event,  he  returned  to  Scot- 
land, in  order  to  be  present  in  the  parliament  of  that  king*-, 
dom,  when  the  treaty  for  the  union  was  agitated  ;  and  was, 
as  before,  very  active  in  the  promotion  of  it,  though  he 
declined  being  one  of  the  commissioners.     When  a  riotous 
multitude  came  to  the  parliament-close,  demanding,  with 
loud  clamours,  ^^  That  the  treaty  of  union  should  be  re- 
jected,*' his  grace  went  out  of  the  house,  and  appeased  the 
people  who  were  assembled,  by  the  calmuess  and  streiigth 
of  reason  with  which  he  addressed  them;  but  his  zeal  in. 
this  affair  diminished  his  popularity,  though  even  his  ene- 
mies did  justice  to   the  rectitude   of  his  intentions.     In 
1708,  he    commanded  twenty  battalions  afr  the  battle  of 
Oudenarde ;  and  the  tropps  under  his  command  were  the 
first   of  the  infantry  that  engaged  the  enemy,  and  they 
maintained  their  post  against  unequal  numbers.     He  Uke-> 
wise  assisted  at  the  siege   of  Lisle;  and  commanded  as 
major-general  at  the  siege  of  Ghent,  taking  possession  of 
the  town  and  citadel  on  the  3d  of  January,  1708-9.     He 
was  afterwards  raised  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general,  and 
commanded  in  chief  under  general  Schuylemberg,  at  die 
attack  of  Tournay.     He  had  also  a  considerable  share,  on 
the  11th  of  September,   1709,   in  the  victory  at  Malpla^ 
quet,  where  he  was  much  exposed,  and  gained  great  ho- 
nour.    On  the  20th  of  December,  1710,  he  was  installed  a 
knight  of  the  garter;  and  about  this  timetpok  some  part 
in  the  debates  in  paiiiament,  relative  to  the  inquiry  wbioh 
was  set  on  foot  concerning  the  management  of  affcurs  in 
Spain^  when  he  spoke  and  voted  with  the  tones,  fuid  joine4 
Vol.  VIIL  L  ' 


U«  CAMPBELL. 

in  the  censure  that  was  passed  on  the  conduct  of  the  late 
whig  ministry. 

On  the  l8th  of  January,  1710-1 1,  he  was  appointed  am- 
hasssdor  extraordinary  and  plenipotentiary  to  Charles  the 
Third,  king   of  Spain,  and  commander  in  chief  of  her 
majt;sty*s  forces  in  that  kingdom.     Dr.  Smollett  observes^ 
that  his  grace  ^^  had  long  been  at  variance  with  the  duke  of 
Marlborough,  a  circumstance  which  recommended  him  the 
more  strongly  to  the  ministry .''     But  it  is  intimated,  that 
some  of  his  friends  were  averse  to  his  acceptance  of  these 
employments,  being  sensible,  from  the  state  of  our  affairs 
in  Spain,  how  extremely  difficult  it  would  be  for  him  to 
gain  any  ground  in  that  kingdom.     However,  be  set  out 
for  Barcelona,  and  in  his  way  thither  arrived  at  the  Hague 
on  the  4th  of  April.     He  made  a  visit  to  the  grand  pen- 
^onary,  and  another  to  lord  Townshend,  the  British  pleni- 
potentiary at  the  Hague :  but  though  the  duke  of  Marl* 
borough  was  there  at  that  time,  he  did   not  visit  him. 
When  he  arrived  at  Barcelona,  on  the  29th  of  May,  he 
found  the  troops  in  so  wretched  a  condition,  and  the  affairs 
of  the  allies  at  so  low  an  ebb,  by  the  losses  sustained  the 
preceding  yesiv  at  the  battle  of'  Almanza,  and  in  otlier 
actions,'  that  he  was  not  able  to  undertake  any  thing  of  con- 
sequence.    The  British  troops  wer.e  in  the  utmost  distress 
for  want  of  subsistence,  though  the  ministry  had  promised 
to  supply  him  liberally,  and  the  parliament  had  granted 
1,500,000/.  for  that  service.     The  duke  of  Argyle  wrote 
presaiDg  letters  to  the  ministry,  and  loudly  complained 
that  he  was  altogether  unsupported :  but  no  remittances 
arrived,  and  he  was  obliged  to  raise  money  on  his  own 
credit,  to  defray  part  of  the  subsistence  of  the  troops.    He 
had  the  misfortuQe  also  to  be  seized  with  a  violent  fever, 
which  rendered  it  necessary  for  him  to  quit  the  camp,  and 
iretire  to  the  town  of  Barcelona ;  but  his  health  being  re* 
^    established^  he  quitted  Spain,  without  having  been  able 
to  attempt  any  enterprise  of  importance.     Before  his  re- 
turn to  England,  he  went  to  Minorca,  of  which  he  had 
been  appointed  governor ;  but  made  no  long  stay  there. 
,  In  June  1712,   the  queen  appointed  him  general. find 
eommander  in  chief  of  all  the  land  forces  in  Scotlan^l,  and- 
captain  of  the  company  of  foot  in  Edinburgh  castle«     But 
he  did  not  long  continue  upon  good  terms  with  the  minia^ 
try  9  and  spoke  a]gainst  a  bill  which  was  bcougbt  inhj^  thi^ 


CAMPBELL.  I4t 

lidmifiistration,  appointing  commissioners  to  examine  the 
value  of  all  the  grants  of  crown  lands  made  since  the  revo* 
lution,  by  which  a  general  resumption  was  intended  to 
have  been  made.  In  17 14^  when  it  Was  debated  in  thq 
house  of  peers,  whether  it  should  be  resolved,  that  the 
ppotestant  succession  was  in  danger  under  the  then  adofii- 
nistration,  the  duke  of  Argyle  maintained  the  affirmative  y 
and  also  declared  his  disapprobation  of  the  proceedings  of 
the  ministry,  relative  to  the  peace  of  Utrecht.  His  grace 
likewise  zealously  opposed  the  extension  of  the  malt-tax  to 
Scotland ;  and  was  appointed  with  the  earl  of  Mar,  and 
two  Scotch  members  of  the  house'  of  commons,  to  attend 
the  queen,  and  make  a  remonstrance  to  her  majesty  on  this 
subject.  He  also  supported  the  motion  that  was  made  by 
the  earl  of  Seafield,  for  leave  to  bring  in  a  bill  for  dissolv- 
ing the  union.  In  his  speech  in  parliament  upon  this  sub- 
ject, he  admitted,  ^^  that  he  had  a  great  hand  in  making 
the  union,  and  that  the  chief  reason  that  'moved  him  to  it 
was  the  securing  the  protestant  succession;  but  that  he 
was  satisfied  that  might  be  done  as  well  now>  if  the  union 
were  dissolved.'*  He  added,  "  that  he  believed  in  his  con-.- 
science,  it  was  as  much  for  the  interest  of  England,  as  of 
Scotland,  to  have  it  dissolved :  and  if  it  were  not,  he  did 
not  expect  long  to  have  either  property*  left  in  Scotland, 
or  liberty  in  England.''  This  conduct,  which  was  certainly 
not  very  consistent,  having  given  great  offence  to  the 
ministry,  he  was  about  this  time  deprived  of  all  the  em- 
ployments he  held  under  the  crown ;  and  continued  to  op-f 
pose  the  administration  to  the  end  of  this  reigu.  But  wheii 
queen  Anne's  life  was  despaired  of^  he  attended  the 
council -chamber  at  Kensingtons  without  being  summoned ; 
and  bis  attendance  on  -  this  occasion,  was  considered  as 
highly  serviceable  to  the  interests  of  the  house  of  Hanover. 
On  the  demise  of  the  queen,  the  duke  of  Argyle  was^ 
appointed  one  of  the  lords  justices  for  the  government  of 
the  kingdom,  till  George  I.  should  arrive  in  England,  and 
on  the  27th  of  September,  1714,  he  was  again  constituted 
general  and  commander  in  chief  of  the  forces  In  Scotland ; 
and,  on  the  1st  of  October  following,  he  was  sworn  a  mem* 
ber  of  tlie  new  privy  council.  On  the  ^th  of  the  same 
month,  be  was  appointed  governor  of  Minorca;  and  oh 
the  i5th  of  June,  1715,  made  colonel  of  the  royal  regi* 
ment  of  hocse^guards  in  England.  He  was  also  one  of  thd 
t:ommissioaers  for  establishing  the  household  of  the  prinM 

L  2 


us  CAMPBELL. 

find  princess  of  Wales^  and  was  made  groom  of  the  stole 
to  the  prince. 

When  the  rebellion  of  1715  was  raised  in  Scotland  in 
favour  of  the  pretender,  the  duke  of  Argyle  was  sent  to 
take  the  command  of  the  forces  there,  and  on  the  13th  of 
November  he  engaged  the  rebel  army,  commanded  by  the 
earl  of  Mar,  at  Dumblain.  The  duke's  troops  did  not  con- 
sist of  more  than  three  thousand  five  hundred,  while  those 
of  the  earl  of  Mar  ambunted  to  nine  thousand.  Notwith- 
standing this  inequality  of  numbers,  the  rebels  were  worsted, 
though  the  victory  was  not  complete,  and  was,  indeed, 
claimed  by  both  sides.  His  grace  behaved  in  the  action 
with  great  gallantry ;  and  was  congratulated,  on  account  of 
the -advantage  that  he  had  obtained,  in  a  letter  from  the 
town-couneit  of  Edinburgh.  Soon  after,  the  duke  was 
joined  by  some  dragoons  from  England,  and  by  six  thou- 
sand Dutch  troops  under  general  Cadogan  ;  and  being 
thus  reinforced,  he  compelled  the  rebels  to  abandon  Perth, 
on  the  30th  of  January,  1716  ;  and  the  pretender  was  soon 
afterwards  obliged  to  retire  to  France  with  the  utmost  pre- 
cipitation. The  duke  of  Argyle  now  repaired  to  Edin- 
burgh, where  he  arrived  on  the  'J7tb  of  February,  and 
after  being  magnificently^entertained  by  the  magistrates  of 
Edinburgh,  in  gratitude  for  the  signal  services  he  had 
rendered  to  that  city  and  kingdom  in  the  suppression  of 
the  rebellion,  set  out  for  England,  and  arrived  on  the 
6th  of  March  in  London,  where  he  was  very  graciously 
received  by  his  majesty. 

On  the  10th  and  16th  of  April  he  spoke  in  the  house  of 
peers  in  defence  of  the  bill  for  repealing  the  triennial  act, 
and  rendering  parliaments  septennial.  But  soon  after  this 
his  grace  seems  to  have  conceived  some  disgust  against  the 
court,  or  some  dislike  was  taken  at  his  conduct  there,  for 
in  June  following  he  resigned  all  his  places.  The  parti- 
cular grounds  of  his  dissatisfaction,  or  of  his  being  removed 
from  his  offices,  are  not  mentioned ;  but  we  now  find  him 
in  several  instances  voting  against  the  ministr}^  In  Fe- 
bruary 1717-18,  he  spoke  against  the  mutiny-bill,  arid 
endeavoured  to  shew,  by  several  instances  drawn  from  the 
history  of  Great  Britain,  that  ^*  a  standing  army,  in  the 
time  of  peace,  was  ever  fatal,  either  to  the  prince  or  the 
fjation."  Bui  on  the  6th  of  February  1718-19,  he  was 
made  lord-steward  of  the  household ;  and,  after  that  events 
tr^  again  find  his  lordship   voting  with  administration ; 


CAMPBELL*  149 

which  he  generally  continued  to  do  for  many  years  after- 
wards. On  the  30th  of  April,  1718,  he  was  advanced  to 
the  dignity  of  a  duke  of  Great  Britain,  by  the  title  of  duke 
of  Greenwich.  His  grace  opposed,  in  1722,  the  bill  "fojr 
securing  tlie  Freedom  of  election  of  Members  to  serve  for 
the  Commons  in  Parliament :"  and  promoted  the  resolu- 
tion of  the  house  for  expunging  the  reasons  that  were 
urged  by  some  of  the  lords  in  their  protest  against  the  re- 
jection of  the  bill.  He  also  supported  a  motion  made  by 
$he  earl  of  Sunderland,  for  limiting  the  time  for  entering 
protests  :  and  he  spoke  in  favour  of  the  bill  for  suspending 
the  habeas  corpus  act  for  a  year,  on  occasion  of  the  disco- 
very of  Layer^s  plot ;  as  he  did  likewise,  with  great  zeal 
and  warmth,  for  the  bill  of  pains  and  penalties  against 
bishop  Atterbury.  In  1724,  he  defended  the  mutiny-bill  ^ 
and,  it  appears,  that  his  grace  had  not  the  same  fears  of  a 
standing  army  now,  as  when  he  was  out  of  place  a  few  ' 
years  before. 

On  resigning  his  place  of  lord>« steward  of  his  majesty ^s 
household,  he  was  constituted  master-general  of  the  ord- 
nance ;  and  by'  king  George  U.  he  was  appointed  colonel 
of  her  majesty's  own  regiment  of  horse,  and  governor  and 
captain  of  the  town  and  isle  of  Portsmouth,  and  of  South- 
Sea  castle*  He  spoke  against  the  bill  for  disabling  pen- 
sioners from  sitting  in  the  house  of  commons ;  and  on  the 
first  of  Mayi  1731,  against  lord  Bathurst's  motion  for  an 
address  to  the  king  to  discharge  the  Hessian  troops  in  the 

Eay  of  Great  Britain.  In  1733  he  made  a  long  and  elab- 
orate speech  against  any  reduction  of  the  army ;  and  en- 
deavoured to  prove,  in  direct  contradiction  to  the  senti*- 
ments  he  had  formerly  advanced,  *^  that  a  standing  army 
never  had  in  any  country  the  chief  hand  in  destroying  the 
liberties  of  their  country  ;*'  and  that  it  could  not  be  sup- 
*posed  they  ever  would.  He  also  opposed  the  efforts  tbat 
were  made  by  some  of  the  minority  lords  to  prevent  the 
influence  of  the  crown  in  the  election  of  the  sixteen  peers 
for  Scotland,  And  on  the  14th  of  January,  1735-6,  he 
was  constituted  field-marshal  of  all  his  majesty's  forces. 

.  When  the  case  of  the  city  of  Edinburgh,  relative  to  the 
a^air  of  Porteus,  came  to  be  agitated  in  parliament  in 
1737,  the  duke  of  Argyle  exerted  himself  vigorously  in 
favour  of  that  city;  and  in  1739,  from  whatever  cause  it 
proceeded,  he  repeatedly,  voted  against  administration.  He 
spoke  against  the  Spanish  convention  with  great  spirit,  a^d 


l£d  CAMPBELL. 

against  the  tnotidn  made  by  the  duke  of  Newcastle,  for  atf 
/iinlimited  vote  of  credit.  About  ^  this  time  he  was  removed 
from  all  his  places,  and  engaged  vigorously  in  the  oppo-f 
sitioh  against  sir  Robert  Walpole.  After  the  removal  of 
that  minister  in  1741,  he  was  again  made  master-general  of 
the  ordnance,  colonel  of  his  majesty^s  royal  regiment  of 
horse-guards,  and  fteld  marshal  and  commander  in  chief  of 
all  the  forces  in  England.  But  in  less  than  a  month  he 
resigned  his  employments  for  the  last  time,  beings  probably, 
dissatisfied  with  some  of  the  political  arrangements  that 
took  place  after  the  removal  of  Walpole.  '  About  this  time 
he  is'  said  to  have  received  a  letter  from  the  pretender, 
which  some  of  his  enemies  are  supposed  to  have  procured 
to  be  written  to  him,  with  a  view  of  injuring  hiin ;  but  he 
prevented  any  ill  effects  from  it,  by  immediately  commu^ 
nicating  it  to  his  majesty's  ministers.  He  had  been  for 
some  years  afflicted  with  a  paralytic  disorder,  which  tiow 
bejgan  to  increase  ;  and  towards  the  close  of  his  life  he  was 
somewhat  melancholy  and  reserved.  He  died  on  the  3d 
of  September,  4743, '  and  was  interred  in  Westminster-ab« 
"bey,  lyhere  one  of  the  finest-  monuments  in  that  place,  by 
Roubilliac,  was  afterwards  erected  to  his  memory.  The 
titles  of  duke  and  earl  of  Greenwich,  and  baron  of  Chat* 
ham,  became  extinct  at  his  death ;  but  in  his  other  titles 
he  was  succeeded  by  his  brother  Archibald  earl  of  Ila. 

His  biographer,  Dr.  Campbell,  says  of  him,  that  he  was 
f^  a  nobleman  of  great  political  abilities,  an  eloquent  and 
distinguished  senator,  of  high  spirit,  undaunted  courage, 
and  eminent  military  talents.  But  he  has  been  accused 
of  being  much  actuated  by  motives  of  avarice  and  ambition ; 
and,  indeed,  the  uniformity  with  which  he  supported  alt 
'  the  measures  of  government  at  one  period,  and  opposed 
them  at  another,  cannot  be  reconciled  to  principlesof  real 
patriotism.  He  had,  however,  the  honour  to  be  celebrated 
in  very  high  terms  both  by  Pope  and  Thomson.  In  private 
life  his  conduct  is  said  to  have  been  very  respectable.  He 
was  an  affectionate  husband,  and  an  indulgent  master.  He 
seldom  parted  with  his  servants  till  age  had  rendered  them 
incapable  of  their  employments  ;  and  then  he  made  pro- 
vision for  their  subsistence.  He  lyas  liberal  to  the  pooi^, 
and  particularly  to  persons  of  merit  in  distress  :  but  though 
he  was  ready  to  patronize  deserving  persons,  he  was  ex- 
tremely cautious  not  to  deceive  any  by  lavish  promises,  or 
leading  them  io  form  vain  expectations.     He  wa^  a  strict 


CAMPBELL.  ISi 

tsconoxmst,  and  paid  his  tradesmen  punctually  every  month; 
^nd  though  he  maintained  the  dignity  of  his  rank,  he  took 
care  that  no  part  of  his  income  should  be  wasted  in  empty  ' 
pomp,  or  unnecessary  expences.^'  Mr.  Macpherson's  cha- 
racter of  him,  as  a  public  character,  is  less  favourable,  but 
the  reader,  may  consult,  with  more  confidence,  the  judi- 
cious and  impartial  sketches  in  Coxe's  Life  of  Walpole.  ^ 

CAMPBELL  (John),  an  eminent  historical,  biographi- 
cal, and  political  writer,  was  born  at  Edinburgh,  March  8, 
170S.  His  father  was  Robert  Campbell,  of  Glenlyon,  esq. 
end  captain  of  horse  in  a  regiment  commanded  by  the  then 
earl  of  Hyndford  ;  and  his  mother,  Elizabeth,  the  daughter 

of r-  Smith,    esq.  of  Windsor,  in  Berkshire,    had  the 

honour  of  claiming  a  descent  from  the  poet  Waller.     Our 
antbor  was  their  fourth  sou ;  and  at  the  age  of  five  yearsy 
was  brought  to  Windsor  from  Scotland,  which  country  he 
never  saw  afterwards.     At  a  proper  age  he  was  placed  out 
as  clerk  to  an  attorney,  being  intended  for  the  law;  but 
whether  it  was  that  his  genius  could  not  be  confined  to  that 
dry  study,  or  to  whatever  causes  besides  it  might  be  owiug, 
it  is  certain  that  he  did  not  pursue  his  original  desfgnation : 
neither  did  be  engage  in  any  other  profession,  unless  that 
of  an  author,  in  which  he  did  not  spend  his  time  in  idleness 
and  dissipation,  but  in  such  a  close  application  to  the  ac- 
quisition of  knowledge  of  vajrious  kinds,  as  soon  enabled 
him  to  appear  with  great  advantage  in  the  literary  world. 
What  smaller  pieces  might  be  written  by  Mr.  Campbell  in 
the  early  part  of  his  life,  we  are  not  capable  of  ascertaining, 
but,  in  1736,  before  he  had  completed*  his  thirtieth  year^ 
be  gave  to  the  publick,  in  2  vols,  folio,  "  The  military 
history  of  prince  Eugene,  and  the  duke  of  Marlborough ; 
compreheoding  the  history  of  both  those  illustrioos  per- 
sons to  the  time  of  their  decease."  ^  This  performance  was 
enriched  with  maps,  plans,  and  cuts,  by  the  best  hands^    ^ 
.;and  particularly  by  the  ingenious  Claude  de  Bosc.     The 
reputation  hence  acquired  by  our  author,  occasioned  him 
9oon  after  to  be  solicited  to  take  a  part  in  the  '^Ancient 
Universal  History.''     In  this  work  Dr.  Kippis  saj's  he  wrote 
on  the  Cosmogony ;  but  Dr.  Johnson  assigns  him  the  his- 
tory of  the  Persians,  and  of  the  Constantinopolitan  empire. 
Whilst  employed  in  this  capital  work,  Mr.  Campbell  found 
)^isure  tq  entertain  the  world  with  other  productions.     In 

I  Biog.  Brit 


Us  ,  C  A  M  IP  B  K  L  L. 

llrS9  be  pnblithed  die  ^*  Travels  and  adventures  of  Edv 
ward  BrowB^  esq/'  dvo.  In  the  same  year  appeared  his 
**  Memoirs  of  the  bashaw  duke  de  Ripperda,*'  Svo^  re- 
printed, with  improvements,  in  1740.  These  memoin» 
were  followed,  in  1741,  by  the  **  Concise  history  of  Spa- 
nish America,''  8vo.  In  1742  he  was  the  author  of  *^  A 
letter  to  a  friend  in  the  country,  on  the  publication  of 
Thurloe's  State  papers ;"  giving  an  account  of  their  dis« 
covery,  importance,  and  utility.  The  same  year  was  dis^ 
ttnguished  by  the  appearance  of  the  1st  and  2d  volumes  of 
his  <'  Lives  of  the  English  Admirals,  and  other  eminent 
British  seamen."  The  two  remaining  volumes  were  com« 
pleted  in  1744;  and  the  whole,  not  long  after,  was  trans- 
lated into  German.  This,  we  believe,  was  the  first  of  Mr* 
Campbell's  works  to  which  he  prefixed  his  name ;  and  it  ^ 
a  performance  of  great  and  acknowledged  merit  The 
good  reception  it  met  with  was  evidenced  in  its  passing 
through  three  editions*  in  his  own  life-time ;  and  a  fourth 
was  afterwards  given  to  the  public,  under  the  inspection  of 
Dr.  Berkenhout.  In  1743  he  published  **  Hermippus  Re- 
vived ;"  a  second  edition  of  which,  much  improved  and 
enlarged,  came  out  in  1749,  under  the  following  title  t 
^*  Hermippus  Redivivus ;  or,  the  sage's  triumph  over  old 
age  and  the  grave.  Wherein  a  method  is  laid  down  foif 
prolonging  the  life  and  vigour  of  man.  Including  a  com*^ 
mentary  upon  an  ancient  inscription,  in  which  this  great 
secret*  is  revealed  ;  supported  by  numerous  authorities. 
The  whole  interspersed  with  a  great  variety  of  remarkable 
and  well-attested  relations."  This  extraordinary  tract  had 
its  origin  in  a  foreign  publication,  under  the  title  of  "  Her* 
xnippus  Redivivus,"  Coblentz,  1743,  but  it  was  much 
improved  by  our  author,  and  is  a  singular  mixture  of  gra- 
vity and  irony.  The  "  great  secret"  is  no  other  than 
inhaling  the  breath  of  young  females,  by  which,  we  learn 
from  an  inscription  in  Reinesius's  Supplement  to  Gruter, 
one  Hermippus  prolonged  his  life  to  the  age  of  115.  Mn 
Campbell,  in  1744,  gave  to  the  public  in  2  vols.  foL  his 
**  Voyages  and  Travels,"   on  Dr.  Harris's  plan,  being  a 

*.  When  our  antbor  had'flnisbed  the  cost  me  a  great  deal  of  trouble ;  and 
third  edition,  which  is  more  correct  I  can  with  great  veracity  affirm  that 
and  complete  than  the  former  ones,  they  contain  nothing  but  my  real  sen- 
be  thus  wrote  to  his  ingenious  and  timents,  arising  from  as  strict  an  in- 
worthy  friend,  the  rev.  Mr.  Hall :  **  I  quiry  into  the  matterij  which  they  re- 
am certain  the  lA\es  of  the  Admirals  late,  as  was  in  my  power.*' 


CAMPBELL.  }53 

very  dislingui^ed  improvement  of  that  collection,  wbich 
had  appeared  in  1705.  The  wor|f:  contains  all  the  circTrnt- 
navigators  from  the  time  of  Columbus  to  lord  Anson ;  a 
complete  history  of  the  East  Indies ;  historical  details  of 
the  several  attempts  made  for  the  discovery  of  the  north- 
east and  north-west  passages ;  the  coo^mercial  history  of 
Gorea  and  Japan ;  the  Russian  discoveries  by  land  and 
sea;  a  distnct  account  of  the  Spanish,  Portuguese^ 
British,  French,  Dutch,  and  Danish  settlements  in  Ame- 
rica; with  other  pieces  not  to  be  found  in  any  former 
collection.  The  whole  was^  conducted  with  eminent  skill 
and  judgment,  and  the  preface  is  acknowledged  to  be  a 
master-piece  of  composition  and  information.  The  time 
and  care  employed  by  Mr.  Campbell  in  this  important  un- 
dertaking did  not  prevent  his  engaging  iiv  another  great 
work,  the  Biographia  Britannica,  which~hegan  to  be  pub<- 
lished  in  weekly  numbers  in  1745,  and  the  first  volume 
of  which  was  completed  in  1746,  as  was  the  second  in 
1748*. 

When  the  late  Mn  Dodsley  formed  the  design  of  ^'  The 
Preceptor,'^  which  appeared  in  1748,  IVlr.  Campbell  was 
requested  to  assist  in  the  undertaking,  and  the  parts  writ^ 
ten  by  him  were,  the  Introduction  to  chronology,  and  the 
Discourse  on  trade  and  commerce,  both  of  which  displayed 
an  eictensive  fund  of  knowledge  upon  these  subjects.  In 
1750  he  published  the  first  separate  edition  of  his  ^^  Present 
state  df  £urope  ;"  a  work  which  had  been  originally  begun 
in  1746,  in  the  ^'  Museum,"  a  very  valuable  periodical  per* 
formance,  printed  for  Dodsley.  There  is  no  production 
of  our  author's  that  has  met  with  a  better  reception.  It 
has  gone  through  six  editions,  and  fully  deserved  this  en^ 
couragement.     The  next  great  undertaking  which  called 

r 

*  '*  By  one  of  thote  revolutions  *to  to  assert,  that  bis  articles  constitat* 
vhich  the  best  designs  are  subject,  the  the  prime  merit  of  the  four  voluqoies 
pnblic  attention  to  the  Biographia  /throagh  which  they  extend.  He  was 
seemed  toflag  when  about  two  volumes  not  satisfied  with  giving  a  cold  nanra* 
had  been  printed ',  but  this  attention  tion  of  the  personal  circumstances  rer 
was  soon  revived  by  the  very  high  en-  lative  to  the  eminent  men  whose  lives 
eomium  that  was  passed  upon  it  by  be  drew  up,  but  was  ambitious  of  en- 
Mr.  Gilbert  West,  at  the  close  of  his  tering  into  such  a  copious  and  critical 
poem  on  Education;  from  which  time  discussion  of  their  actions  or  writings, 
the  undertaking  was  carried  on  with  as  should  render  the  Biographia  Bri* 
inereasing  reputation  and  success*  tannica  a  most  valuable  repository  of 
We  need  not  say,  that  its  reputatiDn  historical  and  literary  knowledge.  This 
and  success  were  greatly  owing  to  our  end  h'e  has  admirably  accomplished, 
author.  It  is  no  disparagement  to  the^  and  herein  has  left  an  excellent  ex*, 
abilities  and  learning  of  his  coadjutori  ample  to  his  successors."      Dr.  Kirm^ 


X 


iS4  CAMPBELL 

for  the  exertion  of  oar  author^s  abilities  and  learning,  waa 
**  The  modern  Universal  History."  This  extensive  work 
•  was  published  from  time  to  time  in  detached  parts,  till  it 
amounted  to  16  vols.  fol.  and  a  2d  edition  of  it  in  Svo, 
began  to  make  its  appearance  in  1759.  The  parts  of  it 
written  by  Campbell,  were  the  histories  of  the  Portuguese, 
Dutch,  Spanish,  French,  Swedish,  Danish,  and  Osteiid 
settlements  in  the  East  Indies ;  and  the  histories  of  the 
kingdoms  of  Spain,  Portugal,  Algarve,  Navarre,  and  that 
of  France,  from  Clovis  to  1656.  As  our  author  had  thus 
distinguished  himself  in  the  literary  world,  the  degree  of 
LL.  D.  was  very  properly  and  honourably  conferred  upon 
bim,  June  18,  1754,  by  the  university  of  Glasgow.  With 
regard  to  his  smaller  publications,  tiaere  are  several.  Dr. 
Kippis  apprehends,  that  have  eluded  his  most  diligent  in- 
quiry; but  the  following  account,  we  believe,  is  tolerably 
accurate : — In  early  life,  he  wrote  :  1 .  '*  A  Discourse  on 
Providence,''  8vo,  the  third  edition  of  which  was  printed 
in  174a.  In  1742  he  published  2,  "The  Case  of  the  Op- 
position impartially  stated,''  8vo.  Mr.  Reed  had  a  copy 
of  this  pamphlet,  with  various  corrections  and  additions  in 
Dr.  Campbell's  own  hand,  evidently  written  with  a  view  to 
a  second  impression.  He  published  in  1746,  3.  ^^  The 
Sentiments  of  a  Dutch  patriot;  being  the  speech  of  Mr^ 
y.  H*^^n,  in  an  august  assembly,  on  the  present  .stale 
of  affairs,  and  the  resolution  necessary  at  this  juncture  to 
be  taken  for  the  safety  of  the  republic,"  8vo.  The  history 
of  this  little  tract,  the  design  of  which  was  to  expose  the 
temporising  policy  of  the  states  of  Holland,  is  somewhat 
amusing.  His  amanuensis,  when  he  was  going  to  write 
the  pamphlet,  having  disappointed  him,  he  requested,  afte^ 
tea  in  the  afternoon,  that  Mrs.  Campbell,  when  she  had 
ordered  a  good  fire  to  be  made,  would  retire  to  bed  as 
soon  as  possible,  with  the  servailts ;  and,  at  the  same  time, 
l^ave  him  four  ounces  of  coffee.  This  was  done,  and  he 
wrote  till  12  o'clock  at  night,  when,  finding  his  spirits  flag, 

be  took  two  ounces.     With  this  assistance  he  went  on  till 

.  '-  <      .       . 

six  in  the  morning,  when  again  beginning  to  grow  weary^ 
he  drank  the  remainder  of  the  coffee.  Hence  he  was  en- 
abled  to  proceed  with  fresh  vigour  till  nine  or  ten  o'clock 
in  the  morning,  when  he  finished  the  pamphlet,  which  had 
a  great  run,  and  was  productive  of  considerable  profit. 
Mr.  Campbell  having  succeeded  so  tvell  in  a  performance 
hastily  written^  expected  much  greater  success  fnm  aqo- 


CAMPBELL  155 

ther  work)  about  which  be  had  taken  extraordinaty  pains^ 
and  which  had  cost  him  a  long  time  in  composing,  fiut 
when  it  came  to  be  published,  it  scarcely  paid  the  expeiice 
of  advertising.  Some  years  afterwards,  a  book  in  French 
was  brought  to  him  that  bad  been  translated  from  the  Grer-^ 
man ;  and  he  was  asked  whether  a  translation  of  it  into 
English  would  not  be  likely  to  be  acceptable,  '  Upon  ex** 
amining  it,  he  found  that  it  was  bis  own  neglected  work, 
which  had  made  its  way  into  Germany,  and  had  there  been 
translated  and  published,  without  any  acknowledgement 
of  the  obligation  due  to  the  original  writer.  But  it  is  ra- 
ther singular  that  his  biographers  have  not  told  us  what 
work  this  was. 

I 

In  1749,  he  printed,  4.  *^  Occasional  thoughts  on  moral, 
serious,  and  religious  subjects,'*  8vo.  In  1754,  he  waa^ 
the  author  of  a  wdrk,  entitled,  5.  ^'  The  Rational  Amuse- 
ment/ comprehending  a  collection  of  letters  on  a  great  va- 
riety of  subjects,  interspersed  with  essays,  and  some  little 
pieces  of  humour,'*  8vo.  6.  "  An  exact  and  authentic 
l^ccount  of  the  greatest  white-herriog-iishery  in  Scotland, 
<iarried  on  yearly  in  the  island  of  Zetland,  by  the  Dutch 
pnly,"  1750,  8vo.  7.  "The  Highland  Gentleman's  Ma^ 
gazine,  for  Jan.  1751,"  8vo.  8.  "A  Letter  from,  the 
Prince  of  the  infernal  legions,  to  a  spiritual  lord  on  this 
$ide  the  great  gulph,  in  answer  to  a  late  invective  epistle 
levelled  at  his  highness,"  1751,  8vo.  9.  **  The  naturali- 
sation bill  confuted,  as  most  pernicious  to  these  united 
kingdoms,^'  1751,  8vq.  10.  "  His  royal  highness  Frede- 
rick late  prince  of  Wales  deciphered  :  or  a  full  and  parti«- 
cular  description  of  his  character,  from  his  juvenile  years 
tmtil  his  death/'  1751,  8vo.  11.  "  A  Vade  Mecum:  or 
tsompanion  for  the  unmarried  ladies:  wherein  are  laid 
down  some  examples  whereby  to  direct  them  in  the  choice 
of  husbands,"  1752,  8vo. «  12.  "  A  particular  but  melan- 
choly account  pf  the  great  hardships,  difficulties,  and  mi- 
series, that  those  unhappy  and  much  to  be  pitied  crea- 
tures, the  common  women  of  the  town,  are  plunged  into 
at  this  juncture,''  1752,  8vo.  13..  "  A  full  and  particular 
description  of  the  Highlands  of  Scotland,"  1752,  Svow 
14.  '^  The  case  of  the  publicans,  both  in  town  and  coun- 
try, laid  open,"  1752,  8vo.  15.  "  The  Shepherd  of  Ban- 
bury's rules,"  a  favourite  pamphlet  with  the  common  peo-* 
pie ;  and  "  The  history  of  the  war  in  the  East-Indies," 
which  appeared  in  1758  or  1759,  under  the  name  of  Mr. 


156 


CAMPBELL. 


Wattsh,  are  slipposed  to  have  been  of  Mr«  Campbell's  com"* 
position.  Upon  the  conclusion  of  the  peace  of  Paris,  oinr 
author  was  requested  by  lord  Bute  to  take  some  share  in 
the  vindication  of  that  peace.  Accordingly,  he  wrote  '^  A 
description  and  history  of  the  new  Sugar  Islands  in  the 
West^Indies/'  Svo,  the  design  of  which  was  to  shew  the 
value  and  importance  of  the  neutral  islands  that  had  been 
ceded  to  us  by  the  French.  The  only  remaining  publica-». 
tion  of  Dr.  Campbell's,  that  has  hitherto  come  to  our 
knowledge,  is,  "  A  Treatise  upon  the  Trade  of  Great-Bri- 
,tain  to  America,"  1772,  4to.  His  last  grand  work  was 
^  A  political  survey  of  Britain  :  being  a  series  of  reflec- 
tions on  the  situation,  lands,  inhabitants,  revenues,  colo* 
nies,  and  commerce  of  this  island.  Intended  to  shew  that 
they  have  not  as  yet  approached  near  the  summit  of  im- 
provement, but  that  it  will  afford  employment  to  many 
generations,  before  they  push  to  their  utmost  extent  the 
natural  advantages  of  Great  Britain."  This  work,  which 
was  published  in  1774,  iti  2  vols,  royal  4 to,  cost  Dr.^Camp- 
bell  many  years  of  attention,  study,  and  labour.  As  it 
was  his  last,  so  it  seeniks  to  have  been  bis  favourite  produc- 
tion^ upon  which  he  intended  to  erect  a  durable  monu** 
ment  of  his  sincere  and  ardent  loVe  to  hiS'  country,  but  in 
the  success  of  it,  he  is  said  to  have  been  greatly  disap- 
pointed ;  yet  a  more  truly  patriotic  publication  never  ap«> 
peared  in  the  English  language.  The  variety  off  informa*^ 
tion  it  contains  is  prodigious ;  and  there  is  no  book  that 
better  deserves  the  close  and  constant  study  of  the  politic- 
ioian,  the  senator,  the  gentleman,  the  merchant,  the  ma« 
Bufaeturer ;  in  short,  of  every  one  who  has  it  in  any  de«> 
gree  in  bis  power  to  promote  the  interest  and  welfare  of 
Great-Britain ;  and  this  praise  it  may  be  allowed  to  de* 
serve,  although  the  accuracy  of  many  of  his  facts  may  be 
disputed,  and  much  of  his  reasoning  appear  ilUfoundedi 
Among  other  encomiums  produced  by  Dr.  Kippis  on  the 
literary  merit  of  his  predecessor,  that  of  Mr.  Burke,  the 
nuthor  of  the  ^^  Account  of  the  European  settlements  in 
America,"  is  perhaps  the  most  honourable  *.     Dr.  Camp-f 


*  **  Having  gpokexi,  perhaps^  a  Ut- 
il«  too  hardly  of  my  materials,  I  must 
except  the  assistance  I  have  had  from 
(be  judicious  collection  called  Harris's 
Voyages,  There  are  not  many  finer 
pieces  than  the  history  of  Brazil  in 
Vtiat  coliectk>a.    The  light  in  which  the 


author  sets  the  events  in  that  history  is 
fine  a  ad  instructive  ;  an  uncommon 
spirit  prevails  through  it ;  and  his  re- 
marks are  every  where  striking  and 
deep.  1'he  little  sketch  I  have  given 
in  the  pait  of  Portuguese  Amertca«  if 
it  has  any  merit,  is  entirely  due  to  dmt 


CAMPBELL.  l$1 

• 

belPs  reputation  was  not  confined  to  his  own  country,  but 
extended  to  the  remotest  parts  of  Europe.  As  a  striking 
instance  of  this,  we  may  mention,  that  in  the  spring  of 
1774,  the  empress  of  Russia  was  pleased  to  honour  him 
with  the  present  of  her  picture,  drawn  in  the  robes  worn 
in  that  country  in  the  days  of  Ivan  Vussillievitcb,  grand 
duke  of,  Russia,  who  was  contemporary  with  queen  Eliza- 
beth. To  manifest  the  doctor^s  sense  of  her  imperial  ma- 
jesty's goodness,  a  set  of  the  "  Political  survey  of  Britain,'^ 
bound  in  Morocco,  highly  ornamented,  and  accompanied 
with  a  letter  descriptive  of  the  triumphs  and  felicities  of 
her  reign,  was  forwarded  to  St.  Petersburg,  and  conveyed* 
into  the  hands  of  that  great  princess,  by  prince  Gregory 
OrlofF,  who  had  resided  some  months  in  this  kingdom. 
The  empress's  picture,  sinc^  the  death  of  our  author,  has 
been  presented  by  his  widow  to  lord  Macartney! 

Let  us  now  advert  a  little  to  Dr.  Campbell's  personal 
history.  May  23,  1736,  he  married  Elizabeth,  daughter 
of  Benjamin  Vobe,  of  Leominster,  in  the  county  of  Here- 
ford, gentleman,  with  which  lady  he  lived  nearly  forty 
years  in  the  greatest  conjugal  harmony  and  happiness.  So 
wholly  did  he  dedicate  his  time  to  books,  that  he  seldom 
went  abroad  :  but  to  relieve  himself,  as  much  as  possible^ 
from  the  inconveniencies  incident  to  a  sedentary  life,  it 
was  his  custom,  when  the  weather  would  admit,  to  walk  in 
his  garden ;  or,  otherwise,  in  some  room  of  his  house,  by 
way  of  exercise.  By  this  method,  united  with  the  strictest 
temperance  in  eating,  and  an  equal  abstemiousness  in 
drinking,  he  enjoyed  a  good  state  of  health,  though  his 
constitution  was  delicate.  His  domestic  manner  of  living 
did  not  preclude  him  from  a  very  extensive  and  honour*- 
able  acquaintance.  His  house,  especially  on  a  Sunday 
'  evening,  was  the  resort  o{  the  most  distinguished  persons 
of  all  ranks,  and  particularly  of  such  as  had  rendered  them* 
selves  eminent  by  their  knowledge,  or  love  of  literature. 
He  received  foreigners,  who  were  fond  of  learning,  with 
an  affability  and  kindness,  which  excited  in  them*  the 
highest  respect  and  veneration ;  and  his  instructive  and 
cheerful  conversation  made  him  the  delight  of  his  friends 
in  general.     Oh  March  5,  1765,  Dr.  Campbell  was  ap- 

original.— .Where  I  dfffer  from  bim  in  every  where,  with  so  mnch  good  sense 

any  respect,  it  is  with  deference  to  the  and  eloquence,  to  rouse  that  spirit  of 

jhdgment  of  a  writer,  to  whom  this  na-  generous  enterpriee,    that  can    alone 

ii»b  is  much  oblta;ed,  for  endeavouring  make  anjp  nation  pewerfnl  or  iploriotn.*' 


1SS 


CAMPBELL. 


pointed  his  maj^ty's  agent  for  the  province  of  Georgia,  id 
North  America,  which  employment  he  held  till  his  de- 
His  last  illneHB  was  a  decline,  the  consequence  of 


cease. 


a  life  devoted  to  severe  study,  and  which  resisted  every 
attempt  for  his  relief  that  the  most  skilful  in  the  medical 
science  could  devise.  By  this  illness  he  was  carried  off, 
at  his  house  in  Queen-square,  Ormond-street,  on  Dec.  28, 
1775,  when  he  had  nearly  completed  the  6Sth  year  of  his 
ftge.  His  end  was  tranquil  and  easy,  and  he  preserved  the 
full  use  of  all  his  faculties  to  the  latest  moment  of  his  life. 
On  Jan.  4th  following  his  decease,  he  was  interred  in  the 
new  burying-^ ground,  behind  the  Foundling-hospital,  be** 
longing  to  St.  George  the  Martyr,  where  a  monument, 
with  a  plain  and  modest  inscription,  has  been  erected  to 
his  memory.  Dr.  Campbell  had  by  his  lady  seven  chil- 
dren, one  of  whom  only  survived  him,  but  is  $ince  dead. 
Dr.  Campbells  literary  knowledge  was  by  no  means  con- 
fined to.  the  subjects  on  which  he  more  particularly  treated  * 
as  an  author.  He  was  well  acquainted  with  the  mathema- 
tics, and  had  read  much  in  medicine.  It  has  been  with 
great  reason  believed,  that,  if  he  had  dedicated  his  studies 
to  the  last  science,  he  would  have  made  a  very  conspicuous 
figure  in  the  physical  profession.  He  was  eminently  versed 
in  the  different  parts  of  sacred  literature ;  and  his  ac- 
quaintance with  the  languages  extended  not  only  to  the 
Hebrew,  Greek,  and  Latin  among  the  ancient,  §.nd  to  the 
French,  Italian,  Spanish,  Portuguese,'  and  Dutch,  among 
the  modern ;  but,  likewise,  to  the  oriental  tongues.  He 
was  particularly  fond  of  the  Greek  language.  His  attaiur 
ment  of  such  a  variety  of  knowledge  was  exceedingly  as- 
sisted by  a  memory  surprisingly  retentive,  and  which,  in« 
deed,  astonished  every  person  with  whom  he  was  conver- 
sant. A  striking  distance  of  this  has  been  given  by  the 
honourable  Mr.  Daines  Barrington,  in  his  tract,  entitled, 
**  The  probability  of  reaching  the  north  pole  discussed  *.'* 


*  The  instaDce  mentioned  by  Mr. 
"Barrington  regards  the  accuracy  where- 
with Dr.  Campbell,  at  the  distanee  of 
^0  years,  remembered  the  facts  related 
to  him  by  a  Dr.  Daillie,  coneerniag  a 
voyage  towards  the  north  pole^  in 
which  the  navigators,  among  whom  was 
J)r.  Daillie  himself,  went  so  far  as  to 
ike  88th  degree  of  north  latitude ;  and 
might  easily  have  proceeded  farther, 
had  not  the  captain  thought  hiotfelf 


obliged  by  his  duty  in  other  respects, 
to  return.  In  Mr.  Harrington's  curi* 
Dtts  collection  of  papers  relative  to  the 
probability  of  reaching  to  the  north 
pole,  is  a  tract  which  he  received  from 
a  learned  friend,  who  permitted  him  to 
print  it,  though  not  to  inform  the  pub- 
lie  to  whom  they«were  iadebted  for  the 
communication.  It  is  entitled,  Thoughtii 
on  the  probability, .  expediency,  and 
utility  of  discor^ring  a  passage  by^^ie 


C  A  M  P  B  E  L  L.  159 

/ 

In  communicating  bis  ideas,  our  author  bad  an  uncommon 
readiness  and  facility ;  and  the  style  oi*  his  works,  whicii 
had  been  formed  upon  the  model  of  that  of  the  celebrated 
bishop  Sprat,  was  perspicuous,  easy,  flowing,  and  harmo- 
nious. Should  it  be  thought  that  it  is  sometimes  rather 
too  diffusive,  it  will,  notwithstanding,  indubitably  be  al- 
lowed, that  it  is,  in  general,  elegant. 

To  all  these  accomplishments  of  the  understanding,  Dr/ 
Campbell  joined  the  more  important  virtues  of  a  moral  and. 
pious  character.  His  disposition  was  gentle  and  humane, 
and  his  manners  kind  and  obliging.  He  was  the  tenderest 
/pf  husbands,  a  most  indulgent,  parent,  a  kind  master,a 
firm  and  sincere  friend.  To  his  great  Creator  he  paid  the 
constant  and  ardent  tribute  of  devotion,  duty,  and  rever- 
ence ;  and  in  his  correspondences  he  shewed,  that  a  sense 
of  piety  was  always  nearest  his  heart.  It  was  our  author's 
custom  every  day,  to  read  one  or  more  portions  of  scrip- 
ture, in  the  original,  with  the  ancient  versions,  and  the 
best  commentators  before  him  ;  and  in  this  way,  as  appears 
from  his  own  occasional  notes  and  remarks,  he  went  through 
the  sacred  writings  a  number  of  times,  with  great  tliank- 
fulness  and  advantage.  ^ 

CAMPEGIO,  or  COMPEGIO  (Lawrence),  an  emi- 
nent cardinal  of  the  Romish  church,  and  an  English  bishop, 
was  a  native  of  Bologna,  the  son  of  John  Campegio,  a  learned 
lawyer,  and  was  himself  professor  of  law  at  Padua.  After 
the  death  of  his  wife,,  he  went  into  the  church,  and  in 
1510  became  auditor  of  the  Rota,  and  in  1512  bishop  of 
Feltria.  Being  afterwards,  in  1517,  created  cardinal,  he 
was  sent  as  pope'&  legate  into  England  in  the  following 
year.  His  chief  business  at  the  English  court  was  to  per- 
suade Henry  VIII.  to  join  the  confederation  of  Christian 
princes  against  the  Turks.  He  was  very  favourably  re- 
ceived on  this  occasion,  and  had  several  spiritualities  be- 
stowed upon  bioQ,  among  which  was  the  bishoprick  of  Sa* 
lisbury,  but  not  having  be^  able  to  accomplish  the  busi-. 
ness  of  his  mission,  he  returned  to  Rome.  When  the  con- 
troversy respecting  Henry's  divorce  began,  in  1527,  car- 
dinal Campe^gio  was  sent  a  second  time,  into  England,  to. 

> 

north  pole.    We  are  now  permitted  by     of  this  iogenious  essay  was  Dr.  Oamp« 
3Sr.  BarhngtOD  to  sAy,  that  the  writer     bell. 

1  Biog.  Brit.— >Nichol8*s  Bowyer.— Some  curious  remarks  on  his  character  and 
talents,  ;iot  exactly  corresponding  with  tka  account  in  the  Biog.  Brit  may  bo 
Man  iu  Botwsirs  Towr  to  the  Hi  brides,  and  his  Idh  of  Or.-Jobnsoa. 


160  C  A  M  P  E  G  I  O. 

call  a  legantine  court,  where  he  and  his  colleague  cardinal' 
Wols^  Were  to  sit  as  judges.     Having  arrived  in  London 
Oct.  1528,  the  first  session  began  at  Blackfriars,  May  31, 
'  1529,  and  the  trial  lasted  until  July  23,  when  the  qu'een 
Catherine  appealing  to  the  pope,  the  court  was  adjourned 
until  Sept.  28,  and  was  then  dissolved.     Afterwards  Cain- 
pegio  was  recalled  to  Rome,  the  king  making  him  con- 
,  siderable  presents  upon  his  departure ;  but  a  rumour  being 
spread,  that  be  carried  along  with  him  a  treasure  belong- 
ing to  cardinal  Wolsey,  whose  downfall  was  at  this  time 
contrived,  and  who,  it  was  suspected,  intended  to  follow 
him  to  Rome,  he  was  pursued  by  the  king's  orders,  and 
overtaken  at  Calais.     His  baggage  was  searched,  but  no- 
thing being  found  of  the  kind  suspected,  he  complained 
Ibudly  of  this  violation  of  his  sacred  character.  '  In  this, 
however,  he  obtained  no  redress,  and  when  king  Henry 
understood  that  the  see  of  Rome  was  not  disposed  to  fa,vour 
him  with  a  divorce  from  his  queen,  he  deprived  Campegio 
of  his  see  of  Salisbury.     He  died  at  Rome  in  August  1539, 
leaving  the  character  of  a  man  of  learning,  and  a  patron  of 
learned  men,  and  much  esteemed  by  Erasmus,  Sadoiet, 
and  other  eminent  men  of  that  time.     His  letters  only  re- 
main, which  contain  many  historical  particulars,  and  were 
published  in  **  Epistolarum  miscellanearum,  libri  decem," 
Basil,  1550,  fol.     Hume  represents  his  conduct,   in   the 
matter  of  the  divorce,  as  prudent  and  temperate,  although 
somewhat  ambiguous. '' 

CAMPER  (Peter),  an  eminent  physician  and  surgeon, 
the  son'  of  Florence  Camper,  a  minister  of  the  reformed 
church,  was  born  at  Leyden  May  11,  1722,  and  was  first 
taught  design  and  painting,  which  enabled  him  in  his  fu- 
ture studies  to  draw  his  anatomical  preparations.  He 
afterwards  studied  medicine  under  Boerhaave,  and  the 
other  eminent  professors  of  Leyden,  and  in  1746  took  his 
degree  of  M.  D.  In  1748,  he  attended  the  hospitals  and 
anatomical  lectures  in  London,  and  afterwards  at  Paris. 
In  1749,  he  was  appointed  professor  of  philosophy,  medi- 
cine, and  surgery  at  Franeker  ;  and  in  1755  taught  these 
sciences  at  Amsterdam,  which  he  quitted  in  1761.  After 
two  years'  residence  at  his  country -jhouse  in  Friesland,  he 
was  appointed  professor  of  medicine^  surgery,  anatomy, 

>  Moreri.:— Docld's  £ccl.  tiist.«— HttBie's  History.— »Fidde3  and  Grore's  Uves 
>f  Cardinal  Wolsey. 


CAMPER.  m 

* 

«nd  botany  at  Grpotngen,  whete  he  resided  until  June 
1773,  when  be  settled  at  Franeker,  in  order  to  superin^- 
tend  the  educatioa  of  his.  sons.     la  1762,  he  bad  been 
appointed  a  representative  in  the  assembly  of  the  province 
of  Friesland;  but  in  17S7»  he  was  noimoated  one  of  the 
council  of  state,  and  was  therefore  obliged  to  reside  at  the 
Hague,  where  he  died  i»  April  1789,!  in  the  sixty^seventh 
year  of  his  age.     The  immediate  cause  of  his  death  was  a 
pleurisy,  but  his  eulogist  seems  to  attribute  it  remotely  to 
bis  patriotic  exertions,  and  the  grief  which  oppressed  him 
when  he  saw  the  independence  of  his  country  attacked. 
Whichever  account  be^  true,  be  nyaif. lamented  as  a  learned 
and  ingenious  propaoter  .of  science,  and  an  ornament  to 
his  country.     He  wa^  at  the  time  of  bis  death  a  member 
of  the  royal  socieiy  of  London,  and  of  the  academies  of 
Peter$burgh,  Berlin,  Edinburgh  (the  college  of  physicians), 
Gottiogen,  Manchester,  Haerlem,  Rotterdam,  &c.  and  other 
learned  societies  in  various  parts  of  Europe. 

His  works,  if  not  numerous,  are  highly  valuable,  and 
contain  many  imp9rtant  facts,  and  successful  experunents 
and  improvements.     He  published,  K. '^  DemoDstrationnnpi 
Anatomico-Pathologicarum  liber  primufi,  continens  brachii 
humani  fabricam  et  morbos,  in  folio  maximo,  cum  quatuor 
figuris,^'  Ainst.  1760*     2.  *^  Liber  secundus,  continens  peU 
vis  human®  fabricam  et  morbos,"  1762.     2.  '^  An  account 
of  a  method  of  performing  the  opetation  of  Lithotomy  at 
'two  different  times,''  pubUsbed  in  a  Dutch  journal.     The 
operation  is  performed  at  twice,  that  is,  on  <  the  first  day 
the  surgeon  makes  the  incision  into  the  bladder ;  the  pa- 
tient, is  then  to  be  put  to  bed,  and  the  extraction  of  the 
stone  deferred  until  the  second,  third,  or  fourth  day ;  but 
this  method  has  not  been  attended  with  the  advantages  ex- 
pected from  it.     Camper's  other  wOrks  were  published  by 
his  son  :  3.  '^  A  Dissertation  on  the  fracture  of  the  patella 
and  olecranon,"  1789, 4to. .  4.  *' ATreatise  on  the  natural 
difference  of  features, ,  &c."  which  was  translated  by  Dr. 
Cogan,  and  published  at  London  in  1794,  under  the  title 
"  The  Works  of  the  late  professor  Camper,  on  the  con- 
nection between  the  science  of  ana^niy  and  the  arts  of 
drawing,  painting,  statuary,  &c.   &c.  in   2   books ;    con- 
taining a  treatise  on  tb^  natural  diiFerence  of  features  in 
persons  of  different  countries  and  periods  of  life ;  and  on 
beauty,  as  exhibited  in  ancient  sculpture,  &c."     This  is 
unquestionably  a  work  of  great  curiosity  and  importance  ^ 

vot.vm.  M 


162  C  A  M  P  £  A. 

to  artists^  and  is  one  of  the  best  translated  seientific  books 
in  our  language.  In  1903,  a  collection  of  Camper's  works 
was  published  at  Paris,  in  3  vols.  8to.  with  a  folio  atlafs 
of  piatesy  containing  his  various  dissertations  on  natural 
history,  physiology,  and  comparatire-  anatomy.  To  diese 
is  prefixed  an  account  of  his  life  by  his  son.  Camper  was 
not  less  amiable  in  private  life,  than  celebrated  in  his  pub« 
lie  character.  ^ 

CAMPIAN  (Edmund),  an  ingenious  Roman  catholio 
writer,  was  bom  in  London  in  1540,  and  educated  at 
Christ's  hospital.  Being  a  boy  of  great  parts^  he  was  se- 
lected while  at  school,  to  make  an  oration  before  queen 
Mary  at  her  accession  to  the  crown;  and  from  thence 
elected  scholar  of  St.  John's  college  in  Oxford  by  Thomas 
White,  the  founder  of  it,  in  1553.  He  took  his  degrees 
of  B.  and  M.  A.  regularly,  and  afterwards  went  into  orders. 
In  1566,  when  queen  Elizabeth  was  entertained  at  Ox- 
ford, he  made  an  oration  before  her,  and- also  kept  an  act 
in  St.  Mary's  ch9rcb,  with  very  great  applause  from  that 
learned  queen.  In  1 568,  he  went  into  Ireland,  where  he 
wrote  a  history  of  that  country  in  two  books ;  but  being 
then  discovered  to  have  embraced  the  popish  rdigion,  and 
to  labour  for  proselytes,  he  was  seised  and  detained  for 
some  time.  He  escaped  soon  after  into  England ;  but  in 
1571  transported  himself  into  the  Low  Countries,  and  set- 
tled in  the  English  college  of  Jesuits  at  Doway,  where  h^ 
openly  renounced  the  protestant  religion,  and  had  the  de- 
gree of  B.  D.  conferred  upon  him.  From  thence  he  went 
to  Rome,  where  he  was  admitted  into  the  society  of  Je- 
taitsin  1573;  and  afterwards  sent  by  the  general,  of  his 
order  into  Germany^  He  lived  for  some  time  in  Brune, 
and  then  at  Vienna;  where  he  composed  a  tragedy,  called 
^^  Nectar  and  Ambrosia,"  which  was  acted  before  the  em^ 
peror  with  great  applause.  Soon  after  he  settled  at  Prague 
in  Bohemia,  and  taught  rhetoric  and  philosophy  for  about 
six  years  in  a  college  of  Jesuits,  which  had  been  newly 
erected  there.  At  length  being  called  to  Rome,  he  was 
sent  by  the  command  of  pope  Gregory  .XIII.  into  England, 
where  he  arrived  in  June  1580.  Here  he  performed  all 
the  offices  of  a  zealous  provincial,  and  was  diligent  in  pro<^ 
pagating  his  religion  by  all  the  arts  of  conversation  and 
writing.    He  seems  to  have  challenged  the  English  clergy 

ShgmiM  Aeddaakimui,  vol.  V.— Rcet'j  CydopaeaU. 


C  A  M  P  I  A  N.  I6S 

ta  a  disputation,  by  a  piece  entitled  ^*  Rationes  decern  ob* 
lati  certaminb  in  canaa  iidei^  reddittt  academicis  Angliae^** 
which  was  printed  at  a  prirate  press  in  1581 ;  and  many 
copies  of  which,  as  Wood  tells  ns,  were  dispersed  that 
yeir  in  St.  Mary's  church  aH  Oxford,  during  the  time  of 
an  act.  It  was  afterwards  printed  in  English,  and  ably 
refuted  by  the  English  divinei.  In  short,  Campian,  though 
nobody  knew  where  he  was,  was  yet  so  active  as  to  fall 
under  the  cognizance  of'Walsingham,  secretary  of  state; 
aad  Walsiagham  employed  a  person  to  find  him  out  He 
was  at  last  diacoirered  in  disguise  at  the  house  of  a  private 
gentleman  in  Berks,  from  whence  he  was  conveyed  iii 
great  procession  to  the  Tower  of  London,  with  a  pap^r 
fiuitened  to  his  bat,  on  which  was  written  ^*  Edmund  Cam*^ 
piauj  a  most  pernicious  Jesuit.**  Afterwards,  having  been 
fottnt4  gnilty  of  high  treason  in  adhering  to  the  bishop  of 
Rome,  the  queen's  enemy,  and  in  coming  to  Enghind  to 
disturb  the  peace  and  quiet  of  the  realm,  he  was  hanged 
and  quartered,  widi  other  Romirii  priests,  at  Tyburn,  De- 
cember 1,  1581. 

AU  parties  allow  him  to  have  been  a  most  extraordinary 
man ;  of  adarirable  parts,  an  eloquent  orator,  a  subtile 
pUlosopher  and  skilful  ^sputant,  an  exact  preacher  both 
in  ijatin  and  English,  and  a  man  of  good  temper  ftnd  ad- 
dress. Besides  the  works  already  mentioned,  he  wrote, 
1.  ^^^  NiMf  Articles  directed  to  the  lords  of  the  privy-coun- 
cil," 1581.  3.  *<  The  History  of  Ireland,**  noticed  above, 
published  by  sir  James  Ware,  Dublin,  1633,  fbl.  Thef 
original  MS.  n  in  the  British  Museum.  9.  **  Chronologia 
universalis.**  4.  *^  Conferences  in  the  Tower,^V  published 
by  the  English  divines,  1583,  4to.  5.  ^'Narratio  de  Di- 
vortio,**  Antwerp,  163^1.  6.  "  Orationes,**  ibid.  1631. 
7.  <<£pisi»lflB  tarisfe,^*  ibid.  1631.  8.  «<  De  Imitatione 
Rbetorica,**  ibid.  16^1.  His  life,  iHrritteii  by  Paul  Bom- 
bino,  a  Jesuit,  is  very  scait;e ;  the  best  edition  is  that  of 
Mantua,  1620,  8vo.^ 

CAMPISTRON  {JoHvr  Oalbeut),  was  bom  at  Toulouse 
in  16S6,  and  shewed  an  ^arly  taste  for  poetry,  which  was  * 
improved  by  a  good  education,  and  when  he  came  to 
Paris,  he  tMk  Racine  for' his  guide  in  the  dramatic  career. 
But,^  though  it  may-be'  allowed  that  Campistron  approacihed 

«  Atb.  Ox.  vol.  I.-^^trype's  Parker,  p.  375.— Strype'i  Orindal,  p.  256,  #nd 
Annals.  See  Index.— Archieologia^  toI.  Xni.««»I>odd'f  Churcli  HUt.  vol.  II.— 
Alegambe  BiU.  Soc.  Script  Jefu. 

M9 


1«4  C  A  M  P  1  S  T  R  O  N. 

Ilis  merit  in  the  condact  of  his  pieces,  yet  he  could  never 
equal  him  in  the  beauties  of  composition,  nor  in  his  en- 
chanting versification.  Too  feeble  to  avoid  the  defects  of 
Racinei  and  uni^le  like  him  to  atone  for  them  by  beauti^ 
ful  strokes  of  the  sublime^  he  copied  him  in  his  soft  man* 
per  of  ddineating  the  love  of  his  heroes,  of  whom,  it  must 
be  confessed,  he  sometimes  made  inamoratos  fitter  for  the 
most  comic  scenes  than  for  tragedy,  in  which  passion 
ought  always  to  assume  an  elevated  style.  Racine,  whila 
he  was  forming  Campistron  for  the  drama,  was  not  inat* 
tentive  to  promote  the  fortune  of  the  youn^  poet.  Having 
proposed  him  to  the  duke  de  Vend6me  for  the  compositioD 
of  the  heroic  pastoral  of  '^  Acis  and  Galatea,"  which  he  de* 
signed  should  be  represented  at  his  chateau  of  Anet,  that 

{irince,  well  satisfied  both  with  his  character  and  his.  ta«* 
ents,  first  made  him  secretary  of  his  orders,  and  then  se« 
cretary  general  of  the  gallies.     He  afterwards  got  him 
made  knight  of  the  military  order  of  St.  James  in  Spain, 
commandant  of  Cbimene,  and  nmrquis  of  Penange  in  Italy. 
The  poet,  now  become  necessary  to 'the  prince^  by  tb^ 
cheerfulness  of  his  temper  and  the  vivacity  of  his  imagina- 
tion, attended  him  on  his  travels  into  various  countries. 
Campistron,  some  time  after  his  return,  retired  to  his  owi> 
country;    where  he  married  mademoiselle  de  Maniban,^ 
lister  of  the  first  president  of  Toulouse,  and  of  the  bishop 
of  Mirepoix,  afterwards  archbisbop  of  Bourdeaux;   and 
there  he  died  May  11,  ]723,  of  an  apoplexy,  at  the  age 
of  67.     This  stroke  was  brought  on  by  a  fit  of  pa3sion  ex* 
cited  by  two  chairmen  who  refused  to  carry  him  on  ac- 
count of  his  great  weight    Campistron  kept  good  com- 
pany, loved  good  cheer,  and  had  all  the  indolence  of  9^ 
man  of  pleasure.    While  secretary  ^  to  the  duke  de.Ven- 
d6me,  he  found  it  a  more  expeditious  way  to  burn  th^  let- 
ters that  were  .written  to  that  prince  than  to  answer  them. 
Accordingly,  the  duke,  seeing  him  one  day  before  a  large 
fire,  in  which  he  was  easting  a  heap  of  papers :  ^^  There 
•its  Campistron,''  said  he»  ^  employed^  in  answering  my 
^correspondents."    He  followed  the  duke  even  to  the  field 
of  battle.    At  the  battle  of  Steinkerque,  the  duke  seeing 
him  always  beside  him,  said,  ><  What  do  you  do  here, 
Campistron  ?"     *^  Monseigneur,"    answered  he,    '^  I  am 
limiting  to  go  back  with  you."     This  sedateness  of  mind  in 
^  a  moment  of  so  much  danger  was  highly  pleasing  to  the 

hero.    Uis  plajs,  1750^  3  vols.  12mo.  have  been  pearl^ 


C  A  M  P  I  S  T  R  O  N.  161 

fts  often  printed  as  those  of  Comeilley  Racine,  Crebillon; 
and  Voltaire.  The  most  popular  of  them  are. his  **  An*- 
dronicus/'  "Alcibiadesj"  **Acis  and  Galatea j'*  **Phocion/' 
«  Adrian,''  «  Tiridatos/'  "  Phraates,"  and  "  Jaloux  De- 
«abas£/'  * 

CAMPS  (FRjkNcis  de),  was  born  at  Amiens  Jan.  3|, 
1643,  of  very  poor  parents.  Serroni,  bishop  of  Mende, 
took  him  from  the  Dominican  convent  of  the  fttuxbourg  St. 
Germain,  in  Paris,  provided  for  his  education,  and  made 
him  his  sectetary .  This  prelate  also  gave  him  the  priory  at 
Flore,  obtained  for  him  the  abbey  of  St.  Marcel,  the  co^ 
adjutorship  of  Gland^ves,  and  lastly  the  bishopric  of  Pa- 
niiers.  But  not  able  to  obtain  his  bulls  from  Rome,  on 
account  of  his  bad  conduct,  he  had  by  way  of  compensa- 
tion the  abbey  of  Signy.  He  is  the  author  of  several  dis- 
sertations on  medals,  on  the  history  ofTrance,  on  the  title 
of  Most  Christian  given  to  the  kings  of  France,  on  the 
guard  of  these  monarchs,  on  the  daughters  of  the  house  of 
I'rance  given  in  marriage  to  heretical  or  pagan  princes,  on 
the  nobility  of  the  royal  race,  on  the  heredity  of  the  grand 
fiefs,  on  the  origin  of  ensigns  armorial,  ort  the  hereditary 
dignities  attached  to  titled  estates,  &c.  all  which  were 
pubhshed  in  the  Paris  Mercuries  for  1719,  1720,  1722, 
and  1723.  His  cabinet  was  rich  in  medals ;  the  celebrated 
Vaillant  published  the  most  curious  of  them  acconppanied 
with  explications.  Abb^  de  Camps  died  at  Paris  in  1723, 
aged  81.  He  was  learned  and  laborious,  and  his  investi- 
gations ha,ve  been  of  great  use  to  the  historians  that  bav^ 
came  after  him.  * 

CAMUS  (Antony  lb),  a  French  physician,  was  born 
at  Paris  in  1722,  and  died  in  the  same  city  in  1772,  at  50 
years  of  age.  He  practised  medicine  there  with  great  suc- 
cess^ and  wrote,  1.  "Medicine  de  Pesprit,"  Paris,  1753, 
2^  vols.  12mo,  in  which  his  reasonings  are  not  always- just; 
but  his  conjectures  are  in  general  very  ingenious,  and  may 
he  of  great  service.  2.  ^*  Abdeker,''  or  the  art  of  preserv- 
ing beauty,  1756,  4  vols,  small  twelves;  a  romance  in 
which  the  author  introduces  a  variety  of  receipts  and  pre- 
cepts for  the  benefit  of  the  ladies.  The  true  cosmetics  are 
exercise  and  temperance.  A  translation  of  part  of  this  ap- 
peared in  English,  but  before  the  above  date,  1754,  in 
one  vol.  l2mo.     3.  "  Memoires  sur  divers  jsujets  de  medi- 

'  Moreri.— 'Diet.  Hist— See  art  ALUtom  in  vol,  I.—Niceron* 
9  Moreri^Dict.  Hiit. 


I6i  ,    .    C  A  M  U  S. 

cine/'  1760,  8vo.  4.  '^  Meihoire  8(!ir  Tetat  actuel  de  H 
Pharmacie/'  1765,  12aio.  5.  "  Projet  d'aneauiirla  Petite- 
verole,*'  1767,  12mo,  6.  **  Medicine  pratique,"  3  vols. 
12mo,  and  1  vol.  4to.  7.  **  Ampbitbeatrum  poeticum,'' 
a  poem,  1745,  4to.  He  also  was  editor  of  the  '^'  Journal 
Economique,''  from  1753  to  1765,  and  exhibited  in  all 
his  works  various  talents,  and  considerable  powers  of  fancy 
as  well  as  of  science.  One  of  bis  brothers,  Nicolas  Camus 
DE  M£Zi£H£S,  was  a  skilful  architect,  and  published  some 
works  on  that  subject;  particularly  ^^Dissertations  sur  le 
boisde  charpente,"  Paris,  1763,  12mo.  "  Le  Genie  d' Ar- 
chitecture," ibid.  1780,  8vo;  "Traill  de  la  force  de 
bois,"  1782,  8vo;  and  "  Le  guide  de  ceux  quL  veulent 
batir,"  2  vols.  8vo.  He  died  July  24,  1779.  Another 
brother,  Armand  Gaston  Camus,  who  died  in  1 804,  was 
a  very  active  agent  in  all  the  revolutionary  measures  of  the 
diiferent  French  assemblies,  and  being  sent  to  arrest  Du- 
mourier  in  1793,  was  delivered  by  bim  to  the  Austrians, 
and  afterwards  exchanged  for  the  daughter  of  Louis  XVL 
His  political  conduct  belongs  to  the  history  of  those  turbu- 
lent periods*  In  ISOO  be  was  commissioned  to  inspect  the 
libraries  and  collections  of  the  united  departments,  and 
particularly  examined  the  library  of  Brussels,  which  is  rich 
in  MSS.  He  was  a  man  of  some  learning,  and  extensive 
knowledge  of  books;  and  published,  1.  *^  Observations  sur 
la  distribution  et  le  classement  des  livres  d'une  biblio- 
thcque."  2.  *'  Memoire  sur  un  livre  AUemand,"  the  famous 
Tewrdannckhs.  3.  "Memoire  sur  Phistoire  et  les  pro- 
c^d^s  du  Polytypage  et  de  la  Stereotype."  4.  **  Rapport 
sur  la  continuation  de  la  collection  des  Historiens  de  la 
France,  et  de  celle  des  Chartres  et  Dipilomes."  5.  "  No- 
tice d'un  livre  imprim6  a  Bamberg  in  1462,'*  a  very  curi- 
ous memoir  of  a  book,  first  described  in  the  Magasin  Hist 
Litt.  Bib^iog.  1792.  6.  <<  Memoire  sur  la  collection  des 
grands  et  petits  voyages,''  1802,  4to.  In  the  "Notices 
des  MSS.  de  la  Bibl.  Nationale,"  vol.  VI.  is  an  interesting 
memoir  by  him,  relating  to  two. ancient  manuscript  bibles, 
in  2  vols.  fol.  adorned  with  5152  pictures,  each  of  them 
having  a  Latin  and  French  verse  beautifully  written  and 
illuminated  beneath.  ^    '  , 

CAMUS  (Charles   Stephen    Lewis),    a    celebrated 
French  mathematician,  examiner  of  the  royal  schools  of 

1  Diet.  Hist— Biog*  MQdtenu3.-^Dibdiii'f  BibUongftaia,  p<  «8.  - 


CAMUS.  167 

axtillery  and  engineersi  secretary  and  professor  of  the  royal 
academy  of  architecture,  honorary  member  of  that  of  the 
marine,  and  fellow  of  the  royal  society  of  London,  w^ 
born  at  Cressy  en  Brie,  August  25,  1699.  His  early  in* 
genuity  in  mechanics  and  his  own  intreaties  induced  bis 
parents  to  send  him  to  study  at  a  college  in  Paris,  at  ten 
years  of  age;  where  in  the  space  of  two  years  his  progress 
was  so  great,  that  he  was  able  to  give  lessons  in  mathe* 
matics,  and  thus  to  defray  his  own  expences  at  the  college 
without  any  farther  charge  to  his  parents.  By  the  assist* 
ance  of  the  celebrated  Varignon,  young  Camus  soon  ran 
through  the  course  of  the  higher  mathematics,  and  acquired 
a  name  among  the  learned.  He  made  himself  more  particu<<' 
larly  known  to  the  academy  of  sciences  in  1727  by  his  me* 
moir  upon  the  subject  of  the  prize  which  they  had  proposed 
tor  that  year,  viz.  ^^  To  determine  the  most  advantageoua 
way  of  masting  ships  ;**  in  consequence  of  which  he  waa 
named  that  year  adjoint  mechanician  to  the  academy ;  and 
in  1730  he  was  appointed  professor  of  architecture.  In  jiesa 
than  three  years  after,  he  was  honoured  with  the  secretary-*- 
ship  of  the  same;  and  the  18th  of  April  1733,  he  obtained 
the  degree  of  associate  in  the  academy,  where  he  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  memoirs  upon  living  forces,  or  bo- 
dies in  motion  acted  upon  by  forces,  on  the  figure  of  the 
teeth  of  wheels  and  pinions,  on  pump  work,  and  several 
other  ingenious  memoirs. 

In  1736  he  was  sent,  in  company  with  messieurs  Clairaut^ 
Haupertuisy  and  Monnier,  upon  the  celebrated  expedition 
to  measure  a  degree  at  the  north  polar  circle ;  in  which  he 
rendered  himself  highly  useful,  not  only  as  a  mathema^. 
tician, .  but  also  as  a  ^mechanician  and  an  .artist,  branches 
for  which  be  had  a  remarkable  talent.  In  1741  Camus  had 
the  honour  to  be  appointed  pensioner  geometrician  in  the 
academy ;  and  the  same  year  he  invented  a  gauging-rod 
and  sliding-rule  proper  at  once  to  gauge  all  sorts  of  casks, 
and  to  calculate  their  contents.  Aloiout  the  year  1747  he 
was  named  examiner  of  the  schools  of  artillery  and  en- 
gineers; and,  in  1756,  one  of  the  eight .  ndathematicians 
appointed  to  examine  by  a  new  measiii^^ent,  the  base 
which  had  formerly  been  measured  by  Picard,  between 
yillejuive  aud  Juvisi;  an  operation  ^n  which  bis  ingenuity 
and  exactness  were  of  great  utility.  In  1765  M.  Camus 
was  eleot^  a  fellow  of  the  royal  society  of  London ;  aiid 
died  the  4th  of  May  i763t,  in  the  sixty -ninth  year  of  his 


16S'  0  A  MV  d; 

age.;  being  succ^ded  by  the  celebrated  d'Alemb^rt  in  bis 
office  of  geometrician  in^tbe  French  academy ;  and  leaving 
behi:)d  him  a  great  number  of  manuscript  treatises  on  va- 
rious branches  of  the  mathematics;  The  works  published 
by  M.  Camus  are,  1.  "  Course  of  Mathematics  for  the  use 
of  "the  Engineers,'*  4  vols.  8vo.  2.  "  Elements  of  Me- 
chanics." 3.  "  Elements  of  Arithmetic.**  And  his  me- 
moirs printed  in  the  volumes  of  the  academy  are,  1.  **  Of 
accelerated  motions  by  living  forces,"  vol.  for  1716.  2. 
**  Solution  of  a  geometrical  problem  of  M.  Cramer,'*  1732. 
8."  On  the  figure  of  the  teeth  and  pinions  in  Clocks,**" 
17^3.  4.  "  On  the  action  of  a  musket-ball,  piercing  a 
prfetty  thick  piece  of  wood,  without  communicating  any 
considerable  velocity  to  it,"  1738.  5.  **.On  the  best  man- 
lier of  employing  Buckets  for  raising  Water,"  1739.  6. 
«  A  problem  in  Statics,*'  1740.    7.  "  On  an  Instrument  for 

tanging  of  vessels,"  1741.  8.  "  On  the  Standard  of  the 
11  measure,"  1746.  9.  **  On  the  Tangents  of  points  com- 
ttton  to  several  branches  of  the  same  curve,"  1747.  10. 
^^•On  the  operations  in  measuring  the  distance  between 
the  centres  of  the  pyramidis  of  Villejuive  and  Juvisi,  to 
discover  the  best  measure  of  the  degree  about  Paris,"  1754. 
11 .  «  On  the  Masting  of  Ships  ;**  Prize  Tom.  II.  12. "  The 
Manner  of  working  Oars  ;*'  Mach.  tom.  II.  13.  **  A  Machine 
for  moving  many  Colters  at  once;"  Mach.  tom.  II.  ^ 

CAMUS  (John  Peter),  an  exemplary  French  prelate, 
n^as  born  at  Paris  in  1582,  and  on  account  of  bis  excellent 
character  and  talents,  was  nominated  to  the  bishopric  of 
B«llay  by  Henry  IV.  in  1600,  before  he  was  of  age,  but 
having  obtained  the  pope*s dispensation,  he  was  consecrated 
on  Dec,  30th  of  the  same  year.  From  'this  time  h^  ap- 
pears to  have  devoted  his  time  and  talents  to  the  edification 
of  his  flock,  and  of  4iie  people  at  large,  by  frequent  prelach- 
ingi,  and  more  frequent  publicatioh  of  numerous  works  cal- 
culated to  divert  their  attention  to  this  conciernsbf  an  im- 
mortallife.  In  his  time  romances  began  to'be'thefa^urite 
books  with  all  who  would  be  thought  readers  6f  taste;  and 
Camus,  considering  that  it  would  not  be  eitsy  to^petsuade 
them  to  leave  off  such  books  without  supplyinjg  them  with 
some  kind  of  substitute,  pubiishied  several  works  of  prac- 
tical i^ety  with  a  mixture  of  romantic  nai'rative,  by  Which 

'     *     »     • 

1  Diet,  Hist— Hutton't  Math,  Pi^on«ryf«*-L«  Necnologe  id«i  Ji»Hmki^Qiy^ 
1»re6  di^  Prance,  17S9,  ISmo,  .    < . 


CAM  us;  16a 

he  hoped  to  attract  and  amuse  the  attention  of  romance- 
readers,  and  draw  them  on  insensibly  to  matters  of  religious^ 
importance.  He  contrived,  therefore,  that  the  lovers,  in 
these  novels,  while  they  encounterc^d  the  usual  perplexities; 
should  be  led  to  see  the  vanity  and  perishable  nature  of  all 
human  enjoyments,  and  to  form  resolutions  of  tenouncing 
worldly  delights,  and  embracing  a  religious  life.  Among 
these  works  we  find  enumerated,  1.  **  Doroth^e,  ou  recit 
de  la  pitoyable  issue  d'une  volont^  violentfie,"  Paris,  ,1621. 
2.  "  Alexis,''  1622,  3  vols.  8vo.  3.  L'Hyacinte,  histoire 
Catalane,"  ibid.  1627,  Svo.  4.  ^^  Alcime,  relation  fiilieste^' 
&c.''  ibid.  12mo,  1625,  &c.  But  the  principal  objedt  of 
his  reforming  spirit  was  the  conduct  of  the  monk:^,  or  men- 
dicant fiiars,  against  whom  he  wrote  vafibiis  severe  re- 
monstrances, and  preached  against  thiem  ivrith  a  mixture 
of  religious  fervour  and  satirical  humour.  Among  the 
works  he  published  against  them  are,  1.'^' Le  Directeur 
desintcress^,"  Paris,  1632,  i2mo.  2.  "  Desappropriationr 
claustrale,''  Besan^on,  1634.  3.  '^  Le  Rabat-joye  du  tri- 
omphe  mona5al."  4.  "  L'anti-'Moine  bien  prepare,"  1632, 
&c.  &c.  These  monks  teazed  the  cardinal  Richelieu  to 
silence  him,  and  the  cardinal  told  him,  ^<  I  really  find  no 
other  fault  with  yon  but  this  horrible  bitterness  against 
the  monks;  were  it  not  for  that,  I  would  canonize  you.'* 
**  I  wish  that  may  come  to  pass,'*  said  the  bishop,  "  for 
then  we  should  both  have  our  wish ;  you  would  be  pope, 
and  I  a  saint."  Many  of  'his  bons-mots  were  long  in 
circulation,  and  show  that  he  had  the  courage  to  reprove 
vices  and  absurdities  amoitg  the  highest  classes.  In  1620 
he  established  in  the  city  of  Bellay  a  convent  of  capuchins, 
and  in  1622  one  for  the  nuns  of  the  visitation,  instituted 
by  St  Francis  de  Sales.  In  1629  he  resigned  his  bishopric' 
that  he  might  pass  the  remainder  of  his  day%  in  retirement, 
in  the  abbey  of  Cluny  in  Normandy,  but  the  atrdhbishop  bf 
Rouen,  unwiUing  that  sb  active  a  member'  of  the  church 
should  not  bfe  employed  in  public  services,  associated  him 
in  his  episcopal -cares,  by  appbihting  him  his  grand  Vicatv 
At  lengl^  he  finaHy  retired  to' the  hospital'  of  incurables  in 
Parts,  where  he  died  April  26*,  1652.  Morerihas  enu- 
merated a  large  catalogue  of  "his  works,  the  princi]balof 
which,!  besides  what  Vire  baVe  'enumeratfed,  are,  **  L'Esprit 
de  S.  Francois  de  Sales,"  6  vols.  Svo,  reduced  to  one  by  a 
doctor  of  the  Sorbonne ;  and  "  L' Avoisinement  des  Pro- 
testans  avec  I'Eglise  Romaine/'  republished  iu  1703  by 


170  CAM  US/ 

Richard  Simon,  under  the  title  of  '<  Moyens  de  reunir  les 
Procestaus  avec  TEglise  Romaine."  Simon  asserted,  that 
Bossuet's  exposition  of  the  catholic  faith  was  no  more  than 
this  work  in  a  new  dress.  ^ 

CAMUSAT  (Nicholas)^  >  French  historian,  was  bora 
at  'Trpyes  in  1575,  In  his  eighteenth  year  he  was  pro- 
moted to  a  canojiry  in  the  cathedral  of  his  native  city,  but 
appears  to  have  devoted  himself  chiefly  to  the  study  of  his- 
tory and  antiquities.  He  died  Jan.  20,  1655,  in  the 
eightieth  year  of  his  age,  after  publishing^  1.  <^  Chronolo- 
gia  ab  origine  orbis,  usque  adanx).  1200,  auctore  anonymo, 
9ed  ccenobii  ^.  Mariani  apud  Altissiodorum  (Auxerre)  re- 
gulss  Prsmonstratensis  monacho,"  with  an  appendix  to  th^ 
year  1223  i  Trecis.  (Troyes)  1608,  4to,  2.  "  Promptuarium 
sacrarum  antiquitatum  Tricassine  dioBcesis,  &c.''  1610,  Svo, 
a  work  of  great  utility  to  those  who  have  tfaie  curiosity  to 
study  the  history  of  ecclesiastical  discipline.  3.  <^  Historia 
Albigensium,  &a  auctore  Petro,  ccenobii  Vallis-Sarn^nsia 
ordinis  Cisterciensis  in  dioDcesi  Parisiensi  monacho,^^  Tre« 
cis,  1618,  8vo.  This  history^  which  Camusat  first  published 
from  the  original  MS.  was  translated  into  French  by  Arnaud 
Sorbin,  Paris,  1615.  4.  **  Melanges  historiques,  ou  recueil 
de  plusieurs  actes,  trait^s,  et  lettres  missives^  depuis  Tan 
1390  jusqu'a  Tan  1580,"  ibid.  1619,  8vo.  Some  of  hi& 
historical  communications  are  in  Duchesne's  collection  of 
French  historians,  and  in  othpr collections.' 

CAMUSAT  (Francis  Deni^is),  grand  nephew  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Besan^on,  where  his  father  was  an 
advocate,  in  1697,  and  died  at  Amsterdam  in  1732.  In 
this  city  he  was  employed  in  the  journals,  to  relieve  the 
distress  he  brought  upon  himself  by  quitting  the  post  of 
secretary  and  librarian  to  marechal  d'Estre^s,  and  marry- 
ing without  any  fortune.  He  left  ^^  Hist  Critiques  dea 
Journaux  qui  sUmpriment  en  France,"  9  vols.  12mo ;  *^  3ib- 
liotheque  des  Livres  nouveaux,"  of.  which  only  2  vols,  haye 
appeared.  The  first  four  volumes  of  the  *^  Bibliotheqiie 
Fraufoise,**  which  consists  of  34  vols.  4ta;  <<  Melange^.de 
liitteniture,'*  taken  from  manuscijpt  letters  of  Chapelai(»|t 
&c.  1 2mo.  He  appears  to  have  been  of  au  unsteady  te^-* 
per,  never  studying  but  to  relieve  his  necessities,  and 
shifting  from  one  pursuit  to  another  witliout  ^ompietiQg 

any-!  ^ 

*  Moreri. — ^Dict  Hist— -Femult  Let  HomnHes  tllttstres.— 'Fnshen  TheaCruin. 
^Biof .  Gattica,  vol.  I.  ?  liwwri.    .    .    ^      *  IW. 


CANAL.  171 

CANAL,  or  CANALETTO  (Antonio),  an  tminent 
painter  of  Venice,  was  born  in  1697,  the  son  of  one  Ber«» 
nardo  a  scene-painter.  He  followed  the  profession  of  his 
father,  and  acquired  a  wildness  of  conception  and  a  readi«- 
ness  of  band  which  afterwards  supplied  him  with  ideas  and 
dispatch  for  his  nearly  numberless  smaller  works.  Tired 
of  the  theatre,  he  went  young  to  Rome,  and  with  great 
fissiduity  applied  himself  to  paint  views  from  nature  and 
the  ruins  of  antiquity.  On  his  return  to  Venice  he  con- 
tinued the  same  studies  from  the  prospects  of  that  city 
which  the  combination  of  nature  and  art  has  rendered  ohe 
of  the  most  magnificent  and  the  most  novel  of  Europe. 
Numbers  of  these  are  exact  copies  of  the  spots  they  re- 
present, and  hence  highly  interesting  to  those  whose  cu*- 
riosity  has  not  been  gratified  by  residence  in  the  metropolis 
of  the  Adriatic.  Numbers  are  the  compound  of  bis  own 
invention,  graceful  mixtures  of  modern  and  antique,  of 
fancied  and  real  beauties :  such  he  painted  for  Algarotti. 
The  most  instructive  and  the  most  novel  of  these  appears 
to  be  that  view  of  the  grand  canal,  in  which  he  adopted  the 
idea  of  Palladio,  by  substituting  the  Rialto  for  its  present 
bridge,  with  the  basilica  of  Vicenza  rising  in  the  centre, 
the  palace  Chericato  and  other  fabrics  of  that  great  archi- 
tect rounding  the  whole.  Canaletto  made  use  of  the  ca« 
mera  to  obtain  precision,  but  corrected  its  defects  in  the 
air-tints ;  he  was  the  first  who  shewed  to  artists  its  real  use 
and  limits.  He  produced  great  effects  somewhat  in  the 
manner  of  Tiepolo,  who  sometimes  made  his  figures,  and 
impressed  a  character  of  vigour  on  every  object  he  touched  i 
we  see  them  in  their  most  striking  aspect.  He  takes  pic« 
turesque  liberties  without  extravagance,  and  combines  bis 
objects  so  congenially,  that  the  common  spectator  finds 
nature,  and  the  man  of  knowledge  the  art. 

Lord  Orford  informs  us  that  he  came  to  England  in  1746^ 
when  he  was  about  the  i^  of  fifty,  by  persuasion  of  his 
countryman  Amiconi,  and  encouraged  by  the  multitude  of 
pictures  lie  had  sold  to,  or  sent  over  to  the  English.  He  was 
then  in  good  circumstances,  and  it  was  said  came  oyer  to 
vest  his  money  in  our  stocks.  Lord  Orford  thinks  he  did  not 
stay  above  two  years.  At  Strawberry  hill  i$  a  perspective 
by  him  of  the  inside  of  King's  college  chapel,  Cambridge ; 
and  at  Buckingham-bouse  are  several  large  pieces  far  su- 
perior to  his  coaunoQ  views  of  Venice.  They  had  belong^ 
to  Smythi  the  English  oonsul  at  Venice,  who  early  en- 


172  CANAL. 

gaged  Canaletto  to  work  for  him  for  a  long  teitin  of  years 
at  low  rates,  but  retailed  the  pictures  to  travelling  English 
at  higher  prices.  Canaletto  died  in  1768,  aged  seventy- 
one,  Mr.  Fuseli  adds,  that  Francesco  Guardi,  his  scholar, 
has  been  of  late  considered  as  the  rival  of  his  fame,  and 
his  views  of  Venice  have  excited  in  Italy  and  on  this  side 
of  the  Alps,  the  admiration  of  those  whom  the  brilliancy 
of  his  effect  and  the  taste  of  his  method  prevented  from 
perceiving  how  much  he  wants  of  the  precision  and  soli- 
dity of  the  master.     He  died  1793,  aged  eighty-one.  * 

CANANUS  (John  Baptist),  one  of  the  restorers  and 
improvers  of  anatomy,  was  born  at  Ferrara,  in  Italy,  iu 
1515,  where  he  acquired  so  much  reputation  for  his  skill  in 
medicine,  that  he  was  invited  to  Rome  by  pope  Julius  III. 
who  made  him  archiator,  and  his  principal  physician.  On 
the  death  of  the  pope  he  returned  to  Ferrara,  and  pursued 
his  anatomical  researches.  He  first  discovered  the  valves  of 
the  veins,  which  were  afterwards  more  completely  described 
by  Vesalius.  The  work  by  which  he  is  known,  of  which 
only  four  complete  copies  are  said  to  be  in  existence,  is 
**  Musculorum  humani  corporis  picturata  dissectio,"  4to, 
printed,  Haller  thinks,  in  1543,  no  date  or  place  named. 
The  figures,  twenty-seven  in  number,  are.  neatly  engraved 
on  copper,  and  represent  the  muscles  of  the  upper  extre- 
mities. In  the  preface,  he  promises  a  continuation  of  the 
work,  which  he  probably  did  not  finish.    He  died  in  1579.  ■ 

CANAYE  (Philip  de  la),  seigneur  du  Fresne,  counsel- 
lor of  state,  was  born  1551  at  Paris,  and  carefully  educstted 
by  his  father  James  de  la  Canaye,  an  eminent  advocate. 
At  the  age  of  fifteen,  having  declared  himself  a  Calvinist, 
he  went  into  Italy,  Germany,  and  to  Constanstinople ;  and 
published  an  account  of  his  travels  to  that  city,  under  the 
title  of  ^^  Ephemerides.**  He  shone  afterwards  at  the  bar, 
and  was  counsellor  of  state  under  Henry  III.  Henry  IV. 
sent  hitn  embassador  into  England,  Germany,  and  to  Ve- 
liice.  He  assisted  at  the  famous  conference  of  Fontaine- 
bleau,  1600,  between  cardinal  du  Perron  and  Duplessis- 
Momay,  and  afterwards  turned  catholic.  The  year  fol- 
lowing be  was  sent  ambassador  to  Venice,  where  he  contri- 
buted greatly  to  the  termination  of  the  disputes  between 
that  republic  and  pope  Paul  V.    He  died  at  his  return  to 

'■^  PilkingtoiL— Walpole't  Anecdotal. 

»  SaUer  Bitil.  ABtU— Reel's  Cyclepvdta. 


C  N  A  A  Y  E.  171 

Parisi  February  27, 1610.    Three  vols.  fol.  of  his  embassies 
were  published  in  1635,  with  his  life  prefixed  to  the  first.  ^ 
CANDIDO  (P£T£r),  was  an  artist,  whose  real  name  was 
De  Witte  (or  White),  although  Sandrart  calls  him  Candido, 
as  also  does  De  Piles,  on  account  of  that  name  being  in- 
scribed on  some  of  the  prints  engraved  after  the  designs  o£ 
this  artist.     Some  authors  affirm  that  he  was  born  at  Mu- 
nich ;  but  Descamps  asserts,  that  he  was  born  at  Bruges, 
io  Flanders,  in  1548,  although  he  probably  might  have  re- 
sided for  several  years  at  Munich,  and  perhaps  have  died 
there.     He  painted  with  equal  success  in  fresco  and  in 
oil,  and  had  an  excellent  genius  for  modelling.   He  worked 
in  conjunction  with  Vasari  at  the  pope^s  palace  in  Rome^ 
and  was  also  employed  at  Florence  by  the  grand  djuke ;  in 
both  places  affording  competent  proofs  of  his  skill,  and 
gaining  r^utation  ;  till  at  last  he  was  taken  into  the  ser- 
vice of  the  elector  Maximilian  of  Bavaria,  and  spent  the 
remainder  of  his  life  in  the  court  of  that  prince.     Several 
prints  are  pubUshed  by  Sadeler,    after  his  designs  and 
paintings ;  particularly  the  Hermits,  and  the  Four  Doctors 
of  the  Church.  • 

CANDIDO.     See  DEGEMBRIO. 
CANGE.     SeeDUCANGE. 

CANGIAGI  (Lucas),  or  CAMBIASO,  called  Luchet- 
TO,  an  eminent  Genoese  painter,  was  born  at  Oneglia, 
near  <jrenoa,  in  1527,  and  became  a  most  expeditious 
painter,  working  with  both  his  hands,  by  which  unusual 
power  be  executed  more  designs,  and  finished  more  great 
works  with  his  own  pencil  in  a  much  shorter  time  than  most 
other  artists  could  do  with  several  assistants.  It  is  men- 
tioned as  a  memorable  circumstance  in  bis  life,  that  at  the 
^ge  of  seventeen  he  was  employed  in  painting  the  front  of 
a  house  in  fresco ;  but  whilst  he  was  commencing  his  work, 
some  Florentine  painters  who  were  actually  engaged,  con- 
ceived him  to  be  a  mere  grinder  of  colours,  and  when  he 
took  up  his  pallet  and  pencils  they  wished  to  have  pre- 
vented his  proceeding  with  it,  lest  he  should  spoil  the 
work,  but  after  a  few  strokes  of  his  pencil  they  were  con- 
vinced of  their  mistake,  and  respected  his  singular  abilities. 
Of  Cangiagi,  it  is  remarked,  that  he  practised  three  dif- 
.  ferent  modes  of  painting  at  three  different  periods  of  his 
life.     His  first  manner  was  gigantic  and  unnatural,  which 

»  L'Arocat.— Mamri,       .    .   -       .     «  Pilkioftoii. 


in  C  A  N  G  I  A  G  I. 

« 

be  corrected  in  consequence  of  the  remonslraiices  of  his 
friend  Aiessi^  the  celebrated  architect^  for  his  best  style^^ 
in  forming  which  he  consulted  nature  with  attention,  and 
digested  his  thoughts  in  sketches,  before  he  began  to  paint, 
tlis  third  manner  was  distinguished  by  a  more  rapid  exe- 
cution, to  which  he  recurred  in  order  to  make  more  am* 
pie  provision  for  his  wife  and  family,  and  had  a  great 
deal  of  the  mannerist.  His  works  at  Genoa  are  very  nu^ 
merous,  and  he  was  employed  by  the  king  of  Spain  to 
adorn  part  of  the  Escurial. 

Of  his  personal  history,  we  are  told  that  in  his  youth  he 
was  volatile,  and  that  when  bis  wife  died  he  became  ena* 
moured  of  her  sister,  but  could  not  obtain  a  dispensation 
from  the  pope  to  marry  her,  although  he  endeavoured  to 
gain  his  favour  by  painting  two  fine  pictures  for  his  boli-» 
ness.  When  employed  by  Philip  II.  of  Spain,  Jbe  wished 
to  obtain  his  leave  to  marry  the  lady,  but  was  again,  nn^ 
successful,  and  it  is  supposed  the  disappointment  contri^- 
buted  to  his  death,  which  happened  at  the  Escurial  in  1  Si5. 
In  the  royal  collection  at  Paris  there  are  a  ^'  Sleeping  Ca-» 
pid,''  as  large  as  life,  and  likewise  *^  Judith  with  her  At* 
tendant,'*  which  do  honour  to  this  master.  In  the  Pem^ 
broke  collection  at  Wilton,  there  is  a  picture,  represent- 
ing Christ  bearing  his  cross,  which  is  ascribed  to  Can-/ 
giagi.^ 

CANINIUS  (Anoelus),  a  learned  scholar  of  the  six-^ 
teenth  century,  was  a  native  of  Anghiari  in  Tuscany,  where 
he  acquired  great  reputation  by  his  knowledge,  not  only 
of  the  Greek,  Latin,  and  Hebrew,  but  of  the  Syriac  and 
other  oriental  languages,  which  he  taught  at  Venice,  Pa-* 
dua,  Bologna,  Rome,  and  Spain.  From  Spain  be  came 
to  France  m  1550,  accompanied  by  fiither  Simon  Guicfaard, 
then  superior  of  Uie  order  of  the  Minims ;  and  at  Paris,  he 
had  for  one  of  his  scholars,  the  celebrated  Andrew  Duditb  , 
of  Buda.  At  length  he  attached  himself  to  William  do^ 
Prat,  bishop  of  Clermont,  in  whose  service  he  died  at 
Auvergne  in  1557.     He  was  the  author  of  some  works  j 

which  have  not  appeared,  but  among  those:  published  was 
a  very  valuable  Greek  grammar,,  entitled  '^  Uellenismus,^' 
and  a  book  of  instructions  in  tiie  oriental  languages,  en«    v 
titled   *^  Institudones  lingu»mm   Syriacae,  Assyriacse,   et 
Thalmudicae,  una  cum  iEthiopicss  et  Arabicse  collatione,''  j 


I  Pil|tii«lia.«-4yAiBeiiviis»  vol»  It 


1 


C  A  W  I  N  I  U  S.  175 

Paris,  1554,  4to,  which  was  mudh  esteemed  by  the  learned 
of  bis  time.  ^ 

CANI8IUS  (Henry),  or  De  Hondt,  the  nephew  of 
Peter  Canisius,  first  provincial  of  the  Jesuits  in  Germany, 
who  died  in  1597,  was  born  at  Nimeguen^  and  became  not 
only  a  celebrated  lawyer,  but  a  general  scholar  of  great 
reputation,  particularly  in  ecclesiastical  antiquities.  After 
studying  at  the  university  of  Louvain,  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  canon  law  in  that  of  Ingolstadt,  which  situa- 
tion he  retained  until  his  death  in  1610.  His  professional 
writings  were  principally,  1.  **  Summa  juris  Canonici." 
a.  "  Commentarium  in  regulas  juris.'*  3.  "  Prselectiones 
academicfie,"  &c.  ail  collected  and  republished  by  Andrew 
Bouvet  in  **^  Opera  Canonica  Canisii,'*  Louvain,  1649,  4to, 
Cologne,  1662.  But  the  work  by  which  he  is  best  known 
is  bis  3.  <<  Antiquae  lectiones,'*  1601 — 1603,  7  vols.  4to, 
reprinted  by  the  tare  of  M.  James  Basnage,  ujider  the 
title  of  *' Thesaurus  monumentorum  ecclesiasticorum  & 
historfcorum,'*  &c.  Amsterdam,  1725,  in  7  parts,  usually 
bound  in  4  vols,  folio.  The  learned  editor  has  enriched 
them  with  particular  prefaces  at  the  head  of  each  work,  in- 
dicating the  subject  and  the  author,  accompanied  by  use- 
ful tod  Curious  reuiarks,  and  some  note^  of  Capperonier, 
This  collection  comprises  several  pieces  of  great  import- 
ance to  the  history  of  the  middle  ages,  and  to  chronology 
in  general.  Basnage,  ail  we  have  noticed  in  his  life,  died 
before  this. Work  was  entirely  printed.* 

CANITZ  (the  Baron  o^),  a  German  poet  and  statesman, 
and  privy  counsellor  of  state.  Was  of  an  ancient  and  illus- 
trious family  in  Brandenburg,  and  bom  at  Berlin  in  16.54, 
five  months  after  his  father's  deat)i.  After  his  early  stu- 
dies, he  travelled  to  France,  Italy,  Holland,  and  England ; 
and  upon  his  return  to  his  country,'  was  charged  with  im- 
portant negociatiobs  by  Frederic  II.  and  Frederfc  til. 
Cahitz  united  the  statesman  with  the  poet;  and  was  con- 
versant in  many  lianguages,  dead  as  well  as  living.  His 
German  poems  were  published  for  the  tenth  time,  1750,  in 
8vo.  He  is  said  to  have  taken  Horace  for  his  model,  and 
to  have  written  purely  aiid  delicately;  and  the  French  bio- 
graphers complimented  him  with  the  title  of  the  Pope  of 
Germany.     He  not  odly  cultivated  the  fine  arts  himself, 

*  Gen.  Diet — Moreri. — Saxii  Onommit 

'  MQreri.-f-FoppeB  BibL  Belg.<— Bsillci  JiifeflMni.^p-Saidt  Onomast. 


176  C  A  N  I  T  Z;. 

but  gave  all  the  eocouragement  he  could  to  them  in  others. 
He  died  at  Berlin  in  1699,  highly  praised  for  the  excel- 
lence of  his  private  character.  ^ 

CANNE  (John),  was  a  leader  of  the  Engl^h  Brownists 
at  Amsterdam,  whither  he  fled  on  the  restoration  ;  but 
little  is  known  of  his  personal  history.  His  employ  in  Eng- 
land before  his  flight  seems  to  have  been  no  other  than 
compiling  the  weekly  news,  yet  he  found  time  sufficient  to 
collate  many  passages  of  Scripture,  from  whence  he  drew 
his  notes,  which  he  placed  in  the  margin  of  his  Bible  ;  the 
first  edit,  printed  in  8vo,  at  Amsterdam,  in  1664,  is  the 
rarest,  but  the  best,  perhaps,  is  that  of  Edinburgh,  1727, 
8vo.  In  the  preface  be  mentions  a  larger  work,  to  be  soon 
published,  but  it  does  not  seem  to  have  ever  been  printed. 
It  was  his  opinion  that  the  original  text  of  scripture  in 
Hebrew  and  Greek  should  be  translated,  as  much  as  pos- 
sible, word  for  word,  as  Ainswortb  did  the  Pentateuch,  the 
Psalms,  and  Canticles,,  which  were  all  printed  together  in 
1639,  folio.  Ganne  succeeded  Ainsworth  as  preacher  to 
the  congregation  of  Brownists  at  Amsterdam.  * 

CANO  (Alonso),  a  Spanish  artist,  and  styled  the  Mi- 
chel Angelo  of  Spain,  because  he  excelled  in  painting, 
sculpture,  and  architecture,  was  born  in  the  city  of  Gre- 
nada in  1600,  where  his  father,  an  eminent  architect,  edu- 
cated him  in  his  own  profession,  and  when  his  instructions 
in  this  branch  were  completed,  he  applied  himself  to  the 
study  of  sculpture,  and  made  an  uncommon  progress  in  a 
very  short  time.  He  next  went  to  Seville,  and  for  eight 
months  studied  i\nder  Pacheco,  and  afterwards  under  Juan 
del  Castillo,  in  whose  academy  he  executed  many  noble 
paintings  for  the  public  edifices  in  Seville,  and  at  the  s^me 
time  gave  some  specimens  of  his  excellence  in  statuary, 
which  were  highly  admired,  particularly  a  "  Madonna  and 
Child/'  in  the  great  church  of  Nebriga,  and  two  colossal 
figures  of  San  Pedro  and  San  Pablo.  Count  Olivarez  was 
the  means  of  his  coming  to  Madrid,  where  he  was  made 
first  royal  architect,  king's  painter,  and  preceptor  to  the 
prince,  don  Balthazar  Carlos  of  Austria.  jHere,  as  archi- 
tect, he  projected  several  additional  works  to  the  palaces, 
some  public  gates  to  the  city,  and  a  triumphal  arch  erected, 
on  the  entrance  of  Mariana,  second  queen  to  Philip  IV, 
As  a  painter,  he  executed  many  celebrated  compositions 
in  the  churches  and  palaces  of  Madrid. 

I  Diet  Hist.  •  Neai's  PuriUns.— Crosby's  Hist,  of  the  Baptists. 


GANG.  177 

1 

While  in  the  height  of  his  fame  an  event  happened  which 
involved  him  in  much  trouble.  Returning  home  one  even- 
ing, he  discovered  his  wife  murdered,  his  house  robbed, 
while  an  Italian  journeyman,  on  whom  the  suspicion  na- 
turally fell,  had  escaped.  The  criminal  judges  held  a 
court  of  inquiry,  and  having  discovered  that  Cano  had  been 
jealous  of  this  Italian,  and  also  that  he  was  known  to  be 
attached  to  another  woman,  they  acquitted  the  fugitive 
gallant,  aud  condeniined  the  husband.  On  this  he  fled  to 
Valencia,  and  being  discovered  there,  took  refuge  in  a 
Carthusian  convent  about  three  leagues  from  that  city, 
where  he  seemed  for  a  time  determined  upon  taking  the 
order,  but  afterwards  was  so  imprudent  as  to  return  to 
Madrid,  where  he  was  apprehended,  and  ordered  to  be 
put  to  the  torture,  which  he  suffered  without  uttering  a 
single  word.  On  this  the  king  received  him  again  into  fa- 
vour, and  as  Cano  saw  there  was  no  absolute  safety  but 
within  the  pale  of  the  church,  he  solicited  the  king  with 
that  view,  and  was  named  residentiary  of  Grenada.  The 
chapter  objected  to  his  nomination,  but  were  obliged  to 
submit,  and  their  church  profited  by  the  appointment, 
many  sculptures  and  paintings  being  of  his  donation.  The 
last  years  of  his  life  he  spent  in  acts  of  devotion  and  cha- 
rity. When  he  had  no  money  to  bestow  in  alms,  whiqh 
was  frequently  the  case,  he  would  call  for  paper,  and  give 
a  beggar  a  drawing,  directing  him  where  to  carry  it  for 
sale.  To  the  Jews  he  bore  an  implacable  antipathy.  On 
his  death-bed  he  would  not  receive  the  sacraments  from  a 
priest  who  attended  him,  because  he  had  administered 
them  to  the  converted  Jews ;  and  from  another  he  would 
not  accept  the  crucifix  presented  to  him  in  his  last  mo- 
ments, telling  him  it  was  so,  bungling  a  piece  of  work  that 
he  could  not  endure  the  sight  of  it.  In  this  manner  died 
Alonso  Cano,  at  the  age  of  seventy-six,  in  1676  ;  a  circum- 
stance, says^  his  biographer,  which  shows  that  his  ruling 
passion  for  the  arts  accompanied  him  in  the  article  of  death, 
superseding  even  religion  itself  in  those  moments  when 
the  great  interacts  of  salvation  naturally  must  be  supposed  to 
occupy  the  mind  to  the  exclusion  of  every  other  idea. 

In  his  early  days,  as  he  was  of  a  noble  family,  he  dis- 
dained to  accept  pay  for  his  productions,  declaring  that  he 
worked  for  fame  and  practice,  and  that  he  considered  him- 
self as  yet  so  imperfect  in  his  art,  that  he  could  not  in 
conscience  admit  of  any  recompence^     As  he  acdvanced, 

Vol.  VIII.  N 


-     178  CAN  O. 

however,  he  had  no  scrapie  in  accepting  the  just  reward  of 
his  merit;  and  the  following  anecdote,  related  by  Mr.  Cum- 
berland, will  show  his  spirit  in  asserting  what  was  his  due. 
A  counsellor  of  Grenada  having  refused  to  pay  the  sum  of 
one  .hundred  pistoles  for  an  image  of  St.  Antony  of  Padua, 
which  Cano  had  made  for  him,  he  dashed  the  saint  into 
pieces  on  the  pavement  of  his  academy,  while  the  coun- 
sellor was  reckoning  up  how  many  pistoles  per  day  Cano 
had  earned  whilst  the  work  was  in  hand.    "  You  have  been 
twenty-five  days  carving  this  image  of  St.  Antony,"  said 
the  counsellor,  "and  the  purchase-money  demanded  being 
one  hundred,  you  have  rated  your  labour  at  the  exorbitant 
price  of  four  pistoles  per  day,  whilst  I,  who  am  a  coun- 
sellor, and  your  superior,  do  not  make  half  your  profits 
by  my  talents." — "  Wretch !"   cried  the  enraged   artist, 
**  to  talk  to  me  of  your  talents^ — I  have  been  fifty  years 
learning  to  make  this  statue  in  twenty-five  days ;"  and  so 
saying,  flung  it  with  the  utmost  violence  upon  the  pave* 
menc.     The  affrigl;ted  counsellor  escaped  out  of  the  hous^ 
in   terror.     For  this  proiunation,    however,  of  the  image 
of  a  saint,  he  was  suspended  from  his  function  by  the 
chapter  of  Grenada,  and  was  not  restored  by  the  king  until 
he  had  finished  a  magnificent  crucifix,  which  the  queen 
had  ordered,  but  which  he  had  long  neglected. 

In  Mr.  Fuseli's  opinion,  Cano  excelled,  as  a  painter^ 
with  the  single  exception  of  Velasquez,  all  his  contemn 
poraries,  and  yet  seems  to  have  owed  his  superiority  ep- 
tirely  to  nature :  his  design  is  correct,  his  arrangements 
happy,  and  his  colour  charming.  As  a  sculptor,  he  gives 
evident  proofs  of  having  studied  the  antique  by  the  dig- 
;  nity  of  his  forms,  the  grandeur  of  his  drapery,  and  ele- 

gance of  taste.     In  architecture  he  was  too  loaded,  too 
ornamental,  and  swayed  by  the  fashion  of  the  day.     With 
I  such  talents  he  connected  a  whimsical  character,  and,  as 

I  the  master  of  a  school,  scarcely  left  a  pupil  that  rose  above 

mediocrity.     A  catalogue  of  his  nearly  endless  works  may 
be  found  in  Bermudez.  * 

CANON,  or  CANONICUS  (JoHN),^y  some  called 
MaebR£S,  an  English  Franciscan  monk,  and  an  able  Aristo- 
telian of  the  fourteenth  century,  studied  some  time  at 
Oxford,  from  which  he  removed  to  Paris,  where  he  be- 
came a  pupil  of  Duns  Scotus,  whom,  says  Pits,  he  long 

^  Cumberland's  AB«odott9  of  Painters  ia  Spaiii.--PUkiBgtoiw 


CANON.  17« 

t 

attended,  and  alwap  imitated.  He  returned  afterwards  t0 
Oxford,  and  there  taught  theology  to  the  time  of  his  deaths 
which,  according  to  Dupin,  happened  about  the  year  1340* 
DupiQ  also  says  that  he  was  a  doctor  of  divinity  of  Paris* 
He  was  particularly  learned  in  the  Aristotelian  philosophy^ 
and  in  civil  and  canon-*law.  In  Lincoln  college  library, 
Oxford,  is  one  of  his  manuscripts,  to  which  are  prefixed 
many  verses  in  honour  of  Mm,  and  in  one  of  them  he  is 
styled  "  Alter  Aristoteles."  His  published  works  are,  U 
**  In  Aristotelis  Physica,  Lib.  VIIL"  printed  at  St.  Alban's 
in  1481,  8vo,  and  reprinted  at  Venice  1481,  1492,  and 
1505.,  2.  "  Lecturae  magistrales  ;  Lib.  L  Questiones  dis- 
putatae.  Lib.  L  QuaBstiones  dialectices.  Lib.  L'*  printed 
with  the  former  at  Venice,  1492  and  1516.  ^ 
.  CANTACUZENUS  (John),  emperor  of  Constantinople, 
and  a  celebrated  Byzantine  historian,  was  born  at  Con- 
stantinople about  the  year  1295,  of  a  very  ancient  and 
noble  family  ;  his  father  being  governor  of  Peloponnesus, 
and  his  mother  a  near  relation  of  the  emperor's.  He  was 
fcred-to  letters  and  to  arms,  and  afterwards  to  the  highest 
offices  of  state,  in  which  he  acquitted  himself  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  gain  the  favour  of  both  court  and  city.  He 
was  made  prefect  of  the  bedchamber  to  the  emperor  An- 
dronicus  the  elder,  but  lost  his  favour  about  1320,  by 
addicdng  himself  too  much  to  the  interest  of  his  grand- 
son Andronicus.  In  1328,  when  the  grandson  seized. the 
empire,  he  loaded  Cantacuzenus  with  wealth  and  honours  ; 
made  him  generalissimo  of  his  forces  ;  did  nothing  without 
consulting  him ;  and  fain  would  have  joined  him  with  him- 
self in  the  government^  which  Cantacuzenus  refused.  In 
1341  Andronicus  died,  and  left  to  Cantacuzenus  the  care 
of  the  empire,  till  his  son  John  Paleologus,  who  was  then 
but  nine  years  of  age,  should  be  fit  to  take  it  upon  himself: 
which  trust  he  discharged  very  diligently  and  faithfully. 
Bnt  the  empress  dowager,  the  patriarch  of  Constantinople, 
and  some  of  the  nobles,  soon  growing  jealous  and  envious 
of  Cantacuzenus,  formed  a  party  against  him,  and  de- 
clared him  a  trtitor :  upon  which  a  great  portion  of  the 
fiobility  and  army  besought  him  to  take  the  empire  upon 
himself,  and  accordingly  be  was  crowned  at  Hadrianopolis 
in  May  134£.  A  civil  war  raged  for  five  years,  and  Can- 
tacussenua  was  conqueror,  who,  however,  came  to  the  foU 

1  Bale,  Pits,  .and  Tanner, 
N  2 


130  C  A  N  T  A  C  U  Z  E  N  U  S. 

lowing  terms  of  peace  with  John  Paleologiis ;  viz.  that  him- 
self should  be  crowned,  and  that  John  should  be  a  partner 
with  him  in  the  empire,  though  not  upon  an  equal  footing; 
till  he  should  arrive  at  years  sufficient.  He  gave  him  also 
his  daughter  Helen,  to  whom   he  had  formerly  been-  en- 

faged,  for  a  wife;  and  the  nuptials  were  celebrated  in 
Iiiy  1347.  But  suspicions  and  enmities  soon  arising  be- 
tween the  new  emperors,  the  war  broke  out  again,  and 
lasted  till  John  took  Constantinople  in  1355.  A  few  dayi 
after  that  city  was  taken,  Cantacuzenus,  unwilling  to  con- 
tinue a  civil  war  any  longer,  abdicated  his  share  of  the 
empire,  and  retired  to  a  monastery,  where  he  took  the 
habit  of  a  monk,  with  the  new  name  of  Joasaphus,  and 
spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  study  and  writing.  His 
wife  retired  also  at  the  same  time  to  a  nunnery,  where  she 
changed  her  own  name  Irene  for  the  new  one  of  Eugenia. 

How  long  he  lived  in  this  retirement,  and  when  he  died, 
is  not  very  certain  ;  but  it  is  agreed  by  all,  that  he  lived 
a  very  long  time  in  it,  and  it  is  supposed  by  some,  that  he 
did  not  die  till  1411,  when  he  was  100  years  of  age,  or 
upwards.  Others,  with  considerable  probability,  place  his 
death  on  Nov.  20,  1411.  In  this  place,  however,  he  wrote 
^  history  of  his  own  times,  in  four  books,  or  rather  of  the 
timfes  in  which  he  was  engaged  in  worldly  affairs ;  since 
the  period  it  includes  is  only  from  1320  to  1355.  He  was 
a  very  proper  person  to  relate  the  transactions  within  this 
period,  because  he  was  not  only  an  eye-witness  of  what 
was  done,  but  himself  the  orderer  and  doer  of  a  great  part : 
upon  which  account  Vossius  has  not  scrupled  to  prefer  him 
to  all  the  Byzantine  historians.  A  Latin  translation  of  this 
history,  from  the  Greek  manuscript  in  the  duke  of  Bavaria's 
library,  was  published  by  Pontanus  at  Ingolstadtin  1603  ; 
and  afterwards  at  Paris  1645,  a  splendid  edition  in  three 
volumes  folio  of  the  Greek  from  the  MS.  of  M.  Seguier, 
chancellor  of  France,  with  Pontanus's  Latin  version,  and 
the  notes  of  him  and  Gretser. 

Besides  this  history,  he  wrote  also  some  theological 
works,  particularly  an  apology  for  the  IJhristian  religion 
against  that  of  Mahomet,  in  four  books:  this  he  did  at  the 
request  of  a  monk  and  friend  of  his,  who  bad  been  so- 
licited by  a  mussulman  of  Persia  to  desert  Christianity,,  and 
•  embrace  Mahonietanism.  In  this  he  does  not  content  him- 
self with  replying  to  the  particular  objection  of  the  mus- 
sulman to  Christianity^  but  writes  a  general  defence  of  it 


CANTACUZENUS.  I8l 

«  t 

ligainst  the  Koran.     He  calls  himself  Chrbtodulus  as  a 
writer.     This  apdogy  was  printed  in  Greek  and  Latin  at 
Basil,  1543)  by  fiibliander  and  Gualtharus,  from  Greek  MSS. 
Gibbon,  in  his  "  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire," 
says,  that  the  name  and  situation  of  the  emperor  John  Can* 
tacuzenus)  might  inspire  the  most  lively  curiosity.   His  me-* 
morials  of  forty  years  extend  from  the  revolt  of  the  younger 
Andronicus  to  his  own  abdication  of  the  empire  ;  and  it  is 
observed,  that,  like  Moses  and  Caesar,  he  was  the  principal 
actor  in  the  scenes  which  he  describes.     But  in  this  elo-* 
quent  work,  "  we  should  vainly  seek  the  sincerity  of  an 
hero  or  a  penitent.     Retired  in  a  cloister  from  the  vices 
and  passions  of  the  world,  he  presents  not  a  confessioni 
but  an  apology,  of  the  life  of  an  ambitious  statesman.    In* 
stead  of  unfolding  the  true  counsels  and  characters  of  men, 
he  displays  the  smooth  and  specious  surface  of  events, 
highly  yarnishQd  with   his   own  praises  and   those  of  his 
friends.     Their  motives  are  always  pure ;  their  ends  always 
legitimate ;  they  conspire  and  rebel  without  ^.ny  views  of 
interest;  and  the^  violence  which  they  inflict  or  sutfer  is 
celebrated  as  the  spontaneous  effect  of  reason  and  virtue."  * 
•    CANTARINI  (HiMONE),  a  painter  and  engraver,  called 
often  from  his  native  place  da  Pesaro,  was  born  in  1612, 
and  was  a  pupil  of  Pandolfi.     Alter, proving  himself,  by 
the  picture  of  St.  Peter  at  Fano,  less  an  imitator  of  Guido 
than  bis  equal,  he  entered  bis  school  at  Bologna  more  as  a 
rival  than  as  a  pupil:  the  humility  which  he  had  affected 
at  his  entrance,  soon  dissolved  in  a  proud  display  of  his 
powers;  and  the  modest  student  became  the  supercilious 
censor  of  his  companions,  and  of  the  master  himself.  From 
the  general  disgust,  which  the  insolence  of  this  conduct 
had  excited,  Cantarini  fled  to  Rome,  and  for  some  time 
studied  RafFaello  and  the  antiques.     When  he  returned  to  . 
Bologna,  where  he  taught,  and  from  thence  to  the  court 
of  Mantua,  his  powers  seemed  to  smooth  the  road  to  new 
success ;  but   fear  of  those  whom    he  had  provoked   by 
arrogance  or  invective,  with  the  mortiH cation  of  having 
failed  in  the  portrait  of  the  duke,  impaired  his  health  and 
drove  him  to  Verona,  where  he  died  in  164S,  in  his  thirty- 
sixth  year,  not  without  suspicion  of  having  being  poisoned 
by  a  painter  of  Mantua,  whom  he  had  reviled.     Cantarini 

*  Univ.  History. — Moreri  in  art,  John.-^VMsius  de  Hist  Qrsc. — Cave  vol.  II* 
— Saxii  Onomast. 


182  C  A  N  T  A  R  I  N  L 

is  not  equal  to  Guido,  because  the  most  perfect  imitator  of 
a  style  cannot  be  called  equal  to  its  inventor :  but  the  on* 
ginal  beauties  which  he  added,  of  conception  and  execu- 
tion, raise  him  above  all  the  pupils  of  that  school.  If  his 
ideas  have  less  dignity,  they  are,  perhaps,  more  graceful 
than  those  of  Guido :  if  he  has  less  compass  of  knowledge, 
he  has  more  accuracy,  and  no  rival  in  the  finish  of  the 
extremities.  The  heads  of  his  saints  have  been  called  pro- 
digies of  beauty  and  expression.  Sir  Robert  Strange  had 
a  picture  of  Cantarini's,  "  Our  Saviour  standing  on  the 
Globe,  attended  by  Cherubiras,"  which,  he  says,  is  no- 
thing inferior  to  Guido,  inimitably  coloured;  the  compo- 
sition extremely  agreeable,  and  the  whole  apparently 
painted  with  great  facility.  Cantarini  etched  with  great 
spirit.  Strutt  enumerates  some  of  his  works  in  this  manner.  * 

CANTEL  (Peter  Joseph),  a  man  of  considerable  learn- 
ing ip  classical  criticism,  was  born  Nov.  1,  1645,  in  the 
diocese  of  Rouen,  and  entered  the  society  of  the  Jesuits  in 
1664,  completing  his  vows  in  1679.  His  immoderate  and 
incessant  application  to  study,  operatif»g  upon  a  delicate 
constitution,  shortened  his  days,  and  he  died  in  the  Jesuits^ 
college  at  Paris,  Dec.  6,  1684.  He  w^asone  of  the  French 
literati  employed  in  preparing  the  Delphin  classics,  and 
edited  Justin  in  1677,  4to,  and  Valerius  Maximus  in  1679, 
enriched  with  six  dissertations,  on  the  names,  families, 
magistrates,  &c.  of  the  Romans.  He  published  aisoj  I. 
'^  De  Romana  Repiiblica,  de  re  militari  et  civili  Romano- 
rum,''  Paris,  1684,  12mo,  and  thrice  reprinted  at  Utrecht, 
1691,  1696,  1707,  the  last  with  plates,  taken  from  Justus 
Lipsius  and  Onuphrius  Panviniusv  This  has  always  been 
considered  as  an  excellent  abridgment  of  the  Roman  anti* 
quities.  2.  "  Metropolitanarum  urbium  historia  civilis  et 
ccclesiastica,  tomus  primus,   &c."  Paris,  1.684,  8vo.' 

CANTEMIR  (Demetrius),  of  an  illustrious  family  in 
Tartary,  and  prince  of  Moldavia,  was  born  in  1673.  His 
father,  who  was 'governor  of  the  three  cantons  of  Moldavia, 
became  prince  of  this  province  in  1664.  Demetriiis,  being 
sent  early  to  Constantinople,  flattered  himself  with  the 
prospect  of  succeeding  him  ;  but  was  supplanted  by  a  rival 
at  the  Porte.  Being  sent  in  1710  by  the  Ottoman  minister 
to  defend  Moldavia  against  the  czar  Peter,  he  delivered 

»  Pilkington. — Slrutl.— IVArgeiiviUe,  toI.  II.— Sir  R.  Strauge's  Catalogue, 
s  Moreri. — Saxii  Oaomasticon. 


C  A  N  T  E  M  I  R.  ua 

it  up  to  that  monarch ;  and,  following  his  new  master 
through  his  conquests,  indemnified  himself  for  all  he  had 
lost ;  for  he  obtained  the  title  of  prince  of  the  empire,  with 
full  power  and  authority  over  the  Moldavians,  who  quitted 
their  country  to  attach  themselves  to  his  fortunes.  He 
died,  1723,  in  his  territories  6f  the  Ukraine,  much  la- 
mented. He  was  studious  and  learned,  and  is  said  to  have 
understood  eleven  languages.  He  wrote  in  Latin  a  "  His- 
tory of  the  Growth  and  Decay  of  the  Ottoman  Empire," 
A.  D.  1300 — 1683,  which  was  published  in  an  English 
translation  by  Tindal,  Lond.  1734,  fol.  Gibbon  says  it  con- 
tains strange  blunders  in  Oriental  history,  though  he  ac- 
knowledges that  the  author  was  conversant  with  the  lan- 
guage, annals,  and  institutions  of  the  Turks.  His  "Sys- 
tem of  the  Mahometan  Religion''  was  written  and  printed 
in  the  Russian  language,  by  order  of  czar  Peter ;  his  moral 
dialogues  entitled  "  The  World  and  the  Soul,"  were 
printed  in  Moldavia  in  Greek  and  Moldavian ;  "  The  pre-» 
sent  state  of  Moldavia"  was  printed  in  Latin;  his  "  Musical 
Airs  with  Turkish  Words,"  and  "  An  Introduction  to  Mu- 
sic," in  Moldavian.  He  was  also  the  author  of  other  pieces, 
which  were  either  lost  in  his  shipwreck,  or  still  remain 
inMS.» 

CANTEMIR  (Antiochus),  son  of  the  above,  was  born 
in  1710.  The  most  skilled  at  Petersburg  in  mathematics, 
physics,  history,  morality,  and  polite  literature,  were  em- 
ployed to  continue  those  lectures,  which  his  father  had  be- 
gun to  give  him.  The  academy  of  Petersburg  opened 
their  gates  to  him,  and  the  ministry  initiated  hini  into 
affairs  of  state.  Successively  ambassador  to  London  and 
Paris,  he  was  equally  admired  as  a  minister  and  man  of 
letters.  On  his  return  to  Russia,  he  conducted  himself 
with  most  consummate  wisdom  and  prudence,  during  the 
different  revolutions  which  agitated  t,hat  country.  This  ac-^ 
complished  person  died  in  1744.  The  Russians  before  him 
bad  nothing  in  verse  but  some  barbarous  sougs :  he  was  the 
first  who  introduced  any  civilized  poetry  among  them. 
Besides  a  translation  of  Anacreon  and  the  epistles  of  Ho- 
race, he  gave  them  of  his  own,  satires,  odes,  and  fables. 
He  made  several  foreign  works  known  to  them  ;  as,  1.  The 
Plurality  of  worlds.  2.  The  Persian  letters.  3.  The  dia- 
logues of  Algarotti  upon  light,  &c. :    and  he  printed  a^ 

1  Moreri. — Gibbon's  Hist. 


184  C  A  N  T  E  M  I  R. 

**  Concordance  to  the  Psalms"  in  the  Russian  language/ 
The  abb6  de  Guasco,  who  translated  his  Satires,  has  writ* 
ten  his  life.  * 

CANTERUS  (William),  an  eminent  linguist  and  phi- 
lologer,  was  born  at  Utrecht  of  an  ancient  and  reputable 
family  in  1542;  and  educated  in  the  belles  lettres  under 
the  inspection  of  his  parents,  till  he  was  1 2  years  of  age. 
He  was  then  sent  to  Cornelius  Valerius  at  Louvain,  with 
whom  he  continued  four  years ;  and  gave  surprising  proofs 
of  his  progress  in  Greek  and  Latin  literature,  by  writing 
letters  in  those  languages,  by  translations,  and  by  drawing 
up  some  dramatic  pieces.     Having  an  uncommon  taste  for 
the  Greek,  he  removed  in  1559  from  Louvain  to  Paris,  for 
the  sake  of  learning  that  language  more  perfectly  from 
John  Auratus,  under  whom  he  studied  till  1562,  and  then 
was  obliged  to  leave  France  on  account  of  the  civil  wars. 
He  travelled  next  into  Germany  and  Italy,  and  Visited  the 
several  universities  of  those   countries ;  Bononia  particu- 
larly, where  he  became   known   to   the   famous   Carolus 
Sigonius,  to  whom  he  afterwards  dedicated  his  eight  books 
"  Novarum  Lectionum."     Venice  he  had  a  great  desire  to 
see,  not  only  for  the  beauty  and  niagnificence  of  the  place, 
btit  for  the  opportunity  he  should  have  of  purchasing  ma- 
nuscripts ;  which  the  Greeks  brought  in  great  abundance 
from   their  own   country,  and  there  exposed  to  sale :  and 
from  Venice  he  purposed  to  go  to  Rome.     But,  not  being 
able  to  bear  the  heat  of  those  regions,  he  dropped  the 
pursuit  of  his  journey,  and  returned  through  Germany  to 
Louvain,  where  in  about  eight  years*  time  excessive  study 
brought  on  a  lingering  consumption,  of  which  he  died  in 
li75,  when  he  was  only  in  his  33d  year.     Thuanus  says, 
that  he  deserved  to  be  reckoned  among  the  most  learned 
men  of  his  age ;  and  that  he  would  certainly  have  done! 
great  things,  if  he  had  not  died  so  very  immaturely.     He 
understood  six  languages,  besides  that  of  his  native  coun- 
try, viz.  the  Latin,  Greek,  Hebrew,  French,  Italian,  and 
Gernian. 

It  may  justly  seem  a  matter  of  wonder,  how  in  so  short 
a  life  a  man  could  go  through  so  many  laborious  tasks ; 
and  no  less  matter  of  curiosity  to  know  how  he  contrived 
to  do  it.  Melchior  .Adam  hasf  given  us  some  account  of 
diis :    and  according  to  him,  Canterus  was,  in  -  the  firs^ 

I  Diet.  Hut. 


C,A  N  T  E  R  U  S.  185 

place,   very  temperate  and  abstemious  in  point  of  diet. 
He  always  began  his  studies  at  seven  in  the  morning,  and 
not  sooner,  because  early  rising  did  not  agree  with  him; 
and  pursued  them  very  intensely   till    half  past   eleven. 
Then  he  walked  out  for  an  hour  before  dinner;  and,  after 
he  had  dined,  walked  for  another  hour.     Then,  retiring  to 
his  study,  he  slept  an  hour  upon  a  couch,  and  after  that 
resumed  his  studies,  which  he  continued  till  almost  sun-set 
in  winter,  and  seven  in  summer.     Then  he  took  another 
hour^s  walk;    and,  after   returning   again   to  his  studies, 
continued  them  till  midnight'  without  interruption.     These 
last  Hours  of  the  day  were  not  however  devoted  by  him  to 
severe  study,  but  to  writing  letters  to  his  friends,  or  any 
other  business  that  required  less  labour  and  attention.     In 
these  habits,  Canterus  was   both  assiduous  and  constant ; 
and  his  studies  were  conducted  with  as  much  form  and 
method,  as  if  he  himself  had  been  a  machine.     He  had  not 
only  his  particular  hours  for  studying,  but  he  divided  those 
by  an  hour-glass,  some  of  which  he  set  apart  for  reading, 
ethers  for  writing ;  and  as  he  tells  us  himself  in  a  preface 
to  his  Latin  translation  of  Stoboeus,  he  never  varied  from 
his  established  method  on  any  account  whatever.     During 
bis  short  life,  he  collected  a  most  excellent  and  curious 
library;  not  only  full  of  the  best  authors  in  all  the  lan- 
guages he  understood,  but  abounding*  with  Greek  manu- 
scripts, which  he  had  purchased  in  his  travels,  and  which, 
if  death  had  spared  him,  he  intended  to  have  published 
with  Latin  versions  and  notes.     He  could  have  said  with  An- 
toninus, that  "  nothing  was  dearer  to  him  than  his  books  :" 
his  inordinate  love  of  which  exposed  him  to  a  most  severe 
trial,  when  a  sudden  inundation  at  Louvain  greatly  da- 
maged, and  had  like  to  have  destroyed  his  whole  library. 
This  happened  in  the  winter  of  1573,  and  was  such  an  af- 
fliction to  him,  thatj  as  Melchior  Adam  says,  it  would  cer- 
tainly have  killed   him,  if  his  friends  had  not  plied  him 
with  proper  topics  of  consolation,    and    assisted  him   in 
drying  and  restoring  his  books  and  manuscripts. 

His  writings  are  purely  philological  and  critical,  as, 
1.  ^^  Novarum  lecticSnum  libri  octo,"  Basil,  1564,  and  an, 
icnpraved  edition  1571,  8vo.  2.  "  Syntiagnia  de  ratione 
emendandi  Grsecos  autores,"  printed  in  the  last  mentioned 
edition  of  the  former.  3.  Not©,  scholia,  emendationes;  & 
explicationes  in  Euripidem,  Sophoglem,  JEschylum,  Ci- 
peronem,  Propertium,  Ausonium,  Arnobium,  &c.  besides 


us  CANTERUS. 

a  book  of  various  readings  in  several  MSS.  of  tbe  ^eptai^ 
^int,  and  a  great  many  translations  of  Greek  authors. 

His  brother  Theodore  was  also  a  classical  scholar,  and 
editor  of  many  annotations  and  criticisms,  some  of  which 
are  in  Gruter^s  Thesaurus.  Burman  has  given  a  very  am** 
pie  catalogue  of  the  writings  of  both  these  learned  brothers. ' 

CANTON  (John),  an  ingenious  natural  philosopher, 
was  born  at  Stroud,  in  Gloucestershire,  July  31,  1713; 
and  was  placed,  when  young,  under  the  care  of  a  Mr. 
Davis,  of  the  same  place,  a  very  able  mathennitician,  with 
whom,  before  he  attained  the  age  of  nine  years,  he  had 
gone  through  both  vulgar  and  decimal  arithmetic'  He 
then  proceeded  to  the  mathematics,  and  particularly  to 
algebra  and  astronomy,  wherein  he  made  a  considerable 
progress,  when  his  father  took  him  from  school,  and  pj3t 
him  to  learn  his  own  business,  that  of  a  broad-cloth  weaver^ 
but  this  circumstance  did  not  damp  his  zeal  for  the  acqui- 
sition of  knowledge.  All  his  leisure  time  was  devoted  to 
tbe  assiduous  cultivation  of  astronomical  science ;  and,  by 
the  help  of  the  Caroline  tables,  annexed  to  Wing^s  astro* 
nomy,  he  computed  eclipses  of  the  moon  and  other  ph»- 
nomena.  His  acquaintance  with  that  science  he  applied^ 
likewise,  to  the  constructing  of  several  kinds  of  dials.  But 
the  studies  of  our  young  philosopher  being  frequently  pur- 
sued to  very  late  hours,  his  father,  fearing  that  they  would 
injure  his  health,  forbade  him  the  use  of  a  candle  in  bis 
chamber,  any  longer  than  for  the  purpose  of  going  to  bed, 
and  would  himself  often  see  that  his  injunction  was  obeyed. 
The  son's  thirst  of  knowledge  was,  however,  so  great^  that 
it  made  him  attempt  to  evade  the  prohibition,  and  to  jfind 
means  of  secreting  his  light  till  the  family  had  retired  to 
rest ;  when  he  rose  to  prosecute  undisturbed  his  favourite 
pursuits.  It  was  during  this  prohibition,  and  at  these 
hours,  that  he  computed,  and  cut  upon  stone,  with  no 
better  an  instrument  than  a  common  knife,  tbe  lines  of  a 
large  upright  sun-dial ;  on  which,  besides  the  hour  of  the 
day,  were  shewn  the  rising  of  the  sun,  his  place  in  the 
ecliptic,  and  some  other  particulars.  When  this  was  finished, 
and  made  known  to  bis  father,  he  pernritted  it  to  be  placed 
against  the  front  of  his  house,  where  it  excited  the  admi« 
ration  of  several  gentlemen  in  the*neighbourhood,  and  in-» 
troduced  young  Mr.  Canton  to  their  acquaintance,  which 

*  Moreri. — Foppen  Bibl.  Belf. — Burmanni  Trajectum  erudilum. — Blount's 
Censureu^-'^Saxu  Onomast. 


CANTO  N.  W 

i 

was  fottovved  by  the  offer  of  the  use  of  their  libraries.  In' 
the  library  of  one  of  these  gentlemen,  he  found  Martin's 
Philosophical  Grammar,  which  was  the  first  book  that  gave* 
him  a  taste  for  natural  philosophy.  In  the  possession  of 
another  gentleman,  a  few  miles  from  Stroud,  he  first  saw 
a  pair  of  globes ;  an  object  that  afforded  him  uncommon' 
pleasure,  fiova  the  great  ease  with  which  he  could  solve 
those  problems  he  had  hitherto  been  accustomed  to  com-' 
pute.  The  dial  was  beautified  a  few  years  ago,  at  the  ex- 
pence  of  the  gentlemen  at  Stroud ;  several  of  whom  had 
been  his  schooUfellows,  and  who  continued  still  to  regard 
it  as  a  very  distinguished  performance.  Among  other  per- 
sons with  whom  he  became  acquainted  in  early  life,  was 
the  late  reverend  and  ingenious  Dr.  Henry  Miles  of  Tooth- 
ing, a  learned  member  of  the  royal  society,  and  of  ap* 
proved  eminence  in^natural  knowledge.  This  gentleman^ 
perceiving  diat  Mr.  Canton  possessed  abilities  too  promis- 
ing to  be  confined  within  the  narrow  limits  of  a  country 
town,  prevailed* on  his  father  to  permit  him  to  come  to 
London.  Accordingly  he  arrived  at  the  metropolis  March 
4,  1737,  and  resided  with  Dr.  Miles,  at  Tooting  (who,  it 
may  here  be  noticed,  bequeathed  to  him  all  his  philoso« 
phical  instruments),  till  the  6th  of  May  following;  when 
be  articled  himself,  for  the  term  of  five  years,  as  a  clerk 
to  Mr.  Samuel  Watkins^  master  of  the  academy  in  Spital- 
square.  In  this  situation,  bis  ingenuity,  diligence,  and 
good  conduct  were  so  conspicuous,  that,  on  the  expiration 
of  bis  clerkship,  in  the  month  of  May  1742,  he  was  taken 
into  partnership  with  Mr.  Watkins  for  three  years  ;  which 
gentleman  he  afterwards  succeeded  in  SpitaUsquare,  and 
there  continued  during  his  whole  life.  On  December  25, 
1744,  he  married  Penelope,  the  eldest  daughter  of  Mr. 
Thomas  Colbrooke,  and  niece  to  James  Colbrooke,  esq. 
banker  in  London. 

Towards  the  end  of  the  year  1745,  electricity,  which 
seems  early  to  have  engaged  Mr.  Canton^ s  notice,  received 
a  very  capital  improvement  by  the  discovery  of  the  famous 
Leyden  phial.  This  event  turned  the  thoughts  of  most  of 
the  philosophers  of  Europe  to  that  branch  of  natural  phi- 
losophy ;  and  our  author,  who  was  one  of  the  first  to  re- 
peat and  to  pursue  tKe  experiment,  found  his  assiduity 
and  attention  rewarded  by  many  capital  discoveries.  To- 
wards the  end  of  1749  he  was  concerned  with  his  friend, 
the  late  ingenious  Benjamin  Robins,  esq.  in  making  expe- 


188  CANTON. 

nimemts  in  order  to  determine  to  what  herglit  rockets  may 
be  made  to  ascend,  and  at  what  distance  their  light  maj 
be  seen.  On  January  17,  1750,  was  read  at  the  royal 
society,  Mr.  Canton's  method  of  making  artificial  magnets, 
without  the  use  of,  and  yet  far  superior  to,  any  natural 
ones.  This  paper  procured  him,  March  22,  1750,  the 
honour  of  being  elected  a  member  of  the  society  ;  .and,  on 
the  St.  Andrew's  day  following,  the  farther  honour  of  re- 
ceiving the  most  distinguished  testimony  of  their  appro* 
batlon,  in  the  present  of  their  gold  medal.  On  April  21, 
in  the  same  year,  he  was  complimented  with  the  de- 
gree of  M.  A.  by  the  university  of  Aberdeen  ;  and,  on  No- 
vember 30,  1751,  was  chosen  one  of  the  coitncilof  the 
royal  society. 

In  17^2,  when  the  act  passed  for  changing  the  ,st3He, 
Mr.  Canton  gs^ve  to  the  earl  of  Macclesfield  several  memo- 
rial canons  for  finding  leap-year,  the  dominical  letter,  the. 
epact,  i&c.  This  he  did  with  the  view  of  having  them  in- 
serted in  the  common-prayer  book;  but  his  happened  to 
be  too  late  in  his  communication,  the  form  in  which  they 
now  stand  having  been  previously  settled.  These  .canons, 
with  an  explication  of  the  reasons  of  the  rules,'  were  after- 
yards  given  to  the  rev.  Dr.  Jennings,  who  inserted  them 
in  his  "  Introduction  to  the  use  of  the  Globes." 

On  July  20,  1752,  our  philosopher  was  so  fortunate  as  to 
be  the  first  person  in  England,  who,  by  attracting  the  elec- 
tric fire  from  the  clouds  during  a  thunder  storm,  rerified 
Dr.  Franklin's  hypothesis  of  the  similarity  of  lightning  and 
electricity.  Dec.  6,  1753,  his  paper,  entitled,  "Electri- 
cal experiments,"  with  an  attempt  to  account  for  their  se- 
veral phenomena,  was  read  at  the  Royal  Society.  In  the 
same  paper  Mr.  Canton  mentioned  his  having  discovered, 
by  a  great  number  of  experiments,  that  some  clouds  were 
in  a  posi^ve,  and  some  in  a  negative  state  of  electricity. 
Dr.  Franklin,  much  about  the  same  time,  made  the  like 
discovery  in  America.  This  circumstance,  together  with 
our  author's  constant  defence  of  the  doctor's  hypothesis,- 
induced  that  eminent  philosopher,  immediately  on  bis  ar- 
rival in  England,  to  pay  Mr.  Canton  a  visit,  and  gave  rise 
to  a  friendship  which  ever  after  continued  without  inter- 
ruption or  diminution.  On  November  14,  1754,  was  read 
at  the  royal  society,  a  letter  to  the  right  honourable  the. 
earl  of  Macclesfield,  concerning  some  new  electrical  ex- 
periments. On  St.  Andrew's  day,  1754,  he  was  a  second  time 
elected  one  of  the  council  of  the  royal  society  for  the  year 


CANTON.  18f 

ensuing.  In  the  Lsuly^s  Diary  for  1756,  our  author  an-)- 
swered  the  prize  question  that  had  been  proposed  in  the 
preceding  year.  The  question  was,  "  How  can  what  we 
call  the  shooting  of  stars  be  best  accounted  for;  what  is  the 
substance  of  this  phsenomenon  ;  and  in  what  state  of  the 
atmosphere  doth  it  most  frequently  shew  itself?''  The  sor 
lution,  though  anonymous,  was  so  satisfactory  to  his  friend 
'Mr.  I'homas  Simpson,  who  then  conducted  that  work, 
that  he  sent  Mr.  Canton  the  prize^  accompanied  with  a 
Dote,  in  which  he  said  he  was  sure  that  he  was  not  mistaken 
in  the  author  of  it,  as  no  one  besides,  that  he  knew  of^ 
could  have  au.swered  the  question.  Our  philosopher's  next 
communication  to  the  public  was  a  letter  in  the  Gentle- 
man's Magazine  for  September  1759,  on  the  electrical 
properties  of  the  tourmalin,  in  which  the  laws  of  that  won- 
derful stone  are  laid  down  in  a  very  concise  and  elegant 
manner.  On-  Dec.  13,  in  the  same  year,  was  read,  at  the 
royal  society,  '^  An  attempt  to  account  for  the  regular 
diurnal  variation  of  the  horizontal  magnetic  needle ;  and 
also  for  its  irregular  variation  at  the  time  of  an  aurora  bo- 
realis."  A  complete  year's  observations  of  the  diurnal  va- 
riations of  the  needle  are  annexed  to  the  paper.  On 
Nov.  5,  1761,  our  author  communicated  to  the  royal  so- 
ciety an  account  of  the  transit  of  Venus,  June  6,  1761, 
observed  in  Spital-square.  Mr.  Canton's  next  communi-^ 
cation  to  the  society  was  a  letter  addressed  to  Dr.  Benja- 
min Franklin,  and  read  Feb.  4,  1762,  containing  some  re- 
marks on  Mr.  Delaval's  electrical  experiments.  On  De- 
cember 1 6,  in  the  same  year,  another  curious  addition  was 
made  by  him  to  philosophical  knowledge,  in  a  paper  en-i 
titled,  "  Experiments  to  prove  that  water  is  not  incom- 
pressible." These  experiments  are  a  complete  refutation 
of  the  famou^  Florentine  experiment,  which  so  many  phi- 
losophers have  mentioned  as  a  proof  of  the  iucompressibi- 
lity  of  water.  On  St.  Andrew's  day,  1763,  oqr  author  was 
the  third  time  elected  one  of  the  council  of  the  royal  so- 
ciety;  and  on  Nov.  8,  in  the  following  year,  were  read, 
before  that  learned  body,  his  farther  experiments  and  ob- 
servations on  the  compressibility  of  water,  and  some  other 
fluids.  The  establishment  of  this  fact,  in  opposition  to  the 
received  opinion,  formed  on  the  hasty  decision  of  the 
Florentine  academy,  was  thought  to  be  deserving  of  the 
society's  gold  medal..  It  was  accordingly  moved  for  in  the 
council  of  1764  J  and  after  several  invidious  debys;  which 


190 


C  A  N  T  6  N- 


teraiinated  much  to  the  honour  of  Mr.  Canton,  it  was  pre» 
seated  to  him  Nov.  30,   1765. 

The  next  communication  of  our  ingenious  author  to  the 
royal  society,  which  we  shall  take  notice  of  in  this  piace^  ^ 
was  on  Dec.  22,  1768,  being  "  An«asy  method  of  mak- 
ing a  phosphorus,  that  will  imbibe  and  emit  light  like  the 
£oJognian  stone;  with  experiments  and  observatioos.'* 
.When  he  first  shewed  to  Dr.  Franklin  the  instantaneous 
-light  acquired  by  some  of  this  phosphorus  from  the  near 
discharge  of  an  electrified  bottle,  the  doctor  immediately 
exclaimed,  ^^  And  God  said,  Let  there  be  light,  and  there 
was  light !"  The  dean  and  chapter  of  St.  Paul's  having, 
in  a  letter  to  the  president,  dated  March  6,  1769,  requested 
the  opinion  of  the  royal  society  relative  to  the  best  and 
most  effectual  method  of  fixing  electrical  conductors  to 
preserve  that  cathedral  from  damage  by  lightning,  Mr. 
Canton  was  one  of  the  committee  appointed  to  take  the 
letter  into  consideration,  and  to  report  their  opinion  upon 
it.  The  gentlemen  joined  with  him  in  this  business  were 
Dr.  Watson,  Dr.  Franklin,  Mr.  Delaval,  and  Mr.  Wilson* 
-Their  report  was  made  on  the  8th  of  June  following  ;  and 
the  mode  recommended  by  them  has  been  carried  into  exe- 
cution. This  will  probably  contribute,  in  the  most  effec- 
-tual  manner,  to  preserve  the  noble  fabric  of  St.  Paul's 
from  being  injured  by  lightning.  The  last  paper  of  our 
author's,  which  was  read  before  the  Royal  Society,  was  on 
Dec.  21,  1769  J  and  contained  experiments  to  prove  that 
the  luminousness  of  the  sea  arises  from  the  putrefaction  of 
its  animal  substances.  In  the  account  now  given  of  his 
communications  to  the  public,  we  have  chiefly  confined 
ourselves  to  such  as  were  the  most  important,  and  which 
threw  new  and  distinguished  light  on  various  objects  in  the 
philosophical  world.  Besides  these,  he  wrote  a  number 
of  papers,  both  in  earlier  and  in  later  life,  which  appeared 
in  several  different  publications,  and  particularly  in  the 
Gentleman's  Magazine,  of  which  a  list  is  given  in  the 
note  *.     We  may  add,  that  he  was  very  particular  with 


*  In  the  Ladies  Diary  for  1739, 
<*  The  time  and  quantity  of  an  eclipse 
of  the  moon.^*  In  the  Gentleman's 
Magazine  for  January  1739,  "  A  ques- 
tion on  the  cause  of  the  thunder  and 
lightning  which  happened  on  the  fourth 
of  that  month.*'  Id  ditto  for  August 
^739,  «*  The  number  of  Mr.  Whitfield's 
hearers  calculated."    In  ditto  for  Sep- 


tember 1750,  "  The  number  of  Mr. 
Whitfield's  hearers  justified."  In  this 
he  estimates  the  number  of  Mr.  Whit- 
field's bearers,  when  he  preached  in 
Moorfit  Ids,  at  more  than  25,000.  In 
the  Ladies  Diary  for  1740,  "  The  tiiie 
ami  quantity  of  two  eclipses  of  the 
moon."  In  the  Gentleman's  Magazine 
for  October  1748,  «  A  letter  to  ^fr. 


CANTON. 


191 


regard  to  the  neatness  and  elegance  of  his  apparatus ;  and 
that  his  address  in  conducting  his  experiments  was  remark- 
ably conspicuous. 

The  close  and  sedentary  life  of  Mr.  Canton,  arising 
from  an  unremitted  attention  to  the  duties  of  his  profession, 
and  to  the  prosecution  of  his  philosophical  inquiries  and 
experiments,  probably  contributed  to  shorten  his  days. 
The  disorder  into  which  he  fell,  and  which  carried  him  off, 
was  a  dropsy.  It  was  supposed,  by  his  friend  Dr.  Milner, 
to  be  a  dropsy  in  the  thorax.  His  death  was  on  March 
22,  1772,  in  the  54th  year  of  his  age,  to  the  great  regret 


Urbatt,  on  the  remarkable  variation  of 
beat  and  cold  in  Fahrenheit's  Ihemio- 
meter."     in  ditto  for  December  1748, 
**  Observations  on  the  common  ther- 
mometer, &c."    In  ditto  for  June  1752, 
**  The  true  length  of  the  year  deter- 
«Bined  by  scriptare  data,  in  imitation 
•of  the  rev.  Mr.  John  Kennedy."     In  the 
Philosophical  Transactions,  vol.  XLVIL 
p.  568,  *«  Part  of  a  letter  to  Mr.  Wat- 
son, on  extracting  electrical  fire  from 
the  clouds."     In   the  supplement  to 
Martin's  Magazine  for  1760,  **  A  let- 
ter to  the  author,  on  the  electricity  of 
a  mop- stick."      In   the    Gentleman's 
Magazine  for  September  1761,  *'  A  let- 
ter signed  Indagator,  occasioned  by  a 
supposed  accidental  discovery  of  an  at- 
traction between  tallow  and  the  magne- 
tic needle,  mentioned  in  the  preceding 
Magazine  for  August."     In  ditto  for 
November  1761,  '*  Another  letter  sign' 
«d  Indagator,  occasioned  by  Mr.  Chap- 
pie's in  that  for  October,  on  the  sup- 
posed attraoti(Hi  between  tallow,  &c«" 
In  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  for  De- 
cember of  the  same  year,  Mr.  Chappie 
takes  notice* of  a  letter  sent  to  him  at 
Powderham  Castle,  near  Exeter,  against 
his  imagined  attraction  between  tallow 
and  the  magaetic  needle,  signed  Ami- 
cus.   This  came  from  the  same  hand  as 
those  signed  Indagator.     In  the  Ga- 
zetteer for  June  the  8th,  1764,  «  A 
letter  to  the  printer^  coneeming  the 
appearance  of  Venus  in  the  day-time ; 
signed  Astronomus."     In  the  Philoso- 
phical Transactions,  vol.  LIV.  p.  308, 
**  An  account  of  melting  small  bra9*< 
wire,  by  artificial  lightning  from  a  case 
of  thirty.five  bottles."     In  ditto,  voU 
I.VI.I,  p.  ^03,  *<  Observations  on  the 
heat  of  Bath  and  Bristol  water."     In 
Pr.  Owen's  jenquiry  into  -the  present 
state  of  tha  Septuagint  version  of  the 


Old  Testament,  p.  136,  "  A  scheme 
to  reconcile  the  fourth  and  fifth  verses 
of  the  thirty-fifth  chapter  of  the  book 
of  Numbers."  See  the  appendix  to 
that  work,  p.  174.  In  the  Philosophi- 
cal Transactions,  vol.  LIX.  p.  192, 
'*  A  letter  to  the  Astronomer  Royal, 
containing  observations  on  the  transit 
of  Venus,  June  the  3d,  1769  j  and  on 
the  eclipse  of  the  sun  the  next  morn- 
ing." In  the  Gazetteer  for  October  31, 
1770,  "  A  card  from  Astronomus  to 
Copernicus."  When  Dr.  Priestley 
wrote  his  History  of  Electricity,  Mr< 
Canton  eommunicated  to  him  several 
new^  experiments  and  observations,  > 
which  are  inserted  in  that  rery  valua- 
ble work.  They  are  as  follows :  1.  On 
electric  atmospheres,  with  a  figure,  p« 
246.  2.  On  glass-balls  hermetically 
sealed,  p.  279.  0.  Observations  on 
^Mr.  Wilson's  experiment  concerning 
light  in  vacuo,  p.  289.  4.  On  tbo 
tourmalin,  p.  305.  -  5.  Comparison  of 
the  positive  and  negative  electricity  in 
the  clouds,  p.  316.  6.  A  new  method 
of  electrifying  the  air,  p.  196.  7.  Gold 
and  silver  vitrified  by  the  heat  of  elec- 
trical explosions,  p.  647.  8.  All  the 
prismatic  colours  produced  by  electri- 
cal explosions  of  fine  wire  of  different 
metals,  extended  over  tKe  surface  of 
glass,  p.  679.  See  also  the  Philoso- 
phical Transactions,  vol.  LVIII.  p.  73. 
In  Dr.  Priestley's  history  of  vision,  &<?. 
p.  434,  are  observations,  by  our  au- 
thor, on  light  transmitted  through  thick 
and  thin  substances.  We  might  add, 
that  Mr.  Canton*  in  early  life,  wrote 
several  enigmas  and  poems  in  the  Lon- 
don and  Gentleman's  Magazines.  But 
such  productions,  though  sometioies 
the  amusements  of  the  most  ingenious 
minds  when  yonag^  scarcely  deserva 
to  be  particularly  marked  out. 


132  CANTON. 

.  of  hi»  family,  and  of  his  literary  and  otlier  acquaintance^ 
.Nor  w^s  his  decease  a  small  loss  to  the  interests  of  know- 
ledge; since  from  the  time  of  life  in  which  he  died,  an4 
his  happy  and  successful  genius  in  philosophical  pursuits^ 
he  might  have  been  expected  to  have  enriched  the  world 
of  science  with  new  discoveries.  Mr.  Canton  was  a  |nai^ 
of  very  amiable  character  and  manners.  In  conversation 
be  was  calm,  mild,  and  rather  sparing  than  redundant : 
what  he  did  say  was  remarkably  sensible  and  judicious. 
He  had  much  pleasure  in  attending  the  meetings  of  the 
Royal  Society,,  and  some  voluntary  private  societies  of 
learned  and  intelligent  persons,  to  which  he  belonged.  By 
his  wife,  who  survived  him,  he  left  several  children  His 
eldest  son,  Mr.  William  Canton^  succeeded  .him  in  the 
academy  in  Spital -square,  which  he  carried  on  with  great 
reputation  ;  and  he  also  pursued  with  advantage  the  same 
philosophical  studies  to  which  his  ingenious  and  worthy 
father  was  so  eminently  devoted.  *  ' 

CANTWELL  (Andrew),  a  native  of  Tipperary  in  Ire- 
land, lived  principally  in  Paris,  where  he  was  made  doctor 
in  medicine  in  1742.  The  same  year  he  published  a  trans- 
lation into  French  of  the  account  of  Mrs.  Stephens's  medi- 
cine for  dissolving  the  stone  in  the  bladder;  and  in  1746 
an  apcount  of  sir  Hans  Sloaue's  medicines  for  diseases  of 
the  eyes ;  also  some  severe  strictures  on  the  practice  of 
propagating  the  small  pox  by  inoculation  ;  and  in  the  Phi- 
losopliical  Tr:insactions,  London,  No.  453,  an  account  of 
a  double  child,  a  boy.     He  died  at  Paris,  July  11,  1764.* 

CANUS  (Melchior),  a  Spanish  divine,  was  a  native  of 
Taranzo,  in  the  diocese  of  Toledo.  He  was  Francis  Vic- 
toria's pupil,  and  succeeded  him  in  the  theological  chair  at 
Salamanca,  where  he  taught  with  reputation.  Canus  ap* 
peared  also  with  great  distinction  at  the  council  of  Trent^ 
under  Paul  HI.  and  was  made  bishop,  of  the  Canary  Islands' 
1552.  '^e  resigned  his  bishopric  afterwards,  and  was  ap- 
pointed provincial  of  the  province  of  Castile.  He  died  1 560^ 
at  Toledo.  His  treatise  *'  de  locis  Theologicis,"  published 
at  Padua  1727,  4  to,  is  very  elegantly  written,  and  is  justly 
esteemed  a  master- piece.  He  is  also  supposed  the  a^uthor, 
.  of  "  Praelectiones  de  PenitentiS,."  He  appears  to  have 
been  a  man  of  more  liberality  than  might  have  been  ^x- 
.  pected  from   bis  age  and  profession.     Dr.  Jortin  quotes 

»  Bk^.  Brit.  «  Diet.  Hist 


C  A'lf  U  S-  193 

some  instances  of  this  in  his  *^  Remarks  on  Ecclesiastical 
History/'  vol.  II.  p.  316.  His  whole  works  were  printed 
at  Venice  in  17S9,  4to.  ^ 

CANUS,  or  CANO  (John  Sebastian  del),  a  Biscayan^ 
companion  of  the  fimious  Magellan  ip  his  maritime  espe- 
didons,  passed,  in  company  with  him,  about  the  year  1520^ 
the  straits  to  which  that  celebrated  navigator  gave  his  name* 
After  the  death  of  Magellan,  be  reached  the  isles  of  Snnda^ 
from  whence  he  proceeded  to  double  the  cape  of  Good 
Hope.  He  returned  to  Seville  in  1522,  after  having  made 
the  circuit  of  the  world  by  theeast,  in  three  years  and  four 
weeks.  Charles  V.  gave  him  for  his  device  a  terrestrial 
globe,  with  these  words :  **  Primus  me  circumdedisti.'* 
Care  must  be  taken  npt  to  confound  him  with  James  Canus^ 
a  Portuguese,  who,  in  1484,  discovered  the  kingdom  of 
Congo.  ■ 

CAPACCIO, (Julius  C^ssar),  a  historian  of  the  sev«a« 
teenth  century,  was  born  in  Campagnia,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Niqdes,  of  an  obscure  family,  which  was  afterwards  raised 
by  Capaccio*s  merits.  He  studied  at  Naples  the  civil  and 
canon  law,  and  afterwards  read  over  the  poets  and  histo- 
rians. Being  a  person  of  note  for  his  learning  and  parts^ 
he  was  made  secretary  to  the  town  of  Naples.  He  was 
one  of  those  thi^t  had  the  greatest  share  in  setting  up  the 
academy  of  the  Otiosi.  Francis  de  la  Rovere,  duke  of 
Urbino,  employed  him  in  the  education  of  the  prince  his 
son ;  and  while  he  was  employed  in  this  business  he  wrote 
most  of  his  works.  He  died  in  1631.  His  works'  are: 
•^  Tratato  de*i  imprese ;"  "  II  secretario,  prediche  quadra-^ 
gecimali;"  « II  principe ;"  "  Historia  Puteolana ;''  *«His- 
toria  Napolitana,''  &c.  the  latter  are  in  Graevius's  The- 
aaurus,  but  the  separate  editions  of  these,  as  well  as  of  hit 
<<  Iliustrium  mulierum  et  virorum  historia,''  Naples^  1609, 
4to,  are  very  scarce. ' 

CAPECIO  (SciPio),  in  Latin  Capvcius,  a  native  of  Na- 
ples, and  a  Latin  poet  of  the  sixteenth  century,  attempted 
to  imitate  Lucretms,  in  his  poem  of  the  "  Principles  of 
thing^,**  Frankfort,  1631,  8vo,  with  considerable  success. 
Cardinal  Bembo  and  Manucius  placed  this  work  on  a  level 
with  his  model,  to  which  high  praise  it  is  scarcely  entitled* 
An  edition,  with  an  Italian  translation,  was  given  in  8VO9 

1  Moreri.-— Dupin. — ^Antonio  Bibl.  Hist.— Saiii  Onomast  >  Mor«ri. 

»  Iforeri.— Diet.  Hiitr^FAbricii  Coiiit>eciuft  Thei.  JLitt.  Tta1i«. 

Vgfc.  VIIL  O 


194  C  A  P  E  C  I  O., 

at  Venice,  in  1754.  He  also  composed  elegies,  epigrams^ 
and  a  poem  ^'  De  Vate  maximo/'  i.  e.  St.  John  ^e  Bap- 
tist, which  Gesner,  doubtless  a  great  friend  of  the  poet^ 
equalled  with  the  productions  of  antiquity.  «* 

CAPEL  (Arthur,  Lord)  was  the  only  son  and  heir  of 
sir  Henry  Capel,  who  died  in  the  flower  of  his  age.  He 
succeeded  to  the  family  estate  on  the  death  of  his  grand- 
father, sir  Arthur,  and  following  the  example  of  his  vir- 
tuous ancestors,  was  vei*y  eminent  for  his  hospitality .  to 
his  neighbours^  while  bis  great  charities  to  the  poor  en- 
deared him  to  the  hearts  of  the  people,  who  chose. him  to 
serve  in  parliament  for  the  county  of  Hertford,  in  1639 
and  1640.  In  the  following  year  he  was  made  a  peer  by 
Charles  I.  with  the  title  of  lord  Capel,  of  Hadham.  Upon 
the  breaking  out  of  the  rebellion,  he  raised  at  his  own 
charge  some  troops  of  horse,  in  defence  of  the  royal  cause, 
although  he  had  at  first  sided  with  the  parlialnent ;  and  did 
t)ot  attach  himself  particularly  to  the  court,  untiL  he  saw 

-  that  the  designs  of  the  republicans  were  no  longer  ton- 
ducted  with  moderation  or  justice.  He  fought  valiantly  in 
many  battles  and  skirmishes,  and  continued  to  >  adhere 
loyally  to  his  king,  till  his  majesty's  armies  were  dispersed, 

'  his  garrisons  lost,  and  his  person  imprisoned,  when  lord 
Capel  compounded  with  the  parliamentarians,  and  retired 
to  his  manor  of  Hadham.  Perceiving,  some  time  after, 
the  hard  treatment  his  sovereign  met  with,  he  resolutely 
ventured  again,  with  all  the  force  he  could  r^se,  to  rescue 
the  king  from  his  enemies;  and  joining  his  trt)ops  with 
those  of  lord  Goring  and  sir  Charles  Lucas,  underwent  the  « 
severest  hardships  in  the  memorable  siege  of  Colchester, 
which  was  at  length  surrendered  to  general  Fairfax  upon 
articles'  which  were  immediately  broke ;  for  sir  Charles 
Lucas  and  sir  George  Lisle  were  shot,  and  lord  Capel  sent 
prisoner  to  Windsor-castle.  An  act  of  attainder  being  or- 
dered by  the  house  of  commons  to  be  brought  in  against, 
him,  the  house  voted,  Nov.  10,  164.8,  that  he  and  some 
others  should  be  banished,  but  that  punishment  not  being 
thought  severe  enough,  he  was  removed  to  the  Tower. 
Lord  Clarendofl  is  of  opinion  that  two  or  three  sharp  and 
bitter  speeches  which  passed  between  Ireton  and  lord 
Capel,  cost  the  latter  his  life.  In  .the  mean  time,  hpw- 
6ver,  he  contrived  to  escape  out  of  his  prison,  but  being 

^  Moreri.'— Oen.  bict.«— Diet.  Hiit. 


C  A  PEL.  IW 

drscovered  and  apprehended  at  Lamb^tli,  on  F^b.  10^ 
1649,  he  was  brought  before  a  pretended  high  court  of 
justice  in  Westminster-hall,  to  be  tried  for  treason  and 
other  high  crimes  ;  and  though  he  strenuously  insisted  that 
he  was  a  prisoner  to  the  lord  general  Fairfax,  that  he  had 
conditions  given  him^  and  was  to  l)five  fair  quarter  for  his 
life  ;  yet  his  plea  was  over- ruled.  *In  three  days  aft^r  he 
was  brought  again  before  the  court,  when  the  counsel 
moved  that  he  should  be  hanged,  drawn,  and  quartered. 
This,  however,  was  changed  for  beheading,  and  the  ^o- 
tence  was  executed  March  9.  He  trod  the  fatal  stage^ 
says  lord  Orford,  with  all  the  dignity  of  valour  and  con- 
scious integrity.  In  these  qualities  all  historians  are  agreed, 
if  we  except  Mrs.  Macaulay,  whose  hostility  to  the  loyalists 
is  rather  a  compliment  His  literary  remains  were  pub- 
Jished  in  1654,  with  the  title  "  Daily  observations  or  me- 
. dilations  ;  divine,  moral,  written  by  a  person  of  honour 
and  piety ;"  to  which  are  added  *'  Certain  letters  written 
to  several  persons,^'  4to ;  and  the  whole  were  reprinted  - 
afterwards  in  12mo,  with  the  title  of  "  Excellent  Contem- 
plations, &c.''  and  some  account  of  his  life.  Some  ^'  Stan- 
zas^" by  lord  Capel,  written  when  he  was  a  prisoner  in 
the  Tower,  were  inserted  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine 
for  1757.  His  heart,  which  he  had  ordered  to  be  kept, 
and  deposited  near  the  remains  of  his  royal  master,  was 
afterwards  placed  in  the  family-vault  at  Hadham,  as  ap- 
pears by  a  letter  from  the  late  incumbent  of  that  parish, 
Dr.  Anthony  Hamilton,  published  in  the  fifteenth  volume 
of  the  ArchsBologia.  * 

CAPEL  (Arthur),  eldest  son  and  heir  of  the  pre^ced- 
ing,  became  his  successor,  and  notwithstanding  the  suffer- 
ings of  bis  father,  his  estate  was  uodcr  sequestration  ;  but 
.  at  the  restoration,  he  was,  by  Charles  II.  advanced  to  the  ' 
title  and  dignity  of  viscount  Maiden,  and  earl  of  Essex, 
on  April  20,   1661.     He  also  was  constituted  lord  lieute- 
nant and  custos  rotulorum  of  the  county  of  Hertford,  on 
July  7,  1660  i  and  lord  lieutenant  of  the  county  of  Wilts, 
:  during  the  minority  of  the  duke  of  Somerset,  on  April  2, 
1668.     In  the  year  1670,  he  was  sent  ambassador  to  Chris- 
.  tian  V.  king  of  Denmark,  whence  he  returned  with  high  ' 
favour  for  having  vindicated  the  honour  of  tlie  British  flag  : 
and  upon  testimonies  of  his  courage,  prudence,  and  abili^ 

^  Biog,  BriU— Park's  Royal  and  Noble  AuthorSi 

0  2 


196  C  A  P  E  1. 

ties,  was  sworn  of  the  pHvy-counctl  in  1672,  and 
made  lord-lieutenant  of  the  kingdom  of  Ireland;  which 
high  office  he  exercised  in  that  kingdom  to  the  general 
satisfaction  of  the  people.  After  his  return,  be,  in  1678j 
with  Halifa!r,  and  the  duke  of  Buckingbstm,  had  the  chief 
political  influence  among  the  lords ;  yet,  when  tbey  moved 
an  address  to  the  king  to  send  the  duke  of  York  from 
court,  ^he  mstjority  was  against  them.  In  1679,  he  was 
appointed  first  and  chief  commissioner  of  the  treasuiy : 
and  his  majesty  choosing  a  new  council,  be  ordered  sir 
William  Temple  to  propose  it  to  the  lord  chancellor  Fineb, 
the  earl  of  Sunderland,  and  the  earl  of  Essex,  but  to  one 
after  another;  on  which,  when  he  communicated  it  to  the 
earl  of  Essex,  he  said,  '^  It  would  leave  the  parliament 
and  nation  in  the  dispositions  to  the  king,  that  he  found  at 
his  coming  in.''  Accordingly  be  was  sworn  of  that  privy<* 
council  on  April  21,  1679,  being  then  first  lord  commis^ 
tioner  of  the  treasury ;  and  his  majesty  valued  himself  on 
it  so,  that  the  next  day  he  communicated  it  by  a  speech 
to  the  parliament,  which  was  agreeable  to  both  houses : 
but  not  concurring  with  the  duke  of  York  in  his  measures^ 
his  majesty,  on  November  19  following,  declared  in  coun- 
cil, that  he  had  given  leave  to  the  earl  of  Essex  to  resign 
his  place  of  first  commissioner  of  the  treasury ;' yet  in- 
tended that  he  should  continue  of  his  privy-council.  Ne^ 
vertheless,  soon  after,  being  a  great  opposer ,  of  the  court 
measures,  ahd  on  Jan.  25,  1680-lj  delivering  a,  petition 
against  the  parliament's  sitting  at  Oxford,  he  was  accused^ 
with  the  lord  Russel,  of  the  fanatic  plot,  and  sent  pri«» 
soner  to  the  Tower  in  the  beginning  of  July,  1683.  Bi« 
shop  Burnet  says,  that  a  party  of  horse  was  sent  to  bring 
him  up  from  his  seat  in  Hertfordshire,  where  he  bad  been- 
for  some  time,  and  seemed  so  little  apprehensive  of  dan- 
ger, that  his  lady  did  not  imagine  be  had  any  concern : 
on  his  mind.  He  was  offered  to  be  conveyed  away,  but ' 
he  would  not  stir:  his  tenderness  for  lord  Russel  was  the 
cause  of  this,  thinking  his  disappearing  might  incline  tbe 
jury  to  believe  the  evidence  the  more.  Soon  aft^er  his 
commitment,  he  was  found  with  his  throat  cut,  on  July 
13,  1683.  The  cause  of  this  is  variously  represented, . 
some  imputing  it  to  himself  in  a  fit  of  despondency,  and 
some  to  the  contrivance  of  his  enemies.  From  the  evi-  . 
dence  examined  in  the  Biog.  Britannica^  a  decision  seems 


C  A  P  E  L.  197 

d^cult    See  ^'  Bp.  Burnet's  late  History  charged  iK^ith 
great  partiality,''  by  Mr.  Braddon,  1725,  8vo. 

Sir  Heory  Cbauocy,  in  bis  Antiquities  of  Hertfordshire^ 
says,  be  was  a  person  of  an  agreeable  stature,  slender  in 
body,  adorned  with  a  comely  countenance,  mixed  with 
gravity  and  sweetness,  and  was  easy  of  access ;  his  mind 
was  si^date,  but  his  discourses  were  generally  free  and 
pleasant,  and  his  demeanour  very  con^laisaot  >  his  promises 
were  real  and  sincere ;  bis  reprimands  smart  and  ingeni* 
ctts,  having  a  quick  apprehension,  g<K)d  elocution,  sound 
judgment,  great  courage,  and  resolution  unalterable :  he 
was  always  wary  and  circumspect  in  council,  where  he  en- 
deavoured to  obstruct  all  arbitrary  power,  and  the  increase 
of  the  Popish  iiuerest,  having  a  particular  regard  for  the 
established  religion  of  his  country  ;  be  was  very  temperate 
in  his  diet,  strict  in  his  justice,  tender  of  his  honour,  and 
constant  to  his  friend ;  be  delighted  much  in  his  library,  * 
which  enabled  him  to  speak  on  all  occasions  with  great  ap* 
plause,  and  would  spend  his  vacant  hours  in  the  viewing 
of  records,  and  learning  of  the  mathematics.  These  were 
bis  diversions,  together  with  recreating  himself  in  his  fine, 
gardens  and  pleasant  groves  at  Cashiobury,  which  were' 
of  his  own  plantation.  ^ 

CAPEL  (Richard),  son  of  Gbrietopher  Capel,  an  al- 
derman of  Gloucester,'  was  bom  1586  in  that  city,  and 
after  being  educated  there  in  grammar,  became  a  com<«> 
moner  of  Alban  hall,  Oxford,  in  1601,  and  soon  after  was 
elected  demy  of  Magdalen«college.  In*  1609  be  was  made 
perpetual  fellow,  being  then  M.  A.  the  highest  degree 
which  he  took  at  the  university.  While  there,  Wood  says, 
^  his  emiaence  was  great,  and  he  was  resorted  to  by  noted 
men,  especially  of  the  Calvinist  persuasion,*'  and  was  tutor 
to  sevend  young  men  who  afterwards  rose  to  high  reputa- 
tion, particularly  Accepted  Frewen,  archbishop  of  Ifork^ 
Will.  Pemble,  &c.  He  left  college  on  obtaining  the  rec-. 
toiy  of  Eastington  in  Gloucestershire,  and  became  highly 
popular  as  a.  plain  and  practical  preacher,  and  a  man  oi 
exemplary  life  and  conversation.  In  1633,  when  the  Book 
of  Spor^  Qn  tbe  Lord's  day  was  ordered  to  be  read  in  all 
churches,  be  refused,  and  resigned  his  rectory.  He  then 
obtained  licence  from  the  bishop  of  Gloucester  to  practise 
physicy  which  he  did  with  much  success  for  some  years, 

1  CoUins'fi  Peerage.— Jiiog.  3rU.— -Burnet's  Qiat  of  his  own  T^mtB^ 


198  C  A  P  E  L. 

residing  at  Pitchcomb,    near   Stroad,    where  he  had  ah 
estate.     In  the  commencement  of  the  rebellion,  he  was 
called  to. be  one  of  the  assembly  of  divines,  bnt  did  not 
accept  the  offer.     Wood  thinks  he  was  restored  to  his  be- 
nefice at  this  time,  or  had  another  conferred  upon  him, 
which  we  believe  was  Pitchcomb,  where  he  died  Sept.  21, 
1656,  and  was  buried  in  the  church  there.     Clarke  informs 
us  that  for  some  time  he  attended  the  court  of  James  I. 
until  the  death  of  sir  Thomas  Overbury,  who  was  his  par- 
ticular friend.     His  principal  works  are,  1.  "  Temptation^, 
their  nature,  danger,  and  cure,  &c."  Lond.  1650,  8vo,  and 
an     *^  Apology'*    against    some    exceptions,     1659,    Svo. 
2.  "  Remains,  being  an  useful  Appendix  to  the  former," 
1658,  Svo.     His  son  Daniel  Capel  was  also  a  divine,  and, 
according  to  Walker,  ejected  from  his  living  in  Glouces- 
tershire by  the  Oxford  visitors.     He  then  practised  physite 
at  Stroud,  where  he  died  in  1679.     He  wrote,  "  Tenta-  • 
raei\  medicum  de  variolis,"  and  some  otheir  tracts.  * 
;   CAPELL  (Edward),  a  gentleman  well  known  by  his 
indefatigaV)le  attention  to  the  works  of  Shakspeare,'  was 
bom. at  Troston,  near  Bury,.  Suffolk,  June  11,    1713,  and 
received  his  education  at  the  school  of  St.  Edmund's  Bury. 
In  the  dedication  of  his  edition  of  Shakspeare,  in  1768,  to 
the  duke  of  Grafton,  he  observes,  that  "  his  father  and  the 
grandfather  of  his  grace  were  friends,  and  to  the  patronage 
of  the  deceased  nobleman  he  owed  the  leisure  which  en- 
abled him  to  bestow  the  attention  of  twenty  yeafs  on  that 
work."     The  office  which  his  grace  bestowed  on  Mr.  Ca- 
pell  was  that  of  deputy  inspector  of  the  plays,  to  which  a 
salary  is  annexed  of  200/.   a  year.     So  early  as  the  year 
1745,  as  Capell  himself  informs  u^,  shocked  at  the  licen- 
tiousness of  Hanmer's  plan,  he  first  projected  an  edition  of 
Shakspeare,  of  the  strictest  accuracy,  to  be  collated  and 
publi^shed,  in  due  time,  *^  ex  fifle  codicum."     He  itniiie-* 
diately  proceeded  to  collec*:  and  compare  the  oldest  and 
scarcest  copies;  noting  the  original  excellencies*  and  de-* 
fects  of  the  rarest  quartos,  and  distinguishing  the  improve- 
ments or  variations  of  the  first,  second,  and  third  folios. 
But  while  all  this  mass  of  profound  criticistri  was  tempering 
in  the  forge,  he  appeared  at  last  a  self-armed  Aristarchus, 
almost  as  lawless  as  any  of  his  predecessors,  vindicating 
bis  claim  to  public  notice  by  his  established  reputation,  the 

'  Ath.  Ox,  Ttf],  IL-^Foller'B  Worthies,— Clarke's  Lives  of  Thirty ^twQ  Dirio^^ 


C  A  P  E  L  L.  19» 

aiudioritatlve  air  of  his  notes,  and  the  shrewd  observations^ 
as  well  as  majesty,  of  his  preface.  His  edition,  however, 
was  the  effort  of  a  poet,  rather  than  of  a  critic  ;  and  Mr. 
Capell  lay  fortified  and  secure  in  his  strong  holdsj  en- 
trenched in  the  black  letter.  Three  years  after  (to  use  his 
own  language)  he  **  set  out  his  own  edition,  in  ten  vo- 
lumes, small  octavo,  with  an  introduction,"  1768,  printed 
at  the  expence  of  the  principal  booksellers  of  London,  who 
gave  him  300/.  for  his  labours.  There  is  not,  among  tjhe 
various  publications  of  the  present  literary  aera,  a. more 
singular  composition  than  that  '^  Introduction."  In  style 
and  manner  it  is  mare  obsolete,  and  antique,  than  the  age 
of  which  it  treats.  It  is  lord  Herbert  of  Cherbury  walking 
the  new  pavement  in  all  the  trappings  of!  romance ;  but, 
like  lord  Herbert,  it  displays  many  valuable  qualities  ac-f 
companyiug  this  air  of  extravagance,  tuuch  sound  sense^ 
and  appropriate  erudition.  It  has  since  been  added  to  the 
prolegomena  of  Johnson  and  Steevena's  edition.  In  the 
title-page  of  this  work  was  also  announced,  ^^  Whereunto 
will  be. added,  in  some  c^her  volumes,  notes,  critical  and 
explanatory,  and  a  body  of  various  readings  entire."  The 
introduction  likewise  declared,  tl)at  these  ^^  notes  and  va-^ 
rious  readings"  would  be  accompanied  with  another  worky 
disclosing  the  sources  from/ which  Shakspeare  "  drew  the 
greater  part  of  his  knowledge  in  mythological  and  classical 
matters,  his  fable,  his  history,  and  even  the  seeming  pe-^ 
culiarities  of  his  language — 'to  which,**  says  Mr.  Capell, 
"  we  have,  given  for  title,  The  School  of  Shakspeare."  No* 
thing  surely  could  be  more  properly  conceived  than  such 
designs,  nor  have  we  ever  met  with  any  thing  better 
grounded  on  the  subject  of  "  the  learning  of  Shakspeare'* 
than  what  may  be  found' in  the  long  note  to  tlus  part  of 
Mr.  Capell's  introduction.  It  is  more  solid  than  even  the 
popular  essay  on  this  topic.  Such  were  the  meditated 
achievements  of  the.  critical  knight-errant,  Edward  CapelL 
But,  alas!  art  is  long,  and  life  is  short.  Three-and^, 
twenty  years  had  elapsed,  in  collection,  collation,  compi- 
lation, and  transcription,  between  the  conception  and  pro- 
duction of  his  projected  edition  :  and  it  then  came,  like 
human  births,  naked  into  the  world,  without  notes  or  cQm-> 
mentary,  save  the  critical  matter  dispersed  through  the 
introduction,  and  a  brief  account  of  the  origin  of  the  fables, 
of  the  several  plays,  and  a  table  of  the  different  editions. 
Certain  quaintnesses  of  style,  and  peculiarities  of  printinj;^ 


/ 


^500  G  A  P  E  L  t. 

aiid  punotoation^  attended  the  whole  of  this  pobiieatioir. 
The  outline,  however,  was  correct.  The  critic^  with  un^ 
remitting  toil,  proceeded  in  his  undertaking.  But  while 
he  was  diving  into  the  classics  of  Caxton,  and  working  hi$ 
way  under  ground,  like  the  river  Mole,  in  order  to  eoierge 
with  all  his  glories;  while  he  was  looking  forward  to  his 
triumphs;  certain  other  active  .spirits  went  to  work  upon 
his  plan,  and,  digging  out  the  promised  tr^asures^  laid 
them  prematurely  before  the  public,  defeating  the  eSect 
of  our  critic^s  discoveries  by  anticipation^  Steevens^  Ma^ 
lone,  Farmer,  Percy,  Reed,  and  a  whole  host  of  literacy 
ferrets^  burrowed  into  every  hole  and  corner  of  the  warreft 
pf  modern  antiquity,  and  overran  all  the  country,  whose 
map  had  been  delineated  by  Edward  Capell.  Such  a  con^ 
tingeucy  nearl}^  staggered  the  steady  and  unshaken  per-^ 
severance  of  our  critic,  at  the  very  eve  of  the  completion 
of  his  labours,  and,  as  his  editor  informs  us^^or,  atas !  at 
the  end  of  near  forty  years,  the  publiciktion  was  posthu-* 
mouS)  and  the  critic  himself  no  m6re  l-«-!^we  say  then,  as 
his  editor  relates^  he  was  almost  determined  to  lay  the 
work  Wholly  aside.  He  persevered,  however  (as  we  learn 
from  the  rev.  editor,  Mr.  Collins),  by  the  encouragement 
of  some  noble  and  worthy  persons:  and  to  such  their  en^. 
eouragement,  and  his  perseverance,  the  public  was,  in 
1783,  indebted  for  three  large  volumes  in  4Ao,  under  the 
title  of  **  Notes  and  various  readings  of  Shakspeare;  to- 
gether with  the  School  of  Shakspeare,  or  extracts  from 
divers  English  books,  that  were  in  print  in  the  author^s 
time;  evidently  shewing  from  whence  bis  several  fabled 
were  taken,  and  some  parcel  of  his  dialogue.  Also 
farther  extracts,  which  contribute  to  a  due  understanding 
of  hi|»  writings,  or  give  a  light  to  the  history  of  his  life,  or 
to  the  dramatic  history  of  bis  time/' 

Besides  the  works  already  mentioned,  Mr.  Capeil  waa 
the  editor  of  a  volume  of  ancient  poems  called  ^^  Prolu- 
sions ;'*  and  the  alteration  of  Anthony  and  Cleopatra,  as 
acted  at  Drury-lane  in  1758.     He  died  Jan.  24,  1781. 

This  lively  account  of  Mr,  Capeil,  which  appeared  in 
the  two  last  editions  of  this  Dictionary,  seems  to  be  prin- 
cipally taken  from  an  ingenious  criticism  in  vol.  XLIX.  of 
the  Monthly  Review ;  ^nd  those  who  wish  ;to  investigate 
the  merits  of  Mr.  Cap^l,  as  an  editor,  at  a  small  expence 
of  time,  may  be  referred  to  the  other  volumes  of  that  re^ 
Tiew  in  which  his  works  ^e  cbaraqterised^  and  to  th# 


C  A  P  E  t  L.  soi 

Critical  R^iew,  vol.  XLL  and  LVI.  In  vol.  XLIX.  of  the 
Crit.  Reviewr  is  a  list  of  bis  MSS.  and  printed  books^  wiuch, 
he  gave  to  Trinity  college,  Cambridge ;  and  firom  a  not^ 
on  one  of  these  Uiere  is  some  reason  to  suspect  that  he  >yasi 
in  a  considerable  measure,  the  author  of  a  defence  of  him*' 
.self,  entitled  f^  A  Letter  to  George  Hardinge,  esq.  on  th^ 
subject  of  a  passage  in  Mr.  Steevens's  Preface  to  his  imr 
pression  of  Shakspeare/'  1777,  4to,  unless,  indeed,  th^ 
gentlemanto  whom  the  fetter  was  attributed,  the  rev.  Mr» 
Collins,  was  disposed  to  flatter  him  beyond  all  reasonably 
bounds,  and  at  the  expence  of  his  own  sense  and  taste.  Mr. 
CapeU,  we  are  told,  spent  a  whole  life  on  Shakspeare ;  and 
if  it  be  true,  which  we  are  also  told,  that  he  transcribed 
the  works  of  that  illustrious  poet  ten  times  with  his  qwi| 
band,  it  is  no  breach  of  charity  to  add,  that  much  of  a  life 
that  might  have  been  employed  to  more  valuable  purposes^ 
wAa  miserably  wasted,^ 

CAPELLA  (Margunus  MIneus  Fei4X),  a  Latin  ppet, 
lived  abomit  the  year  490  of  the  vulgar  sra.  He  is  thought 
to  have -been  an  African  and  proconsul.  We  have  a  poem 
of  hi$  mixed  with  prose,  entitled  *^  De  nuptiis  Philologist 
et  MeiMuirii,  et  de  septem  arcibus  liberalibus."  Grptiu^* 
at  tjbe  a^e  of  only  fourteen  years,  gave  a  good  edition  of 
this  production  in  1599,  in  8vo,  with  notes  and  corrections*- 
He  i;estored  numberless  corrupted  passages,  with  a  sagacity, 
truly  wonderful  in  a  boy  of  his  age.  That  part  which 
treats  of  mu»c  has  been  most  noticed  by  inquirers  intp  the 
history  of  that  art.  * 

CAPELLUS,  or  CAPPEL  (Lewis),  an  eminent  French 
protestant  and  learned  divine,  was  born  at  Sedan,  a  town, 
in  Champagne,  about  1579.  He  was  professor  of  divinity 
and  of  the  Oriental  languages  in  the  university  of  Saumur ; 
and  so  very  deeply  skilled  in  the  Hebrew,  that  our  learned 
bishop  Hail  calls  him .  '^  magnum  Hebraizantium  oraculum 
in  Gallia,"  the  greiat  oracle  of  all  that  studied  Hebrew  in  < 
France.  He  was  the  author  of  some  very  learned  works  ; 
but  is  now  chiefly  memorable  for  the  controversy  he  had 
with  the  younger  Buxtorf  concerning  the  antiquity  of  the 
Hebrew  points.  Two  opinions  have  prevailed  concerning 
the  true  date  and  origin  of  these  points ;  both  of  which 

1  Month.  «nd  Crit.  Rev.  as  above— See  a  note  hj  Mr.  Malone,  in  the  4th 
Act  of  Julius  Cflesar  in  Johnson  and  Stecveos's  Shakspeare. 
'  *  Vossius. — ^Fabric.  Bibl.  Lat.—- Hawkins's  Hist,  of  Music,  and  Pr,  Barney 
In  Reel's  pyctopedia* 


fit)2  CAPELLUS. 

fcave  been  very  warmly  espoused.  The  first  k,  that  thd 
points  are  coeval  with  the  language,  and  were  always  in 
Use  among  the  Jews :  the  second,  that  the  points  were  not 
known  to  the  Jews  before  their  dispersion  from  Jerusalem^ 
but  invented  afterwards  by  modern  rabbis  to  prevent  the 
language,  which  was  every  day  decaying,  from  being  ut- 
terly lost ;  viz.  that  they  were  invented  by  the  Masoreth 
Jews  of  Tiberias,  about  600  years  after  Christ*.  This 
opinion  of  their  late  invention  was  taken  up  by  Capellus, 
who  defended  it  in  a  very  excellent  and  learned  treatise 
entitled  "  Arcanum  punctuationis  revelatum,"  &c.  which 
work,  after  being  refused  a  lice*nce  in  France  and  at  Ge- 
neva, was  printed  in  Holland,,  and  caused  a  great  clamour 
iamong  the  protestants,  as  if  it  had  a  tendency  to  hurt  their 
tause.  It  is,  however,  certain,  that  Luther,  Calvin,  Zuing- 
Jius,  and  others,  had  espoused  the  same  notion  as  well  as 
the  Scaligers,  Casaubons,  Erpenius,  Salmasius,  Grotius, 
and  the  Heinsii ;  and  therefore  it  could  not  be  said,  that 
Capellus  introduced  any  novelty,  but  only  more  solidly 
established  an  opinion,  which  had  been  approved  of  by  the 
most  learned  and  judicious  protestants.  The  true  reason, 
perhaps,  why  the  German  protestants  in  general  so  warmly 
opposed  Capellus's  opinion,  was,  that  they  had  been  ac- 
customed to  follow  that  of  the  two  Buxtorfs,  whom  they 
considered  as  oracles  in  Hebrew  learning.  Buxtorf  the 
father  had  written  a  little  treatise  in  defence  of  the  anti- 
quity of  the  points ;  and  as  Buxtorfs  credit  was  justly 
great  among  them,  they  chose  rather  to  rely  upon  his  au- 
thority than  to  examine  .his  arguments,  in  so -abstruse  an 
inquiry.  Buxtorf  the  son  wrote  against  Capellus,  and 
Maintained  his  father's  opinion.  Capellus,  however,  has 
bieen  generally  supposed  to  have  put  the  matter  beyond 
any  father  dispute  ;  on  which  account  his  scholars  Bochart, 
Grotius,    Spanheim,  Vossius,  Daill^,   and   almost  all  the 

.  *  "That  the  Hebrew  vowel-points  proved,  and  never  can  be  proved ;  and 

are  ancient,  might  he  easily  proved;  that  they  are  not  necessary  to  a  radical 

that  they  give,  as  near  as.  we  can  come  knowledj^e  of  the  language,  every  per- 

to  it,  the  true  ancient  pronunciation,  son  knows  who   is  at  all  acquainted 

is  pretty  clear  from  the  Hebrew  names  with  its  nature;  and  lastly,  that  they 

retained  by  the   Septuagint,    and  -by  are  of  no  importance  in  biblical  criti- 

quotations  of  Hebrew  in  other  letters  cism,  the  unsettled  controversy  ctm- 

found    in  the  primitive  fathers ;    and  cerning   them    fully   ascertains.     The 

^at  thus  far  tney  are  of  i^usiderable  best  defence  of  them  ever  published  is 

use,   none  of  their  opponents   should  that  by  Mr.  Feter  Whit^eld,  Liverptml^ 

deny:  but  that  they  are  coeval  with  1748,  4to.*'-s-Pr.  Xlarke's  Bib!iQgi»« 

the  Hebrew  language  h&h  never  been  phical  Dictionary, 


C  A  P  E  L'  L  U  S.  80S 

I 

learned  in  Hebrew  since^    have  very  readily  acceded  to 
his  opinion. 

Capellus  composed  another  work,  entitled  *^  Critica  8a* 
era ;"  fol.  which  so  highly  displeased  the  protestahts  that 
they  hindered  the   impression  of  it ;    till  John  Capellas, 
who  was  his  son,  and  afterwards  turned  papist,  got  leave 
of  the  king  to  print  it  at  Paris  in  1650.     This  work  is  a 
cdllection  of  various  readings  and  errors^  which  he  thought 
were  crept  into  the  copies  of  the  Bible,  through  the  fault 
of  the  transcribers,  and  nnist  have  been  a  work  of  prodi* 
^ious  labour,  since  the  author  acknowledges,  that  he  bad 
been  thitty-six  years  about  it.    The  younger  Buxtorf  wrote 
a  learned  answer  to  it,  and  some  English  protestants  have 
also  appeared  against  it :  but  Grotius,  on  the  other  side^ 
very  much  commends  it  in  an  epistle  to  the  author ;  where 
he  tells  him  to  be  content  with  the  judicious  approbation 
of  a  few,  rather  than  the  blind  applause  of  many  readers. 
<^  Contentus  esto,''  says  he,  *^  magnis  potius  quam  multis 
laudatoribus.''     Father  Simon  quotes  a  letter  which  Mori« 
nns  wrote  to  cardinal  Fvancis  Barbarini  on  the  subject  of 
his  ^^  Critica  Sacra,''  in  which  he  intimates  that  they  would 
do  Capellus  a  kindness  in  condemning  his  book,  because  it 
bad  procured  him  the  hatred  of  his  own  party ;  but  that 
at  the   same  time  it  would  be  prejudicial  to  the  Roman 
catholic  cause,  which  those  *^  Critica"  were  thought  to 
support.     This  letter  was  printed  in  England,  and  added 
to  a  cdllection  of  letters  entitled  ^'  Bibliotheca  Orientalis." 
Capellus  died  at  Saumur,  June  16,  1658,  aged  almost 
eighty ;  having  made  an  abridgment  of  his  life  in  his  work 
**  De  gente  Capellorum." 

It  has  hitherto  escaped  the  notice  of  Capellus's  biogra* 
phers,  that  England  had  a  considerable  share  in  his  edu- 
cation. He  came  to  Oxford  in  1610,  and  resided  for  some 
time  at  Exeter  .  college,  attracted  by  the  fame  of  those 
eminent  rectors  of  that  house.  Dr.  Holland  and  Dr.  Pri« 
deaux.  Wood  says  that  he  wore  a  gown,  and  in  February 
-of  ^ the  above  year  answered  in  certain  disputations  in  the 
divinity  school,  and  performed  othe^  exercises  in  order  to 
take  the  degree  of  b^helor  in  divinity ;  but  his  qame  does 
not  appear  i^i  the  register.  In  1612,  out  of  gratitude  for 
the  assistance  he  had  enjoyed  in  his  studies,  he  presented 
6ome  books  to  the  library ;  and  it  was  after  his  return  from 
Oxford  that  he  was  appointed  Hebrew  professor  at  Saumur, 
Capellus's    other  works  are,     1,  "  Historia  ApostoUca. 


V 


904  CAPELLUS* 

ittustraiay^'  Genev.  1634,  4to/  in^rted  aft^rwurdg  in  toI.  1/ 
of  the  ''  Critici  Sacri,"  London,  1660,  fol.  2.  "  Spicile- 
giiim:post  messem  ;*'  a  collection  of  criticisms  on  the  New 
Teifttaoieat,  Gen.  1632,  4tQy  and  added  afterwards  to  Ca> 
iMton^s.  ^^  Myrotbecium  fivangelicun^"  oi'  which  we  have- 
already  mentioned  Capellua  was  the  editor.  3.  ^*  Dia- 
trihise  duas,*'  also  in  the  Spicileginm.  4.  '*  Templi  Hiero* 
9«d|ywitaiii  Delineatio  triplex,'^  in  ¥oL  I.  of  the  ^^  Critici 
Sacri/*  5.  ^^Ad  novam  Davidis  lyram  animadversiones^ 
Ac.''  SbIoiut.  1643,  8to.  6.  ^Diatriha  de  ver4siet  anti- 
cs Ebraeoram  Uteris,"  Amst  1645,  12akOy  in  answer  to 
Bvxtorf.  l.^^De  critica  nuper  a  se  editaj[  a4  v^t.  yiriun 
IX  Jacob*  Usserium  Armacanum  in  Hihetriiia  Spiscopuiny 
^pbtola  apologetica,  in  qua  Amoldi  Bootii  temevaria  Cri- 
tiose  censors  ref^Utur,''  Salm.*  1651,  ito.  His  oori^espond* 
eoce  with,  the  learned  Usher  may  be  seen  in  P^arr*s  va- 
luable collection  of  letters  to  and  from  the  archbishop,  p. 
4,5a,  6$2^  56a,  569,  and  587.  8.  <' Chronologia  Ss^ora," 
Baris,  1655,  4to,  reprhned  afterwards  amEong  the  prelego«^ 
imena  to^  Walton's  Polyglots  In  1775  and  1778,  a  new 
edition  of  his  ^  Oritica  Sacra^'was  published  at  Halle  in  2 
vols.  6vo,  by  Yogel  and  Sdurfenberg,  with,  corvectioos 
and  improvements.  * 

<  CAPIPULI  (Camillas),  a  native  of  Mantua,  who  died 
in  154^5  made  himself  famous  by  a  work  entitled  '^The 
Stratagems  of  Charles  IX.  against  the  Huguenots,'' .  which 
he  published  in  Italian  at  Rome,  1572,  4to,  and  a  French 
translation  was  printed  1574.  He  describes  the  massacre 
0f  St.  Bartholomew,  and  relates  some  Tery  remarkable  par* 
ticulars  respecting  the  motives  and  consequences  Qf  that 
outrage,  which  very  naturally  gave  ocffence  •  to  the  Fre&ch 
court.* 

•  CAPILUPI  (Lelio),  df  Mantosf,  broth^^  of  thjj  pre- 
ceding, was  a  celebrated  poet  of  the  sixteenth  century^ 
^o  acquired  great  reputation  by  his  (centos  of  .Viifgi]^  in 
wfaiefa  he  applies  the  expressions- of  that  great  poet  to  the 
Jives  of  th^  monks  and  the  public  affairs  of  bis  time*  .  Hi$ 
4pento  against  women,  Venice,  1550,  8vo,  is  thoiigbttoo 
aatirical.  Part  of  Capilupi's  poems  ^re  in  >the  f'  0elici8e 
Poetarum  Italorum/'  torn.  I.  and  they  are  prin^d  sepa* 
jpately,  1600,  4to.  He  died  1560,  aged  sixty*tw!o.  Ut 
I         .  '  ... 

'  Moreri.— Ath.  Ox.  vol.  I.  Fasti  and  vol.  IL  Ath. — Mosheim. — Blount's  Ceu- 
feUra.— Saxii  Oaomast.  2  Moreri. — Gen.  Diet. 


C  A  P  I  L  U  P  I.  20* 

should  be  distinguished  from  his  brotliers  Hyppblitus  4nd 
JuKus  Capilupi,  who  were  also  Latin  poets.  All  their 
poems  are  collected  in  one  vol.  4to,  printed  at  Rome,  1590^ 
except  the  ^*  Cento  Virgilianos  ^e  Monachis/'  which  is 
proscribed  at  Rome,  and  o)ay  be  found  at  the  end  of  the 
•*  Regnnm  Papisticum'*  of  Naogeorgus. ' 

CAPISTRAN  (John),  a  Franciscan  friar,  was  born  in 
the  village  of  Capistran  in  Italy,  1385,  and  acquired  pro- 
digious reputation  by  his  zeal,  his  eloquence,  and  the  re*- 
gttlarity  of  his  manners.  He  was  sent  into  Bohemia,  itk 
order  to  effect  the  conversion  of  the  Hussites ;  and  he 
preached  a  crusade  against  the  Turks,  in  Germany,  in 
Hungary,  and  in  Poland.  His  eloquence  seconded  io 
happily  the  valour  of  Hunniades,  that  he  contributed 
greatly  to  the  victories  which  the  Christians  gained  oveir 
Mahomet,  and  particularly  to  the  famous  battle  of  Belgrade 
in  1456.  These  two  men  divided  so  evidently  the  glory 
of  the  victories  which  were  gained,  that  it  was  thought' 
there  was  a  jealousy  between  them ;  for  in  the  account 
which  Capistran  gave  of  the  victory  of  Belgrade,  no  notice 
was  taken  of  John  Hunniades  ;  and  the  relations  of  the  iat- 
ter  dki  not  Qiake  the  least  mention  of' Capistran.  Capisw 
tran  died  a  little  after  the  victory  last  mentioned,  Oct  2Sp 
1456,  and  was  buried  at  Willak  in  Hungary.  We  are 
told,  that  many  miracles  were  wrought  9,t  his  tomb,  and 
that  his  prayers  put  a  stop  to  the  miracles  of  a  lay-brother. 
He  was  canonized  in  October  1690  by  pope  Alexander 
VIII.  but  had  before  been  beatified  by  Gregory  XV. 
Some  very  surprising  effects  are  related  of  his  eloquence, 
a&  that  he  prevailed  on  his  heai^rs  to  make  a  pile  of,  and 
burn,  all  their  implements  of  gaming,  and  then  take  up 
arms  against  the  Turks.  He  did  not,  however,  depend 
upon  his  eloquence,  but  employed  the  secular  arm  in  the 
work  of  conversion,  and  put  to  death  those  whom  he  found 
refractory.  His  body,  after  being  buried  above  a  century, 
was  removed  to  another  monastery  when  the  Turks  took 
Sirmisch,  and  afterwards,  when  the  protestants  got  pos- 
session of  that  monastery,  it  was  thrown  into  a  well.  His 
principal  work  was,  "  Speculum  Clericorum,'*  a  treatise 
on  the  power  of  the  pope  and  councils,  &c.  which  he 
maintained  in  the  genuine  spirit  of  persecution, ' 

^  Mor«ri.--4acB.  D|ct»  '  Gen.  Pict. 


206  C  A  P  I  T  O.' 

CAPITO,  Rober't,     See  GRQSTHEAD. 

CAPITO  (Wolfgang  Fabricius),  an  eminent  LutheraQ 
reformer,  was  born  at  Hagenau  in  Alsace^  in  1478.  His 
father  was  of  the  senatorian  rank,  and  being  averse  to  the 
lives  of  the^divines  of  his  time,  bad  him  brought  up  to  the 
profession  of  physic  at  Basil,  where  he  took  his  doctor^s 
degree,  and  likewise  made  great  proficiency  in  other  stu- 
dies. After  his  father's  deaths  however,  in  1 504,  he  studied 
divinity,  and  also  civil  law,  under  Zasius,  an  eminent  ci- 
vilian, and  took  a  degree  in  that  faculty.  At  Heidelberg 
he  became  acquainted  with  Oecolampadius,  with  whom  he 
ever  after  preserved  the  strictest  intimacy  and  friendship. 
On  their  first  acquaintance  t^ey  studied  Hebrew  together 
under  the  tuition  of  one  Matthew  Adrian,  a  converted  Jew^ 
and  Capito  then  became  a  preacher,*  first  at  Spire  and  af- 
terwards at  Basil,  where  he  continued  for  some  years. 
From  thence  he  was  sent  for  by  the  elector  Palathie,  who 
made  him  his  counsellor,  and  sent  him  on  several  em-p 
bassies,  and  Charles  V.  is  said  to  have  conferred  upoo  him 
the  order  of  knighthood.  From  Mentz  he  followed  Bucer 
to  Strasburgh,  where  he  astonished  his  hearers  by  preach- 
jng  the  reformed,  or  rather  reforming  religion,  at  St  Tho- 
mas's church  in  that  city,  beginning  his  ministry  by  ex- 
pounding St.  Paul's  epistle  to  the  Colossians.  The  fame 
of  Capito  and  .Bucer  spread  so  wide,  that  James  Faber  and 
Gerard  Rufus  were  sent  privately  from  France  to  hear  him, 
by  Margaret  queen  of  Navarre,  sister  to  the  French  king  ; 
and  by  this  means  the  protestant  doctrine  was  introduced 
into  France.  Capito  was  a  man  of  great  learning  and 
eloquence,  tempered  with  a  prudence  which  gave  weight 
to  his  public  services  as  well  as  to  his^writings.  In  all  dis- 
putes, he  insisted  on  brotherly  love  and  peaceable  disi- 
cussion. 

In  1525  he  was  recalled  into  his  own  country  where  h^ 
continued  to  preach  the  reformed  ^principles,  and  admi- 
nistered the  ordinances  of  baptism  and  of  the  Lord's  supper 
without  any  of  the  popish  ceremonies.  He  likewise  made 
frequent  excursions  into  the  neighbouring  parts  of  Switzer- 
land, preaching  and  confirming  the  converts  to  the  new 
doctrines.  He  distinguished  himself  particularly  in  a  so* 
lemn  disputation  held  at  Bern,  in  1528,  against  the  mass, 
&c.  and  likewise  at  the  diet  at  Ratisbon,  in  1541,  where 
be  was  one  of  the  delegates  from  the  protestants.    As  be 


C  A  P  I  T  O.  20T 

was  returning  home  from  this  last,  he  died  of  the  plague, 
about  the  end  of  the  year  1541,  in  the  sixty-third  year  of 
his  age. 

*  Capito  was  esteemeclone  of  the  first  men  of  bis  age  for 
learning,  and  had  a  very  extensive  correspondence  with 
his  learned  contemporaries.  Among  others,  he  was  very 
importunate  with  Erasmus,  to  throw  off  the  disguise,  and 
appear  more  decidedly  for  the  protestant  religion ;  but 
Oecolampadius  was  his  principal  friend,  and  after  the  death 
of  that  reformer,  he  married  his  widow,  by  whom  he  had 
several  children.  He  had  before  married  another  lady  of 
great  literary  accomplishments,  who  lived  but  a  short  time. 
Moreri  and  the  editors  of  the  Dictionnaire  Historique  make 
this  lady  to  have  been  his  second  wife,  and  tell  us  that 
she  would  sometimes  preach  when  he  was  indisposed,  but 
both  accounts  appear  improbable^  Capito  left  the  follow- 
ing works:  **  Institutionum  Hebraicarum  libri  duo;^* 
**  Enarrationes  in  Habacuc  et  Hoseam  propbetas,'*  Stras- 
burgh,  1526,  8vo;  **  Vita  Jobannis  Oecolampadii  ;"  MDe 
formando  puro  Theologo  ;^'  ^^  Explicatio  doctissima  in 
Hexhameron  opus  Dei.^*  He  was  also  the  editor  of  Oeco- 
lampadius^s  Commentary  on  Ezekiel,  published  at  8tras« 
burgh,  1534,  4to.  His  life  of  Oecolampadius  was  trans- 
lated into  English,  and  published  along  with  those  of  Lu- 
ther and  Zuinglius,  by  Henry  Bennet  Callesian,  Lond. 
1561,   8vo.» 

CAPNIO,  John.  See  REUCHLIN* 
CAPORALI  (Cjesar),  an  Italian  poet  and  governor 
of  Atri  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  was  born  at  Perugia  in 
3  530.  He  wrote  a  satirical  poem  on  courts  and  courtiers, 
which  procured  him  much  reputation,  while  his  circle  of 
friends  and  admir'ers  was  greatly  enlarged  by  the  vivacity 
and  pleasantry  of  his  conversation.  Among  the  number  of 
his  patrons  was  Ascanio,  marquis  of  Coria,  at  whose  house 
'he  died  in  l^OL  He  wrote  also  some  poenis  of  the  ro- 
inantie'*  elass,  as  his  <*  Life  of  Maecenas,"  left  unfinished, 
and  two  comedies,  viz.  ^^  Lo  Seiocco,"  and  "  La  Nin- 
netta,"  published  at  Venice  in  1 605.  A  collection  of  his 
poemsy  with  the  observations  of  his  son  Charles,  was  pub- 
iished  at  Venice  in  1656  and  1662.^ 

*  Mejehior  AdBin.^-Fuller'i;  Abel  Redivirus. — Freheri  Theatrum, 
'^  Mwie^i.— Tiralbosdii.— Erythrse.i  Pinacotbeea. 


S08  C  A  P  P  E. 

CAlPPE  (KEWCOMfi),  a  dissenting  minisier  of  tbe  Strw 
euiian  persuasion,  son  of  the  rev.  Joseph  Oappe,  minister 
of  the  dissenting  congregation  at  Mill  hill  in  Leeds,  was 
born  in  that  town  Feb.  21,  1732»S,  and  educated  for  some 
time  under  the  care  of  his  father,  whom  he  lost  in  his  six-^ 
teenth  year.  Having  at  this  early  age  discovered  a  predi« 
lection  for  nonconformity,  he  was  placed  at  the  academy 
of  Dr.  Aikin  at  KiLworth  in  Leicestershire,  in  1743,  and 
the  next  year  removed  to  that  of  Dr.  Doddridge  at  Nor- 
thampton. During  his  residence  here  he  overcame  some\' 
scruples  that  arose  in  his  mind  respecting  the  evidences  of 
revealed  religion,  by  examining  them  in  the  best  writers 
with  great  attention.  After  passing  two  years  at  Norths 
ampton^  he  wa^  deprived  of  the  benefit  of  Dr.  Dod* 
dridge^s  instructions,  who  was  obliged  to  leave  England  on 
account  of  his  health,  and  in  1752  went  to  the  university 
of  Glasgow,  where  he  continued  three  years,  improving 
his  knowledge  with  great  industry  and  success,  and  form* 
ing  an  acquaintance  with  many  eminent  men  of  the  day^ 
particularly  Dr.  Leechman,  Dr.  CuUc^n,  Dr.  Adam  Smithy 
Dr.  Moore,  and  the  late  Dr.  Black.  Having  completed  his 
studies,  he  returned  in  1755  to  Leeds,  and  within  a  short 
time  after  was  chosen  co-pastor,  and  the  following  year 
sole  pastor  of  the  dissenting  congregation  at  St  Savioui"- 

Sate,  York.     This  situation  he  retained  for  forty  years> 
uring  which  he  engaged  the  respect  and  affection  of  his 
hearers,  and  was  distinguished  as  a  preacher  of  uncommon 
eloquence,  and  a  man  of  great  learning  and  amiable  man* 
ners.     In  1791    and   1793  he  experienced  two  paralytic 
shocks,  which  ever  after  affected  both  his  walking  and  his 
speech,  but  was  enabled  to  employ  much  of  his  time  in 
preparing  those  works  for  the  press  which  appeared  aft^ 
his  death.     Weakened  at  length  by  paralytic  affections,  he 
died  Dec.  24,  1800^.     He  published  in  his  life-time,  1.  "A 
Sermon  upon  the  king  of  Prussia's  Victory  at  Rosbach,*' 
Nov.  5,  1757.     2.  "Three  Fast-day   Sermons^  published 
during  the  American  War."  3.  **  A  Sermon  on  the  Thanks- 
giving-day, 1784.'*     4.  **  A  Fast-day  Sermon,  written  du- 
ring the  American  War,  but  first  published  in  1795."     5. 
**  A  Sermon  on  the  Death  of  the  rev.  Edw.  Sandercock.''  6. 
^  A  selection  of  Psalms  for  Social  Worship.**     7.  •*  Re- 
marks in  vindication,  of  Dr.  Priestley^  in  answer  to  the 
Monthly  Reviewers.'*     8.  ^^  Letters  published  in  the  York 


.  C  A  P  P  E.  209 

Chronicle,  signed  *  A  doughty  Champion  in  heavy  ar- 
mour,' in  reply  to  the  attack  of  Dr.  Cooper  (ander  the 
signature  of  Erasmus)  upon  Mr.  Lindsey  on  his  resigning 
the  living  of  Catterick,  and  ^*  Discourses  on  the  Provi-* 
dence.and  Government  of  God/*  In  1802  were  published 
^^  Critical  Remarks  on  many  important  passages  of  Scrip- 
ture, together  with  dissertations  upon  several  subjects  tend- 
ing to  illustrate  the  phraseology  and  doctrine  of  the  New 
Testament"  To  these  were  prefixed,  memoirs  of  his  life, 
by  the  editor  Catherine  Cappe,  his  second  wife,  2  vols. 
8vo.  The  chief  object  of  these  remarks  is  to  attack  the 
Trinitarian  doctrine,  and  to  give  those  explanations  and 
ineanings  to  various  parts  of  the  New  Testament  language 
which  are  adopted  by  the  modern  Unitarian  school.  How 
far  he  has  been  successful  may  be  seen  in  our  references.' 
,  CAPPERONNIER  (Claude),  an  eminent  classical  scho- 
lar and  Greek  professor,  was  born  at  Mondidier,  a  small 
town  in  Picardy,  May  1,  1671.  For  some  time  bis  father, 
who.  was  a  tanner,  employed  |iim  in  that  business,  but  he 
early  contracted  a  fondness  for  reading,  and  even  taught 
^imself,  at  his  leisure  hours,  the  elements  of  Latin.  About 
the  beginning  of  1685,  Charles  de  St.  Leger,  his  uncle,  a 
Benedictine  of  the  abbey  of  Corbie,  happening,  on  a  visit 
to  Mondidier,  to  discover  his  nephew's  predilection,  ad- 
vised his  parents  to  send  him  to  the  college  of  Mondidier, 
where  the  Benedictines  of  Cluny  then  taught  Latin.  There 
Capperonnier  studied  for  eighteen  months,  and  by  an  un- 
common effort  of  diligence  combined  the  study  of  Greek 
with  .Latin,  two  languages  which  he  considered  as  mutually 
aiding  each  other,  and  which  he  made  the  subject  of  all 
his  future  researches.  In  1686  he  continued  his  education 
at  Amiens  among  the  Jesuits,  for  two  years,  under  father 
Lpnguemare,  who  observing  his  application  to  be  far  more 
incessant  than  that  of  his  fellow-scholars,  gave  him  private 
lessons  in  Greek.  In  1688  he  came  to  Paris,  where  at  the 
seminary  of  the  Trente-trois,  he  entered  upon  a  course  of 
philosophy  and  theology,  during  which  he  never  failed  to 
compare  the  fathers  of  the  church  with  the  ancient  Greek 
and  Roman  philosophers.  In  1693  and  1694  he  studied 
the  Oriental  languages  in  the  college  of  Ave-Maria,  and 
in  the  latter  year,  the  bishop  of  his  diocese  sent  him  to 

1  Life,  ts  above. — Monthly Kev;  vol.  LXIX.  where  his  "Remarks  in  yittdU 
•Rtioo  of  Dr.  Prieatley"  are  AaBunfd.--Brit.  ^rit.  yoL  XXI.  p.  6$. 

VouVIIL  P 


^10  CAPPER  O  N  N  I  E  R. 

the  community  of  St.  George  d' Abbeville  to  assist  the 
ecclesiaslical  students  in  the  Greek  language^  and  in  1695 
to  that  of  St  Valois  de  Monstreuil  to  teach  humanity  and 
philosophy ;  but  the  sea  air  and  his  excessive  application 
disagreeing  with  his  health,  he  returned  to  Paris  in  1696, 
took  the  degree  of  master  of  arts,  and  followed  the  business 
of  education  until  he  found  that  it  interfered  too  much  with 
his  studies.  Contenting  himself,  therefore,  with  the  small 
profits  arising  from  giving  a  few  lessons,  he  took  up  his 
abode,  in  May  ]  697,  in  one  of  the  colleges,  and  when  he 
had  taken  his  baclielor's  degree  in  divinity  went  to  Amiena 
to  take  orders.  Returning  to  Paris,  he  became  a  licen- 
tiate, and  obtained  the  friendship  and  patronage  of  car- 
dinal Rohan,  the  abbe  Louvois,  and  other  persons  of  note. 
At  this  time,  some  lessons  which  he  gave  in  the  Greek,  and 
a  chapelry  of  very  moderate  income  in  the  church  of  St. 
Audr6  des  Arcs,  were  his  jonly  resources,  with  which  he 
lived  a  life  of  study  and  temperance,  defrayed  the  ex- 
pences  of  his  licentiate,  and  even  could  purchase  books. 
Mr.  Colesson,  however,  a  law- professor,  and  who  from 
being  his  scholar  had  become  bis  friend,  seeing  with  what 
difficulty  he  could  'maintain  himself,  made  him  an  offer  of 
bis  house  and  table,  which,  after  many  scruples,  he  con- 
sented to  accept  He  went  to  his  new  habitation  in  1700, 
and  in  the  following  year  resigned  his  duty  in  the  chapel, 
the  only  benefice  he  had,  because  it  took  up  that  time 
which  he  thought  completely  lost  if  not  employed  ia 
^tudy.  In  1706,  M.  Yiel,  then  rector  of  the  university  of 
Paris,  and  M.  Pourchot,  the  syndic,  admiring  his  disin<» 
terested  spirit,  procured  him  a  pension  of  four  hundred 
livres  on  the  faculty  of  arts,  to  which  no  other  condition 
was  annexed  than  that  he  should  revise  the  Greek  book» 
used  in  the  classes.  M.  Capperonnier  expressed  his  gra- 
titude on  this  occasion  in  a  Greek  poem,  which  was  printed 
with  a  Latin  translation  by  M.  Viel,  4to,  a  pamphlet  of 
jsix  pages. 

During  his  residence  with  M.  Colesson,  which  lastefd 
more  than  ten  years,  he  read  with  that  professor  whatever 
lie  could  find  in  the  Greek  authors  respecting  the  law,  and 
jacquired  a  very  profound  knowledge  of  the  subject ;  nor 
was  he  less  skilled  in  what  the  ancients  have  conveyed  to 
JUS  on  the  arts  and  sciences ;  and  the  assistance  he  afforded^ 
to  many  eminent  writers  ba»  been  amply  acknowledged^ 


C  A  P  P  E  R  O  N  N  I  E  R.  2U 

particularly  by-Montfancon,  Baudelot  de  Dairvil,  Kuster^ 
Tournemine,  and  many  others.  In  1702  he  engaged  with 
Toumenoine  and  Dnpin  in  an  edition  of  Photius>  of  which 
Dupin  was  to  be  principal  editor,  Tournemine  was  to  fur*' 
trish  the  notes,  and  Capperonnier  the  translations.  This 
work  was  considerably  advanced,  and  some  part  printed^ 
when  it  was  interrupted  by  the  banishment  of  Dupin  to 
Chatelleraut,  and  was  never  afterwards  completed  ;  a  cv> 
cumstance  which  the  learned  world  has  to  regret,  as 
Capperonnier  had  employed  three  years  in  collating  the 
best  editions  and  manuscripts,  and  Photius'  still  remains 
without  an  editor.  ...    ».     . 

Capperonnier  was  an  inmate  with  M.  Colesson  when  the 
university  of  Basil  invited  him  to  the  chair  of  the  Greek 
professor,  with  a  liberal  salary,  and  freedom  of  conscience; 
but  this  be  did  not  think  proper  to  accept.     About  the  end 
of  1710  he  was  induced  to  undertake  theeducation  of  thei 
three  sons  of  M.  Crozat,  who,  on  his  removing  to  his  housej 
settled  a  pension  of  one  hundred  pistoles  upon  him,  which^ 
with  his  usual  moderation,  Capperonnier  made  sufficient 
for  all  his  wants,  until  in  Oct.  1722  he  was  appointed 
royal  professor  of  Greek.     On  this  occasion  he  delivered  a 
Latin  discourse  on  the  use  and  excellence  of  the  Greek 
language.     In  1725  he  published  at  Paris  his  edition  of 
**  Quintilian,*'  fol.  dedicated  to  the  king,  who  bestowed  on 
him  a  pension  of  800  livres.     Burman,  who  had  published 
an  edition  of  Quintilian.  thought  it  incumbent  to  attack 
this  of  our  author,  who  answered  h^s  objections  with  tem- 
perate and  sound  reasoning.     Capperonnier's  is  a  splendid 
book,  and  particularly  useful  in  illustrating  the  author  by 
references  to  the$  Greek*  orators.     In  1719  our  author  pub- 
lished *^  Apologie  de  Sophocle,'*  a  pamphlet,  8vo,  in  an- 
swer to  some  objections  of  Voltaire  to  the  GBdipus.     M. 
Capperonnier  died  at  Paris,  Jply  24,  1744,  leaving  a  cha- 
racter of  amiable  simplicity,  great  piety  and  probity,  and 
singular  benevolence  and  kindness.     He  was  distinguished 
by  a  very  retentive  memory.     Among  various  works  which 
he  left  for  the  press  were  an  edition  of  the  "  Antiqui  Rhe* 
tores  Latini,'*  with  notes  and  illustrations,   published  at 
Strasburghin  1756,  4to  ;  and  "  Philological  Observations'* 
on  Greek  and  Latin  authors,  which  would  amount  to  se* 
veral  volumes  in  4to.     He  also  completed  a  "  Treatise  on 
the  ancient  pronunciation  of  the  Greek  language,"  and 


212  CAPPEllONNIER, 

made  great  additions  and  corrections  to  Stephens^s  Latin 
Thesaurus. ' 

CAPPERONNIER  (John),  nephew  of  the  preceding, 
was  borii  at  Mondidier  in  1716,  and  died  at  Paris  in  1775. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  academy  of  inscriptions,  professor 
of  Greek  in  the  royal  college,  to  which  he  succeeded  on 
his  uncle^s  death,  and  librarian  to  the  king.  He  inherited 
much  of  his  uncle's  taste  for  classical  studies,  and  was  not 
less  esteemed  for  his  private  character.  He  published,  1. 
an  edition  of  Joinville's  "  History  of  St.  Lewis,"  Paris, 
1761,  fol.  2.  An  edition  of  '^  Anacreon,"  1748,  12mo, 
described  in  our  authority  as  rare,  nor  do  we  find  it  in 
Harwood,  Dibdin,  or  Clarke.  3.  **  Cssaris  Opera,"  Paris, 
Barbou,  1754,  2  vols.  12mo.  4.  ^*  Plautus,"  with  a  good 
glossary,  by  Valart,  1759,  8  vols.  12mo.  5.  **  Sophocles,** 
prepared  by  our  author,  but  published  after  his  death  by 
Vauvilliers,  Paris,  1781,  2  vols.  4to.  An  ample  account 
of  this  edition  may  be  sden  in  Dibdin.,  Capperonnier  also 
contributed  various  papers  to  the  academy  of  inscriptious. 
His  son,  a  very  learned  young  man,  who  had  also  a  place 
in  the  royal  library,  was  unfortunately  drowned  a  few  years 
ago,  while  sailing  in  a  pleasure-boat  with  some  friends.  * 

CAPRIATA  (Peter  John),  a  Genoese  advocate,  who 
lived  in  the  seventeenth  century,  and  acquired  much  fame, 
as  a  lawyer,  is  now  only  known  as  a  historian.  His  Italian 
history  comprehends  the  transactions  that  occurred  in  Italy 
<iuring  his  own  time,  which  he  has  related  with  clearness,^ 
and  with  sagacity  traced  to  their  causes  ;  maintaining  at  the 
.same  time,  as  he  says,  a  perfect  impartiality  between  the 
powers  of  France  and  Spain,  that  were  concerned  in  theoi. 
The  two  first  parts  of  this  history  were  published  by  Ca* 
priata  in  his  life»time,  from  1613  to  1644;  and  the  third 
part,  extending  to  1660,  was  published  by  his  son  after 
his  death.  The  whole  was  translated  into  English  by 
Henry  earl  of  Monmouth,  and  published  Lond.  1663,  foL* 

CARACCI  (Lewis,  Augustine,  and  Hannibal),  were 
<;elebrated  painters  of  the  Lombard  school,  all  of  Bologna, 
in  Italy,  and  the  founders  of  the  Bologna  school.  Lewis 
Caracci  was  bolrn  in  1555,  and  was  cousin-gernian  to  Au* 
gustine  and  Hannibal,  who  were  brothers.  He  discovered 
but  an  indifferent  genius  for  painting  under  his  first  master^ 
Prospero  Fontana ;  who  therefore  dissuaded  him  from  pur* 

1  Mprcri.  •  Diet  Hiftt.— Dibdia'i  CiMiict.  &  Qca.  Dict^— M^itr^ 


C  A  R  A  C  CI.  «13 

'suing  it  any  fiurther,  and  treated  him  so  roughly  that  Lewis 
left  bis  school.  However,  he  was  determined  to  supply 
Ae  defects  of  nature  by  art ;  and  henceforward  had  re- 
course to  no  other  master  but  the  works  of  the  great  pain- 
ters. He  went  to  Venice,  where  the  famous  Tintoret, 
seeing  something  of  his  doing,  encouraged  him  to  proceed 
in  his  profession,  and  foretold,  that  he  would  one  day  be 
the  first  in  it«  This  prophetic  applause  animated  him  in 
bis  resolutions  to  acquire  a  mastery  in  his  art ;  and  he  tra- 
velled about  to  study  the  works  of  those  who  had  excelled 
in  it.  He  studied  Titian's,  Tintoret's,  and  Paulo  Vero- 
^nese's  works  at  Venice :  Andrea  del  Sarto's  at  Florence  ; 
Correggio's  at  Parma ;  and  Julio  Romano's  at  Mantua :  but 
Correggio's  manner  touched  him  most  sensibly,  and  he 
followed  it  ever  after. 

Augustine  Caracci  was  born  in  1557,  and  Hannibal  in 
1560.  Their  father,  though  a  taylor  by  trade,  was  yet 
very  carefnl  to  give  his  sons  a  liberal  education.  Augustine 
was  intended  to  be  bred  a  scholar ;  but  his  genius  leading 
him  to  arts,  he  was  afterwards  put  to  a  goldsmith.  He 
quitted  this  profession  in  a  little  time,  and  then  gave  him- 
self up  to  every  thing  that  pleased  his  fancy.  He  first  put 
himself  under  the  tuition  of  his  cousin  Lewis  ;  and  became 
a  very  good  designer  and  painter.  ^  He  gained  some  know- 
ledge likewise  of  all  the  parts  of  the  mathematics,  natural 
philosophy,  rhetoric,  music,  and  most  of  the  liberal  arts 
and  sciences.  He  was  also  a  tolerable  poet,  t)nd  very  ac- 
complished in  many  other  respects.  Though  painting  waa 
the  profession  he  always  adhered  to,  yet  it  was  often  in- 
terrupted by  his  pursuits  in  the  art  of  engraving,  which  he 
learnt  of  Cornelius  Cort,  and  in  which  he  surpassed  all  the 
masters  of  his  time. 

Hannibal  Caracci  in  the  mean  time  was  a  disciple  of 
Lewis,  as  well  as  his  brother  Augustine  ;  but  never  deviated 
from  his  art,  though  he  wandered  through  all  those  places 
which  afforded  any  means  of  cultivating  and  perfecting  it. 
Among  his  many  admirable  qualities,  be  bad  so  pnKligious 
a  memory,  that  whatever  he  had  once  seen,  he  never  failed 
to  retain  and  make  his  own.  Thus  at  Parma,  he  acquired 
the  sweetness  and  purity  of  Correggio ;  at  Venice,  the 
strength  and  distribution  of  colours  of  Titian;  at  Romey 
the  correctness  of  desiscn  and  beautiful  forms  of  the  an- 
tique  :  and  by  his  wonderful  performances  in  the  Farnese 
palsice,  he  soon  made  it  appear,  that  all  the  several  per- 


214  e  A  E  A  e  c  I. 

fecdons  of  the  most  emiaent  maaters^  his  pre^cessofts, 
were  united  ia  himself  alone. 

At  length  these  three  painters,  having  qoacle  all  the  ad-> 
vantages  they  could  by  observation  and  practice,  formed  a 
plan  of  association,  and  continued  hencefosward  almo«t 
always  together.  Lewis  communicated  his  discoveries  freely 
to^his  cQusins ;  and  proposed  to  them  that  they  should 
r^mt^  their.  seQ,timeuts  and  their  manner,  and  aet  %s  it  were 
in  coofe4eracy^  The  proposal  was  accepted :  they  pa4nted 
"^riou^  pi<:ture6  in  several  places;  and  finding  their  crediib 
tQ  iacrease^  they  laid  the  foundation  of  that  celebrated 
school,  which  ever  since  has  gone  by  the  name  of  the 
Caracci's  academy.  Hither  all  the  young  students,  who 
had  ^  view  of  becoming  masters.,  resorted  to  be  instructed 
in  the  rudiments  of  painting  ;  and  here  the  Caracci  taught 
iVeeiy  an4;  vf ithout  reserve  to  all  that  came.  Lewises  eharge 
was  to  make  ;a.  collection  of  antique  statues .  and  bas-reli^fk. 
"^hey  had, designs  of  the  best  masters,  and  a  coUection  of 
curious  b^ks  on  all  subjects  relating  to  their  an :  and  they 
li^^d  a  skilftl  anatomist  always  ready  to  tdach  what  be** 
longed  to  the  knitting  and  motion  of  the  muscles,  fte^ 
There  were  often  disputations  in  the  academy ;  and  not 
qply  painters  but  men  of  learning  proposed  questions, 
wbich !  were  always  decided  by  Lewis.  Evefy-  body  was 
i|rell  received ;  and  though  stsLted  hours  were  allotted  to 
threat  of  di^erent  matters,  yet  improvements  might  be  made 
at, all  hoMHS'by  the  antiquities  and  the  designs .  which  were 
V);be  seen, 

.  The  fame  of  the  Caracci  reaching  Rome,,  the  cardinal 
Farnese  sejit  for  Hannibal  thither,  to  paint  the  gallery  of 
bis  palace. — Hannibal  was  the  more  willing  to  go,  because 
lie  had  a  great  desire  to  see  Raphael's  works,  with  the  an-, 
tique  statues  and  bas-reliefs.  The  gusto  which  he  took 
there  from  the  ancient  sculpture,  made  him  change  his 
Bolognian  manner  for  one  more  learned,  but  less  natural 
in  the  design  and  in  the  colouring.  Augustine  followed 
Hannibal,  to  assist  him  in  his  undertaking  of  the  Farnese 
gallery ;  but  the  brothers  not  rightly  agreeing,  the  car* 
dinal  sent  Augustine  to  the  court  of  the  duke  of  Parma, 
in  whose  service  he  died  in  1602,  being  only  forty- five 
years  of  age.  His  most  celebrated  piece  of  painting  is 
that  of  the  Communion  of  St.  Jerom,  in  Bologna :  *^  a 
piece,"  says  a  connoisseur,  "  so  complete  in  all  its  parts, 
that  it  was  much  to  be  lamented  the  excellaiit  author 


C  A  R  A  C  XJI.  ai5 

sliould  withdraw  himself  from  the  practice  of  an  art,  in 
which  his  abilities  were  so  very  extraordinary,  to  follow 
the  inferior  profession  of  a  graver."  Augustine  had  a  na- 
.tural  son,  called  Antonio,  who  was  brought  up  a  painter 
under  hia  uncle  Hannibal ;  and  who  applied  himself  with 
aq  much  success  to  the  study  of  all  the  capital  pieces  in 
Rome,  that   it  is  thought  he  would  have  surpassed  even 

.  Hannibal  himself,  if  he  had  lived ;  but  he  died  at  the  age 
of  thirty«.five,  in  1618. 

.  Meanwhile  Hannibal  continued  working  in  the  Farnese 
gallery  at  Rome ;  and,  after  inconceivable  pains  and  care^ 

.  finished  the  paintings  in  the  perfection  they  are  in  at  pre- 
sent He  hoped  that  the  cardinal  would  have  rewarded 
him  in  some  proportion  to  the  excellence  of  his  work,  and 
to.  the  time  it  took  him  up,  which  was  eight  years ;  but  he 
was  disappointed.  The  cardinal,  influenced  by  an  ignorant 
Spaniard  his  domestic,  gave  him  but  a  little  above  200 
}K>unds.  When  the  money  was  brought  him,  he  was  so 
surprised  at  the  injustice  done  him,  that  be  could  not  i^eak 
^  word  to  the  person  .who  brought  it.  This  confirmed  him 
in  a  melancholy  which  his  temper  naturally  inclined  to^ 
and  made  him  r^olve.  never  more  to  touch  his  pencil ;.  and 
this  resolution  he  had  undoubtedly  kept,  if  his  necessities 
had  not  compelledhim  to  break  it.  It  is  said  that  his  me- 
lancholy gained  so  much  upon  him  that  at  certain  times  it 
deprived  him  of  the  right  use  of  his  -  senses;  It  did  ino^ 
however,  put  a  stop  to  his  amours;  and  his  debi^uches.at 
Naples,  whither  he.  bad > retired  for.  the  recovery; of  bi^ 
health,  brought  a:dtstemper  upoil^  him,  of  whidh  he  died 
atfoity-iiine  years  of  >  age. «  As  in  bis  life  he  h^d  ifnitated 
Raphael  in  his  works^  so  he  seems  tO'hdvb  copied  thaf 
gr^t  master  in  the  cause  .ai|d: manner'  of  his  death.'  :  liii 
venemtion  for  Raphaierl  was  indeed- so  great,'  that  M  wasihiii 
dcakih<rbed' request  to  be  buried  io/  the.^am^  tomb. with 
hiiiei ;  ^which  was  iaooosdingty  xbndvin.  tbe  opantbeon  ^r  tov 
tfiiiidar.af  .Rome.  Tthere  are  extant' seveval'prints  of  the 
blessed riV^in^o,  and  of  ^tber  stsbjects,;  etched-  by  the  hand 
6f>:tfaps'4iioonipdrahlQb.:Biitis€i.  ^  He  x^ -said  i  to  have  been  a 
frieadkly;  plains  hbtreit,  atidiopen^heartedmn  ;  very  com-* 
HicmiteiiT€sto.his*«dholars,.  and  sae^tTiten^eJfyikind  to  them^ 
l3aftbe<gecieraUy.k(^iihii»' moneyi<in  th^  $ame  box  with 
Jbrascbli^i8,>wherGitWy'iDtghit.bs^  either  s^9 

thejiiiiad:oc'ciisioii.':^i   J;.o/.'i/}iin   ,/.....  i,  .     •.  -•  :-: 

..Wixi!i&^^^  Romey  Levris  wtttf 


ai6  C  A  R  A  C  C  L 

courted  from  all  parts  of  Lombardy,  especially  by  tbe 
clergy,  to  make  pictures  in  their  churches ;  and  we  may 
judge  of  his  capacity  and  facility,  by  the  great  number  c^ 
pictures,  he  made,  and  by  the  preference  that  was  given 
him  to  other  painters.  In  the  midst  of  these  employment!!^ 
Hannibal  solicited  him  to  come  and  assist  him  in  the  Far« 
nese  gallery;  and  so  earnestly  that  he  could  not  avoid 
complying  with  his  request.  He  went  to  Rome ;  corrected 
several  things  in  that  gallery ;  painted  a  figure  or  two  him* 
self,  and  then  returned  to  Bologna,  where  he  died,  161 9, 
aged  63. 

Had  the  Caracci  had  no  reputation  of  their  own,  yet  the 
merit  of  their  disciples,  in  the  acadenoy  which  they 
founded,  would  have  rendered  their  name  illustrious  in 
succeeding  times:  among  whom  were  Guido,  Domeni- 
cbino,  Lanfranco,  &c.  &c. 

In  the  excellent  lectures  of  sir  Jo^raa  Reynolds  are 
many  remarks  and  criticisms  on  the  Caracci ;  and  other  au« 
thors  may  be  referred  to  for  various  testimonies  to  their 
mierit  and  opinions  on  their  works*  It  may  be  sufEcient| 
however,  in  this  place,  to  conclude  with  that  of  Mn  Fuseli, 
who,  after  objecting  to  Pilkington's  arrangemeint  and  some 
of  his  criticisms,  proceeds  to  characterise  these  artists. 

Loduvico  Caracci,  far  from  subscribing  to  a  master's 
dictates,,  or  implicit  imitation  of  former  styles,  was  the 
sworn  pupil  of  nature.  To  a  modest  but  dignihed  design, 
to  a  simplicity  eminently  fitted  for  those  subjects  of  i«ii- 
giouS' gravity  which  his  taste  preferred,  he  joined  that:so- 
lemnity  of  hue,  that  sober  twiUght,  that  air  of  cloistered 
lnedits^too» .  whioh  has.  been  so  often  recommended  as  the 
proper  tone  of  historic  colour.  •  Too  often  content  to  rear 
the  humbler  graces  of  his  subject,  he.  seldom  courted  ele- 
gance, but  always,  wheli  he  did,' with  enviable  success. 
Even  now,  though  they  are.ji^aj^y  «in  a  state  of  .evan«Si- 
cence,  the  threge  uymphs  in  the.  garden  scene  of  .S.  Mi- 
cbele  in  Boscoy  «eem  moulded  byth^  hand,  itispired  hyr: 
the  breath,  of.  love ;  this;  genial  glow:  he  .coqamuhifvitesr 
tven  to  the  ^pen  isilverj  tone  jof  <freaeoi:  .ht^imasteuMpiiieofl 
in  oil  is  the  altar-piecCvOf  St.  John , the  Baptist,}  fofjnnrly 
in!the  Certosa  of  Bologoa,  now> ift theLouvte,  a-workralK 
sainted  by  this  solemn,  hue,  -  wfaofte^ligkftsi  seem  j&aabr&ifMA 
by  a  golden  veil.  But Xodovioo.s(9mi^time&  indulged- ami 
succeeded  in  tones  austere,  unmixed  and  hardy:  such  is 
th^  Flag^latioa  oC  Christ  in  l^e  smaet  church,,  of  which  the 


€  A  R  A  C  C  I.  217 

tvemendous  depth  of  tbe  flesh  tints  contrasts  with  the  stern 
blue  of  the  wide*expanded  sky;  and  less  cpnyeys,  than 
dmshes  its  terrors  on  the  astcoiished  sense. 

Agostino  Caracciy  with  a  singular  modesty,  which 
prompted  him  rather  to  propagate  the  fame  of  others  by 
his  graver,  than  by  steady  exertion  to  rely  on  his  own 
power  for  perpetuity  of  name,  combined  with  some  learn- 
ing a  cultivated  taste,  correctness  and  sometimes  elegance 
of  form,  and  a  Correggiesque  colour,  especially  in  fresco. 
His  most  celebrated  work  in  oil  is  the  Communion  of  St 
Jerome,  formerly  at  the  Certosa,  now  likewise,  with  its 
rival  picture  of  the  same  subject,  among  tbe  spoils  of  the 
Louvre.  These  two  pictures  have  often  been  compared 
without  much  discrimination  of  the  principles  that  distin« 
goish  either,  and  the  result  has  commonly  been  in  favour 
of  Domenichino ;  but  suri^y,  if  Agostino  yields  to  his 
scholar  in  repose,  and  the  placid  economy  of  the  whole, 
he  far  excels  him  in  the  principal  figure,  the  expression 
and  character  of  the  Saint* 

,  Annibale  Caracci,  superior  to  his  cousin  and  brother  in^ 
power  of  execution  and  academic  prowess,  was  inferior  ta 
c^fthei:  in  taste  and  sensibility  and  judgment :  of  this  the 
best  proof  .tbat  can  be  adduced  is  his  master-work,  that  on' 
which  he  rests  >his  fame,  the  f'arnese  gallery ;  a  work  whose 
uniform  vigour. of  execution  nothiug  can>  equal  but  its  \m-i 
becility  and  inOongruity  of  conception :  if  impropriety  of 
orpiun^ot  were  to  be  fixed  by  definition,  thei  subjects  of 
that  gallei!y.9)ight  be  quoted  as(  the  most  declMve  instan- 
ces: tbe  artt0|}  ii;iay  admire  the  splendor,  the  exuberance, 
the'conqent^^tian  of  powers,  displayed  by  Annibale  Ca- 
racci, but  th.atnan  of  sense  must  lament  their  misapplica- 
tion in.  the  Fari^ese  gallery,  ^ 

.f  CARACCJQr( Anthony),  baron  of  Gorano,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Niurdo  in  ithe  kingdom  of  Naples,  and  in  the  seven- 
teenth c^aMiry  a/?quired  much  fame  by  his  Italian  poems* 
Aiviong.lu^  tragedies  that  of  <M1  Corradino**  is  distin- 
guished above  tbe  rest,  printed  at  Rome  in  1694.  He 
employed  himself  in  a  work  of  far  greater  importance,  his 
^^  Imperio  vindicate,"  an  epic  poem  in  forty  cantos,  printed 
at  Rome  in  1  $90,  4to.  The  Italians  place  it  immediately 
after  Ariosto  and  Tassp  ;  but  persons  of  taste,  while  they 
admire  the  facility  and  abundance  of  the  author,  rank  his 

I  PilkfaigtOD,  and  Stratt,<^D'ArgenviIle. 


JTIS  <;  A  R  A  C  C  I  O. 

poem'  far  beneath  the  Orlando  Furio«o  and  the  Gtenisa- 
lemme  Liberata.    The  author  died  atr  Rome  in  1702.' 

CARACCIOLI,  or  CARACCIOLO  (Robbrt),  often 
called  HoBERTUs  de  Licio,  « from  Lqz6  or  Lecc^,  where 
be  was  born  in  1425,  descended  probably  from  the  illustti- 
cus  family  of  Caraccioli,  and  became  one  of  the  most  ce- 
lebrated preachers  of  his  time.  Having-  ai»  early  imdina* 
tioo.  to  the  churchy  he  entered  the  order  of  the  Fi^nciscans, 
but  finding  their  discipline  too  rigid,  he  removed  to  the 
Conventuals,  and  according  to  Erasmus^  lived  with  more 
freedom. .  He  was,  however,  distinguished  for  talents,  and 
occupied  some  honourable  offices,  and  was  appointed  pro* 
fessor.  of  divinity.  His  particular  bias  was  to  prea<shing, 
which  be  cultivated  with  such  success,  as  to  incline  all  hi^ 
brethren  to  imitate  one  who,  •  throughout  all  Italy,  wad 
hailed  sa  a  second  St  Paul,  ^e  displayed  his  pulpit  elo<* 
quence  not  only  in  the  principal  cities  of  Italy,  Assisa, 
Florence^  Venice,  Ferrary  Naples,  &c.  but  before  the 
popes,  and  is  said  to  have  censured  the  vicetr  and  luxury 
of  the  Roman  court  with  great  boldness  and  some  q^liaint 
humour.  This,,  however,  appears  not  to  have  given  sevi^ 
cms  offence,  as  he  was  employed  by  the  popes,  as  well  a^ 
by  the  king  of  Naples,  in  several  negociations  of  iisiport>^ 
»Bce^  and  was  made  auccessively  bistk>p' of  Aquino,  of 
Lecc6,  and  of  Aquila.  After  motfe  than  (fifty  yesirs^  exer<^ 
cise  of  his  talent  as'  a  preacher,  he  died  at  his-  native  pla'cti 
May  6,  1 49  i^.  Of  his  sermons  eight  votumel  bav6  been  oftett 
printed.  1,  "  Sermones  de  adventu,*'  V^ebiioe,  1496,  SW.* 
2.  "De  Quadragesima,'*  Cologne,  1475,  fel.  S.  *«Dd 
Quadragesima,  seu  Quadragesimale  perutriflii^simum  de  P^ 
nitentia,"  .  Venice,  1472,  4to.  There  jire  Ita^'ah  transht^ 
tions  of  some  of  these.  4.  *^  De  Tt^entpore,  &6.San6ttfi 
rum,"  Naples,  1489,  4to.  5^ /'De  SotenHiiitatibus^todus 
i^ani,"  Venice,  1471.  6.  ^*  De  Chrifste/"  &c.  Veniw; 
1489,  4to.  7i  *'  De  timore judiciorutn  Dei/'  ^^ij^led,  1 473^ 
fol.  8.  <*  De  amore  divinorum  officioruni,'^  iMd.  .  1473. 
There  is  another  volume  under  the  tid^''*<  Rttberti  de  Li** 
irio  ^Sermones,"  Leyden,,  1500,  4to.  He  wrote  also  somd 
theological  works,  of  which  a  catalogue  tiiay  be  seen  in 
our  authority.  DomeniCo  de  Angelis  wrofe  hife  life,  which' 
was  published  at  Naples  in  170S,'4to.*       - 

1  Moreri.--i.Dict.  Hist,  f  M«rcliand'«  l>ict.  llisU 


C  A  R  A  C  C  I  O  L  L  81:9 

CARAGCIOLI  (Lewis  Anthony)  Marquis,  wsis  amr 
live  of  Paris,  where  he  was  boro  in  1723»  and  having  emr 
braced  the  military  life,  became  a  coloael  in  the  Polish 
service.  Having  quitted  that,  he  travelled  in  Italy,  and 
afterwards  returned  to  his  own  country,  where  he  passed  a 
considerable  part  of  his  time  in  writing  and  publishing,  and 
where  he  died  May  29,  1803.  His  works,  which  are  ra- 
ther numerous  than  valuable,  are  of  the  moral  or  historic 
kind.  Of  the  first,  we  have,  1.  ^  Charactere  de  l'Amiti6." 
2.  "  Conversation  avec  Soi-meme.''  3.  "  Jouissance  de 
Soi-meroe."  4.  "Le  Veritable  Mentor,"  &c.  &c.;  and  of 
the  historic  or  biographical  kind,  are  the  lives  of  cardinal 
de  BeruUe,  Benedict  XIV.  Clement  XIV.  madame  de 
Maintenon,  &c. :  these  are  each  comprized  in  a  duodecimo 
volume,  a  quantity  and  form  for  which  he  appears  to  have 
had  a  predilection.  Above  twenty  other  works  are  entt-^ 
merated  in  the  Diot.  Hist,  of  which  the  only  one  worthy  of 
notice  is  *^  Ganganelli's  Letters,"  which  were  translated 
into  English  some  years  ago,  and  had  considerable  success 
in  raising  the  opinions  of  the  public  in  favour  of  that  pdn^ 
tiff;  but  it  is  now  generally  acknowledged  that  they  were 
th9  composition  of  Caraccioli.  His  life  of  Ganganelli,  ^ 
which  was  translated  into  English  in  1770,  is  esteemed 
more  authentic.  There  was  another  Caraccioli  in  this 
country  some  years  ago,  who  called  himself  Charles  Ca* 
raccioli,  gent,  and  published  a  confused  jumble  under  the 
tide  of  a  Life  of  L<^rd  Clive,  and,  if  we  mistake  not,  some 
novels.  * 

CARAMUEL  DE  LOBKOVITSH  (John),  a  Gister. 
cian  monk,  born  at  Madrid  in  1606,  was  at  first  abbot 
of  Melrose,  in  the  Low  Countries,  then  titulary  bishop  of 
Missi;  afterwards,  by  a  singular  turn,  engineer  and  in« 
tendant  of  the  fortifications  in  Bohemia,  from  having 
served  as  a  soldier.  The  same  capricious  and  inconstant 
humour  which  made  him  lay  down  the  crozier  to  take  up 
the  halberd,  now  led  him  from  being  engineer  to  become 
bishop  again.  He  had  successively  the  bishoprics  of  Ko* 
nigsgratz,  of  Campano,  and  of  Vigevano,  in  which  last^* 
mentioned  town  he  died  in  1682,  aged  76.  He  was  a  maa 
of  the  most  unbounded  mind,  and  of  whom  it  was  said, 
that  he  was  endowed  virith  genius  to  the  eighth  degree, 
with  eloquence  to  the  fifth,   and  with  judgment  to  the 

1  Diet.  Hist, 


220  C  A  R  A  M  U  E  L 

second.     He  wrote  scTeral  works  of  controversial  theology ; 
And  a  system  of  divinity^ in  Latin^  7  vols,  folio.  * 

CARAVAGIO  (Michael  An«elo  Amerigi  da),  a  ce- 
lebrated painter,  was  born  at  Caravagio,  a  place  in  the 
Milanese,  in  1569.  His  father  was  a  mason  by  trade,  and 
employed  bim  in  making  paste  for  the  fresco-painters  in 
Milan.  The  habit  of  being  constantly  among  painters, 
and  seeing  them  work,  produced  in  -him  a  taste  for  that 
JMTt,  and  without  a  teacher,  without  studying  either  an- 
tiques, or  the  master-pieces  of  the  modems,  he  became  a 
great  painter.  He  employed  himself  entirely  in  making 
portraits  for  four  or  five  years.  He  found  nature  the  surest 
guide  in  his  art,  and  he  followed  her  with  a  servile  obe- 
dience. He  painted  solely  after  her,  without  any  selec- 
tion, the  beautiful  as  well  as  the  ordinary ;  and  copied 
her  veiy  defects.  On  being  once  shewn  some  fine  antique 
figures,  **  See,**  said  he,  pointing  to  the  bystanders,  ^*how 
many  more  models  nature  has  given  me  than  all  your 
Ktatues !"  and  went  immediately  into  an  alehouse,  where 
he  painted  on  the  spot  a  gipsy  who  happened  to  be  in  the 
street,  so  as  none  could  find  any  thing  to  correct  in  it. 

It  was  difficult  to  be  upon  good  terms  with  him.  He 
was  naturally -quarrelsome,  despised  every  one,  and  found 
no  performances  good  but  his  own.  A  man  of  this  temper 
^uld  not  be  long  without  enemies.  Some  business  that 
he  had  at  Milan  obliged  bim  to  leave  this  city,  and  make 
a  journey  to  Venice,  where  he  adopted  Giorgioni*s  man- 
ner. His  stay  here  was  but  short,  and  he  repaired  to 
Rome.  He  was  in  such  poor  circumstances,  that  he  was 
forced  by  necessity  to  work  for  Josebino,  wlio  gave  him 
fruit  and  flowers  to  paint.  TfAs  department  was  not  that 
wherein  he  excelled  ;  he  therefore  left  Josehinb,  to  go 
and  paint  large  figures' for  Prospero,  a  painter  of  grotesque. 
Prospero  every  where  sounded  his  praise,  and  made  con- 
siderable profit  by  his  works.  A  picture,  the  gamester, 
diat  jGaravagio  had  painted,  so  highly  pleased  the  cardinal 
del  Monte,  that,  having  bought  it,  he  requested  to  see 
the  artist,  and  kept  him  in  his  palace,  where  he  caused 
him  to  paint  several  pieces  for  the  pavilion  in  his  garden. 
;  All  the  avails  of  the  work-room  of  Caravagio  were  black- 
ened, in  order  that  the  shades  of  objects  might  have  no 
nafleetions,  and  all  day  long  only  one  light  entered  it 

1  Morer}.--'Antouio  Bibl.  Hisp.-^ioeroiiy  yol.  XXiXj  who^girei  a  liit  of  hii 


.   C  A  R  A  y  A  G  I  O.  .  %2l 

tbrougb  the  uppermost  window.  Thus  he  succeeded  im 
f^iving  his  pictures  that  dimness  and  strength,  which,  at 
.first  sight,  excelled  and  eclipsed  all  others.  Even  Rul>en8 
himself  acknowledged  Caravagio  to  be  his  master  in  tb^ 
€lar*obscure.  Caravagio  gave  all  his  objects  so  striking 
and  extraordinary  a  truth  as  could  not  be  exceeded,  and 
it  was  not  possible  to  carry  the  natural  any  fiurther.  But 
all  these  beauties  disappeared  in  large  compositions :  his 
style  was  then  hard  and  insupportable.  He  placed  hid 
figures  all  on  the  same  plan,  without  gradation,  without 
perspective ;  and  his  light  to  every  •bject  is  uniformly  the 
same.  ' 

All  the  painters  of  the  time  combined  against  Caravagio : 
they  objected  to  him  that  he  had  neither  genius,  nor  pro- 
priety, nor  grace,  nor  sagacity,  and  that  he  knew  not  hov^ 
to  make  a  good  choice;  and  it  is  certain  that  his  figures  aro 
not  noble.  He  used  to  paint  the  porters,  who  served  him 
for  models,  without  their  heads,  which  he  afterwards  put 
on  according  to  the  saints,  heroes,  and  other  great  per* 
sonages  they  were  to  represent.  The  altar-pieces  that  he 
executed  for  churches  and  monasteries  were  obliged  fre& 
quently  to  be  taken  down  again  from  their  places ;  this  was> 
particularly  the  case  with  a  St.  Matthias,  who,  instead  of 
a  haggard  old  fellow,  looked  like  a  jolly  clown ;  and  the 
Peath  of  the  holy  Virgin,  who  had  the  appearance  of  a  low 
drunken  woman.  But  all  these  affronts,  were  unable  to 
correct  him..  At  last,  all  the  painters,. following  the  stream 
of  the  fashion,  imitated  his  exampi^^. 

When  Annibal  Caracci  came  to  Rome,  Caravagio  was 
80  forcibly  struck  with  his  colouring,  that,  in  spite  of  faia 
canity,  he  exclaimed,  ^^  God  be  thanked,  at  last  I  have 
found  one  painter  in  my  life-time !"  Caravagio  used  ta 
say  of  his  works,  that  the  merit  of  every  stroke  of  the  pen« 
cil  be  made  belonged  to  nature,  and  not  to  him.  With« 
out  genius,  without  reading, .  without  the  study  of  his  artj^ 
she  was  his  only  assistant  and  guide.  He  was  therefora 
usually  called  ^^  The  naturalist  ;*'  a  name  given  likewise  ta 
all  the  painters  who,  like  him,  adhered  (slavishly  to  n^ure< 

His  vindictive  temper  allowed  him  to  gain  but  fern 
friends,  excepting  Civoli  and  Pomeranci.  He  lived. in 
continual  strife  with  Caracci,  and  particularly  with  Jose<» 
hino.  Qn  the  latter's  refusing  to  fight  with  him,  as  hev 
was  not  a  knight,  he  took  the  resolution  to  go  to  Malta, 
and  cause  himself  to  be  admitted  cavalie.ro  servientOi^  ia 


929  C  A  R  A  Y  A  G  I  O. 

Qtdfcr  to  compel  Josehino  to  give  up  all  fsrtbef  evasion* 
He  killed  a  young  noan  at  Rome,  with  whom  be  quarrelled 
at  t;ejiQis,  and  fled,  though  sorely  wounded,  to  Zagardes, 
4o  the  duke  Maria  Coionna,  from  thence  to  Naples,  and 
afterwards  to  Malta.  As  liis  reputation  had  now  made  its 
way  into  all  parts,  he  was  never  permitted  to  be  idle, 
especially  at  Msdta,  where  he  finished  several  pieces  for 
the  church  of  St.  John  and  the  grand  master.  The  grand 
master  made  him  a  cavaliero  serviente,  presented  him  with 
a  golden  chain,  and  gave  him  two  slaves  for  his  attendants. 

.  He  affirooted  a  knight  of  some  consequence,  and  was 
therefore  thrown  into  prison.  He  found  means  to  escape 
by  night,  and  went  to  Sicily ;  where  not  thinking  himself 
safe,  he  {»x>ceeded  to  Naples.  Here  he  chose  to  remain 
'  till  the  grand  master,  to  whom  he  had  sent  as  a  present  an 
Herodias  with  the  head  of  St  John,  should  procure  his 
pardon.  But  one  day,  as  he  was  going  out  of  his  inn,  he 
was  attacked  at  the  door  by  armed  people,  and  wounded 
in  the  face.  Though  severely  smarting  with  the  wound,  he 
got  immediately  on  board  a  felucca,  and  went  to  Rome, 
knowing  that  cardinal  Gonzaga  had  obtained  his  pardon 
from  the  pope.  On  his  landing  from  the  vessel,  be  was 
seized  upon  by  the  Spanish  guard,  who  took  him  for  ano* 
ther  cavalier,  and  carried  him  to  prison,  'from  whence  he 
was  not  discharged  till  they  had  convinced  themselves 
of  their  mistake.  He  now  returned  to  the  felucca,  in 
prder  to  fetch  his  baggage,  but  found  it  no  longer  there. 
Quite  dejected  under  the  pressure  of  so  many  misfortunes, 
be  wandered  about  upon  the  shore,  and  at  length,  in  the 
extreme  heat  of  the  sun,  reached  on  foot  the  gate  Porto 
Ercole,  where  his  courage  entirely  forsook  him ;  a  violent 
fever  ensued,  of  which  he  died,  1609,  in  the  fortieth  year 
of  his  age. 

Caravagio's  life  was  one  continued  series  of  misfortunes : 
he  did  not  dare  to  go  home  to  his  country ;  on  all  bands  he 
saw  ^  himself  proscribed ;  he  had  scarcely  a  friend  in  the 
world,.. and  died,  4]uite  destitute,  on  the  common  road. 
He  uanally  went  very  ill  clothed ;  he  lived,  without  the  or- 
dinary accommodations,  in  any  alehouse  that  would  har- 
bour him ;  and,  once,  when  he  had  not  wherewith  to  pay 
his:  reckoning,  he  painted  the  sign  for  the  alehouse,  which, 
some  time  afterwards,  was.  sold  for  a  considerable  sum. 
For  many  years  tbe  canvas  of  a  portrait  served  him  for  a 
lable-doth  at  his  dinner. 


C  A  R  A  V  A  G  I  O^  22» 

Mr.  Fttseli  observes  of  this  great  artist,  that  he  esta- 
blished a  style  of  his  own,  in  which  energy  and  truth  wer^ 
to  recover  the  rights  supplanted  by  variety  and  manner.  Of 
litis  style,  the  model,  or  what  the  Italians  call  ^^  11  vero,^ 
dictated  the  forms,  from  which  to  deviate,  or  which  to  imv 
jirore,  was  equally  high  treason'  against  the  art,  or  matter 
of  derision  in  the  eye  of  Caravagio.  But  to  forms  thus 
indiscriminately  picked  from  the  dregs  of  the  street,  he 
contrived  to  give  energy  and  interest,  by  ideal  light  and 
shade.  So  novel  a  combination,  substantiated  by  powers 
so  decisive,  could  not  fail  to  draw  after  it  a  number  of  fol- 
lowers. The  great  excellence  of  Caravagio  consisted  in 
truth  of  colour :  he  penetrated  the  substance  of  the  thing 
before  him,  whether  still  life,  fruit,  flowers  or  flesh.  Hig 
tints  are  few,  but  true,  with  little  help  from  cinnabar  or 
azure.  Hence  Hannibal  Caracci  declared,  that  he  did  not 
paint,  but  grind  flesh.     (Che  cestui  macinava  carne.) 

Rome  possesses  few  pictures  of  this  great  master.  There 
yet  remains  at  the  Spada  palace,  in  half  figures,  a  St. 
Anna  with  the  Virgin  by  her  side,  busied  in  female  work : 
vulgarity  discriminates  their  features ;  both  are  dressed  in 
the  vulgar  Roman  dress.  Another  picture,  an  altar-piece 
of  entire  figures,  is  our  Lady  of  Loretto,  with  two  Pilgrims, 
in  the  church  of  St.  Augustine.  What  Shakspeare  would 
have  called  ^^  a  dying  ray,"  imbrowns  rather  than  illu- 
minates the  silent  scenery,  and  consecrates  the  whole.  Iii 
the  palace  of  the  Bo rghesi  there  was  the  Supper  at  £maus; 
a  S.  Sebastian  in  theCanipidoglio ;  and  in  the  Pamphili  col- 
lection, Hagar  with  Ishmael  dying,  and  a  Fruit-girl.  But  the 
master-piece  of  all  his  works,  the  Intombing  of  Christ, 
formerly  in  the  Chiesa  Nuova,  before  which  the  rival  altar- 
pieces  of  Baroccio,  Guido,  and  Rubens,  with  all  theii^ 
bloom,  their  suavity,  and  colour,  remained  unobservefd  ; 
this  work,  the  knot  of  Caravagio^s  powers,  is  now  trans- 
ported to  the  Louvre. ' 

CARAVAGGIO  (Polidoro  Caldara  da),  another 
eminent  artist,  was  born  in  1492,  at  Caravaggio  in  the 
Milanese  ;  from  a  labourer  he  became  an  assistant  of  Ra- 
phael in  the  works  of  the  Vatican,  and  acquired  supreme 
celebrity  for  unrivalled  felicity  in  imitating  the  antique 
basso-relievos  with  a  power  little,  if  at  all,  inferior  to  that 
of  the  ancients  themselves.     These  admirable  works  he 

^  Lif^  m  the  preceding  edition  vf  this  Diet.— I)*ArjenTille,-^PilkiDgtQn. 


;^24  C  A  R  A  V  A  G  G  I  O. 

executed  in  chiaroscuro.  He  was  the  inventor  of  a  style 
which  rose  and  perished  with  him.  His  deaign  was  without 
manner^  compact,  correct.  He  had  the  art  of  transposing 
himself  into  the  times  of  which  he  represented  the  trans*- 
actions,  the  costume,  and  rites :  nothing  modem  swims  on 
bis  works.  .  Rome  once  abounded  in  friezes,  facades,  supra* 
portas,  painted  by  him  and  Maturino  of  Florence  his  com- 
panion, of  which,  to  the  irreparable  detriment  of  the  art,, 
scarcely  a  fragment  remains,  if  we  except  the  Fable  of 
Niobe,  left  in  ruins  by  time  and  the  rage  of  barbarians. 
This,  one  of  his  most  classic  labours,  once  decorated  the 
outside  of  the  Maschera  d'Oro.  All  the  compensation  we 
have  for  these  losses  are  the  prints  of  Cberubino  Albert!, 
and  Henry  Golzius,  who  engraved  his  Gods,  the  Niobe, 
and  the  Brennus ;  beside  the  etchings  of  Santes  Bartoli 
and  Gallestruzzi. 

When  Bourbon  stormed  and  pillaged  Home  in  .1527]^ 
Polidoro  fled  to  Naples,  but  did  not  live.there,  as  Vasari  was 
misinformed,  in  a  starving  condition.  Having  been  re* 
ceived  in  the  house  of  Andrea  da  Salerno,  'and  introduced 
by  him  to  general  notice,  he  soon,  was  furnished  with  com- 
missions sufficiently  numerous,  and  even  had  begun  to 
form  a  school,  when  he  .resolved  to  pass  over  to  Sicily.  He 
bad  now  exchanged  chiaroscuro  for  colour,  and  painted  at 
Messina  a  numerous  composition  of  ^^  Christ  led  to  CaU 
vary,"  extolled  by  Vasari  to  the  skies,  but  he  did  not  long 
survive  this  work,  being  strangled  in  bed,  in  1543,  by  aser« 
vant  of  bis,  who  wanted  to  possess  himself  of  his  property. 
The  merits  of  Polidoro  as  a  colourist  can  only  be  learned 
in  Sicily.  To  judge  from  some  pieces  once  in  the  posses-* 
sion  of  Gavin  Hamilton,  his  manner,  for  some  time  at 
least,  was  dim  and  pallid.  ^ 

CARDAN,  or  CARD  ANUS  (Jerom),  an  Italian  physi- 
cian, mathematician,  and  philosopher,  watt  born  at  Pavia^- 
Sept.  24,  1501.  It  appears  that  his  father  and  mother 
were  not  married,  and  the  latter,  a  woman  of  violent  pas* 
sions,  endeavoured  to  destroy  him  by  procuring  abortion* 
He  was,  however,  safely  born,  and  his  father  who  was  a 
lawyer  by  profession,  at  Milan,  and  a  man  well  ski4led  ii) 
what  were  then  called  secret  arts,  instructed  him  very  early 
in  the  mysteries  of  numbers,  and  the  precepts  of  astrology. 
9e  taught  him  also  the  elements  of  geometry^  and  waa 

)  Pilkipgtom<— Anf«iTiil«i  vol.  IF« 


'  r 


CARDAN.  225 

desirous  to  have  engaged  hicn  in  the  study  of  jdrispru- 
deoce.  But  his  own  inclination  being  rather  to  mediciue 
and  mathematics,  at  the  age  of  twenty  he  went  to  the  uni'^. 
▼ersity  of  Pavia,  where,  two  years  after,  be  explained 
Euclid.  He  then  went  to  Padua,  and,  in  1524,  was  ad« 
mitted  to  the  degree  of  master  of  arts,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  to  that  of  doctor  in  medicine.  In  \529f  he  re^ 
turned  to  Milan,  where  although  he  obtained  little  fame  as 
a  physician,  he  was  appointed  professor  of  mathematics, 
for  which  he  was  better  qualified;  and  in  1539,  he  became 
one  of  the  medical  college  in  Milan.  Here  he  attempted 
to  reform  the  medical  practice  by  publishing  his  two  first 
works,  *^  De  malo  recentiorum  medicorum  medendi  usu,*' 
Venice,  1536;  and  *<  Contradiceutium  Medicorum  libri 
duo,"  Lyons,  1548;  but  he  was  too  supercilious  and 
peevish  to  profit  by  the  kindness  of  his  friends,  who  made 
repeated  efforts  to  obtain  an  advantageous  establishment 
for  him  ;  and  he  had,  in  1531,  formed  a. matrimonial  con- 
nection of  which  he  bitterly  complained  as  the  cause  of  alt 
his  subsequent  misfortunes. 

In  1 547,  an  ofier  was  made  to  him  of  the  honourable 
post  of  physician  to  the  king  of  Denmark^  with  an  annual 
salary  of  eight  hundred  crowns,  and  a  free  table,  which  he 
refused  on  account  of  the  climate  and  the  religion  pf  the 
country.  This  offer,  which  was  made  by  the  advice  of 
Vesalius,  is  a.  proof  that  his  medical  reputation  was  con- 
siderably high  ;  and  we  find  that  it  was  likewise  very  ex- 
tensive, for  in  1552,  he  was  invited  into  Scotland  by  Ha- 
milton, archbishop  of  St  Andrew^s,  who  had  consulted  the 
most  eminent  physicians  in  Europe  withput  effect.  Of 
his  disease,  which  was  of  the  asthmatic  kind,  he  began  to 
recover  from  the  time  that  Cardan  prescribed  for  him ;  and 
in  less  than  two  months  Cardan  left  him  with  fair  pro- 
spects of  recovery,  and  gave  him  some  prescriptions,  which 
in  two  years  effected  a  complete  cure.  For  this  he  wai^ 
amply  rewarded  by  his^  patient,  and  great  offers  were  made 
to  persuade  him  to  reside  in  Scotland.  These,  however, 
he  rejectod,  and  took  an  opportunity  to  visit  France  and 
Germany,  from  which  he- passed  into  England,  and  at 
London  he  exercised  his  astrological  knowledge  in  calcu- 
lating the  nativity  of  Edward  VI.  The  most  remarkable 
part  of  it  was,  that  the  young  monarch  should  die  a  violent 
death ;  for  which  reason,  he  says,  he  left  the  kingdom  for 
fear  of  further  danger  which  might  follow  on  it.     He  drew 

Vol.  VIII.  Q 


»?6  C  All  D  A  ^f. 

a  very  favourable  character  of  Edward,  which  was  proba- 
bly just  and  sincere,  because  it  was  afterwards  published 
in  one  of  his  works,  in  Italy,  where  Edward  was  detested 
as  a  heretic,  and  where  Cardan  could  have  no  motive  for 
flattering  his  memory.  While  at  the  English  court  Ed- 
ward was  solicitous  to  retain  him  in  England,  and  appears 
to  have  honoured  him  with  frequent  conferences;  but  Car- 
dan refused  all  his  offers,  and^  returned  to  Milan,  after  an 
absence,  in  all,  of  only  ten  months,  and  resided  there  un- 
til 1559,  practising  physic  and  teaching  the  mathematics. 
He  then  went  to  Pavia,  where  he  filled  the  chair  of  pro- 
fessor of  medicine  until  1562,  when  he  removed  to  Bo- 
logna, and  there  likewise  became  professor  of  medicine 
until  1570.  About  this  time  he  was,  for  some  reason  with 
which  we  are  unacquainted,  thrown  into  prison,  which  was 
exchanged  soon  after  for  a  milder  confinement  in  his  own 
house.  On  his  release,  he  was  invited  to  Rome,  and  ad- 
mitted into  the  college  of  physicians  there^  with  a  pension 
from  the  pope.  Here  he  died  Sept.  21,  1576,  "more," 
.says  Brucker,  "like  a  maniac  than  a  philosopher/'  Thu- 
anus  and  Scaliger  both  are  of  opinion  that  he  starved  him- 
self, in  order  to  verify  his  own  prediction  of  his  death. 

His  life  was  a  series  of  adventures,  which  he  has  com- 
mitted to  writing  in  his  work  •*  De  vita  propria*"  with 
great  freedom,  and  probably  great  truth,  but  with  a 
thorough  contempt  for  fame  or  decency.  It  would  ap-» 
pear  as  if  he  had  written  this  history  of  his  life  for  no  other 
purpose  than  to  give  the  public  a  proof  that  he  was  a  most 
uncommon  compound  of  wisdom  and  folly,  and  it  is  certainly 
not  often  that  a  character  is  to  be  met  with  so  capricious  and 
unequal.  He  congratulates  himself  that  he  had  not  a 
friend  in  the  world  ;  but  that  to  make  up  for  the  loss,  he 
was  attended  by  an  aerial  spirit,  an  emanation  from  Saturn 
and  Mercury,  which  was  the  constant  guide  of  his  actions, 
and  teacher  of  every  duty  to  which  he  was  bound.  When 
nature  did  not  visit  him  with  any  bodily  pain,  he  would 
procure  to  himself  that  disagreeable  sensation,  by  biting 
his  lips  so  strongly,  or  pulling  his  fingers  to  such  a  degree, 
as  sometimes  to  force  the  tears  from  his  eyes ;  and  the 

*  In  ibis  work,  which  was  published  that  he  dr^w  the  horoscope  of  Jesut 

1654,  12mo,  he  has  collected  all  the  Christ;  and  that  his  description  of  the 

lestimooies  of  his  contemporaries  rela-  unicorn  is  exactly  correspondent  to  that 

ling  to  bis  own  character,  and  has.  en-  fictitious  animal  which  is  one  of  tli% 

lixled    them    **  Testimooia    de  me.''  •  supporters  of  the  royal  arios*" 
Mr.  Grander  sayi^  "  It  is  remarkable 


CARDAN.  227 

reason  he  assigned  was,  in  order  to  moderate  certain  impe- 
tuous sallies  of  his  mind^  whose  violence  was  far  more  ia« 
supportable  than  bodily  pain ;  and  that  the  sure  conse* 
quence  of  such  a  severe  practice  was  his  better  enjoying 
the  pleasure  of  health. 

He  makes  no  scruple  of  owning  that  he  was  revengeful  *, 
envious,  treacherous,  a  dealer  in  the  black  art,  a  back- 
biter, a  calumniator,  and  unreservedly  addicted  to  all  the 
foul  and  detestable  excesses  that  can  be  imagined.  Yet| 
with  all  this,  he  was  perhaps  the  vainest  of  human  beings  ; 
and  speaks  thus  of  his  talents.  — "  I  Have  been  admired  by 
many  nations ;  and  an  almost  infinite  number  of  panegy<^ 
rics  in  prose  and  verse  have  been  composed  to  celebrate  my 
fame.  I  was  born  to  release  the  world  from  the  manifold 
errors  under  which  it  groaned.  What  I  have  found  out 
could  not  be  discovered  either  by  my  predecessors,  or  my 
contemporaries ;  and  that  is  the  reason  why  those  authors, 
who  write  any  thing  worthy  of  being  remembered^  blush, 
not  to  t)wn  that  they  are  indebted  to  me  for  it.  I  have 
composed  a  book  on  the  dialectic  art,  in  which  there  is 
neither  a  superfluous  letter,  nor  one  deficient.'  I  finished 
it  in  seven  days,  which  s^ms  a  prodigy.  Yet  where  i^ 
there  a  person  to  be  found,  that  caii  boast  of  his  having 
become  master  of  its  doctrine  in  a  year  ?  And  he,  that 
shall  have  comprehended  it  in  that  time,  must  appear  tp 
have  been  instructed  by  a  familiar  demon.'* 

Cardanus  certainly  instructed  himself  in  every  species  of 
knowledge,  and  made  very  considerable  improvements  ia 
medicine,  mathematics,  and  philosophy.  Scaliger,  who 
wrote  against  him  with  great  warmth,  owns  that  he  was  en- 
dowed with  a  very  comprehensive  and  penetrating  mind* 
He  has  been  accused  of  impiety,  and  even  of  atheism.  Of 
impiety  it  will  not  be  easy  to  remove  the  imputation,  many, 
of  his  actions  being  grossly  impious  and  iounoral;;  but  he 
appears  to  have  thought  better  than  he  acted,  and  was  ra- 
ther a  superstitious  man  than  a  free-thinker.     He  owns 

*  One  of  his  sods  married  a  woman  left  two  treatises  "  De  fulgore,"  an4 

of  looM  ckaracter,  and  administered  *<  De  abscinentia  ab'  usu  cibonim  fo^« 

poisoa  to  her,  for  which  be  was  cob-  dorum.*'    The  first  is  in  tile  soeMiA 

-demned   and    executed.    Cardan  at-  ▼otame  of  his  father's  works.    The  se» 

tempted  to  justify  this  crime,  on  the  cond  was  added  by  bis  father  to  atrea« 

plea  of  the  woman's  infidelity,   and  tise  whkh  be  wrote  on  his  son's  deatb^ 

says  that  divine  vengeance  porsoed  his  *'  De  militate  ez  adversis  oapienda^ 

son's  judges  for   having   condemned  1560,"  the  year  in  which  that  «t««| 

i^    Ttiu  so*  was  a  physkiair,  and  took  placn 


228  CARDAN. 

himself  that  he  was  not  a  devotee,  parum  pius ;  but  at  the 
same  time  he  declares,  that  though  he  was  naturally  very 
vindictive,  he  often  let  slip  the  occasion  t)f  satisfying  his 
resentment,  out  of  veneration  for  the  Deity,  Dei  ob  venera- 
ttonem.  He  says,  "  There  is  no  form  of-  worship  more 
pleasing  to  the  Deity,  than  that  of  obeying  the  law,  not- 
withstanding the  strongest  impulses  of  our  nature  to  tres* 
pass  ag^nst  it.^'  He  says  he  was  sometimes  tempted  to  lay 
violent  hands  on  himself,  which  he  calls  heroic  love;  and 
iniagined  that  several  other  persons  have  been  possessed 
with  it,  though  they^did  not  own  it.  Nothing  gave  him 
more  pleasure,  than  to  talk  of  things  which  made  the  whole 
company  uneasy  :  he  spoke  on  all  subjects,  in  season  and 
out  of  season  ;  and  was  so  fond  of  games  of  chance,  as  to 
spend  whole  days  in  them,  to  the  great  prejudice  of  his 
family  and  reputation;  for  he  even  staked  his  furniture 
and  his  wife's  jewels.  He  observes,  that  the  poverty  to 
which  he  was  reduced,  never  compelled  him  to  do  any 
thing  beneath  his  birth  or  virtue  ;  and  that  one  of  the  me- 
thods he  took  to  earn  a  subsistence,  was  the  making  of 
almanacs. 

He  wrote  a  great  number  of  books,  now  comprised  in 
10  vols,  folio,  Lyons,  1663.  His  poverty,  he  tells  us,  was 
one  reason  why  he  wrote  so  many  treatises,  the  digressions 
and  obscurity  of  which  puzzle  the  reader,  who  often  finds 
in  them  what  he  did  not  expect  to  meet  with.  In  his  arith- 
metic he  introduces  several  discourses  concerning  the  mo-» 
tion  of  the  planets,  the  creation,  and  the  tower  of  Babel ; 
and  in  bis  logic  he  has  inserted  a  criticism  on  historians 
and  letter- writers.  He  owns  that  he  made  these  digres- 
sions to  fill  up ;  his  bargain  with  the  booksellers  being  for 

*  so  much  a  sheet :  and  he  wrote  as  much  for  bread  as  for 
reputation.  With  regard  to  the  obscurity  of  his' writings, 
Naudseus  alleges  the  following  among  other  reasons  for  it : 
that  Cardan  imagined,  that  many  things  being  familiar  to 
him  needed  not  to  be  expressed,  and  the  heat  of  his  ima- 

•  gination  and  his  extensive  genius  hurried  him  from  one 
thing  to  another,  without  staying  to  explain  the  medium 
or  connection  between  them.  Naudseus  adds,  that  the 
amazing  contradictions  in  his  writings  are  an  evident  proof, 
that  he  was  not  always  in  his  senses ;  that  they  can  neither 
be  imputed  to  a  defect  of  memory,  nor  to  artifice ;  and  that 
the  little  relation  there  is  between  his  several  variations, 
proceeded  firom  the  difi^rent  fits  of  madness  with  which  he 
was  seized. 


CARDAN.  229 

In  the  midst  of  all  this  weakness^  Cardan  is  universally 
acknowledged  to  have  been  a  man  of  great  erudition  and 
fertile  invention,  and  is  celebrated  as  the  author  of  many 
new  and  singular  observations  in  philosophy  and  medicine. 
His  discoveries  in  mathematics  may  be  seen  in  Dr.  Hut- 
ton^s  Dictionary,  or  the  Cyclopaedia,  art  Algebra  ;  and 
bis  treatise  ^^  De  Methodo  Medendi*'  discovers  a  mind  ca- 
pable of  detecting  and  renouncing  established  errors.     His 
book  ^^  De  subtilitate  et  varietate  rerum^'  shews,  in  the 
opinion  of  Brucker,  that  if  he  could  have  preserved  his 
judgment  free  from  the  influence  of  a  disordered  imagina- 
tion, be  was  able  to  have  contributed  to  the  improvement 
of  natural  philosophy.     Of  the  dogmas  of  this  philosopher, 
the  following  are  a  specimen  :  *^  Primary  matter,  which 
remains  immutably  the  same,  fills  every  place;  whence, 
without  the  annihilation  of  matter  there  can  be  no  vaciuum. 
Three  principles  subsist  every  where ;  matter,  form,  and 
mind.    There  are  in  matter  three  kinds  of  motion ;  the  first, 
from  form  to  element ;  the  second,  the  reverse  of  this ;  the 
third,  the  descent  of  heavy  bodies.    The  elements  pr  pas- 
sive principles  are  three ;    water,  earth,  and  air,  for  na- 
turally'all  things  are  oold,  that  is,  destitute  of  heat.    The 
agent  in  nature. is  celestial  heat;  the  air,  being  exposed  to 
the  action  of  the  solar  rays,  is  perpetually  in  motion.     The 
moon  and  all  the  other  heavenly  bodies  are  luminous  from 
themselves.    The  heavens  are  animated  by  an  ever-active 
principle,  and  are  therefore  never  quiescent.    Man,  having 
mind  as  well  as  soul,  is  not  an  animal.    The  dispositions. of 
men  are  produced,  and  all  moral  affairs  are  directed,  by  the 
influence  of  the  stars.     Mind  is  universally  diffused ;  and 
though  it  appears  multiplied,  is  but  one ;  it  is  extrinsically, 
and  for  a  time,  attached  to  human  bodies,  but  never  pe* 
rishes,'* 

Innumerable  other  sijugular  metaphysical  and  physical 
notions  are  to  be  found  in  the  works  of  Cardan ;  lyid  they 
are  accompanied  with  many  experiments  and  observations 
on  natural  phenomena.  But  the  whole  is  thrown  together 
in  sucii  a  confused  mass,  as  plainly  proves  that,  though  the 
author'6  head  was  replete  with  ideas,  he  wanted  j^hat  sound 
understanding  and  cool  judgment,  without  which  the  most 
ingenious  and  original  conceptions  must  prove  abortive. 
He  was  too  fond  pf  mysticism,  too  credulous^  too  i^uper- 
stitious,  and,  id  a  word,  too  much  of  an  astrologer,  to  be 
a  true  philosopher.    Cardan^  therefore,  notwithstanding 


2S0  CARDAN. 

all  the  variety  and  apparent  origiimUty  of  his  writingS|  miisl 
be  ranked  among  the  iinsuccessiiil  adventurers  in  philo- 

.  sophy.' 

CARDI  (Lev^tis),  called  also  Cigoli  and  Ciyou,  an 
eminent  painter,  was  born  in  1559,  at  the  castle  of  Cigoli^ 
in  Tuscany,  and  became  the  scholar  of  Santi  di  Titi,  but 
after  travelling  into  Lombardy,  studied  the  works  of  the 
first  masters,  and  particularly  Correggio,     He  had  some 

.  taste,  also,  for  poetry  and  music,  but  soon  became  exclu- 
sively attached  to  his  particular  art.  He  was  employed  by 
the  grand  duke  in  the  palace  Pitti,  and  afterwards  at  Rome 
and  Florence  exhibited  some  excellent  specimens  of  his 
genius.  He  gave  a  new  style  to  the  Florentine  school ;  but 
to  say  that  perhaps  he  was  superior  to  all  his  contempora- 
ries, that  he  approached  nearer  than  any  other  the  style  of 
Correggio,  are  expressions  of  Baldinucci,  which  none  will 
believe  who  has  seen  the  imitations  of  that  master  by  Ba- 
roccio,  the  Caracci,  or  Scbidone.  Cardi,  to  judge  from 
his  pictures  as  they  are  now,  availed  himself  with  success 
of  Correggio's  chiaroscuro,  joined  it  to  learning  in  design, 
and  set  it  off  by  judicious  perspective  and  a  far  livelier 
colour  than  that  of  the  Tuscan  school ;  but  his  pictures  do 
not  exhibit  that  contrast  of  tints,  tl^t  impastp,  that  splen- 
dour, that  graceful  air,  those  bold  fore-shortenings,  which 
constitute  the  character  of  the  head]  of  .Lombard  art.  In 
short,  he  was  the  inventor  of  an  original  but  not  a  steady 
style;  that  which  he  adopted  at  Rome  differs  from  his 
former  one.  If  the  general  tone  of  his  colour  be  Lom- 
bardesque,  his  draperies  resemble  those  of  Paolo  Veronese^ 
and  sometimes  he  approaches  the  depth  of  Guercino. 

Besides  the  many  pictures  which  the  grand  duke  an4 
the  Pecori  family  possess  of  this  master,  a  few  are  dispersed 

'  through  private  collections  at  Florence.  Excellent  are  his 
<«  Trinity"  in  the  church  of  St.  Croce,  his  "  St.  Albert''  in 
that  of  S.  Maria  Maggiore,  aqd  the  ^^  Martyrdom  of  Ste- 
phen" at  the  Sisters  of  Monte  Domini,  which  Pietro  da 
Cortona  ranked  with  the  principal  pictures  of  Flor«i9oe* 
"  St.  Anthony  converting  a  Heretic,"  at  Cortona,  ^  con- 
sidered as  superior  to  any. other  pencil  at  Cortona.  His 
**  St.  Peter  healing  the  Cripple,"  in  the  Vatican  at  Rom^i 

'  Oen,  Diet. — Bmcker. — Hutt«ii's  Math,  Diet— Saxii  O^ofnast. — Robert- 
ton's  Hilt  of  Sootiand.—- Heylin't  Hist,  of  the  Beformation,  p.  141. — Niceron, 
ToU  XIV.  corrected  in  n  few  parti^iUrA  k>y  freytag»  i&  bis  Adpftaius  Literaritts.. 


-  C  A  R  D  I.  2Sl 

Andrea  Sacchi  placed  next  the  *'  Transfiguration"  of  Ra- 
phael, and  the  *'  St.  Jerom"  of  Domenichino ;  but  this 
master-piece,  by  the  humidity  of  the  place,  the  bad 
priming,  and  the  brutality  of  the  cleaner,  is  entirely  de-. 
stroyed.  Its  merit  procured  him  the  title  of  Cavaliere.' 
Another  work  of  his,  the  fresco  of  the  dome  in  S.  Maria 
Maggiore,  still  remains :  in  this,  by  some  error  in  per- 
spective, he  appeared  inferior  to  himself ;  it  displeased,, 
and  be. was  not  suffered  to  correct  it,  notwithstanding  his 
eager  supplications ;  but  had  this  perished,  and  the  pic- 
ture in  the  Vatican  survived,  the  fame  of  Cigoli  would  rest 
on  a  firmer  basis,  and  the  assertions  of  Baldinucci  deserve 
more  credit.  It  is  supposed  that  chagrin  at  not  succeeding 
in  painting  the  dome,  hastened  his  death,  which  happened 
in  1613.  He  also  engraved  a  few  plates  in  a  slight,  Reat 
style,  which,  however,  evinces  the  hand  of  the  master* 
Strutt  mentions  bis  engraving  of  ^^  Mary  Magdalen  washing 
the  feet  of  Christ,"  as  containing  beads  of  great  beauty*^ 

CARDONA  (John  Baptist),  bishop  of  Tortosa,  in  Ca-.- 
talonia,  was  a  native  of  Valencia,  in  Spain,  of  which  ca- 
thedral he  waa  made  a.  canon.  He  went  to  Rome,  with 
great  fame  for  learning,  during  the  pontificate  of  Gregory 
Xni.  ai\d  was  promoted  to  the  bishopric  of  Elne,  a  town 
of  Roussillon,  die  seat  of  which  see  wa»  afterwards  removed 
to  Perpignan.  He  was  then  translated  to  the  bishopric 
of  Vich  y  and  lastly  to  that  of  Tortosa  wb<^re  he  died^  in 
1590.  In  1587  he  published  at  Tarracon.&i  a  quarto  vOk 
lume,  contiaiining,  1.  ^' De  regia  Sancti  Laurentii  Biblio- 
theca."  2.  *^  De  Bibliothecis  (ex  Fulvio  Ursiuo)  et  t)e 
Bibliotbeca  Vaticana(exOnuphfii  Scedis.")  3.  "De  ex-* 
purgandis  haereticorum  propriis  nominibus.'.'  4.  "  De? 
Dyptichis."  Of  these,  the  firdt,  iii  which  he  treats  of  col- 
lecling  all  manner  of  useful  booksy  and  having  able  libra-^ 
rians,  and  in  which  be  strongly  exbortis  Philip  II;  to  put 
the  Escurial  library  into  gpod  order,  is^  of  ccH>siderab]e 
yalpe  to.  bibliographers*  His  treatise  *'  D4  Dyptichip,'* 
those  at>ciient  pubiie  registers,  is  alsov^ry  dUrious.  Cor 
pies,  if  .we  may  so  speak,  of  thesse  registers^  a^e  still  to  be 
&een  in  France,  at  Sens,  Dijon,  and  Besan^on,  the  latt^ 
of  which  has  been  well  described  b^  M.  Coste,  the  librarian, 
of  that  city.'  .         , 

*  Argenvllte,  vol.  I.— Wlkingtoii.  , 

«  AntoBio  Bibi.  Hisp.^-I^oreri.'^Dfbdii^s  fiiliUofflati^^.-^iit  H'^t^^S^cK: 


233  C  A  R  E  W. 

CAREW  (George),  afterwards  earl  of  Totness  (de- 
scended from  an  ancieitt  family  in  the  West  of  England, 
originally  so  named  from  Carew-castle  in  Pembrokeshire) 
was  born  in  1557.  His  mother  was  Anne,  daughter  of  sir 
Nicolas  Harvey,  knight,  and  his  father,  George,*  archdea- 
con of  I'otness,  and  successively  dean  of  Bristol,  of  the 
queen's  chapel,  of  Windsor,  of  Christ  Church,  Oxon,  and 
of  Exeter;  besides  several  other  preferments,  most  of  which 
he  resigned  before  his  decease,  which  occurred  in  1585. 
George  Carew  in  1 572  was  admitted  gentleman  commoner 
of  Broadgate-hall  (now  Pembroke  college)  in  Oxford ; 
where  he  made  a  good  proficiency  in  learning,  particularly 
in  the  study  of  antiquities,  but  being  of  an  active  temper, 
he  left  the  university  without  a  degree;  and  applying 
himself  to  military  affairs,  went  and  served  in  Ireland 
against  the  earl  of  Desniond.  in  1580  he  was  made  go- 
vernor of  Asketten-castle,  and  in  1589  was  created  master 
of  arts  at  Oxford,  being  Uien  a  knight.  Some  time  after, 
being  constituted  lieutenant-general  of  the  artillery,  or 
master  of  the  ordnance  in  Ireland,  he  was  one  of  the  com- 
linantiers  at  the  expedition  to  Cadiz,  in  1596 ;  and  again, 
the  next  year^  in  the  intended  expedition  against  Spain. 
Having  in  1599  been  appointed  president  of  Muqfter,  he 
was  in  1600  made  treasurer  of  the  army,  and  one  of  the 
lords  justices  of  Ireland.  When  he  entered  upon  his  go* 
vernment,  he  found  every  thing  in  a  deplorable  ccHidition  ; 
all  the  country  being  in  open  and  actual  rebellion,  except- 
ing a  few  of  the  better  sort,  and  himself  having  for  his 
defence  but  three  thousand  foot  and  two  hundred  and  fifty 
horse  ;  yet  he  behaved  with  so  much  conduct  and  bravery, 
that  he  reduced  many  castles  and  forts,  took  James  Fitz 
Thomas,  the  titular  earl  of  Desmond,  and  O'Connor,  pri- 
soners ;  and  brought  the  Bourkes,  Obriens,  and  many  other 
Irish  rebels,  to  submission.  He  also  bravely  resisted  the 
Ax  thousand  Spaniards,  who  landed  at  Kinsale,  October 
I,  1601,  and  had  so  well  established  the  province  of  which 
he  was  president,  by  apprehending  the^chief  of  those  he 
mistrusted,  and  taking  pledges  of  the  rest,  that  no  person 
of  consideration  joined  the  Spaniards.  In  1602  he  made 
himself  master  of  the  castle  of  Donboy,  which  was  a  very 
difficult  undertaking,  and  reckoned  almost  impracticable ; 
and  by  this  means  prevented  the  arrival  of  an  army  of 
Spaniards,  which  were  ready  to  sail  for  Ireland.  He  had 
fpr  some  time  been  desirous  of  quitting  his  burdensome 


C  A  R  E  W.  ass 

office  of  president  of  Munster,  but  he  could  not  obtain 
permission  till  the  beginning  of  1603,  when,  leaving  that    . 
province  in  perfect  peace,  he  arrived  in  England  the  2l8t 
of  March,  three  days  before  queen  Elizabeth's  death.    His 
merit  was  so  great,  that  he  was  taken  notice  of  by  the  new  ^ 

king,  and  made  by  him,  in  the  first  year  of  his  reign,  go« 
vernor  of  the  isle  of  Guernsey,  and  Castle  Comet :  and 
having  married  Joyce  *,  the  daughter  and  heir  of  William 
Clopton,  of  Cloptou,  CO.  Warwick,  esq.  he  was  June  4^ 
J  605,  advanced  to  the  degree  of  a  baron,  by  the  title  of  lord 
Carew,  of  Clopton.  Afterwards  he  was  made  vice-cham-> 
berlain  and  treasurer  to  king  James's  queen  ;  and  in  160S 
constituted  master  of  the  ordnance  throughout  England  for 
life;  and  sworn  of  the  privy-council  to  the  king,  as  he  had 
before  been  to  queen  Elizabeth.  Upon  king  Charles  Ist's 
acce'ssion  to  the  crown^  he  was  created,  Feb.  I,  1625,  earl 
of  Totness.  At  length,  full  of  years  and  honours,  he  de- 
parted this  life  at  the  Savoy  in  London^  Maroh  27,  1629, 
aged  seventy-three  years  and  ten  months ;  and  was  buried 
at  Stratford  upon  Avon,  near  Clopton  :  leaving  behind  him 
the  character  of  a  faithful  subject,  a  valiant  and  prudent  "^ 
commander,  an  honest  counsellor,  a  genteel  scholar,  a 
lover  of  antiquities,  and  a  great  patron  of  learning.  A 
stately  monument  was  erected  to  his  memory,  by  his  ifpi- 
dow,  with  a  long  inscription  reciting  his  actions. 

He  wrote,  or  rather  caused  to  be  written  under  his  di- 
rection, a  book  entitled  -'<  Pacata  Hibernia,"  or  the  his- 
tory of  the  wars  in  Ireland,  especially  within  the  province 
of  Munster,  in  the  years  1599,  1600,  1601,  and  1602; 
which,  after  his  death,  was  printed  at  London  in  1633,  fol. 
with  seventeen  maps  ;  being  published  by  his  natural  son, 
Thomas  Stafford.  Harris,  in  his  edition  of  Ware's  Ireland, 
appeals  to  the  preface,  to  p.  367,  and  other  parts  of  this 
work,  as  proofs  that  Carew  was  not  the  author  of  it. — Sir 
George  Carew  collected  also,  in  four  large  volumes,  several 
chronologies,  charters,  letters,  monuments,  maps,  &c.  re- 
lating-to  Ireland ;  which  are  preserved  in  the  Bodleian  J^^  Jg^ 

f  la  a  biographical  account  of  Uia  Carew,  which  was  without  his  know-    Qh^-^ —    Q 

family  placed  on  the  back  of  a  picture  ledge  and  consent,  and  intended  to  ^^^^^  ^ 

cHF  lord  Totness,  in  the  possession  of  disinherit  her;  but,  upon  an  accidental 

his  descendant,  t^e  late  Boothby  Clop-  conversation  with  captain  Caraw,  found  A\^     *X/A 

ton,  esq.  this  la^»s  name  is  Anne,  and  him  a  gentleman  of  superior  genius  ^  *^  *^  ^^ 

not  Joyce :  and  it  is  added,  that  Mr.  and  fine  address,  and  settled  bis  estata, 

Clopton  was  extremely  displeased  with  which  was  very  considerable,  upon  him 

his  4aughter'8  marrii^ge  with  captain  and  bis  dadghter. 


234  C  A  R  E  W. 

librafy :  and  made  collections,  notes,  and  extracts  for  wri^ 
ting  The  History  of  the  reign  of  king  Henry  V .  which  w^re 
inserted  in  J.  Speed's  Chronicle.  Sir  James  Ware  says,  that 
the  earl  of  Totness  translated  into  English  <*  A  History  of 
the  affairs  of  Ireland,"  written  by  Maurice  Regan,  servant 
and  interpreter  to  Dermot,  9on  of  Murchard  king  of  Lein- 
Ster,  in  1171,  and  which  bad  been  turned  into  French 
verse  by  a  friend  of  Regan.  Bishop  Nicolson  describes 
this  history  as  extant  in  the  duke  ofChandos^s  library, 
under  the  title  of  ^^  Mauritii  Regani,  servi  et  interpretift 
Dermitii,  filii  Murchardi,  &c.  Historise  de  Hibernia  frag-> 
mentum  Anglice  reddilum  a  D.  Georgio  Carew,  Memo- 
nine  preside  sub  Elizabetba;''  and  Mr.  Harris  mentions 
another  MS  copy  among  the  bishop  of  Clogher's  MSS.  in 
the  college  library,  Dublin.  Nicolson  also  informs  ns  that 
this  learned  nobleman  wrote  forty*two  volumes  relating  to 
the  affairs  of  Ireland,  which  are  in  the  Lambeth  library, 
and  four  more  of  collections  from  the  originals  in  the  Cot- 
ton library. 

The  natural  son  of  the  earl  of  Totness,  afterwards  sir 
Thomas  Stafford,  was  secretary  to  that  nobleman  when 
president  of  Munster ;  and  the  earl  bequeathed  by  bis  will 
(femaining  at  Doctors'  Commons,  dated  Nov.  30,  1625)  all 
his^books  and  MSS.  to  sir  Thomas;  who,  in  1633,  pub- 
lished the  earPs  history,  as  already  mentioned,  which  he 
dedicated  to  Charles  I.  ^^  to  whom  nothing  (xrald  pads 
through  the  publisher's  hands  which  was  not  justly  due, 
both  by  common  allegiAnce  and  particular  service.'*  Ta 
sir  Thomas  the  esarl  also  gave  bis  lease  of  an  annuity  or 
pension  of  500i.  received  from  the  Alienation  office;  ^nd  if 
sir  Thomas  survived  him,  he  wished  his  eoantess  tot^onvey 
utito  him  all  his  estates  of  Wocdgrove  in  Esses,  at  Sal- 
combe,  Abberto»,  and  Lanceston,  or  ekewfaere,  in  De- 
von and  CornwaU.  Sir  Tboinas  survived  bodi  him;  and  his 
cmnkess;  the  latter  of  whom  died  Jan.  14,  1636*7^  and 
by  her  will  (in  the  Couiniions,  dated  June  9,  1636)  she  de- 
sires her  trusty  and  good  friend  and  chaplaia,  Richard 
^^^  Wright,  clerk,  dwelling  in  Warwickshire,  and  Richard 
Wootton,  of  Fleet-street,  London,  gent,  to  peruse  alt  her 
^  deeds  and  evidences,  and  deliver  unto  sir  Thomas  Stafford 
. »     f ucb  as  belonged  to  him. ' 

*  Biog.  Brit. — ^Park's  edition  of  the  Royal  and  NoMe  Auttiors. — ^Wood's  Ath. 
TOT.  I.  and  Colleges  and  Halls,  art.  "  Deans  of  Christ  Charch."" — Arcfiaeologia, 
▼ol.  I.  p.  xviii.— Nicolson^s  Uifit.  libraiy. — Gent.  Mag.  toI.  LXXXH.  partIL 
|>.  314. 


C  A  R  E  W.  23S 

C  AREW  (George),  brother  to  Richard,  hereafter  men- 
tioned, aod  second  son  of  Thomas  Carevtr,  esq.  and  Eliza- 
beth his  wife,  was  probably  born  at  his  father^s  seat  at  East 
Anthony,  but  in  what  particular  year  we  are  not  able  to 
ascertain.     He  was  educated  in  the  university  of  Oxford^ 
after  which  he  studied  law  in  the  inns  of  court,  and  then 
set  out  on  his  travels.     On  his  return  to  bis  native  country 
he  was  called  to  the  bar,  and  after  some  time  was  appointed 
secretary   to  sir  Christopher  Hatton,  lord  chaucellor  of 
England,  by  the  especial  recommendation  of  queen  EU«« 
zabeth,  who  gave  him  a  prothonotaryship  in  the  chancery^ 
and  conferred  upon  him  the  honour  of  knighthood.    la 
1597,  being  then  a  roaster  in  chancery,  he  was  sent  am« 
bassador  to  the  king  of  Poland.     In  the  next  reign,  he  was 
one  of  the  commissioners  for  treating  with  the  Scotch  con^* 
corning  an  union  between  the  two  kingdoms ;  after  which 
he  was  appointed  ambassador  to  the  court  of  France,  where 
he  continued  from  the  latter  end  of  the  year  1605  till  1609* 
During  his  residence  in  that  country,  he  was  regarded  by 
the  French  ministers  as  being  too  partial  to  the  Spanish 
interest,  but  probably  their  disgust  to  him  might  arise  front 
his  not  being  very  tractable  in  some  points  of  his  nego* 
tiation,  and  particularly  in  the  demand  of  the  debts  due  t6 
the  king  his  master.     Whatever  might  be  hb  political  prin«« 
ciples,  it  is  certaiUj  that  he  sought  the  conversation  of 
men  of  letters;  and  formed,  an  intimacy  with  Thuimua,  te 
whom  he  communicated  an  account  of  the  transactions  in 
Poland,  whilst  be  was  employed  tbere»  whidi  was  of  great 
service  to  tjt^at  admirable  author  in  drawing  up  the  121at 
book  of  his  History.     After  sir  George  Carew's  retuFR 
from  France^  he  was  advanced  to  the  post  of  master  of  the 
court  of  ward^  which  honourable  situation  he  did  not  long 
live  to  enjoy ;  for  it  appears  from  a  letter  wiritten  by  Thu- 
anus  to  Camden,  in  the  spring  of  the  j^ar  (613,  that  ha 
was  then  lately  deceased.     In  this  letter,  Thuanus  laments 
hill  death  as  a  great  misfortune  to  himself;  for  he  cousin 
dered  sir  George's  friendship  not  only  as  a  per&onal  ko-r 
nour,  but  as  very  useful  in  his  work,  and  especially  in  ve** 
moving  the  calumnies  and  misrepresentations  which  might 
be  raised  of  him  in  the  court  e>f  England.     Sir  George 
Care w  married  Thomasine^  daughter  of  sir  Francis  Godtftl" 
phin,  great  grandfather  of  the  lord  treadurer  Gofloiphi% 
^nd  had  by  her  two  sons  and  three  daughters.    Francis,  the 
elder  soc^,  was  created  knight  of  the  bath  at  the  corona- 
tion of  king  Charles  tlie  First,  and  attended  the  earl  of 


236  C  A  R  E  W. 

Denbigh  in  the  expedition  for  the  relief  of  Rochelie,  where 
he  acquired  great  reputation  by  his  courage  and  conduct ; 
but,  being  seized  with  a  fit  of  sickness  in  bis  voyage 
homeward,  he  died  in  the  Isle  of  Wight/  on  the  4th  of 
June,  1628,  at  the  age  of  twenty-seven. 

When  sir  George   Carew  returned  in  1609  from   his* 
French  embassy,  he  drew  up,  and  addressed  to  king  James 
the  First,  "  A  Relation  of  the  state  of  France,  with  the 
characters  of  Henry  the  Fourth,  and  the  principal  persons 
of  that  court ;''  which  reflects  great  credit  upon  his  sa- 
gacity and  attention  as  an  ambassador,  and  his  abilities  as 
a  writer.     In  this  piece  are  considered,  1.  The  name  of 
France.     2.  Its  ancient  and  modern  limits.    3.  Its  quality, 
strength,  and  situation.  4.  Its  riches.  5.  Its  political  orders. 
6.  Its  disorders  and  dangers.    7.  The  persons   governing, 
with  those  who  are  likely  to  succeed.     8.  In  what  terms  the 
French  live  with  their  bordering  neighbours.     And  lastly, 
the  state  of  matters  between  the  king  of  England's  domi- 
nions and  theirs.     These  heads  are  divided,  as  occasion 
requires,  into  other  subordinate  ones.     The  characters  are 
drawn  from  personal  knowledge  and  close  observation,  and 
Blight  be  of  service  to  a  general  historian  of  that  period. 
The  composition  is  perspicuous  and  manly,  and  entirely 
free  from  the  pedantry  which  prevailed  in  the  reign  of  king 
James  L  his  taste  having  been  formed  in  a  better  sera,  that 
of  Queen   Elizabeth.     The  valuable  tract  we  are  speaking 
of  lay  for  a  long  time  in  manuscript,  till  happily  falling 
into  the  hands  of  the  late  earl  of  Hardwicke,  it  was  com- 
municated by  him  to  Dr.  Birch,  who  published  it  in  1749, 
at  the  end  of  his  ^'Historical  view  of  the  Negotiations 
between  the  Courts  of  England,  France  and  Brussels,  from 
the  year  1592  t«.  1617."     That  intelligent  and  industrious 
writer  justly  observes,  that  it  is  a  model,  upon  which  am- 
bassadors may  form  and  digest  their  notions  and  represen- 
tations ;  and  the  late  celebrated  poet,  Gray,  spoke  of  it  as 
an  excellent  performance.  ^ 

CAREW  (NiCHOtAS>j  of  the  Carews  of  Beddington,  in 
Surrey,  was  the  son  of  sir  Richard  Carew,  knight  banneret, 
and  Magdalen,  daughter  of  sir  Robert  Oxenbridge.  At  an 
early  age  he  was  introduced  to  the  court  of  king  Henry 
VIIL  where  he  soon  became  a  favourite,  and  was  made 
^ne  of  the  gentlemen  of  the  privy  chamber.     Having  been 

^  Biof.  Brit.— Birch's  Prince  Htniy.-^Mason's  lifo  of  Grey, 


C  A  R  £  W.  237 

employed  upon  some  public  business  in  France,  he. be- 
came, as  many  other  young  men  have  been,  so  enamoured 
of  French  fashions  and  amusements,   that,  when  he  re- 
turned to  his  own  country,  he  was  continually  liiaking  in- 
'Tidious  comparisons  to  the  disadvantage  of  the  English 
court.     His  majesty,  who  was  too  much  of  a  &riton  not  to 
be  disgusted  at  this  behaviour,  removed  him  from  his  per- 
son, and  sentenced  him  to  an  honourable  banishment,  ap« 
pointing  him  governor  of  Ruysbank  in  Picardy ;  to  which 
government  he  was  forthwith  commanded  to  repair,  much 
against  his  inclination.    This  little  offence,  however,  was 
soon  passed  over,  and  we  find  him  again  employed  by  the 
king,  and  for  several  years  his  constant  companion,  and  a 
partaker  with  him  in  all  the  justs,  tournaments,  masques, 
and  other  diversions  of  the  same  kind,  with  which  that  reigH 
abounded,  and  which  are  described  very  much  at  large  in 
Hairs  Chronicle :  and  as  a  more  substantial  mark  of  his 
favour,  the  king  appointed  him  master  of  the  horse,  an 
office  of  great  honour,  being  reckoned  the  third  in  rank 
about  the  king's  household,  and  afterwards  created  him 
knight  of  the  garter.     His  promotion  may  probably  be  at- 
tributed in  some  measure  to  the  interest  of  Anne  Bullen, 
to  whom  he  was  related  through  their  common  ancestor, 
lord  Hog.     His  good  fortune  was  not  of  long  continuance ; 
for  in  1539  he  engaged  in  a  conspiracy,  as  we  are  told  by 
our  historians,  with  the  marquis  of  Exeter,  the  lord  Mon- 
tacute,  and  sir  Edward  Neville ;  the  object  of  which  was 
to  set  cardinal  Pole  upon  the  throne.     The  accuser  was  sir 
Geffrey  Poole,  lord   Montacute's  brother;  the  trial  was 
summary,  and  the  conspirators  were  all  executed.     Sir  Ni- 
cholas Carew  was  beheaded  on  Tower-hill,  March  3, 1539, 
when  he  made,  says  Holinshed,  ^*  a  godly  confession,  both 
of  his  fault  and  superstitious  faith.'^     Fuller  mentions  a 
tradition ,  of  a  quarrel  which  happened  at  bowls  between 
the  ki^g  and  sir  Nicholas  Carew,  t^  which  he  ascribes  his 
majesty's  displeasure,  and  sir  Nicholas's  death.     The  mo- 
narch's known  caprice,  his  hatred  of  the  papists,  to  whom 
sir  Nicholas  was  zealously  attached,  the  absnrdhy  of  the 
plot,  and  the  improbability  of  its  success,  might  incline  us 
to  hearken  to  Fuller's  story,  if  sir  Nicholas  alone  had  suf-r 
fered ;  but  as  he  had  so  many  partners  in  his  punishment, 
with  whom  it  is  not  pretended  that  the  king  had  any  quar- 
rel, it  will  be  more  safe,  perhaps,  to  rely  upon  the  account 
given  by  our  annalists.     Sir  Nicholajs  Carew  was  buried  in 


e»8  C  A  R  E  W. 

the  church  of  St.  Botolph,  Aldersgate,  in  the  same  tomb 
with  Thomas  lord  Darcy,  and  others  of  his  family.  ^ 

CAREW  (Richard),  author  of  the  Survey  of  Cornwall 
and  brother  of  the  preceding  sir  George  Carew,  the  am- 
|>assador,  was  the  eldest  son  of  Thomas  Carew,  of  Eatst 
Anthony,  esq.  by  Elizabeth  Edgecombe,  daughter  of  Ri- 
chard Edgecombe,  of  Edgecombe,  esq.  both  in  the  same 
county,  and   was  bom  in  1555.     When  very  young,  he 
became  a  gentleman  commoner  of  Christ  Church  college, 
Oxford ;  and  at  fourteen  years  of  age  had  the  honour  of 
disputing,  extempore,  with  the  afterwards  famous  sir  Philip 
Sydney,  in  the  presence  of  the^  earls  of  Leicester,  War- 
wick, and  other  nobility.     After  spending  three  years  at 
the  university,  he  removed  to  the  Middle  Temple,  where 
ke  also  resided  three  years,  and  then  travelled  into  France, 
and  applied  himself  so  diligently  to  the  acquisition  of  the 
French  .language,  that  by  reading  and  conversation   he 
gained  a  complete  knowledge  of  it  in  three  quarters  of  a 
year.     Not  lon^  after  his  return  to  England  he  married,  in 
1577,  Juliana  Arundel,  of  Trerice.     In  1581,  Mr.  Carew 
was  made  justice  of  the  peace,  and  in  1586  was  appointed 
high  sheriff  of  the  county  of  Cornwal;  about  which  time 
he  was,  likewise,  queen's  deputy  for  the  militia.     In  1589 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  college  of  antiquaries,  a 
distinction  to  which  he  was  entitled  by  his  literary  abilities 
and  pursuits.     What  particularly   engaged  his  attention 
was  his  native  county,  his  "  Survey'*  of  which  was  published 
in  quarto,  at  London,  in  1 602.    It  has  been  twice  reprinted, 
first  in  1723,  and  next  in  1769.     Of  this  work  Camden 
speaks  in  high  terms,  and  acknowledges  his  obligations  to 
the  author.     In  the  present  improved  state  of  topogra- 
phical knowledge,  and  since  Dr.  Borlase's  excellent  publi- 
eations  relative  to  the  county  of  Cornwall,  the  value  of  Mr. 
Garew's  "  Survey*'  must  have  been  greatly  diminished. 
Mr.  Gougb  remarks,  that  the  history  and  monuments  of 
this  county  were  faintly  touched  by  Mr.  Carew;  but  it  is 
added,  that  he  was  a  person  extrfemely  capable  of  descri- 
bing them,  if  the  infancy  of  those  studies  at  that  time  had 
afforded  him  light  and  materials.     Another  work  of  our 
author  was  a  translation  from  the  Italian,  but  originally 
written  by  Huarte  in  Spanish,  entitled  "  The  Examination 

1  Lysons't  fioTironsj  vol  L;  to  which  we  are  indebted  for  the  whole  of  thi»  ar- 
ticle, aod  where  there  is  a  fiae  portrait  of  sir  Nicholas,  and  maay  particulars  of 
Hie  fhmiJy, 


C  A  R  E  W.  239 

«f  Men's  Wits.  In  which,  by  discovering  the  variety  of 
natures,  is  shewed  for  what  profession  each  one  is  apt,  and 
how  far  he  shall  pro6t  therein."  This  was  published  at 
London  in  1594,  and  afterwards  in  1604;  and,  though 
Richard  Carew^s  name  is  prefixed  to  it,  has  been  princi- 
pally ascribed  by  some  persons  to  his  father.  According 
to  Wood,  Mr.  Carew  wrote  also  "  The  true  and  ready  way 
to  learn  the  Latin  Tongue,"  in  answer  to  a  query,  whether 
the  ordinary  method  of  teaching  the  Latin  by  the  rules  of 
grammar,  be  the  best  mode  of  instructing  yotitbs  in  that 
language  i  This  tract  is  involved  in  Mr.  Samuel  Hartlib'g 
book  upon  the  same  subject,  and  with  the  same  title.  It 
is  certain  that  Mr.  Carew  was  a  gentleman  of  considerable 
abilities  and  literature,and  that  he  was  held  in  great  estima- 
tion by  some  of  the  most  eminent  scholars  of  his  time.  He 
was  particularly  intimate  with  sir  Henry  Spelman,  wha 
extols  him  for  his  ingenuity,  virtue^  and  learning.  Amongst 
his  neighbours  he  was  celebrated  as  the  most  excellent 
manager  of  bees  in  Cornwall.  He  died  Nov.  6,  1620,  and 
was  buried  with  his  ancestors,  in  the  church  of  St.  Anthony, 
where  a  $plen,did  monument,  with  a  large  inscription,  in 
Latin,  was  erected  to  his  memory.  In  an  epigram  writ- 
ten upon  him  he  was  styled  "  another  Livy,  another 
Maro,  another  Papinian,*'  epithets  somewhat  too  high  for 
his  real  merit.  An  English  translation  of  "  Godfrey  of 
Bulloigne,"  from  Tasso,  by  him,  was  published  in  159^4, 
4to.  Of  this  an  ample  specimen  has  lately  been  given  iii 
the  Bibliographer.  * 

CAREW  (Thomas),  an  English  poet,  was  the  younger 
brother  of  sir  Matthew  Carew,  a.  zealous  adherent  to  the 
fortunes  of  Charles  I.  and  of  the  family  of  Carews  in  Glou* 
cestershire,  but  descended  from  the  more  ancient  family 
of  that  name  in  Devonshire.  He  is  supposed  to  have  been 
born  in  1589*  According  to  Anthony  Wood,  he  received  his 
academical  education  at  Corpus  Christi  college,  Oxford,^ 
but  was  neither  matriculated,  nor  took  any  degree.  After 
leaving  college  he  improved  himself  by  travelling,  accord- 
ing to  the  custom  of  the  age,  and  by  associating  with  men 
of  learning  and  talents  both  at  home  and  abroad ;  and 
being  distinguished  for  superior  elegance  of  manners  and 
taste,  be  was  received  into  the  court  of  Charles  I.  as  gen- 

^  Bipg.  Brit.-~-Faller'8  Worthies.<-*Ath.  Qx«  vol.  I.^Bibliographer,  vol.  U 
jf.  30. — Gou^h's  Topography,  vol,  t 


240  C  A  R  E  W. 

tieman  of  the  privy-chamber,  and  sewer  in  ordinary.  His 
wit  had  recommended  him  to  his  sovereign,  who,  however. 
Clarendon  informs  us,  incurred  the  displeasure  of  the 
Scotch  nation  by  bestowing  upon  him  the  place  of  sewer, 
in  preference  to  a  gentleman  recommended  upon  the  in- 
terest of  the  courtiers  of  that  nation.  He  appears  after  this 
appointment  to  have  passed  his  days  in  affluence  and  gaiety. 
His  talents  were  highly  valued  by  his  contemporaries,  par- 
ticularly Ben  Jonson  and  sir  William  Davenant.  Sir  John 
Suckling  only,  in  his  Session  of  the  Poets,  insinuates  that 
his  poems  cost  him  more  labour  than  is  consistent  with  the 
fertility  of  real  genius.  But  of  this  there  are  not  many 
marks  visible  in  his  works,  and  what  sir  John  mistakes  for 
the  labour  of  costiveness,  may  have  been  only  the  laudable 
fare  he  employed  in  bringing  his  verses  to  a  higher  degree 
of  refinement  than  many  of  his  contemporaries.  His  death 
is  said  to  have  taken  place  in  163^9,  which  agrees  with  the 
information  we  have  in  Clarendon's  Life.  *^  He  was  a 
person  of  a  pleasant  and  facetious  wit,  and  made  many 
poems  (especially  in  the  amorous  way)  which  for  the  sharp- 
ness of  the  fancy,  and  the  elegance  of  the  language  in 
which  that  fancy  was. spread,  were  at  least  equal,  if  not 
superior  to  any  of  that  time.  But  his  glory  was,  that  after 
j^ty  years  of  h\s  life  spent  with  less  severity  or  exactness 
than  it  ought  to  have  been,  he  died  with  great  remorse  for 
that  licence,  and  with  the  greatest  manifestation  of  Chris- 
tianity, that  his  best  friends  could  desire.''  It  is  pleasing 
to  record  such  ampl^  atonement  for  the  licentiousness  of 
some  of  his  poems,  which,  however,  most  of  his  editors 
have  persisted  in  handing  down  to  posterity. 

It  does  not  appear  that  any  of  his  poems  were  published 
during  his  life-time,  except  such  as  were'  set  to  mtisic. 
The  first  collection  was  printed  in  1640,  12mo,  the  second 
in  1642,  the  third  (not  in  1654  as  Cibber  asserts,  but)  in 
1651,  and  a  fourth  in  1670.  In  1772  Mr.  Thomas  Davies 
published  an  edition,  with  a  few  notes,  and  a  short  cha- 
racter, in  which  the  writer  has  taken  for  granted  some 
particulars  for  which  no  authority  can  be  found.  Carew's 
Coelum  Britannicum,  at  one  time  erroneously  attributed 
to  Davenant,  was  printed  with  the  first  editions  of  his 
poems,  and  afterwards  separately  in  1651.  Langbaine, 
and  Cibber  after  him,  say  that  our  author  placed  the  La- 
tin motto  on  the  front,  when  printed,  but  no  edition  printed 
in  his  life-time  is  now  known.  The  distich,  however,  might 


C  A  R  E  W.  241 

*  > 

fcav6.been  prefixed  to  the  music  of  the  masque.  Oldys,  in 
bis  MS^  notes  on  Langbaine,  informs  us,  that  ^'  Carew\ 
sonnets  were  more  in  request  than  any  poet's  of  hi^  time^ 
that  is,  between  1630  and  1640.  They  were  many  of 
them  set  to  music  by  the  two  famous  composers,  Henry 
Und  William  Lawes,  and  other  eminent  masters,  and  sung 
at  coilrt  in  their  masques.'*  It  may  be  added,  that  Carew 
t^ras  one  of  the  old  poets  whom  Pope  studied,  and  from 
tvhom  he  borrowed.  Dr.  Percy  honours  him  with  the  com« 
pliment  of  being  an  "  elegant,  and  almost  forgotten  writer, 
whose  poems  deserve  to  be  revived."  But  no  modera 
critic  appears  to  have  estimated  his  merit  with  more  libe- 
rality than  Mr.  Headley  :  his  opinion,  however,  is  here 
copied,  not  without  suspicion  that  his  enthusiasm  may  be 
thought  to  have  carried  him  too  far. 

**  The  consummate  elegance  of  this  gentleman  entitles 
him  to  very'  considerable  attention.  Sprightly,  polished^ 
and  perspicuous,  every  part  of  his  works  displays  the  man 
of  sense,  gallantry,  and  breeding;  indeed  many  of  his 
productions  have  a  certain  happy  fiqish,  and'bQ.tray  a  dex- 
terity both  of  thought  and  expression  much  superior  to 
any  thing  of  his  contemporaries,  and,  on  similar! subjects, 
rarely  surpassed  by  his  successors.  Carew  has  tfie  ease 
without  the  pedantr^^  of  Waller,  and  perhaps  les^  conceit. 
He  reminds  us  of  the  best  manner  of  lord  Lytteltoq,  Wal- 
Ifer  is  too  exclusively  considered  as  the  first  man*  who 
brought  versification  to  any  thing  like  its  present  standard. 
Carew's  pretensions  to  the  same  merit  are  seldom  suf- 
ficiently either  considered  or  allowed.  Though  love  had 
long  before  softened  us  into  civility,  yet  it  was  of  a  formal  j 
ostentatious,  and  romantic  cast ;  and,  with  a  very  few  ex- 
ceptions, its  effects  upon  composition  were  similar  to  those 
on  mannet-s.  Something  more  light,  unaffected,  and  al- 
Ihring,  was  still  wanting :  in  every  thing  but  sincerity  of 
ifitefition  it  was  deficient.  Panegyric,  declamatory  and 
nauseous,  was  rated  by  those  to  whom  addressed.  On  thd 
principle  of  Rubens's  taste  for  beauty,  by  its  quantity, 
not  its  elegance.  Satire,  dealing  in  rancour  rather  than 
reproof,  was  m6r6  inclined  to  lash  than  to  laugh  us  out  ojf . 
our  vices ;  and  nearly  counteracted  her  intentions  by  her 
^ant  of  good  manners.  Carew  and  Waller  jointly  begaa 
to  remedy  these  defects.  In  them,  gallantry,  for  the  first 
time,  was  accompanied  by  the  graces,  the  fulsomeness  of' 
panegyric  forgot  its  gentility,  and  the  edge  of  satire  r€p«" 

yoL,viiu  K       ' 


242  C  A  R  E  W^ 

dered  keener  in  proportion  to  its  smoothness.     Suckling, 
says  of  oilr  author,  in  his  Session  of  the  Poets,  that 

•  '         *  the  issue  of  his  hrain 
Was  seldome  brought  forth  but  with  labour  and  pain.* 

*^  In  Lloyd's  Worthies,  Carew  is  likewise  called  *  elabo-' 
rate  and  accurate/  However  the  fact  might  be,  the  in- 
ternal evidence  of  his  poems  says  no  such  thing.  Hume 
has  properly  remarked,  that  Waller's  pieces  *  aspire  not  to 
th^  sublime,  still  less  to  the  pathetic'  Carew,  in  his 
beautiful  masque,  has  given  us  instances  of  the  former; 
and,  in  his  Epitaph  on  Lady  Mary  Villiers,  eminently  of 
the  latter.*'  * 

CAREY  (Henry),  earl  of  Monmouth,  was  the  eldest 
son  of  Robert,  the  first  earl  of  Monmouth,  who  died  in 
1639,   and  whose    **  Memoirs,"  written  by  himself,  and 
containing  some  curious  particulars  of  secret  history  of  the 
Elizabethan  period,  were  published  from  a  manuscript  in 
the  possession  of  the  late  earl  of  Corke  and  Orrery,  in 
1759;  8vo.     Henry,  his  son,  was  bprn  in  1596,  admitted 
d  fellow  commoner  of  Exeter  college,  Oxford,  at  the  age 
of  fifteen,  and  took  the  degree  of  B.  A.  in  1613,  after 
'which  he  was  sent  to  travel  into  foreign  countries.    In  1616 
he  was  made  a  knight  of  the  bath  at  the  creation  of  Charles 
prince  of  Wales.     In  1625  he  was  known  by  the  name  of 
lord  Lepington,  his  father's  title  before  he  was  created  earl 
of  Monmouth,''  and  was  noted.  Wood  says,  as  "  a  person 
well  skilled  in  modern  languages,  and  a  general  scholar." 
This  taste  for  study  was  his  consolation  when  the  depres-  • 
sion  of  the  nobility  after  the  death  of  Charles  I.  threw  many 
of  them  into  retirement.     He  died  June  13,   1661.     lu' 
Chauncey's  Hertfordshire  is  the  inscription  on  his  monument, 
in  the  church  at  Rickmanswortb,  which  mentions  his  livings 
forty-one  years  in  marriage,  with  his  countess,   Martha, 
daughter  of   the  lord  treasurer   Middlesex.     He   was  a 
most  laborious  writer,  but  chiefly  of  translations,  and,^  as 
l6rd  Orford  observes,  seems  to  have  distrusted  his  abilities,, 
and  to  have  made  the  fruits  of  his  studies  his  amusement 
rather  than  his  method  of  fame.     Of  bis  lordship's  publica- 
tions we  have,  1.  '^  Romulus  andTarquin  ;  or  De  Principe 
et  Tyraniio,"  Lond.  1637,  12mo,  a  translation  from  Mai- 
rezzi,  in  praise  of  which  sir  John  Suckling  has  some  versea 

^  niog.  Brit.-*^Cibber'g  Lives,  vdl.  I.— Censura  Literaria,  vol.  III.  and  IX. 
*-*Elti9'8  SpecimenB. — Ath.  OtL,  t«1.  l.-^Headley'i  BeauUeL-^Johttion  wni  Ghai« 
Herd's  Englifb  PoeU,  ISIO. 


CAREY.  243 

hi  his  "  Fragmenia  Aurea,"  and  others  were  prefixed  by 
Stapylton,  Davenant,  Carew,  &c.  It  came  to  a  third  edi* 
tioii  in  1648.  2.  **  Speech  in  the  house  of  peers,  Jan. 
30,  1641,  upon  occasion  of  the  present  distractions,  and 
of  his  Majesty's  removal  from  Whitehall,"  London,  1641. 

3.  <*  Historical  relations  of  the  United  Provinces,  aiid  of 
Flanders,*'  London,  1652,  fol.  translated  from  Ben tivoglio, 

4.  "  History  of  the  Wars  in  Flanders,"  ibid.  1654,  fol.  fronn 
the  same  author,  with  a  portrait  of  the  translator.  5.  ^^  Ad- 
vertisement from  Parnassus,  in  two  Centuries:  with  the 
politic  touchstone,^*  ibid.  1656,  fol.  from  Boccalini.  6. 
"  Politic  Discourses,  in  six  books,"  ibid.  1657,  fol.  7. 
"  History  of  Venice,"  ibid.  1658,  fol.  both  from  Paul  Pa* 
ruta,  a  noble  Venetian.  8.  **  The  use  of  Passions,"  ibid. 
1649  and  1671,  8vo,  from  the  French  of  J.  F.  Senault.  9. 
"  Man  become  guilty  ;  or  the  corruption  of  his  nature  by 
sin,"  ibid,  from  the  same  author.  10.*  "  The  History  of 
the  late  Wars  of  Christendom,*'  1641,  fol.  which  lord  Or- 
ford  thinks  is  the  same  work  with  his  translation  of  **  Sir 
Francis  Biondi's  History  of  the  Civil  Wars  of  England, 
between  the  houses  of  York  and  Lancaster."  1 1.  *'  Ca- 
priata's  "  History  of  Italy,"  1663,  fol.  His  lordship  began 
also  to  translate  from  the  Italian  ."  Priorato's  History  of 
France,"  but  died  before  he  could  finish  it.  It  was  com- 
pleted by  William  Brent,  esq.,  and  printed  at  London, 
1677. » 

CAREY  (Henry),  a  musical  composer  and  poet,  once 
of  great  popular  reputation,  was  an  illegitimate  son  of 
George  Savile,  marquis  of  Halifax,  who  had  the  honour  of 
presenting  the  crown   to  William  IIL     Car^y  is  said  to 
have  received  an  annuity  from  a  branch  of  that  family  till 
the  day  of  his  death,  and  he  annexed  the  name  of  Savile 
to  the  Christian  names  of  all  the  male  part  of  his  own  family. 
At  what  period  he  was  born  is  not  known.    His  first  lessons 
in  music  he  had  from  one  Lennert,  a  German,  and  had  some 
instructions  also  from  Roseingrave  and  Geminiani,  but  he 
liever  attained  much  depth  in  the  science.     The  extent  of 
his  abilities  seems  to  have  been  the  composition  of  a  ballad 
air,  or  at  most  a  little  cantata,  to  which  he  was  just  able 
to  set  a  bass ;  yet  if  mere  popularity  be  the  test  of  genius, 
Carey  was  one  of  the  first  in  his  time.     His  chief  employ- 

1  Ath.  Ox.  vol.  U.    Park's  Royal  and  Nohle  Authors. -^Lloyd's  MemoirSt 
Ibl.  p.  650. — Ccnsura  Ut.  vol.  II.  and  III. 

K  2 


^44  e  A  R  E  Y. 

ment  was  teaching  the  boarding-schools,  and  aiiu)i»g  peo*. 
pie  of  middling  rank  in  private  families,  before  tradesmen's 
daughters,  destined  to  be  tradesmen's  wives>  were  put 
under  the  tuition  of  the  first  professors. 

Though  Carey  bad  but  little  skill  in  music,  he  had  a 
prolific  invention,  and  very  early  in  his  li£e  distingntsbed. 
himself  by  the  composition  of  spngs,  being  the  author  both 
of  the  words  and  music.     One  of  these,  beginning  ^^  Of  all 
the  girls  that  are  so  smart,'*  and  since  its  late  revival,  known 
by  the  name  of  ^  Sally  in  our  alley,''  be  set  to  an  air  so 
very  pleasant  and  original,  as  still  to  retain  its  popular  cfaa« 
racter.     Addison  praised  it  for  the  poetry,  and  Geminiani 
for  the  tune.     In  1715  he  produced  two  farces>  one  of 
which,  '^  The  Contrivances,"  had  considerable  success.    In 
1720  he  pub  lilted  a  small  collection  of  '^  Poems;"  and  ia 
1722,  a  farce  called  ^*  Hanging  and  Marriage."     In  1732 
he  published  six  ^^  Cantatas,*'  written  and  composed  by 
himself;  and  about  the  same  time  composed  several  songs 
for  the  ^'  Provoked  Husband"  and  other  modern  coiftediea* 
In  172^,  he  published,  by  subscription,  bis  poems  much 
enlarged,   with  the  addition   of   one  entitled  ^'  Namby 
Pamby,"  in  ridicule  of  Ambrose  Phillips^s  lines  on  the  in- 
iknt  daughter  of  lord  Carteret.  Carey's  talent  lay  in  broad, 
burlesque  humour ;  and  in  ridicule  of  the  bombast  of  mo- 
dern tragedies,  he  produced  his  ^^  Chrononhotontliologos," 
in  1734,  which  will  always  be  in  season,  as  long  as  extras 
vagance  and  bombast^  are  encouraged  on  the  stage.     He 
also  wrote  a  farce  called  the  ^  Honest  Yorkshireman,^ 
which  was  very  successful :  two  interludes,  "  Nancy,"  and 
^  Thomas  and  Sally ,'^  and  two  serious  operas,  ^^  Amelia,'* 
set  to  music  by  John  Frederic  Lampe,  and  ^^  Teraminta," 
by  John  Christopher  Smith,  Handel's  disciple,  friend,  and 
successor,    in  superintending  the    performance   of   ora** 
torios.   The  year  1737  was  rendered  memorable  at  Covent- 
garden  theatre  by  the  success  of  the  burlesque  op^ra  of  th^ 
**  Drstgon  of  Wantley,"  written  by  Carey,    and  set    by 
Lampe,  '^  after  the  Italian  manner."     This  excellent  piec« 
of  humour  had  run  twenty-two  nights,  when  it  was  stopped^ 
with  all  other  public  amusements,  by  the  death  of  her  ma* 
jesty  queen   Caroline,   November  20,   but  was  resumed 
again  on  the  opening  of  the  theatres  in  January  fellowing, 
and  supported  as  many  representations  as  the  Beggar'a 
^pera  had' done,  ten  years  before.     And  if  Gay's  original 
intention  in  writing  his  musical  drama  was  to  ridicule  the 


c  A  R  I;  Y.  us 

*  opera,  the  execution  of  hi*  plan  was  not  so  happy  as  that 
of  Carey  ;  in  which  the  mock  heroic,  tuneful  monster,  reci- 
tative, splendid  habits,  and  style  of  music,  all  conspired  to  re- 
mind the  audience  of  what  they  bad  seen  atid  heard  at  the  lyric 
theatre,  more  effectually  than  the  most  Tdlg^ir  street  tunes 
could  do ;  and  much  more  innocently  than  the  tricks  and 
transactions  of  abandoned  tliievcs  ana  prostitutes.  Lampe's 
music  to  this  farcical  drama,  was  not  only  excellent  fifty 
years  ago,  but  is  still  modern  and  in  good  taste.  In  1738^ 
**  Margery,  or  the  Dragoness,"  a  sequel  to  the  "  Dragon 
of  Wantley,"  written  with  equal  humour,  and  as  well  set 
by  Lampe,  came  out ;  but  had  the  fate  of  all  sequels. 
When  the  novelty  of  a  subject  is  faded  away,  and  the 
ebaracters  have  been  developed,  it  is  difEcult  to  revive  the 
curiosity  of  the  public  about  persoris  and  things  of  which 
opinions  are  already  formed.  The  "  Dragoness"  appeared 
but  few  nights,  and  was  ne^'er  revived. 

As  Carey  was  an  entertaining  companion,  he  shaded  the 
fate  of  those  who  mistake  the  roar  of  the  tabl^  for  friend- 
ship. At  first,  however,  he  was  not  altogether  disappointed. 
The  publication  of  his  songs  in  1740  in  a  collection  en- 
titled **The  Musical  Century,"  and  of  his  dramatic  Works  in 
1743,  in  a  small  quarto  volume,  was  encouraged  by  a  nu- 
merous subscription.  But  he  who  administered  to  the 
mirth  of  others,  was  himself  unhappy;  afid  whether  from 
embarrassed  circumstances,  domestic  uneasiness,  or,  as  has 
been  supposed,  the  malevolence  of  some  of  his  own  pro- 
fession, he  sunk  into  despondency,  and  put  an  end  to  his 
life  by  a  cord,  Oct.  4,  1743,  at  his  house  in  Warner-street, 
Cold  Bath  Fields.  Carey's  humour,  however  low,  was  never 
offensive  to  decency,  and  all  his  songs  have  a  moral  or 
patriotic  tendency.  As  to  his  claim  to  the  honour  of  hav- 
ing composed  our  great  national  air  of  *^  God  save  the 
King,"  which  his  son,  the  subject  of  the  next  article,  fre- 
quently brought  forward.  Dr.  Burney  is  of  opinion  that  it 
wa*  of  prior  date,  written  for  James  II.  while  the  prince 
of  Orange  was  hovering  over  the  coast ;  and  when  th^  lat- 
ter became  king,  was  forgot.  It  is  certain  that  in  1745, 
when  Dr.  Arne  harmonized  it  for  Drury-lane  theatre^  and 
Dr.  Bumey  for  Covent- garden,  the  original  author  of  the 
melody  was  wholly  uukuowu. — ^The  wTiter  of  a  "  Succinct 
Account"  of  Carey,  says  that  be  wa^be  principal  pro- 
jector of  the  fund  for  decayed  musicians,  which  was  held. 


246  C  A  HE  y. 

when  first  established^  at  the  Turk's  head  in  Gerrard-street^ 
Soho.  * 

CAREY  (George  Savile),  son  of  the  above,  inherited 
a  considerable  portion  of  his  father's  taste  and  spirit,  and 
much, of  his  misfortunes.  He  was  intended  for  a  printer, 
but  his  **  stage-struck  mind"  led  him  to  the  theatres,  in 
which  he  had  little  success^  yet  enough  to  give  him  a  wan- 
dering unsettled  disposition.  For  forty  years,  he  employ- 
ed himself  in  composing  and  singing  a  vast  number  of 
popular  songs,  chiefly  of  the  patriotic  kind,  in  which  there 
was  not  much  genuine  poetry,  or  cultivated  music.  These 
he  performed  from  town  to  town,  in  what  he  called  '^  Lec- 
tures.*' He  wrote  also  from  1766  to  1792,  several  farces, 
a  list  of  which  may  be  seen  in  the  Biographia  Dramatica, 
and  by  the  performance  of  which  he  earned  temporary 
supplies.  Like  his  father,  he  excluded  every  thing  inde-> 
cent  or  immoral  from  his  compositions.  Besides  these 
dramatic  pieces,  he  wrote,  1.  ^^  Analects  in  prose  and 
verse,"  1771,  2  vols.  2.  **  A  Lecture  on  Mimickry,"  ^ 
^alent  in  which  he  excelled,  1776.  3.  ^^  A  Rural  Ramble," 
1777  ;  and  4.  "  Balnea,  or  sketches  of  the  different  Water- 
ing-places in  England,"  1799.  He  died  July  14,  18©7, 
aged  sixty-four,  being  born  the  year  his  father  died,  and 
was  buried  by  a  subscription  among  his  friends,  having 
never  realized  any  property,  or  indeed  having  been  ever 
anxious  but  for  the  passing  hour. ' 

CARITEO,  whose  family  name  has  been  lost  in  his 
poetical  appellation,  was  a  distinguished  literary  ornament 
of  Naples  in  the  fifteenth  century.  He  is  said  to  have 
been  a  native  of  Barcelona,  and  was  related  to  Corvinus, 
bishop  of  Massa,  who  was  also  a  member  of  the  academy 
of  Napl«;^.  Of  his  friendly  intercourse  with  the  first  scho- 
lars and  chief  nobility  of  Naples,  and  even  with  the  indi- 
viduals of  the  reigning  family  there,  his  works  aiford  innu- 
merable instances,  whilst  in  those  of  Sanazzarius  and  Pon- 
tanusj,  he  is  frequently  mentioned  with  particular  affection 
and  commendation.  His  writings,  which  are  wholly  in 
the  Italian  tongue,  were  collected  and  published  by  his 
surviving  friend  Peter  Summonte,  at  Naples,  1509,  4to ; 
but  before  this  were  published  ^*  Sonetti  e  Canzoni  del 

**  Hawkins  and  Btimey's  Hist,  of  Music,  and  the  latter  in  Rees's  Cyclopaedia* 
-»4!^Dt.  Ma|^.  vol.  LXV,  -  p.  544. — ^Biographia  Dramatica. 
9  Biog.  Dramatica.— Gent  Mag.  voL  LXXVLt 


f 


C  A  R  I  T  E  O.  247 

Gbariteo  intitolati :  Endimione  a  la  Liina,''  Naples,  1506, 
4to;  Venice,  1507,  8 vo;  and  in  1519,  appeared  "Opera 
nuova,  e  amorosa  composta,  &c.'*  8vo,  a  very  rare  book.  His 
writings  are  characterised  by  a  vigour  of  sentiment,  and  a 
genuine  vein  of  poetry;  and  without  rivalling  the  ele« 
jgance  of  the  Tusoan  poets,  they  possess  a  considerable 
share  of  ease  and  harmony.  One  of  his  Canzone  may  be 
seen  in  our  authority.  * 

CARISSIMI  (GiACOMO,  or  Jam£s),  a  Roman  musical 
composer  of  the  seventeeo^  century,  whose  productions 
were  not  only  the  delight  of  his  contemporaries,  but  are 
still  sought  and  hoarded  by  the  curious  as  precious  relics, 
was,  \ety  early  in  life,  appointed  master  of  the  cha- 
|>el  to  the  Getman  college  at  Rome,  in  preference  to  all 
other  candidates.  Alberto  delle  Valle,  an  excellent  judge 
of  music,  speaking  of  the  compositions  of  Carissimi,  which 
he  heard  at  Rome,  without  knowing  his  name,  says,  that 
he  had  heard  the  vespers  performed  on  Easter  Monday,  by 
the  niins  only,  at  the  church  dello  Spirito  Santo,  in  florid 
music,  with  such  perfection  ^  he  never  in  his  life  had 
heard  before  ;  and  on  the  last  Christmas-eve,  in  attending 
the  whole  service  at  the  church  of  St.  Apollinare,  where 
every  part  of  it  was  performed  agreeably  to  so  solemn  an 
occasion ;  though,  by  arriving  too  late,  he  w^  obliged  to 
stand  the  whole  time  in  a  very  great  crowd,  he  remained 
(here  with  the  utmost  pleasure,  to  hear  the  excellent  music 
that  was  performed.  In  the  beginning,  lie  was  particularly- 
enchanted  by  the  "  Venite  exultemus,^'  which  w^as  more 
/exquisite  than  words  can  describe.  **  I  know  not,"  says 
Valle,  '^  who  was  the  author  of  it,  but  suppose  it  to  halve 
been  the  production  of  the  Maestro  di  Capella  of  that 
church."  There  was  no  master  in  Italy  at  this  time,  1640, 
whose  compositions  this  description  will  so  well  suit,  as 
those  of  the  admirable  Carissimi,  who  was  now,  in  all  pro- 
bability, the  Maestro  di  Capella  in  question.  It  was  in 
composing  for  this  church  that  he  acquired  that  great  and 
extensive  reputation  which  be  enjoyed  during  a  long  life, 
and  which  his  offspring,  or  musical  productions,  still  de- 
servedly enjoy.  * 

Kircher,  in  his  Musurgia,  (tom.i.  p.  603.)  after  de- 
scribing his  music  and  its  effects  in  terms  of  high  panegyric, 
ppesks  of  him  as  a  master  then  living,  1 650,  who  had  long 

'  Roscoe*8  Life  of  l^eo. 


S48  CA^ISSIMI. 

filled  the  j)lace  ,of  composer  to  the  CoUegio  ApoIUnariB  wiU| 
great  reputation,  and  according  to  Mattheson,  he  was  living 
IQ  1672.  His  sacred  and  secular  cantatas,  and  motets^ 
have  always  had  admission  into  every  collection  of  goo4 
music.  It  has  been  often  asserted  by  musical  writers  th^t 
vhe  vvas  the  inventor  of  cantatas ;  but  these  monodies  had 
a  pore  early  origin.  Carissimi,  however,  must  be  allowed 
not  only  the  merit  of  transferring  the  invention  from  the 
chamber  to  the  church,  where  he  first  introduced  cantatas 
on  sacred  subjects,  but  of  greatly  improving  recitative  in 
general,  rendering  it  a  more  expressive,  articulate,  and 
intelligible  language,  by  its  approximation  to  speech  and 
declamation.  Many  of  Carissimi^s  works  are  preserved  in 
the  British  Museum,  and  in  Dr.  Aldrich^s  collection  at 
Christ  church,  Oxford.  * 

CARLETON  (Sir  Dudley),  Lord  Dorchester,  aq 
eminent  statesman  in  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  the  eldest  surviving  son  of  Anthony  Carleton,  esq. 
of  Baldwin  Brightwell,  near  Watlington,Oxon.  was  born  at  his 
father^s  seat,  March  10,  1573.  He  was  educated  at  West- 
ininster  school,  and  at  Oxford,  where  he  became  a  student 
of  Christ  church  about  1591,  and  distinguished  as  a  young 
man  of  parts.  From  hence,  after  taking  a  bachelor's  de- 
gree in  1595,  he  set  out  on  his  travels,  and  on  his  return 
to  Oxford,  was  created  master  of  arts  in  July  1600.  Iq 
the  same  year  we  find  him  appointed  secretary  to  sir  Tho- 
mas Parry,  our  ambassador  in  France ;  and  in  1 603  he  served 
in  the  same  capacity  in  the  house  of  Henry  earl  of  Nor- 
thumberland. He  probably  became  afterwards  a  courtier^ 
as  he  speaks  in  one  of  his  letters  of  holding  the  place  of 
gentleman  usher.  In  the  first  parliament  of  James  I.  he 
represented  the  borough  of  St.  Mawes  in  Cornwall,  and 
ivas  considered  as  an  active  member  ^nd  an  able  speaker. 
In  April  1605,  he  accompanied  lord  Norris  into  Spain,  but 
in  the  latter  end  of  that  year  was  suifimoned  to  £ngland| 
;:nd  on  his  arrival  imprisoned,  as  being  implicated  in  th<^ 
gunpowder  treason ;  but  his  innocence  being  proved,  be 
was  honourably  discharged.  In  1 607  he  married  a  piece 
of  sir  Maurice  Carey,  with  whom  he  resided  some  time  iii 
Chancery -lane,  and  afterwards  in  Little  St.  l^artholomew's, 
near  West  Smith  field.  At  this  period  he  appears  to  have 
been  unprovided  for^  as  in  one  of  his  letters  h,e  complain^ 

'  Hawkini  and  Burney'i  Hitt  of  Moste,  a»d  Dr.  Burj^ey  in  Re€i*f  Cyclopadia. 


•       p  A  H  L  5  T  O  N.  «» 

p{  aa  "  luripy  ff  difficmHips,  »  (Jisajr  yf»r«  a  pldgi^y  towo,  a 
growing  wife,  a.iwj  a  poor  pui^."  Atltf  r  ]^eing4i9ftpppiBttedi, 
/rpm  political  reasons,  in  two  ;prQsqpf<^,  that  pf  going  to 
IreJanjci^  ap.d  th^t  of  goiiig  to  J^rvsseis,  in  ao  official  ca^ 
pacitjy  he  \^:as  nominated  to  the  eipt^assy  at  V^nipe,  and 
.before  setting  out,  in  Sept.  1610,  received  die  botiaiir  of 
,!knigbthood.  Tiie  functions  of  this  apppiiHiaisnt  h^  4is^ 
charged  with  great  ability,  and  4^oon  proved  tWt  he  w^ 
qualified  for  diploanatic  affairs.  In  1615,  h^  returaed  to 
England,  ^ir  Henry  Wotton  being  appointed  in  hi^  roon^ 
and  on  bU  arrival  found  all  ministerial  ppyver  and  favour 
/^entered  in  sir  Qeorge  Vitliers,  afterwards  duke  of  Bu^ki- 
ingham.  Soon  after,  on  the  recommendation  of  sir  Kalph 
Winwood,  one  of  the  secretaries  of  atat^,  he  was  employed 
in  what  was  then  one  of  the  most  important  embassies  ift 
the  gift  of  the  crown,  that  to  th^  States  Gieoeral  of  Hc^Und^ 
and  in  this  he  continued  from  1616  to  1|S26,  and  was  the 
}ast  English  minister  who  had  the  honour  of  sitting  in  the 
council  of  state  for  the  United  Provinces,  a  privilege  wbieb 
queen  Elizabeth  had  wisely  obtained,  when  she  undertook 
the  protection  of  these  provinces,  and.whiqiji  wa^  aonesied 
jl;o  the  possession  of  the  pautipn^^ry  tpWQ$. 

On  his  arriv^  in  Holland,  h^  wa$  sppa  involyed  m  ibe 
disputes  which  then  raged  between  the  Ara^Qiani  audi 
Calvinists;  and  as  the  Frenc)i  supported  t.h0  pemaio^arf 
Baruevelt,  sir  Dudley  topk  the  part  pf  pripee  MaUriicew 
His  situation  liere,  owing  to  the  poli|;ic§  of  tk^  d^ike  of 
Buckingham  and  other  events,  which  belong  to  the  hi»i)ory 
of  the  tunes,  was  one  of  peculiar  delicacy  aod  dif^uUy ; 
yet  he  appears  to  have  conducted  himself  as  aoftba^sador 
from  England,  fA^ith  great;  wisdoni,  fir^m^cts,  and  prudooice. 
Tbinl^ing  tlxat  such  services  merited  some  reward,  and  aa 
every  thing  of  that  kind  depended  on  the  duke  of  Buckings 
bam,  sir  Dudley  addressed  his  grac^  on  tb^  subject  in  a 
strain  of  servility  and  adulation,  which  might  diminish  our 
respect  (ox  his  character,  if  we  were  to  forget  the  relative 
state  of  the  parties.  We  do  npt  find,  hpwever,  that  hia 
application  w£^  at  this  time  successful. 

In  December  1625,  soon  after  his  return  to  England,  he 
was  appointed  vice  chamberlain  of  his  m^esty's  household^ 
^nd  at  the  same  time  was  joined  with  earl  lioliaod  in  am 
embassy  to  France,  respecting  the  restitutiop  of  the  ships, 
yi^hich  had  been  lien t  to  Louis  XIII.  and  w^re  employed 
f gs^nst  the  Ilocbeller^ ;  tp  obtai^i  i^  p^ce  fojr  the  Frenohi 


850  C  A  R  L  E  T  O  N.      ' 

protestants  agreeably  to  former  edicts,  and  to  obtain  the 
French  accession  to  the  treaty  of  the  Hague.  Although  all 
these  objects  were  not  attained  in  the  fullest  intention^  yet 
the  ambassadors  were  thought  entitled  to  commendation 
for  their  firm  and  prudent  management  of  the  various  con* 
ferences.  On  their  return  in  March  1625*6,  they  found 
the  parliament  sitting,  and  the  nation  inflamed  to  the 
highest  degree  at  tha  mismanagement  of  public  affairs* 
At  this  crisis,  sir  Dudley  Carleton,  who  represented  Has- 
tings in  Sussex,  endeavoured  to  mitigate  the  violence  of 
the  commons  in  their  impeachment  of  the  duke  of  Buck- 
ingham ;  but  his  arguments,  although  not  well  suited  to 
the  humour  of  the  times,  were  acceptable  at  court,  and 
immediately  after  he  was  called  up  to  the  house  of  peers 
by  the  style  and  title  of  Baron  Carleton  of  Imbercourt  in 
the  county  of  Surrey :  and  his  next  employment  was  more 
fully  adapted  to  his  talents.  This  was  an  embassy-extraor- 
dinary to  France  to  justify  the  sending  away  of  the  queea 
of  England's  French  servants^  which  he  managed  with  his 
usual  skill. 

In  March  1626-7,  he  was  ordered  to  resume  his  cha- 
racter of  ambassador  in  Holland,  where  our  interest,  from 
various  causes,  was  on  the  decline,  and  required  all  his 
address  and  knowledge  to  revive  it.  He  had  many  con- 
versations with  the  states  on  the  existing  differences,  his 
conduct  in  all  which  received  the  approbation  of  his  royajl 
master,  but  he  had  not  the  same  influence  with  the  States 
as  on  former  occasions ;  and  returned  in  May  or  June  1628, 
leaving  as  his  deputy,  Mr,  Dudley  Carleton,  his  nephew, 
i¥ho  had  discharged  that  trust  before  during  bis  absence, 
with  diligence  and  capacity.  Soon  after  his  arrival  in 
England,  king  Charles  bestowed  an  additional  mark  of  his 
approbation,  by  creating  him  viscount  Dorchester;  and 
in  the  mean  time  he  continued  to  attend  the  court  in  his 
office  of  vice  chamberlain,  and  was  employed  in  foreign 
affairs  of  the  most  secret  nature,  as  assistant  to  the  duke 
of  -Buckingham.  »*  When  that  minister  set  out  for  Ports- 
mouth to  take  the  command  of  the  fleet  and  army,  which 
was  preparing  for  the  relief  of  Rochelle,  lord  Dorchester 
accompanied  him,  and  was  entrusted  by  Contarini,  the 
Venetian  Ambassador  here,  to  manage  the,  first  overtures 
of  an  accommodation  with  France,  which  was. interrupted 
by  the  murder  of  the  duke  of  Buckingham.  King  Charles 
then  declared  be  would,  for  thefuturej  be  his  own  first 


C  A  R  L  E  T  O  N.  251 

minister,  and  leave  the  executive  part  of  the  administraw 
tion  to  every  man  within  the  compass  of  his  province.  The 
iirst  question  of  importance  which  came  before  the  coun- 
cil was,  whether  the  parliament  should  sit  on  the  day  ap- 
pointed, the  20th  of  October.  Some  were  of  opinion,  that 
it  would  be  the  most  probable  method  of  restoring  a  happy 
union  between  the  king  and  his  people ;  but  his  majesty 
declared  his  pleasure  for  a  further  prorogation  till  the  20th 
of  January,  162S«9,  which  lord  Dorchester,  says  he  thought 
the  wisest  course. 

The  king  was  now  determined  to  give  the  seals  of  se- 
cretary of  $tate  to  lord  Dorchester ;  and  as  the  measure 
was  taken,  though,  not  yet  divulged,  of  making  peace  as 
soon  as  possible  bota  with  France  and  Spain,  he  judged  it 
of  the  utmost  consequence  to  have  one  in  that  department, 
whosp  judgment  and  skill  in  negotiation  had  been  exercised 
in  a  long  course  of  foreign  employment.  Lord  Conway 
hful  for  several  years  discharged  tdat  great  trust,  ac- 
cording to  the  earl  of  Clarendon's  expression,  with  notable 
insufficiency,  s^nd  a$  old  age  and  sickness  were  now  added 
»to  his  original  incapacity,  the  court  and  nation  must  with 
great  satisfaction  have^seen  him  succeeded  by  so  able  a 
minister  as  lord  Dorchester,  but  the  parliament,  when  it 
met  00  the  day  appointed,  agreed  no  better  with  the  court 
^an  it  had  done  in  the  preceding  session.  The  lord  trea- 
surer Weston,  and  Dr.  Laud,  bishop  of  London,  were 
become  as  great  objects  of  national  dislike  as  Buckingham 
had  ever  been,  while  the  commons  shewed  their  aversion 
to  Westpn  in  the  state,  and  to  Laud  in  the  church,  by 
Warm  remonstrances  against  the  illegal  exaction  of  tonnage 
and  poundage,  and  the  increase  of  Popish  and  Arminian 
doctrines  ;  on  which  account  the  king  dissolved  the  house 
on  the  10th  of  March.  According  to  some  writers,  lord 
Dorchester  in  this  parliament  proposed  the  laying  an  ex- 
jcise  upon  the  nation,  which  was  taken  so  ill,  that  though 
he  was  a  privy  counsellor,  and  principal  secretary  of  state, 
he  with  difficulty  escaped  being  committed  to  the  Tower. 
Of  this  story,  which  we  believe  originated  in  Howel's  let- 
ters, and  is  referred  to  in  Lloyd's  State  Worthies,  we  find 
no  traces  in  the  parliamentary  history,  or  in  the  lords  and 
commons  journals.  It  is,  however,  generally  inferred  from 
the  authority  of  the  ^arl  of  Clarendon,  that  lord  Dorchester 
was  better  acquainted  with  the  management  of  foreign  af- 
fairs,, than  with  the  gonstitution.  Laws,  and  customs  of  his 


P*8  CARL  Et  on; 

jown  country.  In  his  capadty  of  secretary  of  statei  he  w^ 
a  chief  agent  in  carrying  on  and  completing  the  treaties 
with  France  and  Spain ;  and  besides  these,  be  directed  in 
the  course  of  the  years  1629  and  1630,  the  negociations 
of  sir  Henry  Vane  in  tiolland,  and  sir  Thomas  Roe  in 
Poland  and  the  maritime  parts  of  Germany.  The  former 
was  sent  to  the  Hague,  to  explain  to  the  States  the  motives 
of  our  treaty  with  Spain,  and  to  sound  their  dispositions 
•about  joining  in  it;  and  the  latter  was  employ^  as  me- 
dicitor  between  the  kings  of  Sweden  and  Poland;  after 
which  he  was  very  instrumental  in  persuading  the  heroic 
Gubtavus  Adoiphus  to  undertake  his  German  expeditioif. 
Lord  Dorchester  appears,  likewise,  to  have  kept  up  a  pri- 
vate correspondence  with  the  queen  of  Bohemia,  who  rising 
superior  to  her  misfortunes,  he  used  the  best  ofiEices  in  his 
power  to  prevent  misunderstandings  between  her  and  the 
king  her  brother ;  and  he  gave  her  advice,  when  the  occa- 
sion reqtiired  it,  with  the  freedom  and  sincerity  of  an  old 
friend  and  servant. 

Lord  Dorchester  did  not  live  to  see  an  end  of  the  per- 
plexed negociations  on  the  affairs  of  Germany,  and  the 
restitution  of  the  Palatinate;  for«  having  long  struggled 
with  the  disorders  occasioned  by  frequent  returns  of  the 
stone  and  gravel,  he  died  Feb.  15,  16S1-32,  in  the  fifty- 
ninth  year  of  his  age,  and  was  interred  in  Westminster- 
abbey.  Having  no  heirs,  his  title  became  extinct,  but 
was  revived  in  1786,  in  the  person  of  general  sir  Guy 
Carleton,  of  another  family. 

With  regard  to  the  general  abilities  and  character  of 
lord  Dorchester,  it  appears  from  all  his  political  remains, 
that  he  was  a  judicious,  faithful,  and  diligent  noinister,  and 
better  qualified  for  his  department  than  any  who  were  his 
immediate  predecessors  or  i^uccessors  in  the  same  office* 
King  Charles  himself,  who  wa^  a  good  judge  of  bis  ser- 
vants' abilities,  used  to  say,  as  sir  P.  Warwick  relates  ia 
his  jyiemoirs,  ^^  that  he  had  two  secretaries  of  state,  the 
lords  Dorchester  and  Falkland ;  onQ  of  whom  was  a  dull 
man  in  comparison  of  the  other,  and  yet  pleased  him  the 
best ;  for  he  always  brought  him  his  own  thoughts  in  his 
own  words ;  the  latter  cloathed  them  in  so  fine  a  dress,  that 
he  did  not  always  know  them  again/*  Allowing  for  some 
defects  of  stiffness  and  circumlocution,  which  are  commoa 
to  all  the  writings  of  that  time,  lord  Dorchester's  dispatches 
fure  drawn  up  in  th^t  plain,  perspicuous,  and  unaffected 


C  A  R  L  E  T  O  N;  »5* 

slile  which  was  fittest  for  basiness.     Domestie  concetnsr 
were  ik)  part  of  his  proTUice,  but  entively  managed  by  the 
Iprd  ureasurer  Westoa  and  archbishop  Laud.     He  held  the 
pen  singly  in  foreign  sifFairs,  and  was  regretted  by  those 
Tpho  were  used  to  receive  the  instructions  of  govern  meut 
from  a  secretary  of 'state^  upon  whom  they  could  depend 
that  he  would  make  a  just  report  of  their  services,  and  tbeft 
he  would  not  mislead  or  misrepresent  the  ministers  with 
whom  he  corresponded.     That  he  died  much  lamented  by 
the  public  in  general,  and  with  the  reputation  of  an  honest 
and,  well- deserving  statesnany  is  declared  by  sir  Thomas 
Hoe^  in  a  manuscript  letter  to  a  friend  in  Holland.     The 
earl  of  Clarendon's  assertion^   that  lord   Dorchester  was 
unacqnaiuted  with  the  government,  laws,  and  customs  of 
his  own  country,  and  the  nature  of  the  people,  is  disputed 
by  Dn.Birchv  mhis  **  Review  of  the  Negociations,"  who 
considers  it  as  absohitely  incompaitible  with  the  experience 
wUeh  he  must  have  acquired  in  the  house  of  commons. 
Biut^  not  to  mention  that  the  noble  historian,  who  had  no 
pvcgiudice  against  his  lordship,  could  not  well  b^  deceived 
iu  the  fact,  it  is,  we  think,  confirmed  by  the  figure  he 
made  in  the  parliament  of  16*29,  and  by  his  acquiescence 
in  all  the  obnoxious  measures  of  Buckingham,  Weston, 
and  Laud.     The  following  articles  are  attributed   to  his 
pen,  by  Anthony  Wood  and  lord  Orford  :  1.  "  Balance 
pour  peser  en  toute  equit^  &  droicture  la  Harangue  fait 
vagiteres  en  P Assemblee  des  illustres  &  puissans  Seignoures 
Messeigneurs  les  Estats  generaux  des  Provinces  Unies  du 
Pjaisbas,  &c."  1618, 4to.    2,  «*  Harangue  fait  au  Counseile 
de  Mess,  les  Estats  generaux  des  Provinces  Unies,  tou- 
chant  le  Discord  &  te  Troubles  de  TEglise  &  la  Police, 
€ius6s  par  la  Doctrine  d'Arminius,"  6  Oct.  1617,  printed 
with  the  former.     3.  Various  Letters  in  the  ^^  Cabala,  or 
Strinia  sacra,^*  London,  1663,  fol.     4.  Various  ^Letters  to 
<Jeoi^e,  duke  of  Buckingham,  in  "  Cabal$i,  or  Mysteries  of 
State,**  London,  1654,  4to.     5.  Several  French  and  Latin 
Letters  to  the  learned  Vossius,  printed  in  "  Ger.  Jo.  Vossii 
&  clarorum  Virorum  ad  eum  Epistolae,"^  London,  1690,  foL 
6^  Several  Speeches  in   Parliament,   in  1626,   in   Rush- 
worth's  Collections.     7.  Several  Letters  in  the  three  vo- 
lumes of  **  Sir  Ralph  Winwood*s  Memorials,"  published  at 
London,  in  folio,  1725.     8.  A  Letter  to  the  earl  of  Salis- 
bury, printed  in  "  Howard's  Collection."      9.    Memoirs 
for  Disjpatches  of  political  Affairs  relating  to  Htdland  and* 


«64  G  A  R  L  E  T  O  N- 

England,  ann«  1618;  with  several  Propositions  made  to  tbe 
States. — Manuscript.     10.  Particular  Observations  of  the 
military  Affairs  in  the  Palatinate,  and  the  Low  Countriesi 
annis   1621,   1622. — Manuscript.     11.  Letters  relating  to 
State  Affairs,  written  to  the  king  and  viscount  Rochester^ 
from  Venice,  ann.   1613. — Manuscript.     The  manuscript 
pieces  here, mentioned,  are  probably  no  more  than  parts  of 
the  collections  preserved  in  the  Paper  office.  :  The  letters 
from  and  to  sir  Dudley  Carleton,  during  his  embassy  in 
Holland,  from  January  1615-16,  to  December  1620,  pro- 
perly selected,  and  as  occasion  required,  abridged,  or  only 
noted,  'Were  published  by  the  late  earl  of  Hardwicke,  in 
1757,  in  one  vol.  4to,  with  an  historical  preface.    The  se- 
cond edition  of  the  same  work,  with  lar^e  additions  to  the 
historical  preface,  appeared  in  1775,  and  has  been  twice 
reprinted  since.  These  letters,  if  some  allowances  be  made 
for  parjy  violences  and  prejudices,   contain  more  clear, 
accurate,  and  interesting  accounts  of  that  remarkable  pe- 
riod of  Dutch  history  to  which  they  relate,  than  are  any 
where  extant.      There  are,    likewise,    discussed    in   the 
course  of  them,  many  points  of  great  importance,  at  that 
time,  to  the  English  commerce.     Lord  Hardwicke's  excel- 
lent preface  has  furnished  the  materials  of  the  present 
sketch.  * 

CARLETON  (George),  a  learned  bishop  in  the  seiven- 
teenth  century,  son  of  Guy,  second  son  of  Thomas  Carle- 
ton,  of  Carleton-hall,  in  Cumberland,  was  born  at  Norham, 
in  Northumberland,  of  whose  important  castle  his  father 
was  then  governor.  By  the  care  of  the  eminent  Bernard 
Gilpin,  he  was  educated  in  grammar-learning ;  and  when 
fit  for  the  university,  sent  by  the  same  generous  person  to 
Edmund-hall  in  Oxford,  in  the  beginning  of  the  year 
1576,  and  was  by  him  chiefly  maintained  in  his  studies. 
On  the  12th  of  February  1579-80,  he  took  his  degree  of 
B.  A.  at  the  completing  of  which,  he  exceeded  all  tliat 
performed  their  exercises  at  that  time.  ^  The  same  year 
he  was  elected  probationer  fellow  of  Merton-coUege,  and 
remained  in  that  society  above  five  years  before  he  pro- 
ceeded in  his  faculty,  not  taking  the  degree  of  M.  A.  till 
June  the  14th,  1585.  While  he  remained  in  college,  he 
was  esteemed  a  great  orator  and  poet,  and  in  process  of 

1  Preface  as  above.— Biog.  Brit. —Lloyd's  SUte  Worthies.— Ath.  Ox.  rol.  I. 
Birch's  View  of  the  Negociatiohs,  and  Life  of  Prince  Henry.— Park's  Royal  and 
Noble  Author8.-^larendoB's  Hist 


C  A  R  L  E  T  O  N.  25ft 

time  became  a  better  disputant  in  divinity,  than  he  had  be*i* 
fore  been  in  philosophy^  What  preferments  he  had,  is  not 
mentioned,  nor  does  it  appear  that  he  was  possessed  of  any 
dignity  in  the  church  till  he  became  a  bishop.  After 
having  continued  many  years  in  the  university,  and  takea 
the  degree  of  B.  D.  May  16,  1554,  and  that  of  Doctor, 
t>ecember  1,  1613,  he  was  advanced  to  the  bishopric  of 
LandafF,  to  which  he  was  confirmed  July  11,,  1618,  and 
consecrated  at  Lambeth  the  next  day.  The  same  year  he 
was  sent  by  king  James  I.  with  three  other  English  divines. 
Dr.  Hall,  afterwards  bishop  of  Exeter,  Dr.  Davenant,  af- 
terwards bishop  of  Salisbury,  and  Dr.  Ward,  master  of 
Sidney-college,  Cambridge,  and  one  from  Scotland,  Dr* 
Walter  Balcanqual,  afterwards  dean  of  Durham,  to  the 
synod  of  Dort ;  where  he  stood  up  in  favour  of  episcopacy, 
and  behaved  so  well  in  every  respect  to  the  credit  of  our 
nation,  that  after  his  return  he  was,  upon. the  translatioa 
of  Dr.  Harsnet  to  Norwich,  elected  to  succeed  him  in 
the  see  of  Chichester,  Septembers,  1619,  and  confirmed 
the  20ih  of  the  same  month.  He  departed  this  life  in  May 
1628,  and  was  buried  the  27th  of  that  month  in  the  choir 
of  his  cathedral  church  at  Chichester,  near  the  altar.  He 
was  a  person  of  solid  j,udgment,  and  of  various  reading ; 
well  versed  in  the  fathers  and  schoolmen  ;  wanting  nothing 
that  could  render  him  a  complete  divine  ;  a  bitter  enemy 
to  the  Papists,  and  in  the  point  of  Predestination  a  rigid 
Calvinist.'  "I  have  loved  him,"  says  Mr.  Camden,  "for 
his  excellent  proficiency  in  divinity,  and  other  polite  parts 
of  learning.''  Echard  and  Fuller  also  characterize  him  in 
very  high  terms. 

He  perhaps  wrote  upon  a  greater  variety  of  subjects 
than  any  other  clergyman  of  his  time.  Among  his  works 
are  enumerated :  1.  "  Heroici  characteres,  ad  illustriss. 
eijuitem  Henricum  Nevillum,"  Oxon.  1603,  4to.  Several 
of  his  Latin  verses  are  also  in  the  university-book  of  verses 
made  on  the  death  of  sir  Philip  Sidney,  in  "  Bodleiom-  • 
nema,"  and  in  other  books.  2.  ^^  Tithes  examined,  and 
proved  to  be  due  to  the  Clergy  by  a  Divine  Right,"  Lond. 
li606,  and  1611,  4to.  3.  ^Jurisdiction  Regal,  Episcopal, 
Papal :  Wherein  is  declared  how  the  Pope  hath  intruded  upon 
the  jurisdiction  of  Temporal  Prince8,and  of  the  Church,  &c.'* 
I^ond.  1610,  4to.  4.  ^^  Consensus  Ecclesiss  Catholicae  con- 
tra Tridentinos,  de  Scripturis,  Ecclesia,  fide,  &  gratia,'* 
«fec.  Lond.  1613,  Svo.     5.  ^^  A  thankful!  Remembrance  of 


656  C  A  R  L  E  T  O  M;  ^ 

GocPs  Mercy.     In  an  MistoricaU  CfoHectidri  of  t\\€  gt^il 
and  niercifuil  Deliverances  of  the  Church  arid   State  of 
England,  since  the  Gospel  beganne  here  to  flourish,  from 
me  beginning  of  queene  Elizabeth,"  Lond.    1614  ;   the 
third  edition  came  out  in  1627,  and  the  fourth  in  1630. 
The  historical   part  is  chiefly  extracted  from  Camden's 
Annals  of  queen   Elizabeth ;  and  the  latter  editions  are 
adorned  at  the  beginning  of  each  chapter,  with  figures  en- 
graved in  copper,  representing  the  most  material  things 
contained  in  the  ensuing  description.     6.  ^^  Short  Direc^ 
tiotis  to  know  the  true  Church,'*  Lond.  1615,  &c.  12mo. 
7.  *^  Oration  made  at  the  Hague  before  the  prince   of 
Orange,  and  tlie  Assembly  of  the  high  and  mighty  lords, 
the  States  General,''  Lond.  1619,  in  one  sheet  and  a  half, 
4ta.      8.  **  Astrologimania- ;    or,    the   Madness  of  Astro- 
logers ;  or,  an  Examination  of  sir  Christopher  Heydon's 
book  entitled  *  A  Defence  of  judicial  Astrology*,"  written 
aboat  the  year  1604,  and  published  at  Londop,  1624,  4to, 
by  Thomas  Vicars, .  B.  D.  who  bad  manied   the  author's 
daughter.     It  was  reprinted  at  London,   16^1.     9.  ^^  £xa« 
raination  of  those  things  wherein  the  Author  of  the  late 
Appeal    (Mimtague    afterwards    bishop    of    Chichester) 
holdeth  the  Doctrine  of  Pelagian^  and  Anninians,  to  be 
the  Doctrines  of  the  Church  of  England,"  Lond.  1626, 
and  16S6,  4«o.     10.  "  A  joy nt  Attestation,  avowing  that 
the  Discipline  of  fhe  Church  of  England  was  not  im« 
peached  by  the  Synod  of  Dort,"  Lond.  1628,  4to.     11. 
*<  Vita  Bernardi  Gilpini,  viri  sanctiss.  famaque  apud  Anglos 
aquilontres  celeberrimi,**  Lond.  1626,  4to,  inserted  in  Dr. 
W.  Bates's  Collection  of  Lives,  Lond.  1681,  4to.   .  It  was 
also  published  in  English,  under  this  title,  ^'  The  Life  of 
Bernard  Gilpin,  a  man  most  holy  and  renowned  among 
the  Northerne  English,'*  Lond.  1629,  4to,  and  1636,  Svo. 
12,  "  Testimony  concerning  the  Presbyterian  discipline 
in  the  Low-countries,  and  Episcopal  government  in  Eng- 
land," printed  several  times  in  4to  and  Svo,  and  at  Lon- 
don in  particular,  in  1642,  in  one  sheet     13.  Latin  Letter 
ko  Mr.  Camden,  containing  some  Notes  and  Observatioas 
on  his  Britannia.     Printed  by -Dr.  Smith  amongst  "  Cam- 
deni   Epistolie,"    N°  80.     14.  Several  Sermons.     15.  He 
had  also  a  hand  in  the  Dutch  Annotations,  and  in  the  new 
translation  of  the  Bible,  undertaken  by  order  of  the  Synod 
of  Dort,  but  not  completed  and  published  till  1637.     Two' 
o£  bis  letters  to  sir  Dudley  Carlcton,  are  in  lord  Hai-d- 


C  A  R  L  ^  T  O  N.  257 

wicke's  publication  of  sir  Dudley's  correspondence.  By 
his  first  wife,  Anne,  daughter  of  sir  Henry  Killegrew,  knt. 
and  widow  of  sir  Henry  Neville,  of  Billingbere,  in  Berk- 
shire, he  had  a  son,  Henry,  who  was  chosen  representative 
for  Arundel,  in  Sussex,  in  the  short  parliament  which  met 
at  Westminster  on  the  13th  of  April  1640.  Mr.  Henry 
Carleton  embraced  the  cause  of  the  house  of  commons  in 
the  civil  war  with  king  Charles  the  First,  accepted  a  cap- 
tain's commission  in  the  parliamentary  army,  and  in  other 
respe&ts  did  no  honour  to  his  father.^ 

CARLETON  (Sir  Guy),  late  lord  Dorchester,  de- 
scended from  an  ancient  northern  family,  which  removed 
to  Ireland,  was  the  third  son  of  Christopher  "Carleton,  of 
Neivry,  co.  Down,  esq.,  who  died  in  Ireland  about  1738, 
leaving  a  widow  who  became  the  third  wife  of  the  rev. 
Thomas  Skelton,  brother  to  the  late  rev.  Philip  Skelton, 
and  died  in  1757.  Mr.  Carleton  was  born  at  Strabane,  in 
Ireland,  Sept.  3,  1724,  and,  according  to  the  biographer 
of  Philip  Skelton,  owed  his  future  eminence  in  a  great 
degree  to  the  care  which  his  step-father  took  of  his  educa- 
tion. Having  embraced  a  military  life,  he  entered  into  the 
guards,  in  which  corps  he  continued  until  the  year  1748, 
when  be  was  promoted  to  be  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  72d 
regiment.  In  1758  he  embarked  with  general  Amherst 
for  the  siege  of  Louisburg,  where,  and  at  the  siege  of 
Quebec,  in  the  following  year>  he  was  distinguished  for 
his  bravery  and  good  conduct.  He  was  afterwards  wounded 
for  the  first  time,  at  the  siege  of  Belleisie,  where  he  acted 
as  brigadier- general.  In  Feb.  1762,  he  was  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  colonel  in  the  army, 'and  soon  after  embarked 
for  the  siege  of  the  Havannah,  where  he  was  likewise  dis- 
tinguished for  his  bravery,  and  was  wounded  in  investing 
the  Mdro  castle.  In  Nov.  1766  he  was  appointed  colonel 
of  the  47th  regiment  of  foot  In  April  1772  he  arrived  jtt 
the  rank  of  major-general,  and  in  May  following  \Vas  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Quebec,  and  was  supposed  to  have 
been  instrumental  in  passing  the  celetfrated  Quebec  bill, 
for  the  government  of  that  settlement. 

In  1775,  when  the  American  war  broke  out,  general 
Carleton  had  an  ample  field  for  the  display  of  his  military 
talents.     The  American  congress,  having  resolved  to  resort 

.  1  9i<^g;  Brit-^FoUet^t  Worlhkfl.— £cbard'»  Hist,  of  £D|f1and>— A^i.  Ox. 
vol.  I. 

Vol.  VIII.  S 


25g  C  A  R  L  E  T  a  K 

to  arms,  began  soon  to  turn  their  eyes  to  Canada,  where 
they  knew  the  late  acts  were  very  unpopular,  not  only 
among  the  British  settlers,  but  the  French  Canadians  them- 
selves, who  having  experienced  the  ditference  between  a 
French  and  British  constitution,  gave  t^e  preference  to  the 
latter.  To  co-operate  with  the  disaffected  in  Canada,  and 
to  anticipate  the  probable  and  suspected  designs  of  general 
Carletou,  the  congress  formed  the  bold  project  of  invading 
this  province.  General  Montgomery,  their  commander^ 
headed  the  expedition,  and  proceeded  with  such  vigour^ 
that  he  compelled  the  fort  of  St.  John's  to  surrender  at 
discretion  on  the  2d  of  November.  Hence,  crossing  St. 
Laurence,  he  proceeded  to  Montreal,  which  being  inca- 
pable of  defence  against  the  American  force,  general 
Carleton  evacuated  it,  and  retired  to  Quebec.  '  Having 
taken  possession  of  Montreal,  Montgomery  made  disposi- 
tions for  advancing  to  besiege  the  capital  of  Canada,  and 
there  were  several  circumstances  favourable  to  his  hopes  of 
success.  The  works  of  the  town  had  been  neglected  for  a 
long  time  of  peace ;  the  garrison  did  not  exceed  1 100,  of 
which  few  were  regulars,  and  tho  majority  of  the  inha- 
bitants were  disaffected  to  the  framers  of  their  new  consti- 
tution, and  particularly  to  general  Carleton,  who  was 
supposed  to  have  had  a  chief  hand  in  that  measure.  While 
he  was  endeavouring  to  defend  Quebec  amidst  all  these 
disadvantages,  the  American  generals  Montgomery  and 
Arnold  summoned  him  to  surrender,  wbidi  he  treated  with 
contempt,  and  refused  to  hold  any  correspondence  witli 
rebels.  The  inhabitants  too,  displeased  as  they  were  with 
their  new  constitution,  joined  the  British  troops  with  cor- 
dial unanimity,  and  the  American  commander,  unprepared 
for  a  regular  siege,  endeavoured  to  take  the  place  by  storm* 
In  this  attempt  Montgomery  fell  at  the  head  of  his  troops, 
whom  the  garrison,  after  an  obstinate  resistance,  drove 
from  the  town  with  great  loss;  and  although. Arnold  en- 
camped on  the  heights  of  Abraham,  where  he  fortified 
himself,  and  continued  tbe  siege  of  Quebec  in  the  following 
year,  1776,  he  thought  proper  to  retire  on  the  arrival  of 
an  English  squadron.  General  Carleton  being  now  rein- 
forced by  troops,  which,  added  to  what  he  had,  formed  a 
body  of  13,000,  prepared  for  offensive  operations,  and  tbe 
Americans  evacuated  their  conquests,  stationing  themselves 
at  Crown  Point,  whither  the  British  commaijtder  did  dq| 
follow  them  for  the  present.   , 


C  A  R  L  E  T  O  N.  ,       659 

Ab  armament  was  now  prepared  for  crossing  Lake 
Champlain,  in  order  to  besiege  Crown  Point  and  Ticon* 
derago.  The  Americans  had  a  considerable'  fleet  on  Lake 
Champlain,  whereas  the  British  had  not  a  single  vessel. 
The  general,  therefore,  used  every  effort  to  procure  the 
requisite  naval  force ;  but  October  was  begun  before  this 
was  ready  to  oppose  tlxe  enemy.  On  Oct.  11,  the  British 
fleet,  commanded  by  capt.  Pringle,  and  under  the  general 
direction  of  Carleton,  discovered  the  American  armament; 
and  engaging  them,  the  conflict  continued  on  both  sides 
for  several  hours  with  great  intrepidity,  but  a  contrary 
wind  preventing  the  chief  British  ships  from  taking  a  party 
and  night  comjng  on,  it  was  thought  prudent  to  discontinue 
the  action,  and  Arnold  took  advantage  of  the  night  to  re- 
treat. The  British  pursued  them  the  next  day  and  the 
following,  and  overtook  them  a  few  leagues  from  Grown 
Point;  where,  after  a  furious  battle  of  two  hours,  they 
yielded  to  our  superior  force  and  skill.  General  Carleton 
remained  at  Crown  Point  till  Nov.  3,  and  as  the  winter  was 
commencing,  did  not  think  proper  to  besiege  Ticonderago. 
He  returned  therefore  to  St.  John's,  whence  he  distributed 
his  army  into  winter  quarters. 

In  the  following  year,  1777,  an  expedition  being  plan- 
ned from  Canada,  to  effect  a  co-operation  with  the  prin** 
cipal  British  force,  the  command  of  the  armament  wasf 
conferred  on  general  Burgoyne.  Sir  Guy  Carleton  (for 
be  had  been  made  knight  of  the  Bath  in  July  1776),  from 
his  official  situation  in  Canada,  his  conduct,  and  espe-* 
cially  his  defence  of  Quebec,  might  have  reasonably  ex* 
pected  this  appointment;  he  was  an  older  general,  of 
mote  military  experience,  and  better  acquainted  with  the 
country,  its.  inhabitants,  and  resources.  His  character 
commanded  greater  authority  than  Burgoyne's  had  hitherto 
established,  and  as  no  military  grounds  could  be  alleged 
for  superseding  Carleton  to  make  room  for  Burgoyne,  his 
pi*oraotion  was  imputed  to  parliamentary  influence  more 
than  to  his  official  talents.  Carleton,  disgusted  with  a 
preference  by  no  means  merited,  as  soon  as  he  heard  of 
the  appointment,  resigned  his  government,  in  which  he 
was  succeeded  by  general  Haldimand,  but  before  he  de- 
parted, exerted  himself  to  the  utmost  to  enable  Burgoyne 
to  take  the  field  with  advantagre. 

In  August  1777,  sir  Guy  was  made  a  lieutenant-general 
ill  the  army,  and  in  1781  was  appojnted  to  succeed , sir 

s  2 


tea  C  A  R  L  E  T  OT  N. 

Henry  Clinton  as  commander  in  chief  in  America,  where 
be  remained  until  the  termination  of  the  contest,  when, 
after  an  interview  with  general  Washington,  he  evacuated 
New-York,  and  returned  to  England.     In  April  1786,  h« 
was  once  more  appointed  governor  of  Quebec,  Nova  Scotia, 
and  New  Brunswick,  and,  as  a  reward  for  his  long  services, 
was  in  August  following  raised  to  the  peerage,  by  the  title 
of  lord  Dorchester,  of  Dorchester  in  the  county  of  Oxford. 
His   lordship  remained  in  this  extensive  government  for 
several  years ;  and  returning  at  length  to  England,  passed 
his  old  age  in  the  bosom  of  his  family ;  first  at  Kempshot^ 
near  Basingstoke,  in  Hampshire,  and  afterwards  at  his  seat 
near  Maidenhead.     He  died  Nov.  10,   1808,  aged  eighty- 
five,  at  which  time  he  was  colonel  of  the  fourth  regiment 
of  dragoons,  and  a  general  in  the  army.     In  1772  his  lord- 
ship married  lady  Maria,  third  daughter  of  Thomas  Howard 
earl  of  Effingham,  by  whom  he  had  a  numerous  issue,  and 
was  succeeded  in  titles  and  estate  by  his  grandson  Arthur 
Henry  Carleton,  a  minor.' 

CARLONI  (John Baptist),  an  eminent  painterof  history, 
was  a  native  of  Genoa,  and  having  prosecuted  the  study  of 
his  art  at  Rome,  and  in  the  school  of  Passignano  at  Florence^ 
he  became  one  of  the  most  fertile,  original,  and  seducing 
machinists  of  Italy.  The  most  splendid  works  of  this  artist, 
and  of  his  brother  John,  are  the  frescoes  of  the  cathedral 
del  Guastato  at  Grenoa,  which  exhibit  a  wonderful  effect  of 
colouring.  He  survived  his  brother  50  years,  and  distin- 
guished Ibimself  by  this  novel  style  in  the  churches  and 
collections  of  Liguria  and  Lombardy.  It  is  not  easy  to 
conceive  why  a  painter  should  not  have  acquired  greater 
celebrity,  who  united  with  so  many  opportunities  so  many 
diverging  powers  ;  who  had  equal  felicity  in  oil  and  fresco, 
'  colour  and  design,  velocity  and  correctness,  and  had  in- 
cessant employment,  and  unrivalled  diligence  and  perse- 
verance. After  a  prolonged  life  of  86  years,  he  died  in 
1680. » 

CARLYLE  (Rev.  Joseph  Dacre),  B.  D.  vicar  of  New- 
castle-upon-Tyne, chancellor  of  Carlisle,  professor  of 
Arabic  in  the  university  of  Cambridge,  chaplain  to  the 
bishop  of  Durham,  and  F.  R.  S.  E.  was  born  at  Carlisle  in 
1759,  where  his  father  was  a  physician,  and  after  receiving 

.   \  Sir  £.  Brydges's  edition  of  ColHns's  Peerage. — Bardy's  Life  of  Skelton, 
p«42.  ?  jyAr^euviWe,  vol.  IL--Pilkington. 


C  A  R'L  Y  L  E.  261 

I 

bis  early  education  at  the  grammar-school  of  his  native 
city,  was  in  1775  entered  of  Christ's-coliege,  Cambridge, 
whence  after  two  years  he  removed  to  Queen's,  took  his 
bachelor's  degree  in  1779,  and  was  elected  a  fellow.  Be>. 
sides  an  industrious  and  successful  application  to  the  usual 
branches  of  study,  he  entered  upon  that  of  the  Arabic  lan- 
guage with  unusual  avidity,  availing  himself  of  a  very  fine 
collection  of  Arabic  writings  in  the  university  library,  and 
assisted  hy  David  Zamio,  who,  Mr^  Carlyle  informs  us, 
was  born  at  Bagdad,  and  resided  with  him  some  time  at 
Cambridge.  Mr.  Carlyle,  after  taking  his  master's  de- 
cree in  1783,  left  college,  married,  and  obtained  some 
church  preferment  in  his  native  city.  In  1793  he  took  his 
degree  of  B.  D.  and  succeeded  Dr.  Paley  (by  resignation) 
in  the  chancellorship  of  Carlisle.  Jn  1794  he  was  elected 
Arabic  professor  in  the  university  of  Cambridge. 

In  1799,  he  was  appointed  chaplain  of  lord  Elgin's  em- 
bassy to  Constantinople,  an  office  which  afforded  him  an 
opportunity  of  inspecting  the  libraries  of  that  city,  and 
afterwards  of  travellipg  through  Asia  Minor,  and  through 
countries  generally   unknown   to   Europeans;  and  before 
his  return  he  made  a  tour  through  the  principal  parts  of 
Italy,  and  through  Tyrol  and  part  of  Germany,  and  landed 
in  England  in  Sept.  1801.     After  his  return  he  was  pre- 
sented by  the  bishop  of  Carlisle  to  the  living  of  Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne,  which  he  did  not  long  enjoy.     His  health  had 
probably  been  injured  by  the  fatigues  of  his  travels,  and 
he  laboured  for  a  considerable  time  under  a  painful  and 
distressing  malady,  which  proved   fatal  April  12,    1804. 
He  was  known  to  the  learned  world  by,   1.  "  Maured  Al-  . 
latafet  Jemaleddini  Filii  Togri-JBardii,  sen  rerum  JEgyptia- 
carum  Annales,    ab  anno   Christi   971  usque  ad  annum* 
145?.  E  codice  MS  Bibliothecae  Acad.  Cantab."  Arab,  et 
Lat.  4to,   1792,  a  work  which  unquestionably  evinced   a 
laudable  desire  in  Mr.  Carlyle  to  revive  the  study  of  Arabic 
literature,  but  in  itself  contains  little   information,    and 
throws  very  little  light  on  a  period  darkened  by  ignorance 
and  superstition.     2.  **  Specimens  of  Arabic  poetry,  from 
the  earliest  time  to  the  extinction  of  the  Khalifs ;  with 
some  account  of  the  authors,"  4to.    In  this  too  the  commend- 
able industry  of  the  author  is  perhaps  more  apparent  than  his 
success,  in.  persuading  his  readers  to  an  equal  admiration 
of  Arabic  poetryi     The  work,  however,  is  amusing,  the 
ac(!:ounts  of  the  authors  constitute  a  very  useful  part,  and 


262  ,  ,e  A  R  L  Y  L  E. 

the. translator's  skill  in  selection  has  been  allowed  by  those 
who  are  acquainted  with  the  original.     Since  his  death  has 
been  published,  **  Poems,  suggested  chiefly  by  scenes  in 
Asia-Minor,  Syria,  and  Greece;  with  prefaces  extracted 
from  the  author's  journal,  embellished  with  two  views  of 
the  source  of  the  Scamander,  and  the  aqueduct  over  the 
Simois,"   1805,  4to.      This   elegant  volume   will   form   a 
lasting  monument  of  the  author's  learning  and  taste.     The 
poems  with  which  the  collection  opens  are  particularly  at- 
tractive.    They  relate  to  striking  scenes  in  the  East,  and 
are  prefaced  by  extracts  from  his  journal,  which,  it  has 
been  justly  remarked,  if  further  improved  by  the  author's 
hand,  might  have  formed  such  a  volume  of  travels  as  is 
rarely  seen.     The  premature  death  of  the  author  is  indeed 
to  be  regretted  on  many  accounts.     He  was,  among  other 
.  important  undertakings,  engaged  in  a  correct  edition  of 
the  Arabic  Bible,  at  the  request  of  a  society  of  eminent 
persons,  among  whom  the  present  bishop  of  Durham  is 
one  of  the  most  active ;  and  he  had  likewise  projected  a 
complete  edition  of  the  New  Testament  in  Greek,  which 
was  to  contain  the  various  readings  collected  by  Mill,  Ben- 
gelius,  Wetstein,  Griesbach,  &c.  and  also  those  of  more 
than  thirty  Greek  manuscripts,  which   he   had  collected 
during  his  travels,  together  with  a  new  and  accurate  col- 
lation of  the  Syriac  and  other  ancient  versions.     The  loss 
of  such  a  lAan  at  any  age  will  be  felt ;  but  in  the  prime  of 
life  is  deeply  to  be  regretted.  ^ 

CARMICHAEL  (Geurhom,  M.  A.)  was  born  at  Glas- 
gow in  1682,  and  educated  in  the  university  of  that  city, 
where  he  took  his  degrees,  and  was  ordained  minister  at 
Monidiail  in  Fifeshire.  In  1722  he  was  promoted  to  be 
professor  of  moral  philosophy  in  the  university  of  Glasgow ; 
and  for  the  use  of  his  students  wrote  some  learned  notes 
on  "  PufFendorfi  de  officiis  hominis."  He  intended  to 
have  published  a  system  of  moral  philosophy  on  a  new 
plan,  but  did  not  live  to  see  it  completed,  as  he  died  at 
Glasgow  in  17?8,  aged  56,  His  son  Frederick  Carmi- 
CHAEL  was  born  at  Monimail  in  1708.  He  received  his 
education  in  the  Marischal  college,  Aberdeen,  where  he 
took  his  degrees,  and  was  ordained  minister  at  Monimail 
in  1737,  on  the  presentation  of  the  earl  of  Leven.  In 
1743  he  was  translated  to  Inveresk;  and  in  1747  he  was 

1  Gent,  Mag.  l804,«**M<mth,  Rer.  and  British  Critio»  &c,  . 


C  A  R  M  I  C  H  A  E  L,  2« 

elected  one  of  the  ministers  of  Edinburgh,  having  pre- 
viously declined  an  offer  made  him  of  the  divinity  chair  in 
the  Marischal  college,  Aberdeen.  Jn  1751  he  was  seized 
with  a  fever,  which  put  an  end  to  bis  life,  aged  45.  He 
has  left  one  volume  of  sermons,  which  in  justness  of  senti- 
ment and  elegance  of  expression  are  equal  to  the  best  dis- 
courses in  the  English  language.  * 

CARNE,  or  KARNE,  or  KERNE  (Sir  Edward),  an 
eminent  civilian  of  the  sixteenth  century,  was  of  a  Gla-» 
morganshire  family,  and  educated  at  Oxford.  Here  he 
chiefly  studied  the  civil  law,  of  which  he  took  the  degree 
of  doctor  in  June  1524,  being  about  that  time  principal  of 
Greek-hall  in  St.  Edward's  parish.  He  was  admitted  at 
Doctors'  Commons  Nov.  13,  1525,'  and  his  talents  being 
known  at  court,  he  was  sent  abroad  on  public  affairs,  and 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood  from  the  emperor 
Charles  V.  In  1530  he  was  joined  in  a  commission  with 
archbishop  Cranmer  and  others,  the  purpose  of  which  was 
to  argue  the  matter  of  king  Henry  VIII.'s  memorable  di- 
vorce at  the  courts  of  France,  Italy,  and  Germany.  Sir 
Edward  Carne  afterwards  remained  at  Rome  as  a  sort  of 
standing  agent  for  Henry,  and  appears  likewise  to  have 
continued  there  during  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.  and  had 
no  concern  in  the  reformation.  During  queen  Mary'g 
reign,  he  was  her  agent  in  the  same  situation  ;  but  on  the 
accession  of  Elizabeth,  the  pope  ordered  him  to  relinquish 
that  employment.  When  he  was  recalled  by  the  queen, 
with  offers  of  preferment,  he  thought  proper  to  remain  at 
Rome,  and  was  employed  by  the  pope  as  director  of  the 
English  hospital  in  that  city.  He  was  so  far  a  patriot  a« 
to  inform  ElizabjCth  of  the  machinations  of  the  catholic 
powers  against  her,  but  he  continued  inflexible  in  his  at- 
tachment to  popery,  and  died  iii  that  communion  Jan.  18, 
1561.  —  Several  of  his  letters  relating  to  the  divorce  are  in 
Burnet's  "  History  of  the  Reformation."  Wood  remarks 
that  sir  Edward  Oarne  was  accounted  the  last  ambassador 
of  the  kings  of  England  to  the  pope,  until  Roger  earl  of 
Castlemain  was  sent  to  him  by  king  James  II. ' 

CARNEADES,   a  celebrated   Greek   philosopher,  was* 
ap  African,  a  native  of  Cyrene,  and  is.  supposed  to  have 

1  From  the  l^st  edition  of  thi^  Dictionary. 

*  Wood's  Fasti,  vol.  I. — Dodd's  Church  Hist.— Coote's  Catalogrueof  Civilhnj. 
— Strype*8  Cranmer^  p.  9.— Camden's  Annals  of  Eliz.  sub  anno  \55S. — Fullers 
Worthief. 


264  C  A  R  N  E  A  D  E  S. 

been  Ijprn  in  the  third  year  of  the  14 1st  olympiad,  orB.  C- 
214.     He  was  first  instructed  by  Diogenes  the  stoic,  and 
afterwards  becoming  a  member  of  the  academy,   he  at- 
tended upon  the  lectures  of  Egesinus,  and  by  assiduous 
study  acquired  great  skill  and  readiness  in  the  method  of 
disputing,    which  Arcesilaus  had  introduced.     He   suc- 
ceeded Egesinus  in  the  chair,  and  restored  the  declining 
reputation  of  the  academy.     With  Diogenes  the   stoic, 
find  Critolaus  the  peripatetic,  he  was  sent  on  an  embassy 
from  Athens  to  Rome,  complaining  of  the  severity  of  a 
fine  inflicted  upop  the  Athenians,  under  the  authority  of 
the  Romans,,  by  their  neighbours  the  Sicyonians,  for  hav-, 
ing  laid  waste  Oropus,  a  town  in  Bceotia.     The  three  phi- 
losophers whom  they  entrusted  with  their  embassy,  whilst 
they  were  in  Rome,  gave  the  Roman  people  many  speci- 
mens of  Grecian  learning  and  eloquence,  with  which  till 
then  they  had  been  unacquainted.     Carneades  excelled  in 
the  vehement  and  rapid,   Critolaus   in  the  correct    and 
elegant,  and  Diogenes  in  the  simple  and  modest  kind  of 
eloquence.     Carneades  particularly  attracted  the  attention 
and  admiration  of  his  new  auditors,  by  the  sul^tlety  of  his 
reasoning,  and  the  fluency  of  his  language.     Before  Galba^ 
and  Cato  the  censor,  be  harangued,  with  great  variety   of 
thought,  and  copiousness  of  diction,  in  praise  of  justice. 
The  next  day,  to  establish  his  doctrine  of  the  uncertainty 
of  human  knowledge,  he  undertook  to  refute  all  his  former 
arguments.     Many  were  captivated  by  his  eloquence ;  but 
Cato,  apprehensive  lest  the  Roman  youth  should  lose  their 
military  character  in  the  pursuit  of  Grecian  learning,  per- 
suaded the  senate  tp  send  back  these  philosophers,  without 
further  delay,  to  their  own  schools. 

Carneades  obtained  such  high  reputation  in  bis  school, 
that  other  philosophers,  when  they  had  dismissed  their 
scholars,  frequently  came  to  hear  him.  In  application  to 
study  he  was  indefatigable.  So  intensely  did  he  fix  his 
thoughts  upon  the  subject  of  his  meditations,  that  even  at 
meals  he  frequently  forgot  to  take  the  food  which  was  set 
before  him.  He  strenuously  opposed  the  stoic  Chrysippus, 
,  but  was  always  ready  to  do  justice  to  his  merit.  He  used 
to  say,  that  if  there  were  no  Chrysippus,  there  would  be 
no  Carneades;  intimating,  that  he  derived  much  of  his 
reputation  as  a  disputant  from  the  abilities  of  his  opponent. 
His  voice  was  remarkably  strong,  and  he  had  such  a  habit 
of  vociferation,  that  the  master,  of  the  gymnastic  exarcisesi 


C  A  R  N  £  A  D  E  S.  265 

in  the  public  field,  desired  him  not  to  speak  so  lou4:  in 
return,  he  requested  some  measure  to  regulate  his  voice  ; 
to  which  the  master  very  judiciously  replied,  you  have  a 
measure,  the  number  of  your  hearers.  As  Carneades  grew 
old,  he  discovered  strong  apprehensions  of  dying;  and 
frequently  lamented,  that  the  same  nature  which  had  com- 
posed the  human  frame  could  dissolve  it.  He  paid  the 
last  debt  to  nature  in  the  eighty-fifth,  or,  according  to 
Cicero  and  Valerius  Maximus,  in  the  ninetieth  year  of 
his  age. 

It  was  the  doctrine  of  the  new  academy,  that  the  senses, 
the  understanding,  and  the  imagination,  frequently  deceive 
us,  and  tlierefore  cannot  be  infallible  judges  of  truth;  but 
that,  from  the  impressions  which  we  perpeive  to  be  pro- 
duced on  the  mind,  by  means  of  the  senses,  we  infer  ap- 
pearances  of  truth,  or  probabilities.     These  impressions 
Carneades  called  phantasies,  or  images.     He  maintained, 
that  they  do  not  always  correspond  to  the  real  nature  of 
things,  and  that  there  is  no  infallible  method  of  determin- 
ing when  they  are  true  or  false,  and  consequently  that  they 
afford  no  certain  criterion  of  truth.     Nevertheless,   with 
respect  to  the  conduct  of  life,  and  the  pursuit  of  hap- 
piness, Carneades  held,  that  probable  appearances  are  a 
sufficient  guide,  because  it  is  unreasonable  not  to  allow 
some  degree  of  credit  to  those  witnesses  who  commonly 
give  a  true  report.     Probabilities  he  divided  into  three 
classes;  simple,  uncontradicted,  and  confirmed  by  accu- 
rate examination.     The  lowest  degree  of  probability  takes 
place,  where  the  mind,  in  the  casual  occurrence  of  any 
single  image,  perceives  in  it  nothing  contrary  to  truth  and 
nature ;   the  second  degree  of  probability  arises,  vwhen 
contemplating  any  object  in  connection  with  all  the  cir- 
cumstances associated  with  it,  we  discover  no  appearance 
of  inconsistency,  or  incongruity,  to  lead  us  to  suspect  that 
our  senses  have  given  a  false  report ;  as,  when  we  con- 
clude, from  comparing  the  image  of  any  individual  man 
with  our  remembrance  of  that  man,  that  he  is  the  person 
we  supposed  him  to  be.     The  highest  degree  of  proba- 
bility is  produced,  when,  after  an  accurate  examination  of 
every  circumstance  which  might  be  supposed  to  create 
uncertainty,  we  are  able  to  discover  no  fallacy  in  the  re- 
port of  our  senses.     The  judgments  arising  from   this 
operation  of  the  mind  are,  according  to  the  doctrine  of  the 
new  academy,  not  science,  but  opinion,  which  is  all  th^ 


266  CARNiEADES- 

knowledge  that  the  human  mind  is  capable  of  attaining! 
Carneadesi  as  Cicero  has  related  at  large,  strenuously  op- 
posed the  doctrine  of  the  Stoics  concerning  the  gods,  and 
was  likewise  desirous  of  refuting  their  doctrine  concerning 
fete.  On  this  subject,  he  assumed  on  the  ground  of  eiL- 
perience,  the  existence  of  a  self-determining  power  in  man, 
and  hence  inferred  that  all  things  did  not  happen,  as  the 
stoics  maintained,  in  a  necessary  series  of  causes  and 
effects,  and  consequently,  that  it  is  impossible  for  ths  gods 
to  predict  events  dependent  on  the  will  of  man.  As  the 
foundation  of  morals,  he  taught,  that  the  ultimate  end  of 
life  is  the  enjoyment  of  those  things,  towards  which  we  are 
directed  by  the  principles  of  nature.  Such,  according  to 
Brucker,  is  the  general  idea  which  the  ancients  have  left 
w  concerning  the  doctrine  of  Carneades  :  but  after  all,  it 
DDust  be  owned,  that  his  real  tenets  are  not  certainly  known. 
Even  his  immediate  successor,  Clitomachus,  confessed  that 
he  was  never  able  to  discover  them.' » 

CARO  (Hannibal),  an  Italian  poet,  was  born  in  1507, 
at  Civita  Nova,  in  the  march  of  Ancona,  of  poor  parents. 
After  his  first  studies  he  obtained  the  patronage  of  the 
illustrious  house  of  Gaddi  in  Florence,  a  branch  of  which, 
John  Gaddi,  legate  of  Romania,  appointed  him  secretary 
of  legation,  and  retained  him  in  his  service,  with  some 
interval,  until  his  death.  On  this  event  Caro  determined 
on  a  life  of  independence ;  but  unable  to  resist  the  liberal 
offers  of  Peter  Loiiis  Farnese,  accepted  the  place  of  con- 
fidential secretary  in  1543.  While  with  him,  Caro  had  an 
opportunity  of  forming  a  very  fine  collection  of  medals, 
and  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  subject.  Such  was  his  repu- 
tation tit  this  time  that  Onufrius  Panvinius  dedicated  his 
work  "  De  Antiquis  Romanorum  nominibus"  to  him,  as  the 
ablest  antiquary  in  Italy.  With  the  study  of  medals,  Caro 
united  that  of  the  sciences,  the  belles  lettres,  languages, 
and  the  Italian  particularly,  which  owes  great  obligations  to 
him.  He  composed  in  that  language  several  works  of  the 
light  kind,  such  as  the  "  Ficheide  del  P.  Siceo  (i.  e.  Francis 
Maria  Molza)  col  Commento  di  Ser  Agresto  (Annibal  Caro) 
sopra  la  prima  Ficata,'*  1539,  4to  ;  "  La  diceria  de  nasi  ;'* 
and  a  prose  comedy,  "  Gli  Straccioni,*'  Venice,  1582, 
12mo.  These  works  procured  him  the  friendship  of  per- 
sons of  rank  at  Rome,  and  the  esteem  of  the  learned 

I  Geo.  Dict.^— Bruoker. 


C  A  R  O.  267 

-throughout  Italy.  All  the  academies  were  opened  to  him, 
and  the  mo^t  celebrated  poets  acknowledged  hinsi  as  their 
master.  Sonnets  being  then  the  fashionable  poetry  of 
Italy,  Caro  acquired  great  reputation  by  his  performances 
in  this  style,  and  was  cojnpared  to  Petrarch  and  Bembo. 
Nor  were  his  talents  less  conspicuous  as  a  negociator.  In 
154-4  he  executed  a  very  important  commission  of  this 
kind,  with  which  be  was  intrusted  by  the  house  of  Farnese 
at  the  court  of  Charles  V.  After  the  death  of  his  patron 
Peter  Lewis  Farnese,  the  cardinals  Alexander  and  Ranu- 
tius,  and  the  duke  Octavius  Farnese,  Vied  with  each  other 
in  presenting  him  with  ecclesiastical  preferments,  and  even 
with  the  order  of  Malta,  of  which  he  was  made  commander. 
It  was  on  this  occasion,  in  order  to  pay  his  court  to  cardi- 
nal Alexander  Farnese,  that  he  composed  an  ode  in  honour 
of  the  royal  family  of  France,  which  was  almost  universally 
applauded.  Castelvetro  the  critic,  however,  attacked  it 
with  much  asperity,  and  Caro  answered  him  with  spirit ;  / 

but  the  controversy  unfortunately  became  personal,  and 
Caro,  in  1548,  published  a  gross  and  scandalous  attack  oa 
Castelvetro,  and  even  denounced  him  to  the  inquisition, 
from  which  he  narrowly  escaped,  as  will  be  noticed  in  his' 
life.     After  this  dispute  which  did  so  little  honour  to  either 
party,  Caro  resumed  his  studies,    and  at  the  request  of 
cardinal  St.  Croix,  afterwards  pope  Marcellus  II.  translated 
some  parts  of  the  worjcs  of  Gregory  Nazianzen  and  St, 
Cyprian.     He  likewise  translated  Aristotle's  Rhetoric,  but 
infirmities  coming  upon  him,  and  being  tired  of  a  court 
Jife,  he  requested  permission  of  bis  patrons  to  retire,  and 
the  cardinal  Ranutius  gave  him  a  small  house  at  Frescati, 
to  which  he  removed  his  library.     In  this  retreat  he  medi- 
tated the  composition  of  an  epic  po*m,  but  was  diverted 
from  the  design  by  his  friends,  and  made  a  translation  of 
Virgil  into  bhmk  verse,  which  has  been  very  much  ad- 
mired.    He  had  scarcely  finished  this  when  he  died,  Nov. 
21,  1566.     After  his  death  his  works  were  published  by 
bis  nephews ;  his  poetry  and  the  translations  frOm  Gregory 
of  Nazianzen  and  St.  Cyprian  in  1568;  Aristptle*s  Rhe- 
toric in  1570;  and  his  letters,  vol.  I.  and  II.  in   1572  and 
1575,  much  admired  for  ease  and  elegance.     The  trans- 
lation of  Virgil  was  not  published  until  1581.     One  of  the 
best  editions  is  that  of  Paris,   1765,  2  vols.  8vo;  and  in 
1725,  his  "  Letters"  were  reprinted  at  Padua,  with  a  life 
of  the  author,  by  Alexander  Zalioli,  and  notes  by  the  edi- 


268  CAR  O. 

tor^  2  vols.  8vo ;  but  the  most  complete  edition  is  in  6  voldl 
Padua,  1765.  Caro  also  translated  the  Pastorals  of  Lon-, 
gus,  of  which  Bodoni  printed  a  6ne  edition  at  Parma  in 
1786,  4to.  Among  his  unpublished  works  are  a  translation 
of  Aristotle's  "  History  of  Animals,"  and  his  treatise  above 
mentioned  on  medals.  ^ 

CAROLOSTADT,  or  CARLOSTADT  (Andrew  Bo- 
f  BENSTEIN),  one  of  the  reformers,  was  born  at  Carlolostadt, 
a  town  in  Franconia,  founded  by  Charles  the  Bald  in  the 
year  875.  The  time  of  his  birth  is  not  stated.  He  was 
partly  educated  at  home,  but  studied  afterwards  in  various 
celebrated  schools,  and  after  going  through  his  divinity 
course  at  ][lome,  was  admitted  doctor  of  divinity  at  Wittem- 
berg  in  ]  502,  and  was  appointed  professor  of  the  same, 
and  held  a  canoury  and  archdeaconry.  In  1512,  while  be 
was  dean  of  the  college,  Luther  was  admitted  to  his  doc- 
tor's degree,  which  appears  to  have  led  to  their  intimacy, 
as  in  1517,  we  find  Carolostadt  one  of  Luther's  most  zealous 
adherents  in  opposing  the  corruptions  of  popery.  In  1519, 
he  held  a  disputation  at  Leipsic  with  Eckius,  on  free  will, 
in  the  presence  of  George  duke  of  Saxony,  ^Luther,  and 
Melancthon,  and  acquitted  himself  with  so  much  credit, 
that  Eckius  could  think  of  no  other  retaliation  than  by  ap- 
plying to  the  court  of  Rome,  which  suspended  Carolostadt 
irom  all  communion  with  the  church. 

Thus  far  Carolostadt  appears'in  a  light  which  was  accept* 
able  at  least  to  the  friends  of  the  reformation ;  but  about 
1521,  when  Luther  was  in  retirement,  he  betrayed  a  vio- 
lence of  temper  which  has  been  equally  censured  by  catho- 
lics^ and  protestants.  Not  content  with  promoting  in  a 
legal  and  quiet  way  the  auspicious  beginnings  of  reforma- 
tion which  had  already  appeared  at  Wittemberg,  in  the 
gradual,  omission  and  rejection  of  the  private  mass  and 
other  popish  supierstitions,  he  headed  a  multitude  of  un- 
thinking impetuous  youths,  inflamed  their  minds  by  popu- 
lar harangues,  and  led  them  on  to  actions  the  most  extra- 
vagant and  indefensible.  They  entered  the  great  church 
of  All  Saints,  broke  in  pieces  the  crucifixes  and  x>ther 
images,  aqd  threw  down  the  altars.  He  also  went  so  far 
as  to  assert  that  human  learning  was  useless,  if  not  inju- 
rious to  a  student  of  the  scriptures ;  frequented  the  shops 
of  the  lowest  mechanics,  and  consulted  them  about  tha 

1  Aforeri. — Diet.  Hist-^Haym  Bibl.  Italiana. 


C  A  R  O  L  X)  S  T  A  D  T.  263 

meaning  of  the  scriptures.  He  would  be  called  no  longer 
by  the  appellation  of  Doctor,  or  any  other  honourable 
title,  but  emplojfed  himself  in  rustic  occupations^  and  main- 
tained that  thinking  persons  stood  in  no  need  of  learning, 
and  had  better  labour  with  their  hands.  In  consequence 
of  such  example  and  conversation,  the  young  academics  of 
Wittemberg  left  the  univeirsity,  and  ceased  to  pursue  their 
studies,  and  even  the  schools  of  the  boys  were  deserted. 
Such  was  his  pride  at  the  same  time,  that  he  avowed  to 
Melancthon  that  he  wished  to  be  as  great  and  as  much  ' 
thought  of  as  Luther. 

In  1524,  when  the  controversy  took  place  among  the 
friends  of  the  reformation  respecting  the  body  and  blood 
of  Christ  in  the  eucharist,  Carolostadt  became  the  open 
antagonist  of  Luther,  and  approached  nearer  to  the  senti- 
ments held  now  by  the  majority  of  protestants ;  but  his 
previous  intempevate  conduct  at  Wittemberg  had  so  lower- 
ed his  reputation,  tB^t  he  found  it  expedient  to  retire  to 
Orlamund,  a  small  town  of  Thuringia  ii^  the  electorate  of 
Saxony,  where,  without  legitimate   appointment,  though 
with  the  consent  of  the  inhabitants,  he  became  their  spi- 
ritual pastor.     Here  he  not  only  soon  broached  his  opinion 
of  the  eucharist,  but  raised  new  disturbances  by  bis  furious 
discourses  concerning  the  abolition  of  images.    He  appears 
also  to  have  boasted  of  having  been  favoured  with  super- 
natural communications,  and  was  represented  as  a  partizan 
of  the  turbulent  fanatic  Thomas  Munzer.     The  university 
of  Wittemberg  summoned  him  to  return  back,  and  dis- 
charge in  person  the  ordinary  duties  enjoined  him  by  the 
statutes  in  their  school  and  church.     Carolostadt  promised 
to  obey,  provided  he  could  obtain  the  leave  of  his  pa- 
rishioners of  Orlamund,  whom,  however,  at  the  same  time 
he  is  said  to  have  excited  to  arrogate  to  themselves  the 
divine  right  of  appointing  their  own  pastor.     The  elector 
of  Saxony  was  so  disgusted  with  the  insolent  letters  which 
they  wrote  on  this  occasion,  treating  the  academical  claim 
as  a  papistical  encroachment,  that  he  peremptorily  com- 
manded both  them  and  their  teacher  to  submit  to  the  legal 
authority  of  the  university  and  the  chapter.     Luther  was 
also  sent  to  Orlamund ;  but  this  appears  to  have  only  in- 
flamed Carolostadt's  ^eal  to  a  greater  height  of  imprudence,' 
and  his  violent  proceedings  at  last  provoked  the  elector 
and  his  brother  to  expel  Carolostadt  from  their  territories. 
Carolostadt,  after  his  departure,  Wrote  letters  to  his  people, 


270  C  A  H  O  L  a  S  T  A  -D  T. 

which  were  read  in  full  congregation  upon  the  toll  of  the 
bell,  and  were  subscribed  thus,  "  Andreas^Bodenstenius 
Carolostadt,  unheard,  unconvicted,  banished  by  Maftia 
Luther.^'  Mosheim  and  bis  translator  have  yielded  too 
easily  to  this  calumny  against  Luther,  which  appears  to 
have  been  wholly  unmerited  on  the  part  of  that  great  re* 
former,  who  about  five  months  afterwards  interceded, 
although  ineffectually,  for  him. 

Carolostadt  now  wandered  from  place  to  place  through 
the  higher  Germauy,  and  at  length  made  a  pause  at  Ro- 
tenburgh,  where,   as  usual,  he  soon  raised  tumults,  and 
incited  the  people  to  pull  down  the  statues  sind  paiiitings. 
When  the  seditious  faction  of  the  peasants,  with  Munzer 
their  ringleader,  was  effectually  suppressed,  lie  became  in 
the  greatest  difficulties,  and  even  in  danger  of  his  life  from 
his  supposed  connection  with  these  enthusiastic  rebels,  and 
he  narrowly  escaped,  through  being  let  down  by  the  wall 
of  the  town  in  a  basket.     Thus  reduced  to  the  last  extre- 
mities,   he   and   his  wife  incessantly   intreateJ  both  the 
elector  and  Luther  that  they  might  be  allowed  to  return 
into  their  own  country.     He  said,  he  could  clear  himself 
of  having  had  any  concern  in  the  rebellion ;  and  if  not,  he 
would  cheerfully  undergo  any  punishment  that  could  he 
inflicted  upon  him.     With  this  view  he  wrote  a  little  tract, 
in  which  he  takes  much  pains  to  justify  himself  from  tha 
charge  of  sedition  :  and  he  sent  a  letter  likewise  to  Luther, 
in  which  he  earnestly  begs  his  assistance  in  the  publishing 
of  the  tract,  as  well  as  in  the  more  general  design  of  estab- 
lishing his  innocence.     Luther  immediately  published  Ca- 
Tolostadt's  letter,  and  called  on  the  magistrates  and  on  the 
people  to  give  him  a  fair  hearing.     In  this  he  succeeded ; 
and  Carolostadt  was  recalled  about  the  autumn  of  I525y 
and  then  made  a  public  recantation  of  what'hef  had  ad- 
vanced on  the  sacrament,  a  condescension  which  did  not 
procure  a  complete*  reconciliation  between  him  and  the^ 
other  reformers,  and  indeed  affords  but  a  sorry  proof  of 
his  consistency.    We  find  Carolostadt,  after  this,  at  Zurich 
and  at  Basil,  where  he  was  appointed  pastor  and  professor 
of  divinity,  and  where  he  died  with  the  warmest  effusTonft 
of  piety  and  resignation,  Dec.  25,  1541,  or  1543.     He  was 
a  man  of  considerable  learning,  but  his  usefulness  both  a$. 
a  reformer  and  writer  was  perpetually  obstructed  by  the 
turbulence  of  his  temper,  and  his  misguided  zeal  in  endea-i^ 
vouring  to  promote  that  by  violence  which  the  other  re« 


CAROLQSTADT.  271 

formers  projected  only  through  the  medium  of  reason  and 
argument.  That  he  should  be  censured  by  Moreri,  Bos- 
suet,  and  other  Roman  catholic  writers,  is  not  surprising,  for 
be  afforded  too  much  ground  of  accusation  ;  but  it  is  more 
inexcusable  in  Mosheim,  Beausobre,  and  some  other  eccle- 
siastical historians,  to  throw  the  blame  of  his  banishment 
and  restless  life  on  Luther,  and  highly  absurd  to  insinuate 
that  the  latter  was  jealous  of  his  fame.  The  comparative 
merits  of  the  conduct  of  Luther  and  Carolostadt  through*- 
out  their  whole  connection^  have  been  examined  with  great 
candour  and  perspicuity  by  Milner. — One  singularity  in 
Carolostadt's  character  still  remains  to  be  noticed,  namely,^ 
that  he  was  the  first  protestant  divine  who  took  a  wife.  Hia 
works  were  numerous,  but^are  now  fallen  into  oblivion. 
His  followrers,  who  for  some  time  retained  the  name  <st 
Carolostadtians,  were  also  denominated  Sacramentarians^ 
4md  agree  in  most  things  with  the  Zuinglians.^ 

CARPENTER  (George  LoRDJ,l?aron  of  Killaghy  in  the 
kingdom  of  Ireland,  descended  from  an  ancient  and  good 
family  in  Herefordshire,  was  born  at  Pitchers  Ocul  in  that 
county,  February  10,  1657.  His  father  was  Mr.  Warncomb 
Carpenter,  sixth  son  of  Thomas  Carpenter,  esq.  of  the 
Homme  or  Holme,  in  the  parish  of  Dilwyn  in  Hereford* 
shire.  His  mother  was  daughter  to  Mr.  Taylor  of  the  same 
county,  and  widow  to  Mr.  John  Hill,  by  whom  she  had 
one  son.  George  lord  Carpenter  was  the  youngest  of  seven 
children,  whom  his  father  left  at  his  death,  and  was  edu-* 
cated  at  a  private  school  in  the  country.  In  1672  he  went 
into  the  third  troop  of  guards  as  a  private  gentleman,  and 
was  afterwards  appointed  quarter-master  to  the  regiment 
of  horse  commanded  by  the  earl  of  Peterborough,  and.  went 
through  the  several  posts  of  cornet,  lieutenant,  captain, 
&c,  till  he  was  advanced  to  that  of  lieutenant-colonel  of 
the  regiment,  in  which  commission  he  continued  thirteen 
years^  though  the  regiment  was  almost  constantly  in  ser- 
vice. In  1693  he  married  Alice,  daughter  of  William  lord 
viscount  Charlemont,  who  having  a  considerable  jointure 
from  her  first  husband  James  Margetson,  esq.  by  the  feale 
of  part  of  it  for  her  life  he  was  enabled  to  purchase  the 
regiment  of  dragoons  which  he  commanded  till  his  death. 
He  served  in  all  the  first  wars  in  Ireland  and  Flanders,  and 

^  Melchior  Adam. — ^Freheri  Theatrum. — Moiheim :  but  principally  Milner'g 
Church  Hrstory,  vol.  V.  p.  602,  773,  794,  809.— -A  Life  of  bim  wai  published  i«^ 
Ci«mau  by  Fueslifli  Leipfic,  177^  8ro.-^S%^i  Onomast. 


UK  CAR*PENTER. 

the  last  in  Spftio^  with  ttablemished  honour  and  reputation, 
and  distinguished  himself  to  great  advantage  by  his  cou- 
rage, conduct,  and  humanity.  At  the  unfortunate  batde 
of  Almanza  in  Spain  he  commanded  the  rear,  and  brought 
up  the  last  squaulron  in  the  retreat,  which  saved  the  bag<- 
gage  of  the  army.  At  the  battle  of  Almenara  he  was 
wounded,  but  received  the  compliments  of  Charles  then 
king  of  Spain,  and  afterwards  emperor  of  Germany,  for 
his  conduct  in  the  engagement.  He  was  again  desperately 
wounded  in  defending  the  breach  at  Britmega  s^ainst  tbe 
whole  French  and  Spanish  army,  where  they  were  at  last 
.taken  prisoners.  In  1705  he  was  made  a  brigadier-general; 
in  1708  major-general;  and  in  17 10  lieutenant-general.  In 
17 14  he  was  chosen  member  of  parliament  for  Whitchurch 
Jn  Hampshire ;  and  the  year  following  was  appointed  en- 
,voy  extraordinary  and  plenipotentiary  to  the  emperor, 
whose  personal  regard  and  esteem  he  had  gained  while  he 
serVed  under  that  prince  in  Spain.  But  tbe  rebellion 
breaking  out  that  year,  he  was  sent  into  the  North,  where 
he  not  only  prevented  the  rebels  from  seizing  Newcastle, 
and  inarching  into  Yorkshire,  but  having  overtaken  them 
at  Preston,  where  they  were  invested  by  major-general 
Wills,  he,  by  altering  the  disposition  which  that  general 
had  madQ,  cut  oiF  entirely  both  their  escape  and  their  re- 
ceiving any  supplies,  which  immediately  reduced  them  to 
a  capitulation.  In  the  beginning  of  February  1715-16  he 
sent  a  challenge  to  general  Wills,  but  they  were  prevented 
from  fighting  by  the  interposition  of  the  dukes  of  Marlbo- 
rough and  Montague.  In  1716  he  was  appointed  governor 
of  Minorca,  and  commander  in  chief  of  his  majesty's  forces 
in  Scotland;  and  in  1719  was  created  baron  Carpenter  of 
KiUagby  iti  the  kingdom  of  Ireland.  In  1722  he  was  cho- 
sen member  of  parliament  for  the  city  of  Westminster,  and 
upon  all  occasions  voted  for  what  he  thought  to  be  the 
real  good  of  his  country,  without  any  regard  to  party.  la 
October  1731  being  near  seventy-four  years  of  age,  he 
began  to  labour  under  the  failure  of  appetite,  and  h9,ving 
bad  a  fall,  by  which  his  teeth  were  loosened  on  that  side 
which  had  not  been  wounded,  he  ^as  capable  of  taking 
but  little  nourishment,  which  together  with  old  age,  and  a 
decay  of  nature,  put  an  end  to  his  life  February  10, 1731-2. 
He  was  interred  near  bis  beloved  wife  in  the  chancel  of  the 
parish  church  of  Owselbury  in  Hampshire,  where  a  monu- 


CARPENTEB.  Hi 

ment  of  marble  was  erected  to  \A%  meniory  by  bis  son,  thd 
kte  lord  Carpenter,  who  was  the  only  issue  he  left. 

General  Guest  used  to  flatter  lord  Carpenter  on  account 
of  his  conduct  at  the  battle  of  Almanza,  and  to  put  him  in 
mind  particularly  of  his  horse  Crop,  which  he  rode  in  that 
battle,  and  his  lordship  was  not  a  little  pleased  with  being 
reminded  of  a  circumstance  that  brought  fully  to  his  recol- 
lection an  event  which  he  regarded  as  one  of  the  most 
glorious  actions  of  his  life.  It  has  been  said,  that  lord 
Carpenter^s  chief  merit  consisted  in  his  skill  as  a  quarter- 
master-general, and  in  his  industry  in  providing  for  the 
subsistence  of  the  troops. 

Mr.  Jonathan  Richardson,  jun.  as  an  instance  that  th^ 
poor  never  fairly  forgive  the  rich  their  conveniencies  and 
superiority,  but  seize  every  opportunity  of  exerting  their 
own  pride,  and  little  temporary  boast  of  power,  relates 
that  lord  Carpenter,  at  a  Westminster  election,  where  the 
event  of  the  contest  was  very  doubtful,  could  not  prevail 
^Q  four  sturdy  butchers  to  poll  as  he  would  have  them,  but 
by  letting  them  ride  in  his  coach,  whilst  he  himself  walked 
at  the  horses*  heads  afid  led  them.  ^ 

CARPENTER  (Nathaniel),  an  English  clergyman  of 
great  learning  and  parts,-  was  born  in  the  parsonage-house 
of  North- Lew  (not  Northlegh,  as  Wood  says),  iiearHather- 
legh,  in  Devonshire,  Feb.  7,  1588.  His  father,  John  Car- 
|>enter,  a  native  of  Cornwall,  was  at  that  time  rector  of 
this  place,  and  author  of  some  sermons  enumerated  by 
Wood.  His  son,  after  a  private  education,  was  entered  of 
Edmund  hall,  Oxford  ;  and  in  1607,  by  the  casting  vot^ 
of  the  vice-chancellor,  was  elected  fellow  of  Exeter  college, 
to  which  he  removed,  and  became  distinguished  as  alo^ 
gician,  mathematician,  and  philosopher.  He  took  his  de- 
gree of  B.  A.  in  1610,  of  M.  A.  in  1613,  and  of  B.  D.  ill 
.1620,  and  soon  after  completing  his  master's  degree,  en- 
tered into  holy  orders,  and  had  the  reputation  of  a  very 
{>opular  divine.     About  1626  he  became  acquainted  with 

^  1  Gen.  Dict.^-Biog.  Brit. — Richarclsoniana,  p.  §59.  8ae  also  an  aecovnl  of 
his  conduct  in  Scotland  in  "  A  true  relation  of  the  Pursuit  of  the  Rebels  in  the 
Korth.  and  of  their  Surrender  at  Preston  to  lieiitenant*genaral  Carpenter,  com* 


ttonant-ipeneral  Carpenter  and  lAaj^r-senera)  WHls*"    See  likewise  «*  The  Poll<» 
ical  SUte  of  Great  3nUia''  for  F«h.  I71S.1«,  v«l«  ^.  pp.  119  e^  if  qq. 

Vol.  Vllf.  .      T  '       ' 


«74  CARPENTER. 

archbishop  Usher,  then  at  Oxford,  who  admired  his  talents 
and  piety,  took  bim  with  bim  to  Ireland,  and  made  him 
one   of  bis  chaplains,  and   tutor  to   the  king^s  wards  in 
Dublin.     These  king^s  wards  were  the  sons  of  Roman  ca- 
tholics who  had  fled  for  their  religion,  leaving  them  in 
their  minority ;  and   JVlr.  Carpenter's  charge  was  to  bring 
them  up  in  the  protestant  religion.     Soon  after   he  came 
to  Ireland  he  was  advanced  to  a  deanery,  but  what  deanery 
is  not  mentioned.     He  died  at  Dublin  in  1635,  according 
to  Fuller,  or  in  1628,  according  to  Wood.     Dr.  Robert 
Usher,  afterwards  bishop  of  Kildare,  and  brother  to  the 
archbishop,  preached  his  funeral  sermon,  and  gave  a  high 
character  of  him,  which  seems  to  be  confirmed  by  all  his 
contemporaries.     He  published,    1.  ^'  Philosophia  libera^ 
tripUci  exercitationum  decade  proposita,"  Francfort,  162 1, 
under  the  name  of  Cosmopolitanus ;  London,   1622,  Svo, 
with  additions,  Oxford,  1636,  167o.     This  was  considered 
as  a  very  ingenious  work,  and  one  of  the  earliest  attacks 
on  the  Aristotelian  philosophy.     Brucker,  who  has  giyeu 
our   author  a  place  among  the  "  modern  attempters  to 
improve  natural  philosophy,''  adds^  that  he  has  advanced 
inany  paradoxical  notions,  sufficiently  remote  from  the  rer 
ceived  doctrines   of  the  schools.     2.  "  Geography,"    in 
two   books,  Oxford,    1625,    and  corrected   and  enlarged 
1635,  4to.     In  the  latter  part  he  maintains  that  mountain* 
ous  people  are  more  stout,  warlike,  and  generous  than  the 
inhabitants  of  flat  countries,  and  supports  this  doctrine  by 
an  appeal  to  his  countrymen  in  Devonshire.     3.  "  Achito- 
phel ;  or  the  picture  of  a  wicked  Politician,  in  three  parts,'* 
Dublin,  1627,  8vo,  Oxford,  1628,  4to,  1640,  12mo.  These 
three  parts  are  t]^e  substance  of  three  sermons  on  2  Sam« 
xvii.  23.  which  he  had  formerly  preached  at  Oxford.    Sonae 
objections  beins^  made  to  several  passages  against  (not,  as 
Mr.  Malone  says,    in  favour  of)    Arminianism    (for  Car- 
penter was  a  Calvinist),  the  book  was  castrated  by  arch* 
bishop  Laud  in  various  places.     "  The  scene,"  says  the 
writer  in  a  dedication  to  archbishop  Usher,  **  wherein  I 
liave  bounded  my  discourse,  presents  unto  your  grace  a 
sacred  tragedy,  consisting  of  four  chief  actors,  viz.  David, 
an  anointed  king;  Absalom,  an  ambitious  prince;  Acbi- 
tophel,  a  wicked  politician  ;  and  Cushay,  a  loyal  subject : 
9,  passage  of  history,  for  variety  pleasant,  for  instructioa 
useful,   for  event  admirable.'*     He  inveighs    in    general 
against  the  inordinate  ambition  and  subde  practices  of 


C  A  R  P  E  N  T  E  R.  il^ 

dourts'and  courtiers.  Mr.  Malone  takes  more  pains  than 
necessary  to  prove  that  Dryden  adopted  no  hint  from  it 
for  bis  "  Absalom  and  Achitophei."  4.  "  Chorazin  and 
Bethsaida's  woe  and  warning,"  Oxford,  1640.  He  wrote 
also  a  "  Treatise  of  Optics,"  of  which  there  were  some 
imperfect  copies  in  MSS.  but  the  original  was  by  some 
means  lost.  * 

CARPENTER  (Richard),  a  divine  and  poet  of  the  se- 
venteenth century,    was  educated  at  Eton   college,    and 
thence  elected  scholar  of  King's  college  in  Cambridge,  in 
1622.     About   three   years  after,   he   left   England,    and 
studied  in  Flanders,  Artois,  France,  Spain,  and  Ijtaly ;  and 
at  length  received  holy  orders  at  Rome  from  the  hands  of 
the  pope's  substitute.     Soon  after',  having  taken  upon  him 
the  order  of  St.  Benedict,  he  was  sent  into  England  to 
.make    proselytes;    in    which    employment    he  continued 
somewhat  above  a  year,  then  returned  to  the  protestant  re- 
ligion, and,  through  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury's  in- 
terest, obtained  the  small  vicarage  of  Poling  by  the  sea- 
side, near  Arundel  castle,  in  Sussex.     Here  he  was  ex- 
posed to  the  insults  of  the  Romish  party,  particularly  jone 
Francis  a  S.  Clara,  living  in  that  neighbourhood  under  the 
name  of  Hunt,  who  used  to  expose  him  to  scorn  before 
bis  parishioners.     In  the  time,  however,  of  the  civil  war, 
he   quitted   his   living,  retired   to   Paris,  and   reconciling 
himself  to  the  Romish  church,  he  made  it  his  business  to 
rail  against  the  protestants.     Afterwards,  returning  to  Eng- 
land, he  settled  at  Aylesbury  in  Buckinghamshire,  where 
he  had  some  relations ;  and,  being  once  more  a  protestant, 
he  would  often  preach  there  in  a  very  fantastical  manner, 
to  the  great  mirth  of  his  auditors.     He  was  living  there  in 
1 670 ;  but  before  his  death  he  returned  a  third  time  to 
popery,  causing  his  pretended  wife  to  embrace  that  per- 
suasion ;  and   in   that  faith  he  died.     He  was  generally 
esteemed  a  man  of  an  absurd  character,  one  that  changed 
his  opinions  as  often  as  his  cloaths,  and,  for  his  juggles 
and  tricks  in  religion,  a  theological  mountebank. 
'    He  published  the  following  sermons:   1.  "  The  perfect 
Law  of  God,  being  a  sermon 'and  no  sermon,  preached 
and  yet  not  preached,"  1652,  8vo.     2.  **  Astrology  proved 
harmless,  useful,  pious;  on  Gen.  i.  14.  'And  let  theni  be 

.  »  Prinee's  Worthiai  of  Devon.-i^uUer's  WorthieB.->Ath.  Ok  tot.  I.— 'Ma* 
loae'g  Dryden^  vol,  L  p.  139. 

T  2 


876.  e  A  R  P  E'n  T  E  R. 

tor  8ign$%*'  Lond.  1657,  4to;  dedicated  to  Elias  Aslmiole* 
At  the  end  of  the  epistle  dedicatory  is  Richard  Carpenter^s 
picturei  with  a  face  looking  towards  himi  out  of  the  mouth 
of  which  issues  9.  ^erpeOt,  and  out  of  the  serpent's  mouth 
i^re.     Underneath   are  written  these  words:  '*  Ricardus 
Carpenterus  porcello  cuidam  Geraseuorum,  scilicet  in  om- 
nia prcecipiti,  fluctibusque   devoto,    cidem   porco  loquaci 
pariter  et  minadi  mendacique  indicit  sileutium,  et  obmu- 
tescit."     3.  "  Rome  in   her  fruits,"  preached   the  1st  of 
November  1662,  near  the  Standard  in  Cheapside;  in  an- 
swer to  a  pamphlet  entitled  Reasons  why  the  Roman  Ca- 
thoiics  should  not  be   persecuted/'  Lond.  1663,  4to,  on 
IVIatth.  vii.  16.     There  is  extant  by  the  same  author,  a  trea- 
tise entitled  "  Experience,  History,  and  Divinity,  in  five 
books,"  Lond.  1642,  8vo,  dedicated  to  the  parliament  then 
fitting ;  with  his  picture  before  it.     This  book  was  repub- 
lished in  1648,  under  the  title  of  "  The  Downfall  of  An- 
tichrist.'*    It  contains  several  particulars  of  his  personal 
history,  and  e^'poses  many  of  the  practices  of  the  Romish 
missionaries,  but  the  style,  as  in  all  his  works,  is  quaint 
and  extravagant.     Granger  thinks  he  must  have  studied  the 
Spanish  roma\ices  to  produce  the  following  beauty,  pre* 
fixed  to  the  list  of  errata :  "  I  humbly  desire  all  clean- 
hearted  and   right-spirited  people,  who  shall  reade  this 
book  (which-  because  the  presse  was  oppressed,  seems  to 
have  been  suppressed,  when  it  was  by  little  and  little  ina- 
-pressed  ;  but  now  at  least  hath  pressed  through  the  presse 
into  the  publicke)  first  to  restore  it  by  correcting  the  fol- 
lowing errata."     His   comedy,  called   "  The  praghiatical 
Jesuit,"  came  out  after  the  Restoration.     The  picture  be- 
fore it  represents  him  in  a  very  genteel  lay-habit ;  whereas 
that  before  his  "  Experience,"  &c.  exhibits  him  in  the  dress 
of  a  formal  clergyman,  with  a  mortified  countenance.     M]r« 
Langbaine  speaks  with  some  commendation  of  this  play.  ^ 

CARPENTER  (Richarb),  confounded  by  Langbaine 
with  the  former,  but  a,  divine  of  a  very  different  character^ 
and  prior  in  order  of  time,  was  a  Cornish  man,  and  became 
a  batler  in  Exeter  college  in  Oxford,  ia  15^2,  and  four 
years  after  fellow  oS  that  house,  being  then  B*  A.  By 
the  advice  and  direction  of  the  rector,  Dr.  Holland,  be  ap- 
plied himself  to  theological  studies,  and,  in  a  few  yeai^s, 

*  Bio^.  Brit.— »0iaK.  I>rAmiiticA*<^AUi.  Oi«  T^.  I.— Alaouii  Eton.  p.  223*-» 
€jr»iigcr. — ^i>u(i4's  Cburcli  UisiQTj, 


te«  A*i«i»fl 


CARPENTER.  27t 

|>roved  a  learned  divine  and  an  excellent  preacher.  Iri 
1611  he  was  admitted  to  the  reading  of  the  sentences;  and 
about  that  time  was  made  rector  of  Sherwill,  and  of  Lox- 
hore  adjoining,  in  Devonshire;  and  afterwards  obtained 
the  benefice  of  Ham  near  Sherwill.  He  died  Dec.  18, 
1627,  aged  fifty-two,  and  was  buried  in  the  chancel  of  the 
church  of  Loxhore.  He  published  some  sermons  :  1.  "The 
Soul's  Centinel,"  preached  at  the  funeral  of  sir  Arthur 
Acland,  knt  Jan.  9,  1611,  on  Jobxiv.  14."  Lond.  1612,  8vo. 

2.  "  A  Pastoral  Charge,  faithfully  given  and  discharged  at 
the  triennial  visitation  of  W.  Bishop  of  Exon,  at  Barn- 
Staple,  Sept.  7,  1616,  on  Acts  xx.  28."  London,  1616,  8vo. 

3.  "  Christ's  Larum-bell  of  Love  resounded,"  &c.  on  John 
XV,  12.  Lond.  1616, 8vo.  4.  "  The  conscionable  Christian," 
&c.  being  three  assize  sermons  at  I'aunton  and  Chard  in 
Somersetshire,   1620,  on  Actsxxiv.  16,  Lond.  1623,  4to.* 

CARPENTIER  (John  le),  a  native  of  Abscons  in  Ostre- 
vant,  was  a  regular  canon  in  the  abbey  of  St.  Aubert  at 
Canibray,  but  retired  into  Holland  with  a  lady  by  whom  he 
had  several  children,  according  to  Foppen,  in  his  Bibl. 
Belgica,  and  died  there  at  ah  advanced  age,  about  1670. 
He  maintained  himself  by  drawing  up  genealogies,  which 
are  in  his  ^^  Histoire  deCambray  et  du  Cambresis,"  Ley- 
den,  1664,  2  vols,  4to,  a  work  which  his  countrymen  say 
must  not  be  depended  upon  too  much.  There  is  only  one 
edition  of  this  book,  but  some  have  the  titles  of  1668.  In 
the  copies  thus  dated,  is  a  short  supplement,  which  con- 
tinues the  third  part  of  the  book  to  page  1110,  instead  of 
1096,  where  it  originally  ended.  There  is  also  a  plan  of 
the  estates  of  Cambresis,  and  some  separate  genealogies, 
the  expence  of  which  was  defrayed  by  the  families. ' 

CARPENTIER  (Peter),  prior  of  Doncheri,  was  born 
At  Charleville  in  1697,  and  entered  early  into  the  congre- 
gation of  St,  Maur,  where  he  acquired  great  esteem  for  his 
learning ;  but  being  presented  to  a  rich  benefice  by  the 
abb^  de  Pompone,  and  patronized  by  the  ministry,  be 
went  into  the  order  of  Cluni.  He  passed  his  time  at  Paris 
without  attaching  himself  to  any  religious  house,  culti- 
vating literature,  and  examining  the  archives  and  libraries. 
He  died  in  D^c.  1767,  aged  seventy.  He  is  partly  author 
of  the  edition  of  the  glossary  of  Du  Cange,  6  vols,  folio, 
and  entirely  of  the  <*  Supplement"  in  4  vols.  fol.  1766, 

>  Atli.  Ox  vol.  L"  <  Dict.'Hi«t.— -L^Advocat.— ^axU  Ononufit. 


278  C,A  R  P  E  N  T  I  E  R. 

»  , 

sometimes  bound  in  two,  which  in  point  of  learned  research 
places  him  on  an  equality  with  his  predecessor.     He  com-    . 
piled  also  "  Alphabetum  Tironianum,  seu  Notas  Tironis 
expiicandi  metbodus,   cum  pluribus  Ludovici  Pii  chartis 
quae  notis  tisdem  exaratoB  sunt."  Paris,  1747,  fol. ' 

CARPI  (Hugo  da),  a  native  of  Italy,  who  flourished  about 
the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century,  was  not  in  any 
degree  considerable  as  a  painter,  but  is  justly  entitled  to 
fame  as  an  engraver  on  wood.     He  was  not,  however,  the 
first  engraver  on  that  material,  as  some  have  asserted,  but 
certainly  invented  that  species  distinguished  by  the  name 
of  chiaro-scuro,   in  imitation  of  drawing.     This  he  per- 
formed by  using  three  blocks :  the  first  for  the  outline  and 
dark  shadows ;  the  second  for  the  lighter  shadows  *,  and  the 
third  for  the  half  tint.     His  prints,  though  slight,  are  usu- 
ally very  spirited,  and  in  a  masterly  style.     They  prescrvei 
at  least,  a  bold,  striking  resemblance  of  the  sketches  of  the 
great  painters  from  whose  designs  they  are  taken.     Strutt, 
and,  before  him,  Vasari,  mention  the  following :  viz.  "A 
Sibyl  reading  in  a  book,  with  an  infant  holding  a  flambeau 
to  light  her;"    *^  The  burning  of  Troy,  with  ^Eneas  saving 
his  father  Anchises ;"  "  A  descent  from  the  cross ;"  **  Da- 
\id  cutting  off  the   head  of  Goliah ;''  all  from   Raphael ; 
and  a  "  Magician  seated  on  the  ground,  with  a  book  open 
before  him,  and  in  the  back-ground  a  bird  with  its  foathers 
plucked  off,"  from  Parmigiano.     This  species  of  engraving 
was  carried  to  great  perfection  by  Andrea  Andriani,  and 
also  by  Balthasar  Perezzi  of  Siena,  and  Parmigiano*. 

CARPI  (GiROLAMO  0e)^  an  artist,  who  was  born  at  Fer- 
rara,  in  1501,  became  a  disciple  of  Garofalo,  and  proved 
the  best  artist  of  all  those  who  studied  in  that  academy ; 
but  when  he  quitted  that  master,  he  devoted  his  whole 
time,  thoughts,  and  attention,  to  study  the  works  of  Cor- 
reggio,  and  to  copy  them  with  a  critical  care  and  observation. 
In  that  labour  he  spent  several  years  at  Parma,  Modena, 
and  other  cities  of  Italy,  where  the  best  works  of  that 
exquisite  painter  were  j)reserved.  He  succeeded  to  admi- 
ration, and  acquired  such  an  excellence  in  the  imitation  of 
Correggio's  style,  and  copying  his  pictures,  that  many 
paintings  finished  by  him  were  taken  for  originals,  and 
were  eagerly  purchased  by  the  connoisseurs  of  that  time. 
Nor  is  it  improbable,    that   several  of    the  paintings  of 

\  Diet  Hist— Saxii  Onomast .  *  StruU.r-Pilkingtom  * 


CARPI.  tU 

Girdamo  da  Carpi  pass  at  this  day  for  the  genuine  worJb 
of  Correggio.     He  died  in  1556. !  •* 

CARPOCRATES,'or  CARPOCRAS,  of  Alexandria,  a? 
famous  heretic  of  the  second  century,  is  reported  to  have 
carried  the  Gnostic  blasphemies  to  an  enormous  degree  of 
extravagance.  He  maintained  that  matter  was  eternal; 
that  the  world  was  created  by  angels ;  that  God  formed 
^uman  souls,  which  were  imprisoned  in  bodies  of  malignant 
matter;  that  Jesus  was  but. a  mere  man^  the  son  of  Joseph 
and  Mary,  and  distinguished  from  others  by  his  superior 
greatness  of  soul ;  that  none  can  obtain  everlasting  salvation 
by  him,  unless,  by  committing  all  manner  of  crimes,  they 
fill  up  the  measure  of  their  wickedness ;  that  human  lusts 
and  passions,  being  implanted  by  God,  ought  to  be  gra* 
tified;  that  all  actions  are  in  themselves  indifferent,,  and 
become  good  or  evil,  only  by  the  opinions  of  men,  or  tlttf 
laws  of  the  state ;  and  that  women,  and  every  thing  else^ 
ought  to  be  common  property.  Such  are  the  opinions 
imputed  to  him  by  ecclesiastical  historians,  which  are  said 
to  have  produced  a  corresponding  practice  among  his  foW 
lowers.  Dr.  Lardner  only  has  taken  considerable  pains  to 
defend  Carpocrates ;  and  his  conjectures  are  at  least  in- 
genious, akhough  he  has'  not  been  able  to  render  >  tbW 
heretic  an  object  of  much  interest  or  admiration. ' 

CARPZOVIUS  (Benedict),  the  first  of  a  learned  family 
in  Germany,  was  born  in  1565  in  the  marquisate  of  Bran- 
denburgh.  As  he  excelled  in  the  study  of  jurisprudence, 
he  was  enrolled  among  the  number  of  lawyers  at  Wittem- 
berg  in  1592,  where  be  lectured  on  the  institutes  in  1599 
and  1601.  He  was  afterwards  appointed  chancellor  and 
assessor  of  appeals  to  Sophia,  the  widow  of  Christian  I. 
elector  of  Saxony,  and  after  residing,  some  years  at  that 
court,  obtained  permission  to  return  to  Wittemberg,  where 
be  died  in  1624.' 

CARPZOVIUS  (Benedict),  one  of  the  sons  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  in  1595,  succeeded  to  his  father's 
employments,  which  he  held  for  forty-six  years,  and  died 
in  1666.  He  was  accounted  one  of  the  ablest  lawyers  and 
law-writers  of  bis  time,  and  may  likewise  be  praised  as  a 
legal  antiquary,  as  he  rescued  from  the  archives,  where 
they  were  unknown  or  forgot,  many  constitutions  and  de- 
cisions of  great  curiosity  and  impdrtanoe.     In  his  latter 

■  Ptlkingtoo.  ■       • 

»  Mosheim.— Lardner's  Hist,  of  Heretics,  Works,  vol.  .IX.—'Dupiik 
?  Moreri.-*Freberi  TheatnuD. 


U9  CARPZOVIUS. 

« 

4i9^yB  h^  retired  lo  LeipsiQ,  ud  devoted  his  time  entirely 
to  the  study  of  the  Bible,  which  he  is  said  to  have  read 
over  fifty-three  times,  besides  making  notes  as  he  went 
00,  and  conanltiDg  the  commentators.  The  chief  of  his 
j^biished  works  ase,  1.  ^^  Practica  rerum  criminalittm,^* 
:|635,  fol.  often  reprinled»  and  abridged  by  Suerus,  Leipsic, 
)$35,  4to,  1669.,  8vo.  2.  f<  Deftnitioues  forenses,'*  1638, 
foL;  also  often  reprinted,  and  abridged  by  Schroterus, 
^th  the  author's  consent,  Jena,  1664,  4to,  and  1669,  8vo. 
S«  '^  Copnnent.  ad  legem  regiam  Germanoram,"  1640* 
4'  ^  Besponsa  juris  Electoralia,''  1642,  foL  5.  <<  Defini- 
Stones  ecclesiasticse,''  1649.  6.  <^  Decisiooes  Saxonicae," 
1646—16^4,  St  vols,  folio,  often  reprinted.  7«  '^  Processus 
Juris  Saxonici,''  1657,  folio.  Other  branches  of  this 
&mily  acquired  distinction  as  divines  and  philologists ;  but 
our  accounts  of  them  are  too  imperfect  to  be  interesting, 
^ud  those  in  the  Diet.  Historique  evidently  erroneous.  The 
bst  upon  record,  Johon"  Benedict  Carpzovius,  was  a  very 
eminent  classical  scholar  and  critic.  He  published  an  ex« 
cellent  edition  of  Musasus,  Gr.  and  Lat.  in  1775  ^ . 

CARR  (GsoaoE),  a  clergyman  of  the  episcopal  church 
.in  Scotland,  was  bom  at  Newcastle,  Feb.  16,  1704,  and 
educated  at  St  John's  college,  Cambridge,  where  be  took 
the  degree  of  bachelor  ^f  arts.  Soon  after  his  return  to 
Newcastle  he  went  into  orders,  and  in  1737  was  appointed 
senior  clergyman  of  the  episcopal  chapel  at  Edinburgh^ 
^here  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  days,  and  officiated 
for  the  space  of  thirty-nine  years.  On  the  morning  of 
Sunday,  August  18,  1776,  as  he  was  preparing  to  go  to. the 
4^hapel,  he  suddenly  expired.  Three  volomes  of  bis  '^  Ser« 
xnoos'^  were  published  in  the  following  year,  12i»o,  by  sir 
William  Forbes^  bact.  who  undertook  the  task  of  selecting 
^lese  from  his  numerous,  manuscripts.  Oo  his  private  and 
public  character,  sir  William  lived  to  express,  himself  with 
3eal  and  affection  thirty  years  after  the  decease  of  his 
friend,  and  says  of  his  ^  Sermons,*'  that  although  they  do 
qot  contain  the  profound  reasonings  of  Butler,  nor  the 
^Icffant  discussions  of  Sherlock ;  neither  the  learning  of 
Tilktson,  nor  the  declamation  of  Seed,  they  exhibit  the 
most  useful  and  important  truths  of  the  gospel,  net  only 
with  plainness  and  perspicuity,  but  in  language  always 
elegant  and  seldom  incorrect.  Dr.  Beattie,  on  tjio  oocasioii 
of  his  death,  said^  that  *^  to  bis  merits  as  a  preacher,  great 

>  Moreri.-- SazH  OnoniMliooiir  ^ 


C  A  R  R.  281 

ais  they  were,  the  lustre  of  his  private  charadtor  was  still 
superior,^'  ainl  that  ^^  the  death  of  such  a  man  was.  a  real 
loss  to  society.  ^ 

CARR  (John),  LL.  D.  many  years  an  eminent  school- 
master at  Hertford,  and  known  to  the  literary  world  as  the 
translator  of  Lucian,  was  born  at  Muggleswick,  in  the 
coonty  of  Durham,  in  1732;  His  father  was  a  farmer,  and 
had  a  small  estate  of  hia  own,  which  the  doctor  possessed 
at  his  death.  He  was  first  educated  at  the  village  school, 
said  privately  by  the  rev.  Daniel  Watson,  who  was  then  a 
young  man,  and  curate  of  that  place.  Afterwards  he  was 
sent  to  St.  Paul's  school,  where  he  continued  longer  than 
boys  usually  do,  as  his  father  could  not  afford  to  send  him 
to  either  of  the  universities.  He  is  supposed  to  have  beeit 
once  a  candidate  for  the  mastership  of  St.  PauPs,  but  the 
want  of  a  degree  was  fatal  to  his  application.  When  stilt 
young,  however,  he  became  usher  to  Dr.  Hurst,  who  W9^ts 
master  of  the  grammar-school  at  Hertford,  and  succeeded 
him  in  that  situation,  which  he  held  for  many  years  with 
the  highest  credit  He  was  honoured  with  the  degree  of 
LL.  D.  from  the  Mariscbal  college^  Aberdeen,  by  the  in« 
fluence  of  Dr.  Beattie.  He  died  June  6,  1807,  after  ex-^ ' 
periencing  a  gradual  decay  for  nearly  a  year  before,  but  onf 
the  day  of  his  death  was,  as  he  supposed,  in  much  bettier 
health  than  usual.  He  was  buried  in  St.  John's  church, 
Hertford,  with  an  epitaph  in  Latin,  written  hy  himself,  in 
which  he  seems  to  reflect  a  little  on  time  lost,  ^*  studiis 
inanibus."  This  may  probably  allude  to  his  ^*  Translation 
oi  Lucian,"  on  which  be  employed  many  of  his  leisure 
hours,  and  which  was  published  in  5  vols.  8vo.  from  1773 
to  1798.  It  procured  him  considerable  fame,  which',  how^ 
ever,  has  been  diminished,  m  the  opinion  of  many,  since 
the  appearance  of  Dr.  Francklin's  more  classical  translation. 
Br.  Carr's  other  publications  were  trifles,  on  which  himself 
perh^s  set  no  very  high  value:  "Vol.  III.  of  Tristram 
Shandy,*'  in  imitation  of  Sterne,  but  soon  detected,  1760 ; 
*^  FiUal  Piety,"  a  mocfc  heroic,  1763,  fol ;  «  Extract  of  a 
^Private  Letter  to  a  Critic,"  1764,  fol.;  and  **  Eponina,  a 
Dramatic  £}ssay,  addressed  to  the  ladies,"  1765.^ 
'  CARRA  (John  Lewis),  one  of  those  French  philoso* 
phers  and  statesmen  to  whom  the  revolution  gave  a  short* 
lived  importance,  was  born  at  Pont-de-Vesle  in  Dombes, 

i  '  ,  ... 

1  Sermons  as  above. — ^Forbes^s  Life  of  Dr.  Beattie,  vol.  If.  4to,  p.  3,  404, 
f  Nicbol»*s  Bowy«ri  voU*  Xll.<— Gent,  Mag.  Siipp«  191S.  Part  II. 


2S2  C  A  R  R  A. 

of  poor  parents.  He  early  discovered  an  impetuous  and 
ttngovernable  temper,  and  even  his  youth  is  said  to  have 
been  stained  with  crimes.  He  travelled  into  Moldavia  and 
Walacbia,  and  wrote  an  account  of  those  countries,  which 
is  the  most  unexceptionable  of  his  works.  On  the  com* 
xnencement  of  the  revolution  he  came  to  Paris,  with  all 
the  talents  requisite  to  give  him  consequence,  a  violent 
hatred  of  the  royal  family,  and  confused  and  ill-digested 
notions  of  political  freedom.  Mirabeau,  during  his  short 
life,  appears  to  have  discerned  and  despised  his  character  ^ 
but  in  1792  he  acted  without  controul,  and  was  one  of  the 
chiefs  of  the  revolt  on  the  10th  of  August,  and  gloried  in 
having  laid  the  plan  of  that  fatal  day.  When  the  unhappy 
king  was  brought  to  trial,  he  was  among  the  most  active  in 
preventing  any  change  in  the  sentence,  or  any  access  to 
the  voice  of  clemency.  His  triumph,  however,  was  very 
short  Having  fallen  out  with  Robespierre  and  his  col- 
leagues, he  joined  the  party  of  the  Gironde,  was  impli- 
cated  in  their  fete,  and  guillotined  Nov;  1,>1793.  The 
convention  afterwards  honoured  him  as  a  martyr  to  liberty, 
but  his  countrymen  now  seem  disposed  to  revive  his  real 
character.  As  a  writer,  they  tell  us,  he  first  acquired 
notice  by  some  bad  articles  in  the  Encyclops&dia.  His 
separate  publications  were,  1.  "  Systeme  de  la  Raison,"  a 
.declamation  against  royalty ;  said  to  have  been  printed  a| 
London  in  1773.  2.  *^  Esprit  de  la  Morale  et  de  la  Philo^ 
Sophie,"-  1777,  8vo;. in  which  the  principles  of  infidelity 
are  unblushingly  brought  forward.  3.  "  Histoite  de  la 
Moldavie  et  de  la  Valachie,"  1778,  12mo.  4.  "  Nouveauif 
principes  de  Physique,'*  1782,  2  vols.  Svo,  a  work  in 
which  he  has  pretty  nearly  ascertained  bow  far  the  imagina- 
tion, without  the  aid  of  knowledge  or  ex-periment,  can 
carry  conjecture  and  paradox.  5.  ^^  Essai  sur  la  nautique 
aerienn^,"  1784,  in  which  he  assumes  the  merit  of  a  plan 
to  guide  air-balloons  with,  safety  and  speed  ;  which  in  point 
of  utility  may  be  classed  with  the  following :  6.  "  Examen 
physique  du  magnetisme  animal,"  1785,  8vq.  7.  "  Dis- 
sertation elementaire  sur  la  natnre\  de  la  Jiimiere,  de  la 
chaleur,  du  feu,  et  de  Pelectricit6,"  1787,  8voi  8.  "  Uii 
m6t  de  reponse  a  M.  de  Calonne,  sur  sa  Hequete  au  roi.'* 
9.  ^^  L'Orateur  des  Etats-Generawx,"  1789, 8vo.  10.  "  An^ 
Dales  politiques,"  a  sort  of  newspaper,  if  we  mistake 
not,   at  the  time  when  every  party  had  its  newspaper* 


C  A  R  R  A.  2SS 

11.  **  Memoires  historiques  sur  la  Bastille,"  1790,  3  Vols, 
^Vo;  and  many  anonynaous  pamphlets.  ^ 

CARRANZA  (Bartholomew),  a  Dominican,  bora  ia 
1 504  at  Miranda  in  Navarre,  appeared  with  great  distinc-* 
tion  at  the  council  of  Trent,  where  he  composed  a  treatise 
on  the  residence  of  bishops,  which  he  held  to  be  of  divine 
right,  treating  the  contrary  opinion  as  diabolical.  Philip  11. 
king  of  Spain,  having  married  queen  Mary  in  1554,  took 
Carranza  with  him  into  Kngland,  who  laboured  to  restore 
the  Catholic  religion  there,  and  pleased  Philip  so  much^ 
that  he  appointed  him  archbishop  of  Toledo. 1 557.  This 
illustrious  prelate  was,  however,  accused  before  the  Inqui- 
sition, 1559,  and  carried  as  a  heretic  to  Rome,  where  he 
was  thrown  into  prison,  and  ^suffered  greatly  during  t^ii 
years,  notwithstanding  the  solicitations  of  his  friend  Na- 
varrej  who  openly  undertook  his  defence.  '  At  length  the 
Inquisition  declared  by  a  sentence  passed  1576,  that  there 
was  not  any  certain  proof  that  Carranza  was  a  heretic^ 
They  condemned  him  j^evertheless  to  abjure  the  errors 
which  had  been  imputed  to  him,  and  confined  him  to  la 
Minerve,  a  monastery  of  his  order,  where  he  died  the  same 
year,  aged  72.  His  principal  works  are,  1.  **  Summary 
of  the   Councils"  in   Latin,   1681,  4to,  which   is  valued. 

2.  "  A  Treatise  on  the  residence  of  Bishops,"   154-7,  4to. 

3.  "A  Catechism"  in  Spanish,  1558,  fol. ;  censured  by 
the  Inquisition  in  Spain,  but  justified  at,  the  council  of 
Trent  in  1563.* 

CARRE'  (Lewis),  was  born  in  1663,  in  the  province  of 
Brie  in  France.  His  father,  a  substantial  farmer,  intended 
him  for  the  church.  But  young  Carre,  after  going  through 
the  usual  cour<^e  of  education  for  that  purpose,  having  an 
litter  aversion  to  it,  refused  to  enter  upon  that  function ;, 
by  which  he  incurred  his  father's  displeasure.  His  re- 
^ources  being  thus  cut  off,  he  was  obliged  to  quit  the 
university,  and  look  out  into  the  world  for  some  em- 
ployment. In  this  exigency  he  had  the  good  fortune 
to  be  engaged  as  an  amanuensis  by  the  celebrated 
father  Malebranche ;  by  which  be  found  himself  trans- 
ported at  once  from  the  mazes  of  scholanic  darkness,  to 
(he  source  of  the  most  brilliant  and  enlightened ;pbilosophy. 
Under  this  great  master  he  studied  mathematics  and  meta- 
physics, and  after  seven  years  spent  in  this  excellent  school, 

^  Diet.  Hi8t«<— Biog.  Modernc—Por  his  philosophy,  see  Month.  Rev.  vol.  68^ 
B9,  and  70.  *  Moreri. — Dopin.— Gen.  Diet,— Freb«ri  Tbeatrum. 


it*  c  A  R  R  r. 

J  , 

M.  Carr£  found  it  necessary,  in  order  to  procure  himself 
some  less  precarious  establishment^  to  teach  mathematics 
and  philosophy  in  Paris ;  but  especially  that  philosophy 
whicky  on  account  of  its  tendency  to  improve  our  morals, 
he  valued  more  than  all  the  mathematics  in  the  world. 
And  accordingly  his  greatest  care  was  to  make  geometry 
serve  as  an  introduction  to  his  well-beloved  metaphysics. 
Most  of  M.  Carr6*s  pupils  were  of  the  fair  sex.  The  first 
of  these,  who  soon  perceived  that  his  language  was  rather 
the  reverse  of  elegant  and  ccnrrect,  told  him  pleasantly, 
that,  as  an  Acknowledgment  for  the  pains  he  took  to  teach 
ber  philosophy,  she  would  teach  him  French  ;  and  he  ever 
after  owned  that  her  lessons  were  of  great  service  to  him« 
In  general  he  seemed  to  set  more  value  upon  the  genius  of 
'iPomen  than  that  of  men. 

'  M.  t!arr6,  although  he  gave  the  preference  to  meta* 
physics,  did  not  neglect  mathematics  ;  and  while  he  taught 
both,  he  took  care  to  make  himself  acquainted  with  all 
the  new  discoveries  in  the  latter.  This  was  all  that  his 
constant  attendance  on  bis  pupils  would  allow  him  to  do, 
till  the  year  1697,  when  M.  Varignon,  so  remarkable  for 
his  extreme  scrupulousness  in  the  choice  of  his  eleves, 
took  M .  Carr^  to  him  in  that  station.  Soon  af(er,  viz.  in 
1700,  our  author  thinking  himself  bound  to  do  sojnething 
that  might  render  him  worthy  of  that  title,  published  the 
first  complete  work  on  the  integral  calculus,  under  the 
title  of  **  A  method  of  measuring  surfaces  and  soUds,  and 
finding  their  centres  of  gravity,  percussion,  and  oscilla- 
tion." He  afterwards  discovered  some  errors  in  the  work, 
and  was  candid  enough  to  own  and  correct  them  in  a  sub* 
sequent  edition.  In  a  little  time  M.  Carr^  became  asso* 
ciate,  and  at  length  one  of  the  pensioners  of  the  academy. 
And  as  tbis^was  a  sufficient  establishment  for  one  who 
knew  so  well  how  to  keep  his;  desires  within  just  bounds, 
be  gave  himself  up  entirely  to  study  ;  and  as  he  enjoyed 
the  appointment  of  Mechanician,  he  applied  himself  more 
particularly  to  mechanics.  He  took  also  a  survey  of  every 
branch  relating  to  music ;  such  as  the  doctrine  of  sounds,  the 
description  of  musical  instruments;  though  he  despised  the 
practice  of  music,  as  a  mere  sensual  pleasure.  Some  sketches 
of  his  ingenuity  and  industry  in  this  way  may  be  seen  in  the 
Memoirs  of  the  French  Academy  of  Sciences.  M.  CarrS 
also  composed  some  treatises  on  other  branches  of  natural 
philosophy,  and  some  on  mathematical  subjects ;  all  which 


C  A  R  R  ET.  2SS 

Ke  bequeathed  to  that  illustrious  body ;  though  it  does  not 
appear  that  any  of  them  have  yet  been  published.  It  ia 
not  unlikely  that  he  was  hindered  from  putting  the  last 
band  to  them  by  a  train  of  disorders  proceeding  from  a 
bad  digestion,  which,  after  harassing  him  during  the  space 
of  five  or  six  years,  at  length  brought  him  to  the  grave  in 
1711,  at  forty-eight  years  of  age. 

His  memoirs  are  printed  in  the  volumes  of  the  academy^ 
from  the  years  1701  to  1710.* 

CARRENNO  DE  MIRANDA  (Don  Juan),  an  emi- 
nent Spanish  painter,  descended  from  an  ancient  family, 
was  born  at  Aviles,  in  1614;  and  learnt  the  elements  of 
art  at  Madrid,  in  the  school  of  Pedro  de  las  Cueva».     He 
afterwards  finished  his  studies  with  such  success  under  Bar* 
tolom^  Roman,  that  he  was  soon  considered  as  one  of  the 
best  Spanish  painters,  and  charged  with  decorating  some 
apartments  of  the  royal  palace  m  frescos,  which  pleased 
Philip  IV.  so  much,  that  he  nominated  him  painter  to  the 
court,  about   1651.      In  society  with  Francisco  Ri:;i,  he 
acquired  a  surprising  facility  of  execution  ;  his  design  is 
tolerably  correct,  his  colour  brilliant  and  seducing ;  it  re* 
sembles  the  tones  of  Vandyke ;  his  conception  was  vigo*- 
rous,  and  his  composition  rich.     Madrid,  Toledo,  Alcala 
de  Henares,  and  Pamplona,  possess  the  best  of  Miranda's 
works ;  the  patronage  of  Philip  IV.  was  continued  to  hiol 
by  Charles  II.,  and  be  died  at  the  head  of  a  large  school^ 
about  1685.' 

CARRIERA  (Rosalba),  an  eminent  female  artist,  was 
born  at  Chiozza,  in  1675,  and  having  shown  an  early,  taste 
for  painting,  her  father  placed  her  with  an  artist  from 
whom  she  learned  to  paint  in  oil,  but  she  afterwards  prac- 
tised, and  carried  crayon-paintdng  to  a  high  degree  of 
perfection.  Orlandi  celebrates  her  miniatures.  Her  crayon 
painting  arrives  not  seldom  at  the  strength  of  pictures  iii 
oil.  Her  portraits,  spread  over  all  Europe,  are  as  elegant 
and  graceful  in  conception  and  attitude,  as  fresh,  neat^ 
and  alluring  in  colour.  Her  Madonnas,  and  other  sacred 
subjects,  rise  from  grace  to  dignity,  and  even  majesty* 
Equal  and  incessant  application  deprived  her  of  sight 
during  the  last  ten  years  of  her  life.  She  died  at  the  ad« 
iranced  age  of  eighty-^two,  in  1757.* 

■ 

1  Moreri. — Martin's  Biog.  Philos.— Hutton'i  Dictionary. — Eloge  by  Fonte- 
nelle,  1711,  in  "  Hist,  de  I'Acade^kie  dc  Sciences, 
s  Pilkington.— Di(6U  Hist.  «  lbid;-^>ArgenTiU«. 


sne  cJ  A  R  R  I  o. 

CARRID  or  CARRION  (Lewis),  a  learned  critic,  was 
of  a  Spanish  family,  but  born  at  Bruges,  in  Flanders.     He 
began  to  study  at  Louvain,  where  he  had   Lipsius  for  his 
school-fellow,  of  whom  he  often  speaks  with  respect  in 
various  parts  of  bis  "  Antiquae  lectiones,*'  and  his  "  Emenda- 
tione^,"  although  it  has  been  insinuated  that  be  felt  some 
degree  of  jealousy  of  the  fame  of  Lipsius.     He  prosecuted 
bis  studies  at  Doway  and  at  Paris,  and  returning  to  Lou- 
vain, was  made  doctor  of  laws  in  1586,  and  about  the  same 
time  lectured  on  the  Institutes  of  Justinian.     He  was  after- 
wards appointed   royal  professor  of  law,    and  had  sbme 
church  preferment,  but  he  died  young  at  Louvaine,  June 
23,  1595,  being  then  president  of  the  college  of  St.  Ives. 
His  classical  and  critical  taste  is  displayed  in   1.  *' Histo- 
riarum  Sallustii  fragmenta,^'  with  notes,  Antwerp,  1573, 
8vo.     2.  "  Censorinus  de  die  natali,**  with  the  fhagment 
of  an  unknown  author  on  the  same  subject,  attributed  to 
Censorinus,  but  which  Carrio  proves  was  not  his,  Paris, 
1583,  8vo.     Lindenbrog,  in  his  own  edition  of  Censorinus, 
Leyden,   1642,  8vo,  bestows  high  praise  on  Carrio,  and 
adopts  most  of  his  readings.     3.  *^  M.  A.  Cassiodori  de  or^ 
tographia  libellus,"  Antwerp,  1579,  8vo.     4.  **  V.  Flacci 
Argonautica,    cum  castigationibus,'*    Antwerp,  Svo,    and 
16mo,    and   Lyons,  1617,    8vo.      5.    "  Antiquarum  lec- 
tiouum  libri  tres,"  Antwerp,  1576,  Svo,  and  inserted  in 
Gruter's  "  Thesaurus'*  as  is  his  other  work,  6.  «  Emenda- 
tionum  et  observationum  Ubri  duo,"  Paris,  4to.* 

CARRUCCI  (Jacob),  an  artist  who  from  the  place  of 
bis  nativity  was  called  Pontormo,  had  great  natural  inge- 
nuity, and  was  in  his  earliest  works  admired  by  Raphael 
and  Michel  Angelo.  He  had  had  a  few  lessons  from 
Liouardo  da  Vinci ;  after  him  from  Albertinelli ;  made 
some  progress  under  Pier  di  Cosimo ;  and  finished  by  en- 
tering the  school  of  Andrea  del  Sarto,  whose  jealousy  and 
ungenerous  treatment,  from  a  scholar,  soon  turned  him 
into  a  rival.  With  such  talents  he  became  the  victim  of 
inconstancy,  roaming  from  style  to  style.  The  Certosa  of 
Florence  exhibits  specimens  of  the  three  different  manners 
commonly  ascribed  to  him.  The  first  is  correct  in  design, 
vigorous  in  colour,  and  approaches  the  style  of  Andrea  del 
Sarto.  The  second,  with  good  drawing  combines  a  languid 
tonc;  and  became  the  model  of  Bronzino  and  the  subse- 

>  Moi«n.-*Feppen  Bibl.  B9%. 


CARRUCCI.  28r 

quent  epoch.  The  third  is  a  downright  imitation  of  Albert 
Durer,  and  at  present  can  only  be  found  in  some  histories 
from  the  Passion  in  the  cloister  of  that  monastery,  which 
are  neither  more  nor  less  than  copies  from  the  prints  of 
Albert.  To  these,  perhaps,  a  fourth  manner  might  be 
added,  if  the  frescos  of  the  General  Deluge  and  Universal 
Judgment,  on  which  he  spent  eleven  years  in  S.  Lorenzo, 
and  his  last  work,  had  not  been  whitewashed,  with  the  tacit 
acquiescence  of  all  contemporary  artists.  In  this  labour 
he  strove  to  emulate  Michel  Angelo,  and  to  exemplify, 
like  him,  anatomic  skill,  which  was  then  becoming  the 
favourite  pursuit  of  Florentine  art.  He  died  in  1558,  aged 
sijcty-five.  * 

CARSTARES  (William),  a  politica.1  character  of  con- 
siderable fame  in  Scotland,  was  the  descendant  of  an  an- 
cient family,  and  bom  in  1649  at  Cathcart  in  Glasgow. 
He  was  educated  in  divinity  and  philosophy  at  Edinburgh 
and  Utrecht,  to  which  his  father  sent  him  that  he  might 
avoid  the  political  contests  which  disturbed  the  reign  of 
Charles  II.  but  he  had  a  zeal  which  prompted  him  to  in- 
terfere in  what  regarded  his  country,  although  removed 
from  it,  and  he  must  have  given  some  proofs  of  a  talent 
for  political  affairs  at  a  very  early  period.  When  England 
was  alarmed  about  the  popish  succession,  Carstares  was 
introduced  to  the  pensionary  Fagel,  and  afteirwards  to  the 
prince  of  Orange,  and  entrusted  with  his  designs  relating 
to  British  affairs.  During  his  residence  in  Holland,  his 
principles  both  in  religion  and  politics,  were  sti'ongly  con- 
iirmed ;  and  upon  his  return  tp  his  native  country  he  en- 
tered with  zeal  into  the  counsels  and  schemes  of  those  no- 
blemen and  gentlemen  who  opposed  the  tyrannical  mea- 
sures of  government;  and  although  about  this  time  he  took 
orders  in  the  Scotch  church,  his  mind  seemed  to  have  ac- 
quired such  a  decided  bias  towards  towards  politics,  that 
he  determined  to  revisit  Holland.  On  his  way  thither  he  • 
passed  through  London,  and  was  employed  by  Argyle,  and 
the  other  Scots  patriots,  in  treating  with  the  English,  who 
were  for  excluding  the  duke  of  Vork  from  succession  to  the 
crown.  Towards  the  close  of  1682,^  he  held  various  con- 
ferences with  the  beads  of  that  party,  which  terminated  in 
his  being  privy  to  what  has  been  called  the  *^  Rye-house. 
ploC.    Accordingly,  be  was  committed  to  close  custodjr 


t  ■ 


}  ArgenyiUe,  Tol.  L— ?iIkiii|ton« 


288  C  A  R  S  T  A  R  E  S- 

in  the  Gate-house,  Westminster.  After  several  exait]ifia<« 
lions  before  the  privy  council,  he  was  sent  for  trial  to  Scot- 
land ;  and  as  he  refused  to  give  any  information  respecting 
th^  authors  of  the  exclusion  scheme,  he  was  put  to  the 
torture,  which  be  endured  with  invincible  firmness,  but 
yielded  to  milder  methods  of  a  more  insidious  nature,  and 
when  a  pardon  was  proposed,  with  an  assurance  that  no 
advantage  should  be  taken  of  his  answers  as  evidence 
against  any  person,  he  consented  to  answer  their  interro- 
gatories.  The  privy-council  immediately  caused  to  be 
printed  a  paper,  entitled,  **  Mr.  Carstares's  Confession,'' 
which  contained,  as  he  said,  a  false  and  mutilated  account 
of  the  whole  transaction^  ,and  in  direct  violation  of  their 
promise,  they  produced  this  evidence  in  open  court  against 
one  of  his  most  intimate  friends.^ This  treachery  and  its  con« 
quences  very  deeply  affected  him ;  but  as  soon  as  he  was 
cleared,  he  obtained  permission  to  retire  to  Holland,  to- 
wards the  close  of  1684,  or  the  beginning  of  1685,  wher« 
he  was  kindly  received  by  the  prince  of  Orange,  who  ap- 
pointed him  one  of  his  chaplains,  caused  him  to  be  elected 
minister  of  the  English  protestant  congregation  at  Leyden  ; 
and  when  the  prince  determined  to  transport  an  army  to 
England,  Carstares  accompanied  him  as  his  chaplain,  anct 
continued  about  his  person  till  the  settlement  of  the  crown. 
During  the  whole  of  this  reign  he  was  the  chief  agent  be- 
tween the  church  of  Scotland  and  the  court,  and  contri- 
buted by  his  influence  with  the  king  to  the  establishment 
of  presbytery  in  Scotland,  to  which  his  majesty  was  disin- 
clined, and  to  a  degree  of  coalescence  or  accommodation 
on  the  part  of  the  presbyterian  clergy  with  the  episco- 
palians. When  an  act  was  passed  in  1693,  by  the  Scots* 
parliament,  obliging  all  officers,  civil  and  ecclesiastical,  to 
take  an  oath  of  allegiance,  and  also  to  sign  an  assurance 
(as  it  was  called)  declaring  William  to  be  king  dejure^  as 
well  as  de/acto^  the  ministers  refused  to  sign  th^  declaration^ 
and  appealed  to  the  privy  council,  who  recommended  to 
the  king  to  enforce  the  obligation.  Accordingly,  mea-' 
sures  were  adopted  for  this  purpose ;  and  the  body  of  thcf 
clergy  applied  to  Carstares,  requesting  his  interference  in 
their  favour.  The  king  persisted  in  his  resolution  ;  orders 
Were  renewed  in  peremptory  terms,  and  dispatches  were 
actually  delivered  to  the  messenger  to  be  forwarded  nexti 
{xiorning.  In  these  critical  circumstances  Carstares  has- 
tened to  the  messenger  at  night,  demanded  the  dispatches^ 


CARSTARES.  2S(t 

trhich  had  been  delivered  to  him  in  the  king^s  name,  and 
instantly  repaired  to  Kensington,  where  he  found  bis 
majesty  gone  to  bed.  Having  obtained  admission  into  his 
chamber,  he  gently  waked  him,  fell  on  his  knees^  and  asked 
pardon  for  the  intrusion,  and  the  daring  act  of  disobe- 
dience of  which  he  bad  been  guilty.  The  king  at  first 
expressed  his  displeasure ;  but  when  Carstares  further 
stated  the  case,  his  majesty  caused  the  dispatches  to  be 
thrown  into  the  fire,  and  directed  him  to  send  such  in- 
structions to  the  royal  commissioners  of  the  general  as- 
sembly as  he  thought  most  conducive  to  the  public  good» 
In  consequence  of  this  seasonable  interposition,  the  oath 
and  assurance  were  dispensed  with  on  the  part  of  the 
clergy.  By  this  timely  service.  Carstares  acquired  the 
confidence  of  the  presb}'terian  party  to  such  a  degree,  and 
so  successfully  cultivated  the  friendship  of  the  earl  of  Port- 
land, and  other  m^n  of  influence  about  the  court,  that  he 
was  regarded  in  the  management  of  Scotch  affairs,  as  a  kind 
of  viceroy  for  Scotland,  though  he  possessed  no  public 
character.  Ail  applications  passed  through  his  hands,  all 
employments,^onours,  and  offices  of  state,  were  left  to  his 
disposal ;  and  without  public  responsibilky,  he  engrossed 
the  secret  direction  of  public  affairs.  Few  Scotchmen  ob- 
tained access  to  the  king,  unless  through  his  intervention ; 
and  in  his  correspondence  with  every  department^  says  a 
late  historian,  it  is  curious  to  remark  how  the  haughty  no- 
bility condescended  to  stoop  and  truckle  to  a  presbyteriaa 
clergyman,  whom  their  predecessors  in  office  had  tortured 
and  deceived.  His  moderation,  secrecy,  and  a  prudence 
apparently  disinterested,  recommended  him  to  king  Wil- 
liam, who  once  said  of  him,  in  the  presence  of  several  of 
his  courtiers,  ^^tbat  he  had  long  known  Mr.  Carstares; 
that  he  knew  him  well,  and  knew  him  to  be  an  honest  man.^* 
He  is  represented  on  the  other  hand,  as  a  cunning,  subtle^ 
insinuating  priest,  whose  dissimulation  was  impenetrable  ; 
an  useful  friend  when  sincere  ;  but,  from  an  air  of  smiling 
sincerity,  a  dangerous  enemy.  * 

Although,  after  the  death  of  king  William,  Carstares  was 
not  much  employed  in  public  affairs,  queen  Anne  conti- 
nued him  in  the  office  of  royal  chaplain  for  Scotland,  and 
obtained  for  him  the  offer  of  an  appointment  to  the  vacant 
place  of  principal  of  the  university  of  Edinburgh;  which 
he  accepted  in  1704,  with  the  first  professorship  of  divi- 
fiity.    After  this  appointment^  whilst  U^  refused  any  addi« 

voL.vnr.  u 


990 '  C  A  R  S  T  A  R  E  S. 

tion  to  his  own  salary,  he  used  his  influence  at  court  for 
augmenting  the  very  small  salaries  pertaining  to  the  re- 
gents in  the  several  universities  of  Scotland ;  and  in  the 
execution  of  his  oflSce,  as  principal,  he  secured  the  affec- 
tion and  respect  of  those  that  were  subject  to  his  authority^ 
by  the  dignified  affability  and  gentleness  of  his  deportment. 
In  the  year  of  his  appointment  to  the  principalship  of  the 
university,  be  was  unanimously  invited  to  the  pastoral 
office  in  one  of  the  parishes  of  Edinburghj  which  he  per- 
formed with  exemplary  diligence  ;  and  as  moderator  of  the 
general  assembly,  which  post  he  occupied  four  times  ii> 
eleven  years,  he  maintained  great  weight  in  its  debates. 
When  the  union  of  tlie  two'kingdoms  was  agitated,  it  en- 
gaged his  cordial  eoncurrerrce,  and  he  was  the  principal 
instrument  of  preventing  any  public  opposition  from  the 
presbyterian  clergy.  His  efforts  to  controul  the  opinions 
ef  this  body  rendered  him  unpopular;  aud  with  a  view 
of  gaining  their  assistance,  he  accepted  the  office  of  one 
of  the  agents  sent  to  London  to  oppose  the  bills  for  the 
yestoration  of  patronage  in  Scotland^  and  for  the  toleratior» 
of  the  episcopal  clergy  ;  though  in  the  latter  instance,  at 
least,  his  opposition  must  have  counteracted  his  principles. 
His  excuse  seems  to  have  been  an  apprehension  that  the 
Scots  episcopalians  wished  the  exiled  family  to  be  restoji*ed. 
His  eflbrts,  however,  whether  they  were  sincere  or  not, 
proved  unsuccessful.  To  the  succession  of  the  house  of 
Hanover  he  gave  his  active  support ;  and  he  obtained  frona 
the  general  assembly  an  address  of  congratulation  ta 
George  I.  on  his  accession  to  the  throne  ;  and  in  return 
for  this  service  his  office  of  royal  chaplain  was  continued. 
His  death  happened  soon  after  this  event,  in  December 
1715.  Some  years  ago  was  published  a  volume,  entitled 
•*  State  papers  and  letters  addressed  to  William  Carstares^ 
confidential  secretary  to  king  William  during  the  whole  of 
his  reign,  afterwards  principal  of  the  university  of  Edin- 
burgh^ relating  to  public  affairs  in  Great  Britain,  but 
more  particularly  in  Scotland,  during  the  reign  of  king 
William  and  queen  Anne ;  to  which  is  prefixed  the  life 
of  Mr.  Carstares,  published  from  the  originals  by  Joseph 
M^Cormick,  D.  D»  minister  at  Preston-pans,"  1774,  4ta. 
This  is  unquestionably  a  collection  of  great  importance 
in  illustrating  that  period  of  the  history  of  Great  Britain, 
«nd  particularly  Scotland ;  and  the  life  of  Mr.  Carstares  is 
4E^oth  interesting  aod  ao^using^     We  have  already  hinted 


CAR  ST  A  R  E  Si  291 

that  his  character  was  not  contemplated  in^the  most  fa<* 
vourable  light  by  all  his  contemporaries.  It  appears,  how-^ 
ever,  by  his  biographer's  account,  that  his  private  cha- 
racter was,  in  every  view  of  it,  amiable  and  respectable* 
His  religion  was  not  tinctured  with  the  extravagancies  of 
enthusiasm,  or  debased  by  the  rigours  of  superstition.  He 
was  distinguished  for  his  discbarge  of  the  dyties  of  hospi* 
tality ;  and  his  charity  was  unbounded.  Such  of  the  epis** 
copal  clergy  as  had  been  deprived  of  their  livings  at  the 
Revohition,  he  always  treated  with  peculiar  tenderness 
and  humanity.  H^  often  relieved  their  families  when  ia 
distress,  and  was  solicitous  to  dispense  his  benefactions  in 
the  manner  that  would  be  the  least  offensive  to  the  delicacy 
of  their  feelings.  His  ingenuity  was  sometimes  exercised 
in  devising  methods  of  imposing  upon  the  modesty  and 
pride  of  such  as  would  have  rejected  his  good  offices  with 
disdain,  if  be  had  not  disguised  his  intentions.  Several  qf 
the  episcopal  clergy,  who  were  his  annual  pensioners,  ne- 
ver knew  from  what  channel  their  rehef  flowed,  till  they 
found  by  his  death  that  the  source  of  it  was  dried  up.^ 

CARTE  (Samuel),  an  English  divine,  was  the  son  of 
Thomas  Carte,  a  clothier  at  Coventry,  where  he  was  bom 
October  21,  1652,  or  1653,  and  in  the  free-school  of  whicTi 
place  he  received  his  grammatical  education.  He  was  af- 
terwards removed  to  Magdalen  college,  Oxford,  where  he 
took  his  degree  of  B.  A.  1672  ;  and  M.  A.  1675.  After  he 
entered  into  holy  orders  he  had  several  preferments,  the 
chief  of  which  were,  a  prebend  in  the  cathedi*al  church  o£ 
Litchfield,  the  rectory  of  Eastwell  in  Leicestershire,  and^i 
Jast  of  all,  the  vicarage  of  St.  Martin's,  in  the  town  of  Leices- 
ter.  It  has  been  supposed  that  he  resigned  his  preferments 
at  the  accession  of  king  George  the  First,  and  that  at  one 
time  he  assisted  the  celebrated  Jeremiah  Collier,  in  preach- 
ing to  a  nonjuripg  congregation  in  Broad-street^  London  ; 
but  this  belongs  to  his  son.  It  is  certain  that  Mr.  Samuel 
Carte  spent  the  latter  part  of  his  life  on  his  living  at  Leices- 
ter, where  he  died  on  the  16th  of  April,  1740,  in  the  eighty- 
seventh  year  of  his  age.  A  high,  and,  we  doubt  not,  a 
just  character  is  given  of  him,  in  an  inscription  to  his  me- 
mory in  the  chancel  of  St.  Martin's  church.  He  published 
two  sermons,  and  ^^  Tabula  Chronologica  Archiepiscopatuum 

1  Life  prefixed  to  the  State  Papers.— Btog.  Brit.--^Swift's  Works,  edit  I8OI9 
vol.  XVIII.  p.  238.<*44iiDg'i  Hist,  of  ScoUand. 

U  2 


292 


C  A  It  r  E. 


ct  Episcopatunm  in  Anglia  et  Wallia,  Ortus,  Dlvisioneff, 
Translationes,  &c.  breviter  exhibens ;  una  cuni41ndice  aU 
phabetico  Nominum,  quibus  apud  Authores  insigniuntur,"' 
folio,  without  date.  Part  of  a  letter  of  his  on  a  tesselated 
pavement  at  Leicester  is  in  Phil.  Trans.  No.  331,  and  hid 
account  of  Leicester  is  in  the  Bibl.  Top.  Britannica.  Those? 
eminent  antiquaries,  Dr.  Willis  and  Mr.  Stukeley,  ac- 
knowledged his  assistance  and  correspondence.  * 

CARTE  (Thomas),  a  very  learned  English  histo;'ian, 
was  born  at  Clifton,  in  Warwickshire ;  at  which  place  his 
father,  the  object  of  the  preceding  article,  at  that  time 
resided  as  vicar  ;  and  was  baptized  there  by  immersion,  on 
April  23,  1686.  If  this  account  be  exact,  his  progress  in 
grammatical  learning  must  have  been  very  rapid  and  ex- 
traordinary ;  for  it  appears  that  he  was  admitted  a  member 
of  University-college,  in  Oxford,  and  matriculated  on 
inly  4,  1698,  having  then  not  long  entered  into  the  thir- 
teenth year  of  his  age*.  He  took  his  degree  of  B.  A. 
Jan.  1702  ;  after  which  he  was  incorporated  at  Cambridge^ 
where  he  became  M.  A.  in  1706. 

In  1712  he  made  the  tour  of  Europe  with  a  nobleman, 
and  on  his  return  entered  into  orders,  and  was  appointed 
reader  of  the  Abbey-church  at  Bath ;  where  he  preached 
a  sermon  on  Jan.  30,  1714,  in  which  he  took  occasion  to 
vindicate  Charles  L  from  aspersions  cast  upon  his  memory 
^vith  regard  to  the  Irish  rebellion.  This  drew  Mr.  Carte 
into  a  controversy  with  Mr.  (afterwards  the  celebrated  Dr.) 
Chandler,  and  gave  rise  to  our  historian*s  first  publication, 
entitled  "  The  Irish  Massacre  set  in  a  clear  light,"  &c. 
which  is  inserted  in  lord  Somers's  Tracts.  Upon  the  ac- 
cession of  George  I.  Mr.  Carte's  principles  not  permitting 
him  to  take  thetiaths  to  the  new  government,  he  assumed  a 
]ay- habit,  and  at  one  time  assisted  the  celebrated  Jeremiab 
Collier,  who  preached  to  a  nonjuring  congregation  in  a 
iiouse  in  Broad -street, .  London,  and  on  a  Sunday  he  used 
to  put  on  his  gown  and  cas$ock,  and  perform  divine  service 
in  his  own  family.  What  particular  concern  he  had  in  the 
rebellion  of  1715  does  not  appear;  but  that  he  had  some 
degree  of  guilt  in  this  respect,  or,  at  least,  that  be  was 

«  There  i»ere  matty  instances  of  this  ki6d  at  and  previous  to  our  anther** 
time.  Mr.  Nichols  wa«  informed  that  Carte  removed  from  University  to  Brasea- 
Moce-ooUege.  '  •         .  . 

«  Biog.  Brir. — Bnt  chiefly  Nicholses  Bowyer,.  inhere  are  many  additional  par* 

ticuUrs  yt'  Mr.  Cane. 


CARTE.  99i 

strongly  suspected  of  it  by  administratioJOi,  is  evident,  from 
the  king*&. troops  having  orders  to  discover  and  apprehend 
hioa.  He  had  the  good  fortune  to  elude  their  search,  by 
concealing  himself  at  Coleshill,  Warwickshire,  in  thf&  house 
of  Mr.  Badger,  then  curate  of  that  town.  Mr.  Carte  hin.- 
self  officiated  for  a  time  as  curate  of  the  same  place  3 
after  which,  ho  was  some  time  secretary  to  bishop  Atter- 
bury.  This  connexion  threw  him  into  fresh  difficulties : 
so  deeply  was  he  thought  to  be  engaged  in  the  conspiracy 
ascribed  to  that  eminent  prelate,  that  a  charge  of  high 
treason  was  brought  against  him ;  and  a  proclamation  was 
issued,  Aug.  13,  1722,  offering  a  reward  of  1000/.  for 
seizing  his  person.  He  was  again  successful  in  making  his 
escape,  and  fled  into  France,  where  he  resided  several 
years,  under  the  borrowed  name  of  Philips.  Whilst  Mr. 
Carte  continued  in  that  country,  be  was  introduced  to  the 
principal  men  of  learning  and  family,  and  gained  access  to 
the  most  eminejit  libraries,  pubUc  and  private,  by  whicli 
means  he  was  enabled  to  collect  large  materials  for  illus- 
trating an  English  edition  of  Thuanus.  The  collection  was 
in  such  forwardness  in  1724,  that  he  consulted  Dr.  Mead, 
at  that  time  the  great  patron  of  literary  undertakings, on  the 
mode  of  publication.  The  doctor,  who  perceived  that  the 
plan  might  be  rendered  more  extensively  useful,  obtained 
Mr.  Carte's  materials  at  a  very  considerable  price,  and  en« 
gaged  Mr.  Buckley  in  the  noble  edition  completed  in  1733^ 
in  7  vols.  fol.  Mr.  Carte  would  probably  himself  have 
been  the  principal  editor,  if  he  had  not  been  an  exile 
at  the  time  the  undertaking  commenced,  but  we  find  that 
the  Latin  address  to  Dr.  Mead,  prefixed  to  that  work,  and 
dated  from  the  Inner-ttemple,  Jan.  1733,  is  signed  Thomas 
Carte.  Whilst  this  grand  work  was  carrying  on,  queea 
Caroline,  whose  regard  to  men  of  letters  is  well  known, 
received  such  favourable  impressions  of  Mr.  Carte,  that 
she  obtained  permission  for  his  returning*  to  England  in 
security;  which  he  did  some  time  between  the  years  172^ 
and  1 7  30.  He  had  not  long  been  restored  to  his  own  country 
before  he  engaged  in  one  of  the  most  important  of.  his 
works,  "  The  history  of  the  life  of  James  duke  of  Ormonde, 
from  bis  birtb,  in  1610,  to  his  death,  in  1688,"  3  vols.  foK 
The  third  volume,  which  was  published  first,  came  out  in 
1735,  and  the^first  and  second  volumes  in  1736,  Frpm  a 
letter  of  Mr.  Carte's  to  Dr.  Swil^t,  dated  Aug.  11,  1736,  it 
appears,  that  in  writing  the  life  of  the  duke  of  OrmQude, 


294  CARTE. 

he  had  availed  hims<3lf  of  some  instructions  which  he  had 
derived  from  the  dean  *.  In  the  same  letter  he  mentions 
his  design  of  composing  a  general  bistory  of  England  ;  and 
finds  great  fault,  not  only  with  Rapin,  but  with  Rymer^s 
Foedera ;  but  his  accusations  of  that  noble  collection  are  in 
several  respects  erroneous  and  groundless. 

It  is  highly  probable  that  the  success  and  popularity  of 
Rapines  History  gave  considerable  disgust  to  Mr.  Carte, 
and  other  gentlemen  of  the  same  principles,  and  suggested 
the  scheme  of  a  new  undertaking.  It  is  evident,  from 
some  letters  written  about  this  time  to  Dr.  Z.  Grey  by 
our  author,  that  he  laid  a  great  stress  upon  that  part  of  his 
Life  of  the  duke  of  Ormonde  which  vindicated  Charles  I. 
in  his  transactions  with  the  earl  of  Glamorgan,  and  which 
brought  a  charge  of  forgery  against  that  nobleman,  but  in 
this  it  has  since  been  proved  he  was  mistaken.  Some  book- 
sellers of  Dublin  having  formed  a  design  of  printing  in  Ire- 
land a  piratical  edition  of  the  **  History  of  the  duke  of 
Ormonde,"  Mr.  Carte  recollected  an  order  of  the  house  of 
lords,  made  in  1721,  which  was  full  to  his  purpose.  By 
this  order,  which  had  been  issued  upon  occasion  of  CurlPs 
publication  of  the  duke  of  Buckingham's  writings,  it  was 
declared  that  whoever  should  presume  to  print  any  account 
of  the  life,  the  letters,  or  other  works  of  any  deceased 
peer,  without  the  consent  of  his  heirs  or  executors,  should 
he  punished  as  guilty  of  a  breach  of  privilege  of  that  house. 
An  attested  copy  of  the  order  was  carried  by  our  historian 
to  the  earl  of  Arran,  and  his  lordship  sent  it  to  his  agent 
in  Dublin,  to  serve  upon  the  booksellfers  concerned  in  the 
pirated  impression,  and  to  discharge  them  in  his  name  from 
proceeding  in  the  design.  But  as  this  was  a  remedy  only 
in  Mr.  Carte's  case,  and  arising  from  the  particular  nature 
of  his  work,  he  was  very  solicitous  that  a  new  act  of  par- 
liament should  be  passed,  to  secure  the  property  of  au- 
thors in  their  writings,  and  drew  up  a  paper  recommending 
such  an  act.  Lord  Cornbury,  at  the  instance  of  the  uni- 
versity of  Oxford,  had  procured  the  draught  of  a  bill  to 
he  prepared,  which  was  approved  by  the  speaker  of  the 

*  Lord  Orrery,  in  a  letter  to  Mr.  name  after  his  could  not  add  to  your 

Carte,  from  Dablin,  writes  to  him  in  the  satisfaction.      But    I    may  say,    the 

following  terms :  **  Your  history  is  in  worthy  and  the  wise  are  with  you  to  a 

great  esteem  here.     All  sides  seem  t<^  man,  and  you  have  me  into  the  bar- 

like  it.    The  dean  of  St.  Patrick's  ho-  gain." 
aours  ypu  with  his  approbation.    Any 


CARTE.  «»$ 

house  of  comtnons ;  but  we  do  not  find  that  any  farlber 
measures  were  pursued  in 'the  affair.  In  April  1738,  Me. 
Carte  published  on  a  separate  sheet,  "  A  general  account 
of  the  necessary  materials  for  a  history  of  England,  of  the 
society  and  subscriptions  proposed  for  defraying  the  ex»- 
pences  of  it,  and  the  method  in  which  he  intended  to  pro^ 
ceed  in  carrying  on  the  work."  In  the  following  October 
he  had  obtained  subscriptions,  or  the  promise  of  subscript 
tions,  to  the  amount  of  600/.  a  year.  Not  long  after,  he 
was  at  Cambridge,  collecting  materials  for  his  history,  from 
the  university  and  other  libraries.  Whilst  he  was  thus 
employed,  his  head  quarters  were  at  Madingly,  the  seaft 
of  sir  John  Hinde  Cotton,  hart,  whose  large  collection  of 
old  pamphlets  and  journals,  published  during  the  civil  wsfir 
between  1639  and  1660,  he  methodized,  and  procured  to 
be  bound  in  a  great  number  of  volumes  now  in  the  library 
there.  March  8,  1744,  a  cause  in  chancery  was  deter- 
mined in  his  favour  against  his  brother  Samuel  and  bis 
sister  Sarah,  with  regard  to  a  doubt  concerning  their  fa;* 
ther's  will.  Not  many  weeks  after,  our  author  fell  under 
the  suspicions  of  administration,  and  was  tak^n  into  -cus- 
tody, together  with  a  Mr.  Garth,  at  a  tiiue  when  the 
habeas-corpus  act  was  suspended,  in  con9e<}uence  of  some 
apprehended  designs  in  favour  of  the  pretender.  It  is  cer- 
tain that  nothing  material  was  discovered  against  him,  for 
he  was  soon  discharged  out  of  custody.  May  9,  1 744  ^.  Tiiis 
event  did  not  detract  from  his  popularit}^,  or  prevent  his 
receiving  such  encouragement  in  bis  historical  design,  ab 
never  before  or  since  has  been  afforded,  or  expected  m 
any  literary  undertaking.  On  July  18,  the  court  of  com- 
mon-council of  the  city  of  London  agreed  to  subscribe  50/. 
a  year  for  seven  years  to  Mr.  Carte,  towards  defraying  the 
expence  of  his  writing  the  history  of  England.  In  the 
next  month  was  printed,  in  an  8vo  pamphlet,  ^*  A  collec- 
tion of  the  several  papers  that  had  been  published  by  him 
relative  to  hisrgreat  work."  Oct.  18^  the  company  of 
goldsmiths  voted  25L  a  year  for  seven  years,  towards  de- 

*  Whilst  under   examination,    the  walking  in  a  heavy  shower,   he   was 

duke  of  Newcastle  asked  him  if  lie  was  plied    with    **  A  Coach,    your  Reve* 

not  a  bishop  ?  "No,  my  Lord  Duke,'*  rence  !" — "  No,  houest  friend,"    au- 

replied  Mr.  Carte,  "  there  arc  no  bi-  swered  Carte,  **  this  is  not  a  reign  fqr 

shops  in  England  but  what  are  made  me  to  ride  in  a  coach."    This  story^, 

by  your  Grace  j  and  I  am  sure  1  have  l^pwevt-r,    is  told   by   dean   Swift,    qf 

no  rea:ion  to  expect  that  honour.'-' —  Daniel  Purccll^  another  nonjuror. 
Soon  after  the  accession  of  George  I., 


396 


CARTE. 


irajriog  the  expences  of  transcribing  letters,  negotiations) 
and  other  materials  of  the  like  nature ;  and,  in  the  De- 
cember following,  the  companies  of  grocers  and  vintners 
subscribed  25/.  a  year  each  to  the  same  purpose  ;  and  the 
chapter  of  Durham,  21/.  The  university  of  Oxford,  and 
the  societies  of  New«college,  Magdalen,  Brazen-nose,  and 
Trinity,  were  contributors,  but  no  mention  is  made  of 
Cambridge  in  the  dedication  of  the  first  vohime.  Pro- 
posals for  printing  the  history  were  circulated  in  17^6,  and 
the  first  volume  of  it  was  completed  in  December  1747 ; 
when  the  credit  of  a  work  which  had  been  ushered  into  the 
world  with  so  much  preparation  and  expectation,  and 
which  had  been  supported  by  such  ample  subscriptions,  was 
almost  wholly  overturned  by  a  remarkable  act  of  literary  in^- 
discretion.  Mr.  Carte,  having  taken  occasion  to  speak  of 
the  unction  of  our  kings,  and  of  the^great  effects  annexed 
to  it,  introduced  in  a  note  a  story  of  one  Christopher 
Lovel,  a  native  of  Wells,  in  Somersetshire,  who  is  repre* 
aented  as  having  been  healed  of  the  evil,  at  Avignon,  in 
1716,  by  application  to  the  pretender*.  The  indiscretion 
he  had  been  guilty  of  was  hurtful  to  his  interest,  und  pro- 
duced the  three  following  pamphlets:  1.  ^^  Remarks  on 
Mr.  Carte's  General  History  of  England ;"  2.  "  A.  letter 
to  the  Jacobite  Journalist,  concerning  Mr.  Carte's  His- 
tory, by  Duncan  Mac  Carte,  a  Highlander;"  and  3.  ^^  Some 
Specimens  of  Mr.  Carte's  History  of  England,  with  Re- 
marks thereon,  by  Donald  Mac  Carte."  But  this  was  not 
sAl :  the  corporation  of  London  unanimously  resolved,  in 
April  1748,  to  withdraw  their  subscription;  and  the  his- 


*  The  fad  appears  to  have  been, 
Hint  the  nan,  by  his  journey  and 
change  of  diet,  and  physic,  was  1re- 
lieved  ;  but  bis  cure  lasted  only  for  a 
short  time.  His  sores  broke  out  again, 
with  violence,  in  many  other  parts  of 
bis  body ;  aiKl  he  returned,  in  hopes 
of  the  same  success,  to  France,  where 
be  died  miserably,  before  he  reucbed 
Jlvignon.  It  has  been  alleged  in  ex- 
tenuation of  our  author's  conduct,  that 
the  note  concerning  Christopher  Lovel 
-was  not  in  reality  his  own ;  and  that 
be  was  over-persuaded  to  insert  it,  after 
the  sheet  in  which  it  was  printed  had  been 
committed  to  the  press.  Bat  he  could 
not  have  been  prevailed  upon  to  intro- 
duee  it,  if  he  had  not  himself  believed 
the  fisct;  and  if  he  had  hot  at  the  same 
time  been  extremely  solicitoos  to  lay  hold 
CNf  ooy  circumstance  which  he  thought 


would  promote  the  cause  of  the  exiled 
family.  In  the  preface  to  his  second 
volume,  he  continues  to  avow  ibe 
truth  of  the  story.  He  bad,  accordioip 
to  his  own  account  of  the  matter,  been 
an  unbeliever  with  regard  to  the  cure 
of  the  king's  evil  by  the  royal  touch, 
till  he  was  convinced  of  his  mistake  by 
Mr.  Anstis,  who  furnished  him  with 
those  proofs  out  of  the  English  recon)a 
which  attest  the  facts,  and  are  printed 
in  Taoker*8  Treatise  on  the  subject, 
published  in  1597.  If,  however,  Mr. 
Carte  had  examined  the  narrations  with 
a  due  degree  of  scepticism,  he  would 
not  have  been  so  easily  misled.  See  oq 
this  subject  Barrington's  Observations 
on  the  Statutes,  p.  107.  108,  notes , 
and  Nichols's  Bowyer,  vol.  II.  foote^ 
p.  495,  &c. 


CARTE.  2OT 

tory  fell  into  very  general  neglect  *.     It  is  to  the  honour 
of  Mr.  Carte's  fortitude,  that  he  was  not  discouraged  from 
prosecuting  his  undertaking  ;  and  perhaps  he  might  re-» 
ceive  private  aid  and  support,    though  public  assistance 
was  withdrawn.     Whatever  may  have  been  the  case  in  that 
respect^  bis  second  volume,  containing  an  account  of  all 
public  transactions,  from  the  accession  of  Henry  III.  in 
1216,  to  the  death  of  Henry  VII.  in  1509,  aj)peared  in 
1750.     The  third  volume,  which  extended  to  the  marriage 
of  the  elector  palatine  with  the  princess  Elizabeth,  daughj^er 
of  James  I.  in  1613,  was  published  in  1752.     The  fourth 
volume,  which  Mr.  Carte  did  not  live  to  complete,  ap« 
peared  iu  1755.     It  was  intended  to  have  been  carried  on 
to  the  restoration,  but  concludes  with  the  year  1654.     I| 
was  his  design  to  have  brought  the  narration  down  to  the 
revolution,  for  which  purpose  he  had  been  at  uncommon 
pains  to  collect  materials  wherever  they  could  be  found* 
Notwithstanding  our  author's  peculiar  opinions  and  pre* 
judices,  his  general  history  is  undoubtedly  a  work  of  great 
merit  in  point  of  information.     It  is  written  with  eminent 
exactness  and  diligence,  and  with  a  perfect  knowledge  of 
original  authors  ;  and  has  of  late  years  risen  considerably 
in  reputation,  as  well  as  in  price,  especially  since  it  was 
(discovered  how  much  Hume  was  indebted  to  it.     Mr.  Carte 
died  at  Caldecot-house,  near  Abingdon,  Berkshire^  April 
2,  1754,  and  was  buried  at  Yattenden  church,  in  a  vault 
on  the  north  side  of  the  chancel.     The  disorder  which  car- 
ried him  off,  was  a  diabetes.     At  his  decease,  all  his  pam- 
pers came  into  the  hands  of  his  widow,  daughter  of  colonel 
Brett,  who  afterwards  married  Mr.  Jernegan,  a  gentleman 
intended  for  orders  in  the  church  of  Rome.     Mrs.  Carte 
left  the  papers  to  her  second  husband  for  life,  and  after 
his  death  to  the  university  of  Oxford.     They  are  now  de- 
posited in  the  Bodleian  library,  having  been  delivered  bj 
Mr.  Jernegan  to  the  university,  1778,  for  a  valuable  con- 
sideration.    Whilst  they  were  in  this  gentleman's  posses** 
sion,  the  earl  of  Hardwicke  paid  200/.  for  the  perusal  of 
them,   and,   it  is  said,    might  have  purchased  them  for 
1500/. ;  but  we  do  not  see  how  this  can  be  reconciled  withi 
.  the  terms  of  the  will.     It  is  certain,  however,  that  as  late 
as  1775,  Mr.  Jernegan  advertised  the  tcse  of  them.     For  a 

*  la  1749  the  first  volume  was  retailed  to  the  public,  in  numbers,  at  !«. 
each,   ia  all   thirty-six,  by   the  booksellers  Cooper   and  Strahaoi  .and  tiM 

ftjithor. 


298  CARTE. 

consideration  of  SCO/.  Mr.  Macpherson  bad  the  use  of  them  ^ 
who,  from  these  and  other  materials,  compiled  his  historj 
and  state  papers.  Mr.  Carte  was  a  man  of  a  strong  consti* 
tution,  and  indefatigable  application.  When  the  studies 
of  the  day  were  over,  he  would  eat  heartily  ;  and  in  con*, 
versation  was  cheerful  and  entertaining ;  but  his  external 
appearance  was  slovenly  and  uninviting. 

Besides  the  works  mentioned,  he  was  the  author  of  the 
following  publications:  1.  "  A  collection  of  original  letters 
and  pjfpers,  concerning  the  affairs  of  England,  from  1641 
to  1660,V  1739,  2  vols.  8vo.  2.  "  The  History  of  the  Re- 
volutions of  Portugal,  from  the  foundation  of  that  kingdom 
to  the  year  1567,  with  letters  of  sir  Robert  Southwell, 
during  his  embassy  there,  to  the  duke  of  Ormonde ;  giving 
a  particular  account  of  the  deposing  don  Alphonso,  and 
placing  don  Pedro  on  the  throne,"  1740,  8vo.  3.  "  A  full 
Answer  to  the  Letter  from  a  bystander,"  a  pamphlet,  1742, 
8vo.  4.  "A  full  and  clear  vindication  of  the  full  answer 
to  a  Letter  from  a  bystander,"  ditto,  1743.  The  letter 
from  a  bystander,  was  written  by  the  late  Corbyn  Morris, 
esq.  5.  "  Catalogue  des  roUes  Gascons,  Normans,  et 
Francois,  conserves  dans  les  archives  de  la  Tour  de  Londres; 
t\v6  d'apres  celui  du  Gard^  desdites  archives;  &  contenant 
la  precis  &  le  sommaire  de  tons  les  titres  qui  s*y  trouvent 
concernant  la  Guienne,  la  Normandie,  &  les  autres  pro- 
vinces de  la  France,  sujettes  autres  fois  aux  rois  d'An- 
gleterre,  &c."  Paris,  1743,  2  vols,  folio,  with  two  most 
exact  and  correct  indexes  of  places  and  persons.  This 
valuable  collection,  being  calculated  for  the  use  of  the 
French,  is  introduced  with  a  preface  in  that  language. 
6.  ^^  A  preface  to  a  translation,  by  Mrs.  Thompson,  of  the 
history  o(  the  memorable  and  extraordinary  calamities  of 
Margaret  of  Anjou,  queen  of  England,  &c.  by  the  chevalier 
Michael  Baudier,"  London,  1736,  Svo.  7.  **  Advice  of 
a  Mother  to  her  son  and  daughter,"  translated  from  the 
French  of  the  marchioness  de  Lambert.  This  has  gone 
through  several  editions.  8,  "  Farther  reasons, '  addressed 
to  parliament,  for  rendering  more  effectual  an  act  of  queen 
Anne,  relating  to  the  vesting  in  authors  the  right  of  copies, 
for  the  encouragement  of  learning,  by  R.  H."  about  1737. 
Mr.  Carte  wrote,  also,  a  paper  (the  MS.  of  which  is  in 
Mr.  Nichols's  possession),  recommending  a  public  library 
to  be  formed  at  the  Mansion-house,  and  that  the  twelv^ 
great  companies  of  the  city  of  London  should  each  of 


CARTE.  29§ 

thein  subscfribe  2000/.  for  that  purpose.  No  notice  ap- 
pears to  have  been  taken  of  this  proposal  at  the  time,  but 
very  lately,  1 806,  in  the  mayoralty  of  sir  James  Shaw,  bart. 
and  at  the  suggestion  of  that  magistrate,  the  foundation  of  a 
library  at  the  Mansion-house  was  laid,  and  a  fine  collection 
of  English  classics  deposited  there,  by  a  vote  of  the  court  of 
aldermen,  under  the  direction  of  John  Nichqls,  esq.  then  s^ 
member  of  the  corporation,  who  was  assisted  in  the  selec- 
tion by  the  late  very  learned  professor  Porson.  A  translation 
of  Mr.  Carte's  General  History  of  England  into  French,  was 
undertaken  by  several  gentlemen  in  conjunctign,  but  was 
never  completed.  Some  parts  of  the  translation  were  in  Dr. 
Ducarel's  possession.  Mr.  Carte  left  behind  him,  in  MS.  a 
Vindication  of  Charles  I.  with  regard  to  the  Irish  massacre* 
In  1758  was  published  a  book,  partly  upon  the  same  subject, 
entitled  "  The  case  of  the  royal  martyr  considered  with  can- 
dour," in  2  vols.  8vo,  the  author  of  which  acknowledges 
his  obligations  to  Mr.  Carte.  It  was  written  by  the  rev. 
J.  Bosweil,  M.  A.  a  clergyman  and  a  schoolmaster,  at 
*  Taunton,  in  Somersetshire,  and  the  author  of  a  "  Method 
of  Study,  6r  a  useful  library,"  printed  in  1733,  in  8vo,  a 
work  of  no  distinguished  merit;  and  of  two  pamphlets, 
called  "  Remarks  on  the  Free  and  Cartdid  Disquisitions,'* 
which  appeared  in  1750  and  1751. 

A  singular  circumstance  yet  remains  to  be  noticed  re- 
specting the  conduct  of  the  city  of  London  towards  our 
author.  At  a  court  of  common  council  held  Oct.  11,  1750, 
he  petitioned  that  the  subscription  of  50/.  per  annurrij  to- 
wards compiling  a  history  of  England,  voted  to  him  by 
that  court  in  1744,  and  taken  off  in  1748,  might  be  paid 
him  for  the  latter  year,  of  which  ten  months  were  elapsed 
when  the  resolution  of  withdrawing  that  subscription  was 
taken  ;  and  it  was  agreed  that  the  chamberlain  should  pay 
him  the  50/.  for  that  year ! 

Mr.  Carte  had  two  brothers,  Samuel  and  John.  Samuel 
Carte  was  admitted  a  scholar  of  Trinity-hall,  Cambridge, 
on  the  5th  of  May,  1704,  and  proceeded  LL.  B.  He  was 
afterwards  a  member  of  Symond's-inn,  and  practised  as  a 
solicitor  in  Chancery  in  1708,  in  which  profession  he  be- 
came eminent.  He  was  also  a  learned  antiquary.  Most 
of  his  manuscripts  and  papers  relative  to  antiquities  are 
supposed  to  have  been  sold  by  his  widow  to  the  late  sir 
Thomas  Cave,  bart.  He  assisted  Mr.  Jackson,  school- 
master of  Coventry,  in  his  account  of  the  benefactions  and 
charities  belonging  to  that  city  ;.and  was  the  editor,  though 


too  CAR  T.E. 

without  his  name,  of  Brewster^s  '^  Collectanea  Ecclesia^- 
tica,'*  to  which  he  added  many  learned  notes.  Mr.  Samuel 
Carte  was  alive  in  17 60,  but  died  not  long  after.  Several 
manuscript  letters  of  his,  relative  to  subjects  of  antiquity, 
were  in  Dr.  DucarePs  possession,  and  are  now  in  that  of 
Mr.  Nichob. 

Mr.  John  CarYe  was  entered  at  Trinity-ball,  Cam* 
bridge,  Jan.  9,  1707,  where  b^was  admitted  to  the  degree 
of  LL.  B.  Having  taken  holy  orders,'  be  became  first  vicar 
of  Tachbroke,  in  the  county  of  Warwick,  and  Was  after- 
wards promoted,  by  the  dean  and  chapter  of  V/estminster, 
to  the  vicarage  of  Hinckley,  in  Leicestershire,  with  the 
rectory  of  Stoke  annexed.  At  this  place  he  resided,  from 
the  yjear  1720^  till  his  death,  which  was  on  the  17th  of 
December,  1735.  Mr.  John  Carte  was  very  remarkable 
for  his  absence  of  mind.  Some  years  before  bis  decease, 
he  paid  his  addresses  to  Miss  Dugdale,  a  descendant  of  the 
illustrious  antiquary,  and  the  wedding-day  was  fixed.  But 
he  forgot  to  go  to  the  place  appointed  for  the  celebration 
of  the  marriage,  till  the  day  after  the  time  agreed  upon ; 
which  the  lady,  as  might  justly  be  expected,  resented  so 
much,  that  she  absolutely  refused  him  her  hand.  Being 
perpetually  absorbed  in  thought,  he  was  careless  in  his 
dress,  and  destitute  of  oBconomy.  His  inattention  to  money 
matters  he  carried  to  such  an  excess,  that,  when  the  inha« 
bitants  of  Stoke  have  brought  to  him  the  tithes,  which  he 
never  took  the  trouble  to  ask  for,  it  was  not  unusual  with 
him,  if  he  chanced  to  be  engaged  with  a  book,  to  request 
that  they  would  come  at  a  future  time,  though  perhaps  he 
was  the  next  hour  obliged  to  borrow  a  guinea  for  his  sub- 
sistence. The  parsonage-house  adjoins  to  the  church- 
yard ;  and  yet  he  was  frequently  so  engaged  in  study,  that 
the  sermon-bell  used  to  ring  till  the  congregation  were 
weary  of  waiting,  and  the  clerk  was  obliged  to  remind  him 
of  his  duty.  During  the  fifteen  years  in  which  he  was 
vicar  of  Hinckley,  he  neglected  to  make  any  demand  for 
tithes  of  the  hamlet  of  The  Hide,  belonging  to  that  parish, 
which  afterwards  involved  the  parish  in  a  tedious  law-suit. 
Mr.  John  Carte's  unaffected  piety,  his  learning,  his  inte* 
grity,  his  simplicity  of  manners,  and  we  may  probdbly  add, 
his  avoiding  to  insist  upon  his  legal  dues,  are  still  remem- 
bered with  veneration  by  his  surviving  parishioners.  He 
was  a  most  zealous  assertor  of  the  rites  and  ceremoqies  of 
the  church  of  England,  which,  he  justly  observed,  were 


C  ^  R  T  E.  801 

» 

equally  remote  fram  the  extremes  of  popery  and  fanatidsro, 
and  his  opinions  were  founded  on  the  firm  basis  of  scrip- 
tare,  with  which  he  was  so  intimately  acquainied,  as  to  be 
able  to  repeat  the  greater  part  of  the  Bible.  ^ 

CARTER  (Elizabeth),  an  English  lady  of  profound 
learning  and  genius,  was  the  eldest  daughter  of  the  rev. 
Dr.  Nicholas  Carter,    a  clergyman  iix  Kent,    who,  with 
other  preferment,  held  the  cure  of  the  chapel  of  Deal, 
where  this  daughter  was  born,  Dec.  16,  1717,  and  edu- 
cated by  her  father.     At  first  she  discovered  such  a  slow- 
ness'of  faculties,  as  to  make  him  despair  of  her  progress  in 
intellectual  attainment,  even  with  the  aid  of  the  greatest 
industry,  and  the  most  ardent  desire,  which  characterized 
her  efforts.     She  herself,  however,  though  mortified  and 
sorrowful  at  her  own  difficulties,  resolved  to  persevere,  and 
her  perseverance  was  crowned  with  unexampled  success. 
She  early  became  mistress  of  Latin,  Greek,  French,  Grer- 
man,  and  afterwards  understood  Italian,  Spanish,  Portu- 
guese, and  Hebrew,  and  last  of  all  acquired  something  of 
Arabic    Before  she  was  seventeen  years  of  age,  many  of' 
her  poetical   attempts   bad  appeared,  particularly  in  the 
Gentleman's  Magazine  for    1734,  with   the  signature   of 
Eliza.     This  extraordinary  display  of  genius  and  acquire- 
ments procured  her  immediate  celebrity,  and  the  learned 
flocked  about  her  with  admiration.     In   1738,  when  she 
was  about  twenty.  Cave,  the  proprietor  of  the  Gentleman's 
Magazine,    published  some    of  her   poems  in  a    quarto 
pamphlet,  now  little  known,  as  it  was  published  without 
her  name.     It  is  probable  she  did  not  think  many  of  these 
worthy  of  her ;  as  in  1762,  when  she  published  a  small  col- 
lection with  her  name,  she  admitted  only  two  from  the  for- 
mer publication,  the  <^  Lines  on  her  birth-day,''  and  the 
"  Ode  of  Anacreon.'* 

In  1739,  she  translated  "The  Critique  of  Crousaz  on 
Pope's  Essay  on  Man  ;"  and  in  the  same  year  gave  a  trans- 
lation of  ^^  Algarotti^s  Explanation  of  Newton's  Philosophy 
for  the  use  of  the  Ladies."  These  publications  extended 
her  acquaintance  among  the  literati  of  her  own  country ; 
and  her  fame  reached  the  continent,  where  Baratier  be- 
stowed high  praises  on  her  talents  and  genius.  In  174i, 
she  formed  an  intimacy  with  Miss  Catherine  Talbot,  niece 

« 

1  Nichols's  Bowyer. — Biog.  Brit,  ^be  whole  of  which  was  furnished  by  Mr. 
Nichols.— C3ent.  Masr.  vol.  VHI.  IX.  XIV.  XVIII.  XX.  XXtV.  See  Index.— 
«^iu»toa'»  UU,  p.  358,  366. 


302  CART  E  R. 

to  the  lord.  <:;hancellor  Talbot,  and  a  young  lady  of  coi»U 
derable  genius  and  most  amiable  disposition.     This  was  an 
important  event  of  Miss  Carter's  life  on  many  accounts. 
The  intimacy  of  tb^ir  friendship,  the  importance  of  theic 
'  correspondence,  and  the  exalted  piety  of  both,  made  it  the 
main  ingredient  of  their  mutual  happiness  :  and  in  additioii 
to  this,  it  procured  a  friendship    with   Dr.  Seeker,  then 
bishop  of  Oxford,  and  afterwards  archbishop  of  Canter-, 
bury,  with   whom  Miss  Talbot  resided,-  which'  extended 
her  knowledge  of  the  world,  cherished  her  profound  learn-* 
ing,    and  exercised  the  piety  of  her  thoughts.     To  this 
event  is  to  be  traced  her  undertsd^ing  and  completing  the 
•work  by  which  her  fame  has  been  most  known  abroad,  and 
will  longest  be  remembered   by  scholars  at   home,    her 
*'  Translation  of  Epictetus."     It  was  not,  however,  till  the 
beginning  of  1749,  that  this  translation  was  commenced. 
It  ,was  then  sent  up  in  sheets,  as  finished,  to  Miss  Talbot, 
who  earnestly  pressed  its  continuance,  which  was  further 
Urged   by  bishop  Seeker,  to  whom  her  friend  shewed  it. 
Her  biogr^ipher  has  given  a  minute  account  of  its  progress 
till  its  conclusion  in  December  1752.     She  then  by  the 
bishop's  desire,  added  notes  and  an  introduction,  both  ad- 
mirably executed ;  and  the  work  was  sent  to  press  in  June 
1757,  and  finished  in  April  1758,  in  an  elegant  quarto  vo- 
lume.    At  the  entreaty  of  her  friends,  she  permitted  it  to 
published  by  subscription  (at  the  price  of  iL  ls,)y  and  by 
their  liberality,  it  produced  her  a  clear  1000/. 

Mrs.  Carter  and  Mrs.  Montague  had  been  acquainted 
from  their  earliest  years.  The  latter,  though  not  born  in 
Kent,  bad  an  earlj'  connection  with  it,  by  her  father's  suc-t 
cession  to  the  estate  and  seat  at  Horton  near  Hythe,  where 
she  passed  many  of  her  juvenile  years.  From  1754  their 
correspondence  was  regular  and  uninterrupted;  and  Mrs. 
Carter's  visits  to  Mrs.  Montague  at  her  house  in  London, 
where  she  met  an  union  of  rank  and  talent,  were  constant, 
and  at  her  seat  at  Sandleford  in*  the  summer  or  autumn^ 
not  unfrequent.  The  epistolary  communication  between 
these  two  celebrated  women  would  unquestionably  be 
highly  acceptable  to  the  public,  and  we  trust  it  will  not 
be  long  withheld.  In  1756,  sir  George  Lyttelton,  after- 
wards lord  Lyttelton,  visited  Mrs.  Qarter  at  Deal ;  and  from 
thence  a  gradual  intimacy  grew  up  between  them,  which 
ended  only  with  his  life.  About  the  same  time  she  became 
acquainted  with  the  celebrated  William  Pulteney,  earl  of 


CARTER.  SOS 

Bath,  who  delighted  in  her  society,  and  regarded  her  in« 
tellectual  powers  and  acquisitions  with  unfeigned  admira* 
tion.  By  his  persuasion  she  published  the  volume  of  her 
poems,  already  noticed,  1762,  8vo,  and  dedicated  them  to 
him.  They  are  introduced  by  some  poetical  compliments 
from  the  pen  of  lord  Ly ttelton. 

In  1763,  Mrs.  Carter  accompanied  lord  Bath,  and  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Montague,  with  Dr.  Douglas  (afterwards  bishop 
of  Salisbury,  but  then  lord  Bath*s  chaplaiu)  to  Spa.  They 
landed  at  Calais  June  4 ;  and  after  visiting  Spa,  made  a 
short  tour  in  Germany ;  and  then  proceeded  down  the 
Rhine  into  Holland  ;  whence  through  Brussels,  Ghent, 
Bruges,  and  Dunkirk,  they  came  again  to  Calais,  and  re- 
turned to  Dover  Sept.  19.  Lord  Bath's  health  seemed 
improved  by  this  tour ;  but  appearances  were  fallacious, 
for  he  died  in  the  summer  of  1764.  His  death  gave  Mrs. 
Carter  deep  concern.  In'  August  176$,  she  had  an  addi- 
tional loss  in  the  death  of  her  revered  friend  and  patron 
archbishop  Seeker.  Two  years  after  she  sustained  a  more 
severe  deprivation  in  the  loss  of  her  bosom  friend  Miss 
Talbot,  of  whom,  among  other  praises  dictated  by  sense 
and  feeling,  she  says,  *^  Never  surely  was  there  a  more 
p^fect  pattern  of  evangelical  goodness,  decorated  by  all 
the  ornaments  of  a  highly-improved  understanding ;  and 
recommended  by  a  sweetness  of  temper,  and  an  elegance 
and  politeness  of  manners,  of  a  peculiar  and  more  enga- 
ging kind  than  in  any  other  character  I  ever  knew." 

She  was  indeed  now  arrived  at  a  time  of  life  when  every 
year  was  stealing  from  her  some  intimate  friend  or  dear 
relation.  In  1774,  she  lost  her  father,  in  his  eighty- 
seventh  year,  to  which  late  period  he  had  preserved  all 
his  faculties  unimpaired,  except  that  his  hearing  was  a 
little  difficult.  She  had  passed  the  greater  part  of  her  life 
with  him.  The  house  in  which  they  latterly  resided  was 
bought  by  her;  and  their  affection  had  been  uninterrupted. 
Half  the  year  she  was  in  the  habit  of  passing  in  London ; 
the  other  half  was  spent  together  in  this  house. 

In  1782  an  event  occurred,  which  once  more  disturbed 
the  uniformity  of  Mrs.  Carter's  life :  she  had  been  under 
great  obligations  to  sir  William  Pulteney,  who  very  libe- 
rally settled  on  her  an  annuity  of  150/.  a  year,  which  it 
had  been  expected  by  her  friends  that  lord  Bath  would 
have  done.  She  therefore  complied  with  his  wishes  to 
accompany  his  daughter  to  Paris,  though  she  was  now  iu 


804  C  A  R  T  E  R, 

ber  sixty-fifth  year.  She  was  only  absent  sixteen  days,  of 
which  one  week  was  spent  at  Paris.  Mrs.  Carter  was  not 
insensible  to  the  fatigues  and  inconveniencies  of  her  jour- 
ney, but  her  sense  of  them  yielded  to  her  friendship.  At 
home,  however,  she  was  able  to  enjoy  summer  tours,  which 
doubtless  contributed  to  her  health  and  amusement.  la 
1791,  she  had  the  honour,  by  the  queen's  express  desire, 
of  being  introduced  to  her  majesty  at  lord  Cremorne'a 
bouse  at  Chelsea,  an  incident  which  naturally  reminds  us 
of  a,  similar  honour  paid  to  her  friends,  Dr.  Johnson  at 
Buckingham-house,  and  Dr.  Beattie  at  Kew.  Afterwards, 
when  the  princess  of  Walesr  occupied  lord  Keith's  house  in 
the  Isle  of  Thanet,  she  called  on  Mrs.  Carter  at  her  house 
at  Deal;  and  the  duke  of  Cumberland,  when  attending 
bis  regiment  at  Deal,  also  paid  her  a  visit.  Such  was  her 
reputation  many  years  after  she  had  ceased  to  attract  pub- 
lic notice  as  an  author,  and  when  the  common  mass  of 
readers  scarcely  knew  whether  such  a  person  existed. 
*  About  nine  years  before  her  death,  she  experienced  an 
alarming  illness,  of  which  she  never  recovered  the  effects, 
in  bodily  strength,  but  the  faculties  of  her  mind  remained 
unimpaired ;  and  her  heart  was  as  warm  as  ever.  In  the 
summer  of  1803,  her  weakness  evidently  increased.  As 
the  winter  approached,  and  the  time  of  her  annual  journey 
to  London,  which  she  never  omitted,  drew  near,  her 
strength  and  spirits  appeared  to  revive.  On  the  23d  of 
December,  she  left  Deal  for  the  last  time,  having  six  days 
before  completed  her  eighty -eighth  year,  and  on  the  24th 
arrived  at  her  old  lodgings  in  Clarges-street.  For  some 
days  she  seemed  better,  and  visited  some  of  her  old  friends, 
particularly  her  very  intimate  friend  Lady  Cremorne.  On 
Jan.  4,  she  exhibited  symptoms  of  alarming  weakness, 
after  which  all  her  strength  gradually  ebbed  away,  till 
about  3  o'clock  in  the  morning  of  Feb.  19,  1806,  when 
she  expired  without  a  struggle  or  groan.  She  lies  interred 
in  the  burial-ground  of  Grosvenpr  chapel,  under  a  stone 
on  which  is  a  plain  prose  epitaph,  reciting  the  dates  of 
birth,  &c.  A  mural  monument  was  afterwards  erected  to 
ber  memory  in  the  chapel  of  the  town  of  Deal. 

The  year  following  her  death  were  published  "  Me- 
moirs of  her  \U'e,  with  a  new  editioix  of  her  poems,  some 
of  which  have  never  appeared  before  :  to  which  are  added, 
some  Miscellaneous  Essays  in  prose,  together  with  Note* 
on  the  Bible,  and  Answers,  to  Objections  coDcernipg  the 


C  A  ft  1i  H  R.  305 

Christian  religion.  By  tbe  Rev.  Montague  Pennington^ 
M.  A.  Vicar  of  Northbourn  in  Kent,  her, nephew  and  0xer 
cutor,"  4to,  and  since  published  in  2  vols.  8 vo. 

In  this  interesting  volume  a  more  perfect  portrait  is  ex-^ 
hibited  of  Mrs.  Carter  than  can  be  admitted  in  any  skejfoH 
like  the  present.  With  respect  to  genius,  she  had  unques- 
toonabiy  a  considerable  portion,  but  she  had  it  not  casill* 
atcommand;  it  did  not  precipitate  her  into  any  of  tho^ef 
dazzHAg^  productions  which  are  admired  even  f6r  their 
£uilts.  What  she  accomplished  was  the  fruit  of  labour,  bui 
it  was  labour  which  amply  made  up  for  the  time  it  c6ti^ 
somed.  Her  poems,  the  only  productions  which  c^h  ti^ 
considered  under  this  head,  are  distinguished'  for  ele- 
gance of  style  and  sentiment,  often  for  sublimity  arid' a£ 
peculiar  vigbur  of  thought  Her  versification  is  hdrnioniousdj 
and  her  language  pure  and  forcible.  But  the  more  rei? 
markable  qualities  of  her  character  must  be  'sought  in  a 
mind  ouhh'uted  with  the  highest  degree  of  care,  and  '^n^* 
riched  with  a  greater  fund  of  various  learning  thap.f^lj  t^' 
the  lot. of  many  of  her  contemporaries; of  the  o^^^r  sex; 
Mfs.  Carter  was  a  learned  lady  in  the  most  honourably 
sense,  and  appears  uniformly  to  have  applied  it  to  tbe.cnos| 
valuable  purposes.  In  the  sexual  rivaiship  she  was  not  am- 
bitioUS'to  attain  either  equality  or  superiority  by  affetting' 
iHSiv  discdveries  in  religion,  morals,  or  politics,  yet, attained 
a  higher  and  more  enviable  rank  in  the  literary  world  thaii 
any  of  thoseunsexed  females,  in  whose  case  the  world  has 
lately  beeh^^b(ig^d  t^  add  pity  to  its  ^  admiration^  and  to 
withhold  esteem.  Her  principles,  on  all  the  great  leading 
topics  that  are  interesting  to  human  beings,  were  sounds 
the  result  of  examination  and  conviction;  and  while,,  by 
aflhering  to  them,,  she  secured  her  own  happiness^  sli^ 
added  to  that  of  others  by  example  and  precept. 
.'The  year  following  the  publication  of  the  Life  of ^Mr§, 
Garter,  the  same  editor  published  **  A  Series^  of  Letters 
between  her  and  Miss  Catherine  Talbot,  &c.**  2  vols.  4to, 
m  which  the  talents,  various  knowledge,  vivacity,  and 
spirit  of  these  ladies,  as  well  as  of  Mrs.  Vesey,  anbthec 
female*  of  taste  and  learning,  are  displayed  to  great  ad-^'  • 
vsmtage.  These,  as  well  as  the '  life,  have  been  sincei 
reprinted,  and  are  among  the  books  without  which  n.9  lady '5. 
libigiry [can  be  complete;*  ,  / 

1  Life,  ubi  supra.— Sketch  by  sir  £.  Brydges,  in  Cens.  Lit.  vol.  V.— -Gent* 
Mag. ;  see  InckiXi^F^bes'f  JUlls  of  fielttti^^-rXaitiper's  Woi'ktf^  vol. ^ VIL-^Bm*    ' 
welPs  Life  of  Johasoiu  .  .      -  *  ' 

Vol.  VIII,  X 


$0«  C  A  R  T  E  R. 

CARTER   (FiiANCfs),  F.S.  A..    Of  this  gentleman  ir# 
have  little,  information.      He  was  author  ot  a  **  Journey, 
from  Malaga  to  Gibrattar/'   1776,  2  voU.  8vo,  with  platen 
^old  separately  ;  reprinted  io  2  vuU.  8vo,   1778,  with  the 
plates  iuseried.     The  many  coins  engraved  in  this  work 
\^re  from  the  collection  of  the  celebrated  Spanish  medallist 
Flores,  whose  cabinet  Mr.  Carter  had  purchased  on  luf. 
heathy   and  disposed  of  the   duplicates  to   Dr.  Hantejnr 
Mr.  Carter  died  August  1,.   178'i,  when  he  bad  jq^t.^otviHr 
pleted  (and  had  actually  printed  the  first  sheet  of)  .^^  AxK 
historical  and  critical  aecouat  of  early  .printed   8p|ipi$b« 
Vooks;^*  in  which,  to  use  his  own  words,  his  intent  W9^. 
*^  to   write   an    historical    and    critiqal    account    of   tbe;;. 
most  early  printed    volumes    in    the    Spanish  Ungui^ge^. 
which  bad  fallen  into  my , possession  during  t)iirty  yean 
diligently  collecting  tbeniy   botb   in   Spain,   Francei  9n4 
j^n^land.**    Of  the  lives  of  the  autborsr  be  proposed  to  ^ive. 
a  summary  account,  wit^  occasional  .speoimeo^  of  thi^  s^yte 
fod  manner  of  their  writings,  .^^  strictures  on  tbe,  9X^ip 
*  and  progress  of  learning  and  poetry,  ,fjrom  the,  days  .of 
John  11.  king  of  Castile  down  to  the  prftsent  age :  tQ  ap- 
pearance an  humble  and  easy  tasky  but  which  will  be  fpuud 
in  the  execution  to  require  no  sipaH  Ubour,  judgment^ 
#nd  experience,  and  be.  evidently  pf.  great,  advantage  to, 
those  who  wish  to  enrich  their,  librariea  wilb  the  beat  Spar, 
nish  works,  and  be  informed  of  the  reput^'tioHv  V^Ot,  auds. 
rank,  each,  author  holds  ip  the.liteofy^fWQrl^•.  ^We  h«)fye 
to  lament  that  this  was  never  finished.    JL  ^pecimea  of  it 
mty  be  seen  in  our  authority..^ 

CARTERET  (SiV  Georgb),  a  loyalist  in  the  time  of 
Charles  I.  of  uncommon  firmness  and  brayery,   the  de-^^^ 
scendant  of  an  ancient  family,  originally  from  Normandy^ 
but  afterwards  settled  at  Guernsey  ana  Jersey,  was  bora.: 
at  Jersey  in  1599,  bis  father  Uelier  Carteret^  esq.  beipg., 
at  that  time  deputy  gx^vernor  of  the  island.     He  eoteredi . 
early  into  the  sea  service,  and  had  acquired  the  cha^racter  . 
of  an  experienced  officer,  when  |(iug  Charles  J.  ascenrd^d 
the  thfone>. .  This  circumstance  recommending  him  to  the  * 
notice  and  ^steem  of  the  duke  of  Buckingham,  he  .waa  - 
appointed,  in  1626,  joint  governor  of  Jersey,  with  Henry,.. . 
afterwards  lord  Jermyn  ;  and,  in  1639,  he  obtained  a  gnuat ..' 
#rthe  office  and  place  of  comptroller  of  all  his  Majesty'*^  .; 

^  QfnU  Utig.  Mai  UU.-^msk^i^Bvttfv,  ^>  Itfi 


ffitp!l.  At  the  commencement  of  the  civil  war,  ^heil  thcl 
jj^arliatnent  resolved  to  send  odt  the  earl  b(  Warwict  ai 
Admiral  of  the  fleets  they  also  fesolved,  that  captain  Car-* 
li^ret  should  be  vice-admiral.  But  be,  thinking  that  h^ 
(iugbt  not  to  accept  the  command  without  knowing  tlie. 
i^yai  pie^sufe,  addressed  himself  to  the  king  for  direction^ 
timb  ordered  him  to  decline  the  employment ;  ahd  captaia. 
Battevi,  surveyor-generalj  was  substituted  in  h\k  place* 
His  Majesty  was  probably  mistaken  in  this  advice;  for,  if 
^d^tiaiia  Carteret  had  accepted  of  th6  qhargCi  be  might* 
jiVbbably  have  prevented  the  greater  part  of  the  fleet  front 
^gaging  in  the  cause  of  the  parliament.  Captain  Car- 
tferet,  however,  like\vise  quitted  the  post  of  compti-oller,  and. 
rei&'ed^  with  his  family,  to  the  island  of  Jersey,  the  inha-. 
l^t&hts  of  Which  were  confirmed  by  him  in  their  adherencd^ 
to ^he  king;  and  tlesirous  of  more  active  servic^^  be  trani-^-^ 
pbirt^  himself  into  Cornwall,' with  the  purpose  of  raising  a 
tfbob  of  hbt^i  AVheh  he  arrived  in  that  country,  finding^ 
tflite  vi/2L^  a  ^reat'w^ht  of  powder,  he  went  into  France  tcL 
pi^ctitb  that  and  other  tiecessary  supplies ;  and  was  so  suc-*^ 
ct3sful,  that,' through  the  remainder  of  the  war,  tiie  Coic-, 
nfeb'army  was  never  destitute  of  ammunitibn.  This  was  so : 
iitipdrtant  and  seasonable  a  servibe,  that  the  king  acknow- 
ledged it  by  particular  approbatiorl  ;*and  by  conferring 
Vp'bh''  him',  at  Oxford,  the  honour  of  knighthood^  which. 

'  was^  speedily  followed  by  his* being  advanced,  on  the  9t\K, 
of  May  ^  1 6  45,  to  the  dignity  of  a  baronet.  Returning  the  I 
safa^^e^V'intb^  Jersey,' he  found  thkt  several  of  theinha-'J 
bitauts  had  been  induced  to  embiUce  the  cause  of  the  par**  ^ 
lilihienl:,  oh  Which  account  he  threw  soaie  of  them  into  . 
coiiBneim'ent^  'This  vgSLS  so  alartning  arid  offensive  to  the  . 
members  at  Westminster,  that  atl  bVder  was  made,  that  if^  \, 
fot  the'ftrtmte;  he  should  piit  to  d'eatth  any  of  the  island  * 
wfeom  he  ^hoiild  tak0  prisoners,  for  every  one  so  slain^* 
ihiree'of  the  king's' men  should  l>e  hung  up.  From  the  '. 
w6ffehere  iiseJ,  it  seems. impliiSd' that  sir  George  Carteret 
Md'aSttially  cxeetiteU  sbttie'bne  or  hiore  of  the  people  oft 

J^Ti^y'  who  had  appeared  for  the  IParliatnent ;  a  st^p  highly^, 
iiijudicl6tis,  tVhence,  ih  ail  the  subsequent  propositipns  foi  ,. 
peace  iifitfr  the  king,  i^r  GebVi^^  was  excepted  from  pardon* 
Vrtif^tf  the  brinctj  of  Wkles,  and  rnany  persons  of  distinc- 
ti^Vt^fth  him,  't*dtne4ht6' Jersey  irr  1646,  and  brought'  with 
tJatem  very  little  for  their  subsistence,  tliey  were  aII  chear* 


308  CART  E  R  E  T. 

fully  entertained,  and  at  a  large  expence,  by  sir  George 
Carteret;  Vvho,  beine:  sensible  how  mucb  it  behoved  him 
to  take  care  for  supplies,  equipped  about  half  a  score  small 
frigates  and  privateers,  which  soon  struck  a  terror  through 
the  whole  channel,  and  made  a  number  of  captures.    Upon 
the  prince's  leaving  the  island,  at  the  positive  command  of 
the  queen,  several  of  the  council  chose  to  stay  with  sir 
George ;  and  the  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  (afterwards 
earl  of  Clarendon)    resided   with  him  above  two  years. 
After  the  death  of  the  king,  sir  George  Carteret,  though 
the   republican   party   was   completely    triumphant,    and 
though  Charles  II.  was  at  the  Hague  in  a  very  destitute  con- 
dition, immediately  proclaimed  him  at  Jersey,    with   all 
his  titles.    Some  months  afterwstrds  his  Majesty  determined 
to  pay  a  second  visit  to  the  island  of  Jersey,  and  arrived 
in  the  latter  end  of  September  1649,  accompanied  by  his 
brother  the  duke  of  York,  with  several  of  the  nobility. 
Here  they  were  supplied  by  sir  George  with  all  necessaries. 
The  king,  when  prince  of  Wales,  had  procured  his  father's 
Jeave  for  making  sir  George  Carteret  his  vice-chamberlain, 
and  he  now  appointed  him  treasurer  pf  his  navy ;  which  how- 
ever, at  this  time,  chiefly  consisted  of  the  privateers  that  sir 
George  had  provided,  and  of  the  noen  of  war  with  prince  Ru- 
pert. Charles  II.  staid  in  the  island  till  the  latter  end  of  March 
1650,  when  he  embarked  for  HoUajid,  in  order  to  be  more 
commodiously  situated  for  treating  with  the  Scots,  who  had 
invited  him  into  that  kingdom.    This  defiance  of  sir  George  . 
Carteret  in  harbouring  the  king,  and  taking  many  of  theii: 
trading  vessels,  enraged  the  republicans  so  much,  that  they 
determined  to  exert  every  n.erve  for  the  reduction  of  Jersey. 
A  formidable  armament  being  prepared,  it  put  to  sea  in 
October  1651,  under  the  command  oT  admiral  Bjkke,  and 
major-general  Holmes,  to^tbe  last  of  whon^  the  charge  of 
the  forces  for  the  descent  was -committed.     In  this  crisis, 
sir  George  Carteret  prevented  the.  Jftoding  of  the  repub- 
lican army  as  long  as  possible ;  and  when  that  was  effected, 
and  the  remaining  forts  of  the  island  were  taken,  he  retired 
into  Elizabeth  castle,  resolving  to  hold  it  out  to  the  last  extre- 
mity.    The  king  being  safely  arrived  in  France,  after  thp 
fatal  battle  of  Worcester,  sir  George  informed  Him.  of  the. 
state  of  the  garrison,  but  the  kin^  not  being  able  to  assist 
him,  he  advised  sir  George  Carteret,  rather  to  accept  of  a  . 
reasonable  composition,  than,  by  too  obstinate  a  defence,. 


C  A  -R  T  E  "R  E  T.  '309 

• 

to  bring  himself  and  the  loyal  gentlemen  who  were  with 
him  into  danger  of  being  made  prisojiiers  of  wai?.  Sir 
George  wa^  ambitious  that  Elizabeth  castle  should  be  the 
last  of  the  king's  garrisons  (as  was  in  fact  the  case)  which 
should  yield  to  the  prevailing  powers.  He  determined^ 
therefore,  to  conceal  his  majesty's  permission  to  treat,  that 
the  knowledge  of  it  might  not  renew  the  cry  for  a  sur- 
render. But,  at  length,  provisions  growing  scarce,  the 
number  of  defenders  lessening  daily  by  death  and  deser- 
tion, and  there  being  no  possibility  of  supplies  or  recruits, 
Elizabeth  castle  was  surrendered  in  the  latter  end  of  De- 
cember,  and  sir  George  went  first  to  St.  Maloes,  and 
afterwards  travelled  through  several  parts  of  Europe.  To 
facilitate  his  reception  at  tne  different  courts  and  places  he 
might  be  disposed  to  visijt,  he  obtained  from  his  royal 
master  a  very  honourable  and  remarkable  certificate  of  rer 
commendation.  In  1657,  sir  George  had  given  siich  offence 
to  Oliver  Cromwell,  by  some  hostile  design  or  attenipt 
against  the  English  vessels  trading  to  the  French  p>orts^ 
that,  by  the  Protector's  interest  with  cardinal  Mazarine,  h^ 
was  committed  prisoner  to  tfie  Basjtile;  from  which  he  Was, 
after  some  time,  released  by  the  intercession  of  bis  friends, 
iipoh  condition  of  his  quitting  France.  Jn  1659,  however, 
we  find  him  at  Rheims,  from  whence  he  repaired  to  the 
king  at  Brussels,  and  followed  him  to  Breda.  Upon  •  his 
inajesty's  being  restored  to  his  kingdoms,  sir  George  Car- 
teret rode  with  him  in  his  triumphant  entry  into  the  city  oi 
London,  on  the  2yth  of  May  1660,  and  next  day  hp  was 
declared  vice-chamberlain  of  the  houshold,  and  sworn  of 
the  privy  council.  He  was  also  constituted  treasurer  of 
the  navy ;  and  at  tBfe  coronation  of  the  king,  he  had  the 
honour  of  being  almoner  for  the  day.  In  the  first  parlia- 
nient  called  by  Charles  II.  in  May,  1 66 1,  sir  George  Carteret 
was  elected  representative  for  the  corporation  of  Ports- 
mouth ;  and  it  appears,  that  he  was  an  active  member  of 
the  house.  When  the  duke  of  York,  1673,  resigned  the 
office  of  high  admiral  of  England,  sir  George  was.  consti- 
tuted one  of  the  commissioners  of  the  aidmiraity;  anc}  in^ 
1676,  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  lords  of  the  Committee 
of  trade.  He  was  also  vice-treasurer  of  Ireland,  and 
treasurer  of  the  military  forces  there.  At  length,  incon- 
sequence of  his  merit  and  services,  the  king  determined 
to  raise  him  to  the  dignity  of  a  peerage ;  but  before  the 
design  could  be  accomplished,  he  departed  this  life,  on  the 


hd  C  A  il  T  E  Id  E  T^. 

« 

T4th  of  January,  1679,  being  nearly  eighty  years  of  agq. 

X)n  the  1 1  th  of  February  following,  a  royal  warrant  w8^ 

issue^,  in  which  it  is  recited,  "  That  whereas  sir  George 

XJarteret  died  before  his  patent  for  his  barony  was  sued  ou'tf, 

liis   Alajesty  authorizes   Elizabeth,    his  Widow,    and    her 

ypungest  children,  James  Carteret,  Caroline^  wife  of  .sir 

Thomas  Scot,  kiit.  and  Louisa,  wife  of  sir  Rotert  Aikina, 

.lent,  to  enjoy  their  precedency  and  pre-^einihency,  as  if  tl^ 

said  sir  George  Carteret  had  actually  been  created  a  baroii^  • 

*Sir  George*s  eldest  son,  by  his  lady  Elizabeth,  who  was  nu 

cousiji-german,  being  the  daughter  of  sir  Philip  Carterdt, 

was  named  Philip  after  his  grandfathe|r.     This  gentlenaan 

/eminently  distinguished  himself  in  the  civil  wars,  and  wag 

Icuighted  by  Charles  II.  on  his  arrivjil  in  Jersey.     After  the 

king's  restoration,   sir   Philip  Carteret  married  Jemima, 

daughter  of  Edward  Montague,  the  first  earl  of  Sandwicp, 

and  perished  with  that  illustrious  nobleman,,  in  the  ^eat 

.  sea-fight  with  the  Dutch,  in  Solbay,  on  the  28th  of  May, 

1672.'     Sir  Philip  determined,  whilst  many'others  leH:'  tjl|e 

chip,  to  share  the  fate  of  his  father-in-law.     His  eldest  son 

George  was  the  first  lord  Carteret,  and  father  to  the  subject 

of  the  following  article.*  .    r 

'    CARXERET  (Jo^N),  earl  Granville,  one  of  ttie  most 

distinguished  orators  and  statesmen  of  the  last  century, 

.was,  born  on  the  22d  of  Apri'i  l^i^O,   "His  father  was  George 

lord  Carteret,  baron  Carteret,  of  Hawnes  in  the  county  of 

-  Bedford,  haying  been  so  created  on  the  l^Uiof  OctoWr  J  68f  I, 

when  he  was^  only  fifteen  years  of  age;  and  his  mother  vyas 

'  Jady  Grace,  yoqngest  daughter  of  John  earl  of  Bath.  ,  He 

^jpucceeded  his  father  when  only  in  his  fifth  year,     Hejyas 

^  educated  at  Westminster  school,  from  whicli  he  wa?  |;e- 

idoved   to  Christ-churcb  Oxford;    in  both   which  places 

he  made  such,  exjtraordinjary  inpproTementsi  that  he  Be- 

.  came   one  of  the  qaost  lej^rned  young,  noblemen   of  nis 

]  tiine ;,  and  he  retained  to  .^he  last  hi8.knQ\Vledgq  ancl  I^ve 

of  literature.    Dr.  I^wift  humorously  asserts,  that  ^e  carried 

"away,  from  Oxford,  with  a  singularity  scarcely  to  be  jn|ti- 

.Jfie,d,\inore  Greek,  Latin, .  and  philosophy,  than  propj^rly 

./became  a  person  of  his  ra^k.;  indeed,  niucl;i'moije  of  ^jich, 

than  most  of  those  who  ar^  f^orced  to  live  liy  tiieir  lejirr^g 

..  will  be  at  the  unnecessary  , pains  to  load  th^jc  heads  wi|b. 

,  B^ing  tl^us  accomplished,  lord  Carteret  wsU  (juali^^^ 

/  '  .   .' .     ■.»■'.  .'.4,.  •••'>>|-'^(j*r  9^t:^    -'^'  '^i'-i    '-''•.*    ii*i<'/  &t«l  A 


CARTERET.  «I1 

make  an  early  figure  in  life.    As  soon  as  he  was  introduced 
into  the  house  of  peers,  which  was  on  the  25tb  of  ^Way^ 
1711,  he  distinguished  himself  by  his  ardent  zeal  for  the 
protestant  succession,  which  procured  hioi  the  eariy  notice 
of  king  George  I.  by  whom  he  was  appointed,  in  1714,  one 
of  the  lords  of  the  l>ed-chamber ;  in  1715,  bailiff  of  the 
island  of  Jersey ;  aiid  in  1716,  lord  lieutenant  Imd  cUstoa 
taiuiornm  of  the  county  of  Devon;  which  last  office  he 
held  till  Aup:tist  I'Til,  when  he  resigned  it  in  favoUr'of 
Hugh  lord   Clinton.      His  mother  also,"  lady  Grace,  vras 
created  nscountess  Carteret  and  countess  Granville,  by 
letters  patent,  bearing  date  oh  the  first  of  January,  1714-15, 
with  limitation  of  these  honours  to  her  son  John  lord  Ckrteiret, 
His  lordship,  though  still  young,  became,  from  the  early 
part  of  king  George  the  First's  reign,  an  eminent  speaker 
in  the  house  of  peers.     The  first  instance  of  the  display  6f 
.his  eloquence,  was  in  the  famous  debate  on  the  bill  for 
lengthening  the  duration  of  Parliaments,  in  which  he  sup* 
ported  the  duke  of  Devonshire's  motion  for  the  repeal  of 
/fche  triennial  act.     On  the  18th  of  February,  1717-18,  he 
'  irpoke  in  behalf  of  the  bill  for  punishing  mutiny  and  deser- 
*^  don  ;  and   in  the  session  of  parliament  which  mei  on  the' 
11th  of  November  following,  he  moved  for  the  address  of 
thanks  to  the  king,  to  congratulate  his  majesty  on  the  sea- 
sonable success  of  his  naval  forces ;  and  to  assure  him, 
that  the  house  would  support  him  in  the  pursuit  df  those 
prudent  and  necessary  measures  he  had  taken  to  secure  the 
trade  and  quiet  of  his  dominions,  and  the  tranquillity  of 
J^urope.     In  Jan.  1718-19  he  was  appointed  ambassador 
extraordinary  and  minister  plenipotentiary  to  the  queen  of 
Sweden,  with  whom  his  first  business  was  to  remove  the 
difficulties  which  the  British  subjects  had  met  with  in  their 
commerce  in  the  Baltic,  and  to  procure  satisfaction  for  the 
losses  they  had  sustained ;  and  in  both  he  completely  sue* 
ceeded.     On  the  6th  of  November,  1719,  lord  Carteret 
,  first  took  upon  him   the  character  of  ambassador  extra* 
ordinary  and  plenipotentiary;  at  which  time,  in  a  private 
audience,  he  offered  his  royal  master^s  mediation  to  make 
peace  between  Sweden  and  Denmark^  and  between  SWie-' 
den  and  the  Czar;  both  of  which  were  readily  accepted  by 
the  queen,     A  peace  between  Sweden,  Prussia,  aiid  Ha- 
nover,  having  been  concluded  by  lord  Carteret,  it  vi^aa 
'^  prodaimed  at  Stockholm  on  the  9th  of  Mirch,  1719-3a 
Tius  was  tb^  prelude  to  a  re<:i>QCiliation  between  Sweden 


ii^ii.  CJ  A'  R  T  E  Bj  5^  IS 

idd  D^nfii^rk^  which  be  also  effected,  s^nd '  the  Ireaty  W9tk 
signed  July  3, 1 720.  Xn  August  his  lord&hip  was  appointed, 
tbjgelher  with  earl  Stanhope  and  sir  Robert  Sutton,  ambas* 
i^ador  extraordinary  and  plenipotentiary  at  the  congress  of 
Catnbray  \  but  whether  he  acted  iii  this  capacity  does  not 
dpbefir.  FroiQ  Denmark,  however^  he  arrived  in  JCngland  Dec. 
£,  ^nd  a  few  weeks  after  took  a  share  in  the  debates  on  the 
sts^te  of  the  na;tional'  credit,  occasioned  by  the  uQfortunate 
and  iniquitous  effects  of  the  South-Sea  scheme,  maintain- 
ipg  tb^t  the  estates  of'  the  criminals,  whether  directors  or 
iot  dire.ctof9,  ought  to  be  confiscated.  Whilst  this  affair 
vri^^'in  agitation,  he  was  appointed  ambassador  extraor- 
djuVxy  to  the  court  of  France,  and  was  on  the  point  of 
a($|tting  out,  when  the  death  of  secretary  Craggs  induced 
hS^  niajesty  to  appioiut  lord  Carteret  his  successor,  May  4,^ 
i721,  and  next  day  he  was  admitted  into  offi.c/$,  and 
sjeprn  of  his '  majei^ty^s  most  honourable  privy  QOuaciL 
whijsit  lord  Carter^et  was  secretary  pf  state,  he  not  only 
discharged  the  general  duties  of  his  epiploymeut  to  the  sa-. 
I^fac^ion  of  his  royal  mastef,  but  ably  ^defended  in  parlia- 
In^pl  tfi^  jooceasjures  of  administration.  This  he  did  iu  the 
Rebate  concerning  Mr.  Law,  the  famous  projector  of  the 
A||s^issippi  scheme,  whose  arrival  in  SngUpd,  in  17231)  by 
the  cpnnivance,  as  it  was  thought,  and  even  under  the 
Kahi^J^ion  of  tl^e  ministry,  excited  no  ,?m?dl  degree  of  dis- 
^ilfty  and  he  also  took -a  part  on  the  sjde  of  government, 
in  t^^  debate  on  the  navy  debt,  and  with  regard  to  the  va- 
i!i(}us' pth^r  motions  and  bills  of  the  session.  In  the  liew 
p^xUainent,  which  met  on  the  Uth  of  October,  J  722,  his 
lpjcl3hip,  on  occasion  of  Layers  plot,  sppke  in  favour  of 
^j;;i.9penaiug  the  habeas  corpus  act  for  one  year;  ac* 
ioaaiuted  the  house  with  the  bishop  of  Rochester's,  lord 
l^fprth  and  Grey's,  and  the  et^rl  of  Orrery's  commitment 
to  tl^e  Tower;  and  c|ffei?ded  th^  motion  for  the  imprison- 
xipent  of  the  duke  of  Norfolk.  In  all  the  debates  concera- 
ing  this  conspiracy,  and  particularly  with  regard  to  Atter-* 
bii^y,  lord  Carteret  vindicated  the  proceedings  of  the 
qourt ;  as  he  did,  likewise,  in  the  case  of  the  act  for  lay- 
ir^  au  extraordinary  tax  upon  papists.  On  the  26th  of 
M^Yf  172.3.,  when  the  king's  affairs  called  him  abroad,  his 
lordship  was  appointed  one  of  the  lords  jioaticea  of  the 
Ki^igdom  ;.  but  notwithstanding  tbii?)  he  went  to  Hanover, 
iiV  conj[unct\ou  with  lord  Townshend,  the  othec  secretary; 
t^x'i\  both  thes^  ng^emyen,  in  tboir  jreturn:  to  Eugtami)  mi. 


.€'A  K  T  FR  ET.  SiS 

• 

sereral  cofifel^nc^  at  tbe  Hague,  with  the  principal  per«. 
90118  of  the  DiUQh  administration^  on  subjects  of  import-^ 
ance.  Ip  the  session  of;pariiament,  January,  ]  72^*4,  lord 
Carteret)  in  the  debate  on  the  mutiny  bill,  supported  the 
necessity  qf  eightee^n  thousand  men  hieing  kept  up,  as  the 
f^unnber  of  laftd-forcfes,  in  opposition. to  lor(^  Trevor,  who 
had  moved  that  the  four  thousand  additional  men,  who  had 
been  raised  the  year  before,  should  be  discontinued.  Not 
many  .days  after  this  debate,  several  alterations  took  place 
at  court.  "Lord  Carteret  quitted  the  office  of  secretary  of 
^te,  in  %¥hich  iie  was  succeeded  by  the  duke  of  New- 
castle; and  on  the  same  day,  being  the  third  of  Apriiy 
1V24,  he  was  constituted  lord -lieutenant  of  Ireland,  and 
in  October  airited  att  Dublin,  where  be  was  received  with 
iHe  usual  solemnity.  The  Irish  were  at  that  time  in  a  grjat 
fbraienV  about:  the  patent  for  Wood's  halfpence,  which 
makes  00  signal  a  figure  in  the  life  and  writings  of  Dn 
Siwift.  Ovie  of  the  lirat  things  ^6ne  by  the  t^rd-lieutenant 
was  to- publish  a  pmoiam^tioa,  oflPering  a  re^vard  of  three 
hundred  pounds  Ibr  fl  discovery  of  the  author  of  the  Dra« 
pier's  Letters.  When  he  was  aaked,  by  Dr,  Swift,  how 
Ke  could  concur  in*  the  prosecutioit  of  a  poor  honest  fellow, 
who  had  been 'guilty  of  no  other  crime  thad  that  of  writing 
three  or  ifour  letters  for  rh^  good  of  his  country,  his  excel- 
lency cpplied^  io  the  words  of  Virgil, 

— *— — ■     ■  Regni  novitae  me  talia  cogit 
Moliri 

Lord  Cartevet  lived  at  Uiat  very  time  in  great  friendship 
with  the  deai>;  and^  therefore,  if  he  suspected  the  real- 
author,  CQu|d  have  no  sincere  wish  that  he  might  be  dis- 
covered, Notwithstanding  the  measures  Ins  lordship  was 
obliged.  oi]^iaUy  to  pursue,  he  was  sensible  that  Wood's 
patent  ought  not  tq  be  supported  ;  and,  accordingly,  pro- 
cured iu  bei^g.  revoked ; .  by  which  means,  one  of  the  most 
i^iives^al  and  remarkable  ferments  ever  raised  iu  Ireland 
speedily  subtsided.  The  lord< lieutenant  used  sometimes  to 
converse  with  Di?.  Swift  on  public  affairs.  The  dean,  on 
so^ne  occa^KHij  happening  to  dispute  with  him  concerning 
the  grievances  suffered  by  the  Irish,  and  tlie  folly  and  non- 
sense of  the  English  government  in  the  management  of 
Ireland,  his  exoelleBey  replied  with  such  mastery  and 
strengt;b  of  reason,  that  Swift  wiss  incapable  of  supporting 
bis  ajguaj^eBA*    Being  displeased  at  this,  he  cried  out  in  a 


ti*  C  A  R  T  B  R  E  T. 

violent  passion^  '^  What  the  vengeance  brought  yon  among 
us ;  get  you  gone,  get  you  gone ;  pray  God  Almighty  send 
us  our.  boobieii  back  ag^n.'*  At  another  time,  Dr.  Swift 
^having  written  two  lines  on  a  window  of  the  castle,  ia 
which  his  pride  affected  an  absolute  independence,  lord 
Carteret  gently  rebuked  his  haughtiness,  .  by  inscribing 
under  them  the  following  couplet : 

''  My  very  good  Dean,  none  erer  comes  here. 

But  who  hath  something  to  hojie^  or  something  to  fear.** 

His  lordship,  bpwever,  kept  on  good  terms  with  Swif^ 
and  obliged  him  by  conferring  preferment  on  Dr.  Sheridan^ 
and  others  of  his  friends.  Ev^n  in  the  Drapier^s  Letters, 
the  d<?an  expressed  a  very  high  opinion  of  the  lord-lieute- 
naaL  Besides  revoking  Wuod^s  patent,  lord  Carteret's 
administration  was,  in  oth^r  respects,  very  acceptable  auft 
beneficial  to  the  Irish.  He  discharged  the  duties  of  h^ 
high,  station,  in  general,  with  wisdqiii  and  fidelity,  and  tW 
people  were  happy  under  his  governmefit.  . ACter.-the  close 
of  the  session  in  March,  1725-6,  hi^  lordship  having  C0Q« 
stituted  lords  justices  during.  Iiis  absence,  embarked  for, 
England,  where  he  arrived  in  May,,  i7il6,  and  received 

.  his  majesty't  japprobation  of  his  prudent  conduct.  On  thie 
24th  of  January,  1726-7,  lord  Carteret  ably  defended 
the  king's  speech,  which  had  beea  wafmly  animadverted 
upon  by  the  opposition.  On  the  31st  of  May,  1727,  be 
was  appointed  one  of  the  chief  justices  during  his  majesty^s 
absence,  and  upon  the  decease  of  George  L  who  died 
suddenly  at  Osnabrug,  in  his  way  to  Hanover,  on  the 
11th  of  June,  1727,  lord  Carteret  was  one  of  the  old 
privy  council  who  assembled  at  Leicester  house,  where  the 
new  king  was  proclaimed.  This  was  on  the  14th  of  Jime^ 
and  the  same  day  he  was  sworn  of  his  majesty's  privy 
council.     On  the  29th  of  July  following,  he  was  again  ap« 

'  pointed  lord  lieutenant  and  chief  governor  of  the  kingdoih 
of  Ireland,  and  having  arrived  there,  the  parliament  lyas 
opened,  by  his  excellency,  Nov.  28,  and  the  session  con- 
tinued till  the  6th  of  May,  1728,  when  be  gave  the  royal 
assent  to  twent}^  public  acts,  and  concluded  with  a  speech, 
expressive  of  his  high  rcjgard  for  the  welfare  of  the  king-» 
dom.  4^fter  this,  he  embarked  for  England,  but  in  1729, 
returned  again  to  Ireland,  and  held  another  session  of  pav« 
liameut,  which,  began  on  the  23d  of  September^  and 
9pd^  on  the  I5th  of  April,  1730.    His  Iordship'^  second 


iO  A  R  T  E  R  £  T.  tis 

S*d^6rehcy  over  the  Irish  nation  was  as  populac,  if  not 
piote  so,  as  the  first  His  polite  and  sociable  manners 
Were  highly  acceptable  to  all  ranks  of  peopFe.  ,  What  par- 
ticularly recommended  him  was,  his  being  above  the  little 
xiistinctions  of  party.-  He  maintained  a  good  correspon* 
^dence  with  several  of  thp$e  who  were  called  or  reputed 
lories,  and  occasionally  distributed  a  few  preferments^,  of 
no  great  significance,,  in  that  line.  This  having  excited 
the  complaint  of  some  of  the  bigotted  whigs,  gave  occa* 
slon  to  a  facetious  and  sensible  tract  of  Dr.  Swift's,  enti^ 
^iied,  "  A  Vindication  of  his  excellency  John  lord  Carteret, 
from  the  charge  of  favouring  none  but  Tories,  High- 
church-men,.  and  Jacobites."  With  Dr.  Swift  the  lord- 
Ijeutenant  appears  to  have  maintained  a  strict  friendship  ; 
and  he  wail  solicitous  to  act  agreeably  to  the  dean's  views 
of  the  interest  of  the  kingdom.  In  one  of  his  letters, 
written  to  the  dean  some  years  afterwards,  he  thus  ex- 
presses himself;  ^^  When  people  ask  me  how  I  governed 
Ireland  ?  I  say,  that  I  pleased  Dr.  Swift.'*  The  prefer- 
iOQents  which  his  excellency  bestowed,  at  the  instance  of 
^e  dean  of  St.,  Patrick's,  were  conferred  on  learned  and 
Svorthy  men,  who  did  not  disgrace  their  recommender; 
knd  whatever  may  be  thought  of  the  pride,  petulance,  and 
[peculiarities  of  Swift,  it  cannot  rationally  be  denied,  that 
%e  was  sincerely  devoted  to  the  welfare  of  the  Irish  nation. 
'^His  lordship,  having  continued  the  usual  time  allotted  to 
'Ilk  high  ofi^ce,  quitted  it  in  1730,  and  was  succeeded  by 
the  duke  of  Dorset 

J"  We  now  come  to  a  part  of  lord  Carteret's  life,  including 

^nearly  twelve  years,  from  1730  to  1742,  during  which  he 

etigaged  in  the  grand  opposition,  that  was  carried  on  so 

long,  and  with  so  much  pertinacity,  against  sir  Robert 

Walpole.     In  this  opposition  he  tobk  a  very  distiuguished 

part,  and  was  One  of  its  ablest  and  most  spirited  leaders. 

^There  was  scarcely  any  motion  or  question  on  which  his 

eloquence  was  nbt  displayed.     His  powers  of  oratory  are 

, allowed  to  hdve  been  eminently  great;  and  it  is  highly 

prbbab'le,  that  ihey  were  invigorated   and  increased  by 

that  superior  ardour  which  naturally  accompanies  an  attack 

upon  the  measures  of  government     In  the  session  of  par-^ 

liament,  1730-1,  he  supported  the  bill  against  pensioners 

being  permittefd  to  sit  in  that  house ;  and  the  motion  for 

^discharging  the  twelve  thousand  Hessian  forces  in  the  pay 

of  Grlbat  Britain.    In  the  subsequent  session,  which  open^ 


81«  C  A  ft  T  E  tt  £  T. 

On  the  13th  of  Janu&ry,  1731 -2>  besidies  speaking  iii 
tiv6tkt  of  the  pension  billj  lord  Carteret  exerted  his  whole 
aUlity  against  the  passing  bf  the  act  for  reviving  the  salt 
diity.  This  tax  he  asserted  to  be  grievous,  pernicious, 
and  insupportable ;  opprefesdve  to  the  loWer  part  of  th6 
J>eople;  and  dangerons  to  public  liberty,  by  the  numerous^ 
dependefnts  it  would  create  upon  the  crown.  In  the  next 
year,  the  grand  objects  that  engaged  the  attention  of  the 
nfi^inority  were,  the  motion  for  the  reduction  of  the  land 
forces ;  the  produce  of  the  forfeited  estates  of  the  South- 
Sea  directors  in  1720;  and  the  bill  for  granting  eighty- 
thousand  pounds  for  the  princess-royars  marriage  settle- 
naent,  and  a  sum  out  bf  the  sinking  fund ;  on  which  occa- 
iBions  lord  Carteret  displayed  his  usruai  energy  and  elo- 
qtieftce.  In  the  session  which  began  on  the  17th  of  Ja- 
nuary, 1733-4,  his  lordship  made  the  motion  for  an  address 
to  the  king,  to  know  who  had  advised  the  removal  of  the 
^ke  of  Bolton  and  lord  Cobham  from  their  regiments  j 
ahd  took  the  lead  in  the  memorable  debate  ^hich  arose 
jstpon  that  question,  and  an  active  part  in  the  other  mat- 
ters that  Werfe  agitated  in  this  and  the  fbllowrng  sessions. 
.It  is  observable  that,  about  this  tirtie,  Dr.  Swift  had  some 
doubts  concerning  lord  Carteret^s  steadiness  in  the  caus6 
of  opjyositioti,  yet,  in  the  session  of  parliament  which 
opened  on  the  1st  of  February,  1736-7,  his  lordship  dis-  . 
IfiAguished  himself  greatly  in  thfe  several  questions  cOn- 
ijerning  the  riots  at  Edinburgh,'  and  the  affair  of  captain 
Porteus ;  and  he  was  the  mover,  in  the  house  of  peers, 
for  the  settleftfiteht  of  an  hundred  thofusand  pounds  a  year, 
out  of  the  civil  list,  u'poti  the  prince  of  Wales;  a  matter 
iVhich  excited  a  very  long  and  violent  debate.  He  exer- 
c^^eti  the  same  Vigour  with  regard  to'  all  the  i^otions  and 
questions  of  that  busy  session  ;  and  it  is  evident,  from  the 
r*<iords  of  the  times,  that  h6  was  the  prinie  leader  of  op- 
p*^t»on  m  the  upper  house.  Thft  character  was  preserved 
dJ^  loyd  Cartei'et  in- the  parliament  which  met  on  the  15th 
of  Noietober,  1739  ;  and  in  the  following  session,  when 
th6  minority  exei'ted  their  whole  strength  to  overturn  the 
adftiiWiist ration,  be  made  the  motion  in  the  house  of  peers, 
Feb.  IS,  1740-1,  to  addiiess  his  majesty,  that  he  would 
gfa<ilbusly  be  pleased  to  remove  sir  Robert  Walpole  from 
his  pi<esenc^  and  councils  for  ever,  and  prefaced  his  pro- 
posal with  the  lottgest,  as  well  as  thd  ablest  speech  that  he 
efei<  appears  to  have  delivered;     A  yeat  after,  when  the 


views  of  oppo^itiop  were  attaipe4]  s^.far  as,  related  to  tfae^ 
displacing  oif  sir  Robert  Walpole,  loi:^.  Carteret,  F.eh^  12, 
1741-42,  was  appointed  p^e  of  bis^  majesty's  principal. s&p. 
cretaries  of  state,  and  the^a  b^gao  to  chapge  bla.padia?: 
m^ntary  lauguage,  opposing,  the  luptioA  for  the^  coa)mil<^,. 
ment    of   the    pension -bill,    ai^d    tl;\e   bill   to  indemnify' 
evidences  againjst  Robprt  earl  of  Orford,  notconsbten^^iy^ 
although  witb  some  reason.     In  September  1742,  he.wa3< 
sent  to  the  Statjes  G^nj^ral,  to  concert  mes^sures  iditb  tbem^ 
for  the  maintenance  of  the  liberties  of  the  Upit^d  Pro-, 
vinces,  and  the  benefit  of  the  com^ion  cause ;  and  sooa 
after  his  return,  he  opposed  the.  motion  for  discharging  thi6k 
Hanoverian  troops  in  British  pay ;  and  distinguished  him<- 
self  in  favpur  of  the  bill  for  retailing  spirituous  liquors,    Ia 
1743  he  waited  upon  his  majesty  at  Hanoyer,  and  attended 
hiim  thh>ugh  the  whole  interes^ting  campaign  of  that  year; 
and  the  king  placed  the  greats  confidence,  in  his  counsels^ 
to  which  he  was  the  more  entitlted,.  as  he  wast  eminentlyc 
^l^illed  in  foreign  affairs.     On  the .  deaibt  of  bia  mcdier^ 
upon  the  18th  of  Ocxober^  1744,  he  succeeded  to  the  titles, 
of  visqou|it  Carteret  and  earl  Granville,  and  a  fewweelui 
after,  resigned  the  seajs  as  secretary  of  state^  unabiato- 
ojppose  the  patriotic  party,  whpm  be  had  suddenly  for* 
saken,  and  the  duke  of  Newcastle  and  bis  brother,  Mn 
Pelbam,  who  formed  an  alliance  with  them  against  faim« 
George  XL  however,  with  reluctance  parted  with  a  mi-^ 
nis|:er  who  had  ga^ined  his  personal  affection  by  ,his  great 
knowledge  of  the  affairs  of  Europe,  by  bis  enterprising 
geinius,  and,  above  all,  by  his  ready  compliance  with  the^ 
king*s  favourite  viejws.     In  the  beginning  of  1746,    his. 
lordship  made  an  effort  to  retrieve  his  influence  in  tbexa«- 
b\net,  but  the  duke,  of  Newcastle  and  Mr.  Pelbam,  who 
knew  his  aspiring  di^pp^itipn,  refused  to.  admit  him  into 
administration,  yet  misms^naged;  their  intrigues  so  much, 
that  at  fir^t  they  were  themselves  obljiged  to  resign,  aud 
earl  Granville  was  fippoipted  secrA^ry  of  state,  and  re^ 
sumed  the  reins. of  adfninistration,  ip  February  1745*6.: 
fipding,  however,  that  h^  could  not  counteract  the  accu*^ 
mulated. opposition  that  preponderated  against  him,  he  re*-, 
signecf  the  sea^ls.four  days  after  tliM^y.had  beeii  put, into  his* 
b^nd^^    Still  lord.  Granville's  political  antagonists  wi^e  not 
able  to  prevent  hisi  receiving  personal. m^rka  of » royal fa.^. 
your.     On  the  22d  of  June,  1749,  he  was  elected  at  Ken^^ 
sington^  one  of  the  knights  companions  of  the  most  noblt 


SI*  Id  A  It  t  E  ft  £  ¥. 

order  of  the  garter,  and  next  year  was  again  brought  i^to^.^ 
the  ministry,  in  connection  with  the  very  ihen  by  wKonr* 
he  had  been  so  long  and  so  warmly  opposed.     He  was^ 
then  constituted  president  of  the  council,    and  notwith^^* 
standing  the  various  revolutions  of  administration,  was  con-^' 
tin ued  in  this  high  post  till  his  decease*     When  his  ma^* 
jesty  wentto  Hanover,  in  1752,  earl  Granville  wa» appointed^  ' 
one  of  the  lords  justices  of  the  kingdom  ;  and  he  was  in*' 
the  commissions  for  opening  and  concluding  the  session  6P 
parliament,  which  began  on  the  31st  of  May,   1754,  ahd' 
ended  on  the  5th  of  June  following.    The  last  time  itt- 
which  he  spoke  in  the  house  of  peers,  was  in  opposition  ta ' 
the  third  reading  of  the  mililia-bill,  on  the  24th  of  May,^"^ 
1756,  but  not  with  his  usual  effect.     When,  in  October'" 
1761,  Mr.  Pitt  proposed  in  council,  an  immediate  decla-^^ 
ration  of  war  with  Spain,  and  urged  the  measure  with  hvs^ 
usual  enlergy,  threatening  a  resignation,  if  bis  advice  should^ 
not  be  adopted ;  lord  Granville  is  said  to  hlive  replied  tc^^ 
him  in  terms  both  pointed  and  personal,     Mr/ Wood,  itt'^ 
the  preface  to  his  <^  Essay  on  the  original '  Genitrs  and/' 
Writings  of  Homer,'*  informs  us,  that  ^^  being  directed  to^^ 
wait  upon  his  lordship,  a  few  days  before  be  died,  with' ^ 
the  .preliminary  artides  of  the  treaty  of  Paris,  he  'foumP^ 
him  so  languid,  that  be  proposed  postpoinng  his  businifi^s^' 
for  another  timef ;  but  earl  Granville  insisted  that  he  sfao'uld^^ 
stay,  saying,  it  could  not  prolong  his  life  to  neglect  hii-^ 
duty;  and  repeating  a'passage  outof  Sarpedon's' speecft ■'' 
In.Homer,  he  dwelled  with  particular  emphasis  on'bue'of  i 
the  lines  which  recalled  to  his  mind*  fehe  distinguishhig  paiHP^' 
he  had  taken  in  public  affairs.'*     After  a  pause  he  desireU  , 
to  hear  the  treaty  read;  and  gave  it  the  approbatioti  of  i  '^ 
'^  dying  statesman  (his  own  words)  oh  the  most  glbriofii^** 
w^,  and  most  honourable  peace,  this  nation  eter 'sa?w*.V^^* 
In.otber  respects,  lord  Granville  so  much  retained' his  vi«^^ 
vacity  to  the  close  of  his  life,  as  to  be  able  to  break  '6ut*^'^ 
into  sallies  of  wit  and  humour.     He  died  Jan.  ^,  17^8,^'^'^ 
the  seventy-third  year  of  his  ag^   ^  He  was  twice  marriefdj^  "-'• 
first  at  Long-Leat,   on  the  17th  of  Octoberj   1710;   td  ' 
Frances,  only  daughter  of  sir  Robert  Worsley^  bart;;  aiid-^ 
secondly,   on  the  14th  of  April,  1744,   to  tedy  Sophist ^'' 
daughter  of  Thomas  earl  of  Pomfret.     By  his  former  Wfi^^/ 
he  had  three  sons  and  five  daughters^' by  the  lattei*,  onfjP'' 
one  daughter  .  .      .5*^3  i^a 


CART  E  K  E  T,  Jisf 

.^  Xord  Gran?UIe*8  character  has  been  drawn  as  follows^^ 
by  the  late  earl  of  Chesterfield :  ^^  Lord  Granville  had 
great  parts,  and  a  pvost  uncomnion  share  of  learning  for  a' 
man  of  quality.  He  was  one  of  the  best  speakers  in  the 
house  of  lords,  both  in  the  declamatory  and  the  argunnen-' 
tative  way.  He  had  a  wonderful,  quickness  and  precision 
in  seizing  the  stress  of  a  question,  which  no  art,  no  so- 
phistry, could  disguise  in  him.  In  business  be  was  bold, 
enterprizing,  and  overbearing.  He  had  been  bred  up  in 
kigbk  noonarchical,  that  is,  tyrannical  principles  of  govern-^ 
ment,  which  bis  ardent  and  impetuous  temper  made  him 
think  were  the  only  rational  and  practicable  ones.  Re 
would  have  been  a  great  first  minister  in  France,  little  in- 
ferior, perhaps,  to  Richeliea;  in  this  government,  which  is 
yet  free,  he  would  have  been  a  dangerous  one,  little  less 
sOy  perbaps,  than  lord  Strafford.  He  was  neither  ill-na- 
tured nor  vindictive»  and  had  a  great  tsontempt  for  money* 
His  ideas  were  all  above.it.  In  social  life  he  was  an  agree- 
able, good-humoured,  and  instructive  companion  ;  a  great 
but, entertaining  talker.  He  degraded  himself  by  the  vice- 
of  drinking,  which,  together  with  a  gfeat  stock  of  Greek 
and  Latin,  he  brought  away  with  him  from.  Oxford,  and 
retained  and  praptis^ied  ever  afterwards.  By  his  own  in« 
dustry,  he  h^d  made  himseljf  master  of  all  the  modern  ktt-  * 
gua^gesj  and  had  aoauired  a  great  knowledge  of  the  iaw^ 
His.  political  knowledge  of  the  interest  of  princes  and  of 
commerce  was  4^xteasive,- and  bis  notions  were  juist  and 
great.  His  cbaract^i^  may  be -summed  up,  in  nice  preci- 
sion, quick  decision,  and  inribounded  presumption.'*  ^ 

.The  late  duke  of  Newcastle  Used  to  say  of  lord  Granville, 
that  he  was  aman  wJbo  never  doubted.    From  bis  lordi^hip^s 
acknowledged  literature,  it  may  naturally  be  supposed  that 
he  patronized  learned  men  and  learned  tindertakings«  ^  His 
regard  for  Dr.  Swift^  and  his  attention  to  the  dean's  recbm- 
mwdattpos,  we  have  alr^dy  mentioned*     He  assisted  and 
encauraged  ]hp[r,Xy6,<  in  his  edition  of  Junius^s  Etymolo-' 
gicotiy  and  the.  learned  Mrs.  Grierson  of  Dublin,  when  he 
W4S.  lord  lieut^nitnt  of  Ireland.    Of  Dr.  Taylor,  the  cele-* 
braited  Gre^ifLn,  iie  tvas  the  .particular  patron.    The  doctor 
owed  his priacipat  preferments  to  lord  Granville;  and  has 
testified  ];Us  gratitude,  in  the  dedication  of  his  Demos- 
the;pe§)  by  warmly  celebrating  bis  lordship's  excellencies, 
i|nd  especially  bis  eloquei^ce,  and  his  eminent  skill  in  th&' 
jmcieut  Md  modern  languages.     Our  learned  peer  en-* 


5»l  CARTERET. 

g^ed  Dx.tfi0Qk\€ry  to  uaderlake  an  edkieb  6(  HxUnkv;  aiui 
was  v^ry,  active  ia  proctiiiDg  the  doctoptlie  use  of  inanti<^' 
i^cripbjy.  aiod  otk^r.  iieces^aisy  atfbi  fee*  that  purpose;  Dr^ 
BeoU^y^.  when  be  csuBie  tp  town,  waS)  accustomed,,  in  h» 
\isiu  to.  lord  Carteret,  seoEietimes  to  spend  the  evetnugs 
V^itb  his  lordsbif)^  One  day  old  lady*  GranyUie  repfoaehea 
h^  son  wiUi«  kjeepiing.  the»  qoi4»try 'Cltogymaii,  who.  was  witb 
hio^  tjie  uight  bef^rei*  tUl  he<  w<is  imtokicated.  Lord  Car« 
tjer^t  deQJied  the.  cl|ai^ ;  upofi>  wbiob  the  lady  reptkdy 
that  th^  QlergyQ>affi  coukL  not»-liave  sun^  inl  so  ridiculott^  a 
qaanoer,  uiU^.  b^  had  be^  ]»  liqwir.  Th«^  ttfiithr 'wasy 
thot,  thiS  singing:. tihus  niistaken  by  her-ladysfaip^  was  Dt*; 
Bentley?s  eade^a^our  tO'vioA^truct  and  entertain- > hb  noUe* 
friead,  by  reciting)  Terence*  aceerdiog  tdiijne  trae  cantileoar 
of  the  ancients. 

£arl  Gran¥ille>  amidst  all  hid  straggles  for  places  and 
power,  had.  an  afiectaxion»  of  saying  ^^  1  lore  my  firesside;^^  . 
which . hunoour  wits  ivtelL exposed  by.Mr.  HawJtins  Browne^' 
in  a  copy  of  ver^es^  enmled^  *^  The  Fire^side^  a  pastoraL 
soliloquy."     Lord  Carteret^s  letter  on  the<  battle  at'D^thi- 
gen  was  much  ridiculed  at  the  time,  and*  the  only  excuse^ 
for  it  was  his.lqrdsbip's  intoxicatioor-^tiot  merely  with  joy^. 
In  giving  his  jqdgioent'  concerning  nsen  of  high  bfficein- 
th(&st¥ite^  earl  Granville  sometiines  spoketooincautiously 
fo^  a  politician.     Hduf^ing  been  asked;  who  wrote  the  king*& 
sp^Cfch  in.  a  certain*  year^  he  said,  ^'  Do  you  not  see/ the 
btiint  pen  of  the  o^d  attameyf^  meaning  lofd  Hardwicke,, 
It  watknot  always  in  ibis  power  to  conceal  the  pan^s  of  dis-< 
appointed  ambition.     He  made  a  present  of  a  copy  of  the 
Pqlyglot  Bibl^  which  the  owner  got  bound  in  an  elegant 
lUE^Iiner.'    When  lord  Granville- saw  the  book,  in  itsn^vir^ 
dres$,  he^aid)/^.  You  have  di>ne>witbit  as  theking'bas  dotie" 
witlf  me>  hen^adeinie  fine^  at»d  he  laid  me  by."  < 

l^.lord  GgmoQi's  manu^Kipts  ate  some  carious^  traits  of '  * 
e^rl  GraaviUe's  chs^raoter.     He  wes  one  of  ihose  .politicians    ' 
whp  m^ke  reiigipn  subservient ^to  the  state.    T&d  consider- 
io^gl  the  kingdom »  of  Christ -as  a  separate  kingdom  .from 
thq«j^.iof  this  world  be<  counted  .ab$u#d!M    On  the  contrary, 
h^^iTfiintfdped.  thai)'  Chvisttani^  is(  incorporated  with'  ci^il ' 

*  Dr.  .^n«op^  however*  attrlhutod  .  jH^wQrlli;*  <>f '  tlie<8objeel,  ast  to  %tfl "  " 
the  defects  of  this   letter  to  want  of     ''Here  is  a  letter  expressed  in  tem&a 
practice  in  writing  ^    and  iqformsi  ^s    .n6t  ^ood.r.noogl^  for  a  tallaW^dban^fer 
that  w|ien,lo^  GraoYi^iqiiad  written,   tet  hyrnmysii^  Boiwfl|l^>Liiy^f  Tolfloif^ 
it/ he  was.  gp  «oQaqous<  Qf  its  ^ being     son.  .-         .     : 


CARTERET.  S2l 


ff^ernmeot  is  saod  with  lime^  each  erf  which  by  itself 

Wilkes  no  motton    Where  he  iodagined  that  the  pnblie 

iQterest  might  receive  prejudice  by  Christianity,  he  was 

if^gaiost  its  b/eing  taught     He  hoped,  therefore^  never  t6 

see  pur  n^roes  in  America  become  Christians,  because  he 

believed  that  ibis  would  render  them  less  laborious  slaves. 

On  ^  the  same  principle,  he  was  against  any  attempts  to 

convert  the.  American  savages.     In  learning  Christianity, 

they  would  fall  into  the  use  of  letters,  and  a  skill  in  the 

arts  bein^  the  consequence^  they  would  become  more  for-* 

mid^bie  U>  the  plantations.     Pursuing  a  similar  train  of 

reapQoing,  lord.  Granville  wished  to  God  that  the  pope 

mighjt  never  tujrn  protestant,  or  the  Italians  cease  to  be 

papists,  for  then  we  should  sell  them  no  fish.    He  was  ghid 

that  the  clergy  sent  abroad  to  our  plantations  were  immoral 

an4  ignoxaat  wisetcbes,  because  they  could  have  no  influ* 

ence  over  the  inhabitantis,  as  better  and  wiser  men  would 

have,  and  who  would  use  that  influence  for  the  purpose 

pf  iaspiring  t^  planters  with  a  spirit  of  independence  on 

their  mother  country.     He  was  hostile  to  the  scheme  of 

sending  bishops  to  America,    These^  he  thought,  would 

labour  to  bring  tb^  several  sects  to  one  religion ;  whereas 

the  security  of  that  people's  dependence  on  Englaud  he 

conceived  to  arise  from  their  mutual  divisions.     He  was  an 

eneiay  likewise  to  the  improvement  of.  our  colonies  in 

learning.     This  he  said  would  take  off  their  youth  from 

wholly  attending  to  trade,  fill  them  with  speculative  notions 

of  government  and  liberty,  and  prevent  the  education  of 

the.  sons  of  rich  planters  in  England,  where  they  contract 

a  Ipve  to  this  kingdom,  and  when  grown  old,  come  back 

and  settle,  to  the  great  increase  Of  our  wealth.     Even  Itt 

home  he  was  against  charity-schools,  and  was  not  for  hav* 

ing  the  vulgar  taught  to  read,  that  th^y  might  think  of 

nothing  but  thcf  plow,    and  their  other  low  avocations. 

However  unsound  some  of  these  opinions  may  appear^ 

most  readers  may  recollect  that  they  did  not  die  with  his 

lordship,  ^ 

CARTEROMACHUS  (SciPio),  whose  proper  name 
wias  Fai^T96U£RaA,  an  eminent  Italian  scholar,  was  born  of 
a  geod  family  at  Pistoia  in  Tuscany,  Feb.  4,  1467.  He 
was  9X  first  educated  at  a  coUege  in  Pistoia  sidled  **  la  Sa- 


ViBios-  Brit— S«ia*s  Works;  tee  ladcx^^-^OKe't  Life  of  Walpele,.— Cliee- 


323  CARTEROMACHUS. 

pienza  de'  Forteguerri/'  from  a  cardinal  of  that  name  who 
founded  it  for  the  benefit  of  twelve  students,  three  of  whom 
should  be  of  the  family  of  Forteguerra.  He  studied  after- 
wards at  Rome  aud  Florence^  where  Politian  was  his  Greek 
preceptor.  .In  1500,  the  senate  of  Venice  appointed  him 
to  teach  Greek  in  that  city,  and  his  reputation  for  know- 
ledge of  that  language  was  most  extensive.  He  was  after- 
wards invited  to  Rome  by  pope  Julius  II.  who  appointed 
bim.  preceptor  to  his  nephew,  the  cardinal  Gaieotto ;  and 
Leo  X.  is  said  to  have  chosen  him  in  the  same  caepacity  for 
his  cousin  Julius  de  Medici;  but  whatever  benefits  might 
have  accrued  from  this  or  other  instances  of  Leo's  favour, 
were  prevented  by  Carteromachus^s  death,  Oct.  16,  151^. 
He  is  indebted  for  his  literary  reputation  rather  to  the- nu- 
merous commendations  of  hi^  contempotraries  and  friends 
than  to  his  own  writings,  many  of  which  are  said  to  have 
been  dispersed  at  his  deatli,  and  usurped  hy  others  into 
whose  haud$  they  had  fallen.  Among  those  which  remain 
is  his  ^^  Oratio  de  laudibus  literarum  Graecaram,"  Venice, 
1504,  4to,  Basil,  1517,  and  prefixed  to  Stephens's  ^^The» 
qs^urus  LingnsB  Gr^ecae.'^  Several  epigrams  of  his  also  are 
extant  in  preek  and  Latin  in  the  publications  of  the  times. 
During  his  residence  at  Venice,  he  frequently  acted  as 
corrector  .of  tbe-  Aldine  press,  and  had  a  considerable  hand 
i»  the  edition  pf  Ptolomy's  Geography  printed  at  Rome  in 
^^07,  folio. »         .  •       ,     . 

...CAUTES.     See  DESCARTES. 

j.,qART WRIGHT  (Thomas),  a  puritan  divine  of  great 
l)i^aing>  and  eminence,  was  born  in  Hertfordshire,  about 
tj|e  year  1535.  Having  been  kept  at  a  grammar-school  till 
he  was  fit  for  the  university,  be  was  sent  to  Cambridge 
where  he  was  admitted  into  St.  John's  college  in  15SO* 
tfe  applied  himself  to  his  studies  with  uncommon  assiduity; 
and  being  possessed  of  excellent  natural  parts,  he  made 
g^r^at  proficif^ncy  in  learnings  in  acquiring  which,  it  is  said, 
t^at  be  allowed  himself  no  more  than  five  hours  sleep  in 
the  night,  and  that  he  adhered  to  this  custom  to  the  end  of 
hi^  life.  Upon  the  death  of  Edward  VI.  when  he  had  been 
alpiout  three  years  at  the  university,  he  quitted  it,  and  be- 
came clerk  to  a  counsellor  at  law.:  but  this  did  not  prevent 
hi.ip  from  continuing  to  prosecute  his  former  studies,  in 
which  he  took  more  delight  than  in  the  profession  of  th^ 

%  Moreri.— ^«o.  Diet.— -Gresswell's  PoIitiaiu-^Rofcqjs's  Leo. — Saxii  Onomast. 


C  A  R  T  W  R  I  G  H  T.  82J 

kw.  He  remained  in  this  situation  till  tbe  beginning 
of  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth  ;  wben  the  gentleman  un- 
der whom  he  was  placed  as  a  clerk,  having  met  with  Dr« 
Pilkington,  master  of  St.  John  college,  Cambridge,  he 
made  him  acquainted  with  his  strong  atttohment  to  litem- 
ture.  In  consequence  of  this  the  doctor  desired  to  have 
some  conversation  with  Mr.  Cartwright ;  when,  being  ton* 
vinced  of  his  great  abilities  and  attainments,  he  offered  to 
take  him  back  again  to  St.  John's,  to  which  bisr  master 
consented;  He  accordingly  returned  to  the  university; 
and  in  1560  was  chosen  fellow  of' that  college.  About 
three  years  after  be  was  removed  to  a  fellowship  in  Trinitj 
college;  wbere^  on  account  of  his  great  merit,  he  was 
shortly  after  made  one  of  the  eight  senior  fellows.  la 
1564  queen  Elizabeth  visited  the  university  of  Cambridge^ 
and  remained  there  five  days,  vienring  the  several  colleges^ 
and  bearing  public  speeches  and  disputations.  Mr.  Strype 
says)  that  the  ripest  and  most  learned  men  were  selected 
for  tbe  disputants,  and  Mr.  Cartwright  being  one  of  these, 
appears  on  this  occasion  to  have  greatly  diiltinguished  him- 
self. In  1 567  he  commenced  bachelor  of  divinity ;  and, 
three  years  after,  was  chosen  to  be  lady  Margaret^s  di*- 
vinity- reader. '  It '  is  particularly  mentioned,  that  be  read 
upon  tbe  first  and  second  chapters  of  the  Acts  of  the 
Apostles,  and  performed  it  with  such  acuteness  of  wit,  and 
such  solidity  of  judgment,  as  excited  the  admiration  of  his 
hearers.  He  also  became  so  famous  as  a  preacher,  that 
when  it  came  to  his  turn  to  preach  at  St.  Mary's  church, 
the  sexton  was  obliged  to  take  down  the  windows,  on  ac-- 
count  of  the  multitudes  tbat  came  to  bear  him. 
#  Mr.  Cartwright  took  occasion,  in  his  lectures,  to  deli* 
▼er  his  sentiments  on  church-discipline;  which  being  un- 
fevourable  to:  the  established  hierarchy,  public  accusations 
were  soon  exhibited  against  him :  though  Mr.  Strype  says, 
^^  that  be  bad  indeed  a  great  party  in  the  university,  and 
some  of  them  men  of  learning,  who  stuck  close  to  him, 
exceedingly  admiring  faim ;  though  some'  of  them,  better 
informed,  fell  off  afterwards.'*  Archbishop  Grindal  wrote 
a  letter  to  sir  William  Cecil,  chancellor  of  the  university, 
on  the  23d  of  June  1570,  requesting  him  to  take  some 
speedy  course  against  Mr.  Cartwright ;  alleging,  that  in 
his  readings  he  daily  made  invectives  against  the  external 
policy,  and  distinction  of  states^  in  the  ecclesiastical  go- 
vernment ;  in  consequence  of  which  the  youth  of  the  uni« 

Y   2 


934  C  A  R  T  W  R  I  G  H  T. 

▼eraky,  who  frequented  bis  tectuves  ia  gfCftt  nmnbcrf » 
*^  were  in  danger  to  be  ppisoned  witb  a  liove  of  contention 
and  a  Uhing  of  novelty/^  He  tberefore  reGoarniendedi 
that  the  chancellor  shoidd  write  to  the  Tice*chaocellory  to 
enjoin  silence  upon  Cartwright  and  all  his  adherents,  both 
in  schcols  and  pnlpita ;  and  afterwards^  upon  examination! 
and  hearing  of  the  matters  before  bin,  and  some  of  the 
bei^  of  bmises,  to  ffednce  the  offenders  to  conformity,  or 
to  expel  them  ont  of  the  colleges,  or  the  university,  as  the 
cause  sbottld  require;  and  also  that  the  vice-chancellor 
should  not  suffer  Mr.  Cartwright  to  take  his  degree  of 
D.  D. « at  the  approaching  Gommencement,  for  which  he 
bad  applied.  Dr.  Whitgift  also  zealously  opposed  Cart* 
wrigbt,  and .  wrote  another  letter  to  the  chancellor  upon 
the  occasion,  communicating  to  him  not  only  what  Cart* 
wrigbt  had  ^  openly  laagbt,^^  but  also  <'  what  be  had  ut'^ 
tered  to  him  ia  private  conference." 

Mr.  Cartwright  vindicated  bis  conduct  in  a  letter  to  sir 
William  Cecil,  dated  the  9th  of  July;  in  wbkb  be  de^ 
clared  bis  extreme  aversion  to  every  thing  that  wsa  sedi« 
tlons  and  contentious,  and  affirmed  that  be  had  taught 
nothing  but  what  naturally  flowed  from  tbe  text  concerning 
which  he  had  treated. «.  He  obsecved,  ^at  when  an  occa* 
sion  offered  itself  of  speaking  concerning  the  habits,  he 
bad  waved  it :  though  be  acknowledged  that  he  bad 
taught,  that  the  ministry  of  ^e  church  of  England  had 
declined. from  the  ministiy  of  the  ancient  and  aprntfiolical 
church,  and  that  he  wished  it  to  be  restored  to  greater 
purity%  But  these  sentiments,  be  siu4»  be  had  delivered 
calmly  and  sedately,  and  in  such  a  manner  as  could  give 
offence  to  none  but  the  ignorant  or  the  malignant,  and 
those  who  were  eager  to  catch  at  something  to  calumniate 
bim.  He  asserted,  that  .he  had  the  utmost  reason  to  be- 
lieve that  be  should  have  obtained  the  testimony  of  thm 
iiniversity  in  favour  .of  bis  inncxrence,  bad  not  the  viw* 
chancellor  denied  Um  a  congr^^tion.  ijie  solicited  tim 
{irotection  of  the  efaanoellor,  so  far  aa  his  cause  waa  just.; 
and  transmitted  to  bim  a  testimonial  of  bis  iimoceaee, 
signed  by  several  learned  members  of  the  university,  and 
in  which  bis  abilities,  learnings  and  integrity^  w^re  spoken 
of  in  very  high  terms^  After  this  be  was  cited  to  appear 
before  Dr.  Mey,  the  vice-chancellor  of  the  universitir^  and 
some*  of  the  heads  of  houses,  and  examined  upon  simdiry 
articleaof  doetrinct  said  to  be  delifwed  bybim  in  hiaj^ubUie 


C  A  R  T  W  R  I  G  H  T.  325 

Inures,  and  which  were  affirmed  to  be  contrary  to  the  reli* 

fion  received  and  allowed  by  public  authority  ia  the  realm  of 
ingland ;  and  it  was  <^emanded  of  himi  whether  he  would 
fttand  to  those  opinions  and  doctrines,  or  whether  be  would 
renounce  them.  Ivir.  Cartwright  desired  that  he  might  be 
permitted  to  commit  to  writing  what  his  judgment  was 
upon  the  points  in  controversy  ;  which  being  assented  to, 
he  drew  up  six  propositions  to  the  following  purport,  and 
which  he  subscribed  with  his  own  hand  : — **  I.  The  names 
and  functions  of  •archbishops  and  archdeacons  ought  to  be 
abolished.  II.  The  offices  of  the  lawful  ministers  of  the 
•thurcb,  viz;  bishops  and  deacons,  ought  to  be  reduced  to 
the  apostolical  institution :  bishops  to  preach  the  word  of 
God  and  pray,  and  deacons  to  be  employed  in  tiaking  care 
of  the  poor.  III.  The  government  of  the  church  ought 
not  to  be  entrusted  to  bishops  chancellors,  or  the  officials 
of  archdeacons ;  but  every  church  should  be  governed  by 
Its  own  minister  and  presbyters.  IV.  Ministers  ought  not 
to  be  at  large,  but  every  one  should  have  the  charge  of  a 
cert)ain  flock.  V.  No  man  should  scriicit,  or  stand  as  a 
candidate  for  the  Ministry.  VL  Bishops  should  ^ot  be 
created  by  civil  authority,  but  ought  to  be  openly  and  fairly 
chosen  by  the  church/' — Propositions  also  which  were  said 
to  be  dangerous  and  seditious  were  collected  out  of 
Mr.  Cartwright*s  lectures,  and  sent  to  court  by  Dr.  Whlt- 
gift,  to  incense  the  qiieen  and  chancellor  against  him  ;  andl 
he  was  foii)idden-  by  the  rice-chancellor  and  heads  of  the 
university  to  read -any  more  lectures  till  they  shotrid  receive 
soifie  satisfaction  that  he  would  not  continue  to  propagate 
the  same  opinions.  He  was  also  prevedted  from  taking 
ills  doctor's  degree  by  the  authority  of  the  vice-chancellor  t 
which  appears  to  have  given  great  umbrage  fo*many  in  the 
university,  and  to  have  occasioned  a  considerable  disturb- 
ance. In  1S71  Dn  Whitgift  became  vice-chancellor  of  the 
university ;  and  by  his  influence  more  rigorous  statutes 
Irere  procured  for  its  government ;  afid  Mr.  Cartwright  was 
deprived  of  his  place  of  Margaret-professor.  But  he  still 
continued  senior  fellow  of  Tripity-college ;  though  the  fbl- 
lowing  year  he  was  also  deprived  of  his  fellowship ;  it  being 
alleged  that  he  had  forfeited  it  by  net  entering  into  priest's 
orders  in  due  time,  in  conformity  to  the  statute^.  Being 
thus  driven  from  the  university,  and  out  of  all  employment, 
lie  travelled  beyond  sea,  where  he  became  acquainted  with 
ibe  most  celebrated  divines  ki  the  several  protestaut  uni* 


S26  C  A  R  T  W  R  I  G  H  T. 

▼ersities  of  Europe,  with  many  of  whom  he  established  a 
correspondence.  They  appear  to  have  entertained  a  very 
high  esteem  for  him ;  and  the  celebrated  Beza,  in  a  letter 
to  one  of  his  English  correspondents,  expressed  himself 
thus  concerning  him : — "  Here  is  now  with  us  your  coun- 
tryman, Thomas  Cartwright,  than  whom  I  think  the  sun 
doth  not  see  a  more  learned  man'.**  While  he  was  abroad, 
he  wias  chosen  minister  to  the  English  merchants  at  Ant- 
werp, and  afterwards  at  Middleburgh,  where  he  continued 
two  years,  with  little  or  no  profit  to  himself;  though  his 
labours  as  a  preacher  are  said  to  have  been  extremely  ac- 
ceptable and  successful.  But  the  importunity  bf  his  friends 
in  England  at  length  prevailed  on  him  to  return  again  to 
his  native  country. 

Very  severe  measures  had  now  been  adopted  for  several 
years  against  the  puritans ;  on  whose  behalf  a  piece  was 
published,  intituled,  *<  An  admonition  to  the  parliament  ;** 
to  which  were  annexed,  A  letter  from  JSeza  to  the  earl  of 
Leicester,  and  another  from  Gualter  to  bishop  Parkhurst, 
recommending  a  reformation  of  church  discipline.  This 
work  contained  what  was  called  the  <<  platform  of  a 
church  ;**  the  manner  of  electing  ministers ;  their  several 
duties;  and  arguments  to  prove  their  equality  in  govern- 
ment. It  also  attacked  the  hierarchy,  and  the  proceedings 
of  the  bishops,  with  much  severity  of  language.  The  ad- 
monition was  concluded  with  a  petition  to  the  two  houses, 
that  a  discipline  more  consonant  to  the  word  of  God,  and 
agreeing  with  the  foreign  reformed  churches,  might  be  esta- 
blished by  law.  Mr.  Field  and  Mr.  Wilcox,  authors  of  the 
admonition,  and  who  attempted  to  present  it  to  parliament, 
were  committed  to  Newgate  on  the  second  of  October 
1 572*  Notwithstanding  which,  Mr.  Cartwright,  after  his 
return  to  England,*'  wrote  ^^  a  second  admonition  to  the 
parliament,**  with  an  humble  petition  to  the  two  houses, 
for  relief  against  the  subscription  required  by  the  ecclesias- 
tical commissioners.  The  same  year  Dr.  Whitgift  published 
an  answer  to  the  admonition:  to  which  Mr.  Cartwright 
published  a  reply  in  1573;  and  about  this  time  a  procla- 
mation was  issued  for  apprehending  him.  In  1574  Dr. 
Whitgift  published,  in  folio,  *^  A  defence  of  the  answer  to 
the  admonition,  against  the  reply  of  T.  C.**  In  1575 
Mr.  Cartwright  published  a  second  reply  to  Dr.  Whitgift ; 
fknd  in  1577  appeared,  ^^  the  rest  of  the  second  reply  of 
Th0ma3  Cartwright,  against  master  Doctor  Whicgift*s  an* 


C  A  R  T  W  n  I  G  H  T.  327 

• 

swer,  touching  the  church  discipline.'*  This  seems  to  have 
been  printed  in  Scotland  ;  and  it  is  certain,  that  before  its 
publication  Mr.  Cartwright  had  found  it  necessary  to  leave 
the  kingdom,  whilst  his  opponent  was  raised  to  the  bishopric 
of  Worcester.      Mr.  Cartwright  continued  abroad   about 
five  years,  during  which  time  h^  officiated  as  a  minister  to 
some  of  the   English   factories.     About   the   year    1580 
James  VI.  king  of  Scotland,  having  a  high  opinion  of  hi* 
learning  and  abilities,  sent  to  him,  and  ofFered  him  a  pro- 
fessorship in  the  university  of  St.  Andrew's;  but  this  he 
thought  proper  to  decline.     Upon  his  return  to  England, 
officerswere  sent  to  apprehend  him,asapromotfer  of  sedition, 
and  he  was  thrown  into  prison.   He  probably  obtained  his  li- 
berty through  the  interest  of  the  lord  treasurer  Burleigh,  and 
the  earl  of  Leicester,  by  both  of  whom  he  was  favoured  :  and 
the  latter  conferred  upon  him  the  mastership  of  the  hospital 
which  he  had  founded  in  Warwick.     In  1583  he  was  ear- 
nestly persuaded,  by  several  learned  protestant  divines,  to 
write  against  the  Rhemish  translation  of  the  New  Testament. 
He  was  likewise  encouraged  in  this  design  by  the  earl  of 
Leicester  and  sir  Francis  Walsincrham  :  and  the  latter  sent 
him  a  hundred  pounds  towards  the  expences  of  the  work. 
He  accordingly  engaged  in  it ;  but  after  some  time  received 
9  mandate  frpm  archbishop  Whitgift,  prohibiting  him  frOm 
prosecuting  the  work  any  farther.     Though  he  was  much 
discouraged  by  this,  he  nearly  completed  the  performance; 
but  it  was  not  published  till  many  years  after  his  death  in 
1618,  fol.  under  the  title  *^  A  Confutation  of  the  Rhemish 
Translation,  Glosses,  and  Annotations  on  the  New  Tes- 
tament."    It  is  said,  that  queen  Elizabeth  sent  to  Beza, 
requesting  him  to  undertake  a  work  of  this  kind ;  but  he 
declined  it,  declaring  that  Cartwright  was  much  more  ca- 
pable of  the  task  than  himself.    Notwithstanding  the  high 
estimation  in  which  he  was  held,  and  his  many  admirers, 
in  the  year  1585  he  was  again  committed   to  prison  by 
Dr.  Aylmer,  bishop  of  London ;  and  that  prelate  gave  some 
offence  to  the  queen  by  making  use  of  her  majesty's  name 
on  the  occasion.     When   he  obtained  his  libertv  is  not 
mentioned:   but  we  find  that  in   1590,  when  he  was  at 
Warwick,  he  received  a  citation  to  appear  in  the  star- 
chamber,  together  with  Edmund  Snape,  and  some  other 
puritan  ministers,  being  charged  with  setting  up  a  new 
discipline,  -and  a  new  form  of  worship,   and  subscribing 
their  names  to  stand  to  it.    This  was  interpreted  an  oppo-^ 


MS  G  hKTW%l  GUT. 

aiUoh  and  <lisobedfence  to  tbe  eslftUtshed  laws.    Mn  Gmtbt 
wrigbt  was  also  called  upon  to  take  the  oath  ex  officio ;  biife 
this  he  refused,  and  was  comaiitted  to  tbe  Fl€^t.     lo  Magr 
1591  be  was  sent  for  by  bishop  Aylaaer  to  appear  befoM 
him,  and  some  others  of  tbe  ecclesiastical  comiiitisioBerit 
at  that  prelate's  house.    He  had  no  previous  notice  gireni 
him,  to  prevent  any  concourse  of  his  adherents  upon  the 
occasion.    The  bishop  threw  out  some  raproaches,  agaiiiia 
him,  and  again  required  him  to  take  the  oath  ex  ixfido. 
The  attorney  general  did  tbe  same,  and  represented  to  hini 
'^  how  dangerous  a  thing  it  was  that  men  should,  upon  the 
conceits  of  their  own  heads,  and  yet  under  cokNir  of  con« 
science,  refuse  the  things  that  had  been  i«ceived  far  lawv 
for  a  long  time/'     Mr.  Cartwright  assigned  sundry  reasena 
for  refusing  to  take  the  oath ;  and  afterwards  desired  to  be 
permitted  to  vindicate  himself  from  spone  refieetions  that 
had  been  thrown  out  against  him  by  the  bishop  aiid  tte 
attorney  general.     But  to  this  bishop  Ayloier  wonld  not 
consent,  alleging,  *^  that  he   bad  no  Idaare  to  bear  his 
answer,"  but  that  he  might  defend  himself  from  the  puUie 
charges  that  he  had  brought  against  him,  by  e  private  ietter 
to  his  lordship.     With  this  Mr.  Cartwright  Was  obliged  to 
be  contented,  and  was  immediately  after  again  committBd 
to  the  Fleet.     In  August  1591  he  wrote  a  letter  to  lady 
Russell  stating  some  of  the  grievances  under  wUefahe 
laboured,  and  soliciting  her  interest  with  lord  Burleigh  to 
procure  him  better  treatment.     The  same  vear  king  Jamei 
wrote  a  letter  to  queen  Elizabeth,  requesting  her  m^esty 
to  shew  favour  to  Mr.  Cartwright  and  his  breibreti,  on  mc*^ 
count  of  their  great  learning  and  £a.ithful  labours  itt  tfao 
gospel.     But  he  did  not  obtain  his  liberty  till  uboet  tife 
middle  of  the  year  1592,  wh^i  he  was  reatoxedto  hie 
hospital  at  Warwick,  and.  was  again  permitted  to  preadi : 
but  his  health  appears  to  have  been  much  impaiied  by  Ua 
long  confinement  and  close  applioaUon  to  stady.     He  dieKt 
on  the  27th  of  December  1603,  in  the  6Sth  year  of  htaage^ 
having  preached  a  sermon  on  mortality  but  two  days  befi^ 
He  was  buried  in  the  hospital  at  Warwick*.    He  was  ptooBy 
learned,  and  laborious ;  an  acute  disputant,  and  aft  edmiiei 
preacher;    of  a  disinterested  disposition,    gjeneroos  and 
charitable,  and  particularly  liberal  to  poorsx^olars.     It  la 
much  to  be  regretted  that  such  a  man  diould  have  ineomsdl 
the  censure  of  the  superiors  either  in  church  -or  stste^  but 
innovations  like  those  he  pcoposed^  and  JMUMred  Id 


^ 


C  A  E  T  W  E  I  G  H  t.  «2« 

•bbliftftey/  could  net ''be  dolerated  in  the  CMe  of  a  church 
establishment  so  recently  fnnned,  and  which  required  every 
eSott  of  its  supporters  to  maintain  it.     How  far,  therefore, 
the  reflections  which  have  been  cast  on  the  prelates  who 
prosecuted  htm  are  jnst^  may  be  safely  left  to  the  con- 
tideration  of  the  reader.    There  is  reason  also  to  think, 
Ihat  before  his  death  Cartwright  himself  thonght  differently 
of  his  past  conduct    Sir  Heni'y  Yelverton,  in  his  epistle  to 
the  reader,  prefixed  to  bishop  Moreton^s  *^  Episcopacy  jus- 
tified,^' says  that  the  last  words  of  Thomas  Cartwright,  on  his 
dfSath-hed,  were,  that  be  sorely  lamented  the  unnecessary 
troubles  he  had  caused  in  the  church,   by  the  schisiti,  of 
Irhich  he  bad  been  the  great  fomenter;  and  that  he  wished 
he  was  to  begin  his  life  again,  that  he  might  testify  to  the 
vorid  the  dblike  he  had  of  bis  former  ways.     In  this  opi- 
Qien,  says  sir  Henry,  he  died ;  and  it  appears  certain,  that 
he  abated  something  -of  the  warmth  of  his  spirit  towards 
tdbe  close  of  his  days.    When  be  had  obtained  his  pardon 
•f  the  queen,  which,  as  sir  George  Paule  asserts,  was  at 
the  instance  of  archbbbop  Whitgift,  Cartwright,   in  his 
letters  of  ackmiwledgment  to  that  prelate,  vouchsafed  to 
stile  him  a  **  Right  Reverend  Father  in  God,  and  his  Lord 
thte  Archbishop's  Grace  of  Canterbury.''     This  title  of 
Orace  he  often  yirided  tx>  Whitgift  in  the  course  of  their 
eornespondence. ,    Nay,  the  archbishop  was  heard  to  say, 
that  if  Mr.  Cartwright  had  not  so  far  engaged  himself  as 
he-did  in  the  beginning,  he  verily  thought  that  he  would, 
ip.his  latter  time,,  have  been  drawn  to  conformity:  foi: 
when  he  was  freed  from  his  troubles,  he  often  repaired  to 
the  archbishop,  who  tjised  him  kindly,  and  was  contented 
to  'tolemte  his  preaching  at  Warwick  for  several  years,- 
upon  his  promise  that  he  would  not  impugn  the  laws,  orders,^ 
and  government  of  the  church  of  England,'  but  persuade 
and  procure,  as  much  as  he  could,  both  publicly  and  pri« 
lately,  the  estimation  and  peace  of  the  same.     With  these 
teraaa  he  complied;  notwithstanding  which,  wheA  queen 
Elizabeth  understood  that  he  preached  again,  though  in 
the  temperate  manner  which  had  been  prescribed,  she^ 
Iroiddnot  permit  him  to  do  it  any  longer  without  subscript 
tion ;  and  was  not  a  little  displeased  witti  the  archbishop, 
for  his  having  cotuiived  at  his  so  doing.     Sir  George  Paule 
Ihsther  adds,  that,  by  the  benevolence  and  bounty  of  his 
fioikmert,  Mr.  Cartwright  was  said  to  have  died  rich.     Be- 
sides the  pieces  abeady  meAtioned^  Mn  Cartwright  was 


330  C  A  RT  W  R  I  G  H  T. 

author  of  the  following  works  :  1.  '^  Commentaria  practios 
in  totam  bistoriam  evangelicam,  ex  quatuor  evangelistis 
harmonice  concinnatam,"  1630,  4to.  An  elegant  edition 
of  this  was  printed  at  Amsterdam,  by  Lewis  Elzevir,  in 
1647,  under  the  following  title :  ^'  Harmonm  eTaogelica 
commentario  analytico^  metapbrastico,  practico,  illustrata/' 
&G.  2»  ^  Commentarii  succincti  &  dilucidi  in  proverbia 
Salomonis/'  Amst.  1638,  4to.  3.  '<  Metapbrasis  &  ho- 
milise  in  librum  Salomonis  qui  inscribitur  Exclesiastes," 
Amst.  1647,  4to.  4.  "A  Directory  of  Church  Govern- 
ment," 1644,  4to.  5.  <<  A  Body  of  Divinity,'  Lond.  1616, 
4to.  * 

CARTWRIGHT   (Thomas),  bishop  of  Chester,  and 
supposed  to  be  grandson  to  the  preceding,  was  bom  at 
Northampton,  Sept.  1,  1634.    |lis  father  was  for  some 
time  master  of  the  endowed  school  of  Brentwood,  in  Essex, 
and  he  appears  to  have  been  educated  in  the  religious  prin- 
ciples which  prevailed  among  the  anti-episcopal  party. 
He  was  entered  of  Magdalen  hall,  Oxford,  but  was  soon 
removed  to  Queen's  college  by  the  power  of  the  parlia- 
mentary visitors  in  1649 ;  and  after  taking  orders,  became 
chaplain  of  that  college,  and  ^icar  of  Walthamstow  in 
Essex.     In  1659,  he  was  preacher  at  St.  Mar^'  Magdalen's, 
Fish-street.     After  the  restoration,  he  recommended  him- 
self so  powerfully  by  professions  of  loyalty,  as  to  be  made 
domestic  chaplain  to  Henry  duke  of  Gloucester,  prebend- 
ary of  Twyford,  in  the  church  of  St.  Paul ;  of  Chalford, 
in  the  church  of  Wells;  a  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  the 
king,  and  rector  of  St.  Thomas  Apostle,  London,  and  was 
created  D.  D.  although  not  of  standing  for  it.     To  these, 
in  1672,  was  added  a  prebend  of  Durham;  and  in  1677, 
be  was  made  dean  of  Rippon.     He  had  likewise  a.  hard 
struggle  with  Dr.  Womack  for  the  bishopric  of  St.  David's ; 
but  in  the  reign  of  James  II.  in  1686,  he  succeeded  to 
that  of  Chester,  for  boldly  asserting  in  one  of  his  sermons, 
that  the  king's  promises  to  parliament  were  not  binding. 
The  most  remarkable  event  of  his  life,  was  his  acting  as 
one  of  the  commissioners  in  the  memorable  attempt  which 
his  infatuated  master  made  to  controul  the  president  and 

^  Biog.  Brit,  and  Index. — ^Clarke's  Lives  of  thirty-two  English  Diyin«s.-r- 
Zoach's  edition  of  Walton's  Lives. — Strype^s  Parker,  pp.  311,  312,  347,  362, 
419,  463, 47«.— ^rype's  Grindal,  p.  161.— Strype»8  Whitgifi,  p.  19,  47,  50, 63. 
S24,  935,  253, 335,  336,  360,  366,  434,  554.— Strype>s  Annals  ;  see  Index*-^ 
Peck's  J>e8iderata.«— Fuller's  Cb.  History  and  Wokbies. 


C  A  R  T  W  R  I  G  H  T.  331 

fellows  of  Magdalen  college,  Oxford,  when  they  rejected 
a  popish  president  intruded  upon  them  by  the  king.  Upon 
the  revolution  he  fled  to  France,  where  he  officiated  as 
minister  to  the  protestant  part  of  tbe  king^s  household ; 
and  upon  the  death  of  Dr.  S^th  Ward,  became  titular 
bishop  of  Salisbury.  He  afterwards  accompanied  the  ab- 
dicated monarch  to  Ireland,  where  he  died  of  a  dysentery, 
April  15,  1689,  and  was  sumptuously  interred  in  the  choir 
of  Christ-church,  Dublin.  The  report  by  Richardson,  in 
bis  edition  of  Godwin,  of  his  having  died  in  the  commu- 
nion of  the  church  of  Rome,  seems  doubtful ;  but  on  his 
death-bed  his  expressions  were  certainly  equivocal.  His 
^*  Speech  spoken  to  tbe  society  of  Magdalen  college,^'  his 
examination  of  Dr.  Hough,  and  several  occasional  sermons, 
enumerated  by  Wood,  are  in  print.  He  appears  to  hare 
been  a  man  too  subservient  to  tbe  will  of  James,  to  act 
with  more  prudence  or  principle  than  his  master,  who,  it 
is  said,  looked  upon  him  as  neither  protestant  nor  papist, 
and  had  little  or  no  esteem  for  him.  ^ 

CARTWRIGHT  (William),  an  English  poet  of  tbe 
seventeenth  century,  was  born  at  Northway  near  Tewkes- 
bury, in  Gloucestershire,  Sept.  1611.  His  father,  after 
spending  a  good  estate,  was  reduced  to  keep  an  inn  at 
Cirencester;  at  the  free-school  of  which  town  his  son  was 
educated  under  Mr.  William  Topp.  Being  chosen  a  king's 
scholar,  he  was  removed  to  Westminster  school,  under 
Dr.  bsbaldiston,  and  thence  elected  a  student  of  Christ 
church,  Oxford,  in  1628.  After  pursuing  his  studies,  with 
the  reputation  of  an  extraordinary  scholar  and  genius, 
he  took  his  master's  degree  in  1635,  and  in  1638  went 
into  holy  orders,  becoming  ^*  a  most  florid  and  seraphical 
preacher  in  the  university."  One  sermon  only  of  his  is  in 
print,  from  which  we  are  not  able  to  form  a  very  high 
notion  of  his  eloquence ;  but  when  Mr.  Abraham  Wright, 
of  St.  John's,  Oxford,  compiled  that  sicarce  little  book, 
entitled  "  Five  Sermons  in  five  several  styles,  or  ways  of 
Preaching,"  it  appears  that  Dr.  Maine  and  Mr.  CartWight 
were  of  consequence  enough  to  be  admitted  as  specimens 
of  university  preaching.  The  others  are  bishop  Andrews', 
bishop  Hall's,  tbe  presbyterian  and  independent  ^*  ways 
of  preaching." 

?  AUi.  Ox.  tqU  II.— Burpst's  Own  Times.— WilmoVs  Life  of  Hough.— Granger, 


MB  C  A  R  T  W  R  I  <T  H  T. 

In  1642|  bishop  Duppa,  with  whom  he  lived  in  the 
strictest  intimacy,  bestowed  on  him  the  place  of  succentor 
of  the  church  of  Salisbury.  In  the  same  year  he  was  one 
of  the  council  of  war  or  delegacy,  appointed  by  the  uni- 
versity of  Oxford,  for  providing  for  the  troops  sent  by  the 
king  to  protect  the  colleges.  His  zeal  in  this  office  occa- 
sioned hb  being  imprisoned  by  the  parliamentary  forces 
when  tbey  arrived  at  Oxford,  but  he  was  bailed  soon  after. 
In  164S,  he  was  chosen  junior  proctor  of  the  university, 
and  was  also  reader  in  metaphysics.  **  The  exposition  of 
.them,^*  says  Wood,  "  was  never  better  performed  thUn  by 
him  and  his  predecessor  Thomas  Barlow,  of  Queen*s  col- 
lege.'' Lloyd  asserts  that  he  studied  at  the  rate  of  sixteen 
hours  a  day.  From  such  diligence  and  talents  much  migift 
have  been  expected,  but  he  survived  the  last- mentioned 
appointments  a  very  short  time,  dying  on  December  23, 
1643,  in  the  thirty-second  year  of  his  age,  of  a  malignant 
fever,  called  the  camp  disease,  which  then  prevailed  at 
Oxford.  He  was  honourably  interred  towards  the  upper 
end  of  the  south  aile  of  the  cathedral  of  Christ  church. 

Few  men  have  ever  been  so  praised  and  regretted  by 
their  contemporaries,  who  have  left  so  little  to  perpetuate 
their  fame.  During  his  sickness,  the  king  und  queen, 
who  were  then  at  Oxford,  made  anxious  inquiries  about 
die  progress  of  his  disorder.  His  majesty  wore  black  on 
the  day  of  his  funeral,  and  being  asked  the  reason,  an- 
swered that  since  the  muses  had  so  much  mourned  for  the 
loss  of  such  a  son,  it  had  been  a  shame  that  he  should  not 
appear  in  mourning  for  the  loss  of  such  a  subject  His 
poems  and  plays,  which  were  published  in  1651,  are  pre- 
ceded by  fifty  copies  of  verses  by  the  wits  of  the  time^,and 
all  in  a  mosl  laboured  style  of  panegyric.  His  other  en- 
comiasts inform  us  that  bis  person  was  as  handsome  as  his' 
mind,  and  that  he  not  only  understood  Greek  and  Latin, 
but  French  and  Italian,  as  perfectly  as  his  mother  tongue. 
Dr.  Felly  bishop  of  Oxford,  said  of  him,  *^  Cartwrigbt  is 
the  utftiost  man  can  come  to  ;*^  and  Ben  Jonson  used  to 
say,  *'  My  son  Cartwrigbt  writes  all  like  a  man.** 

Although  it  must  be  confessed  that  his  works,  particu- 
larly his  dramas^  afford  little  justification  of  this  high  cha- 
racter, his  poems  may  perhaps  deserve  a  place  amopg 
those  of  his  contemporaries.  Many  of  them  exhibit  ten- 
derness and  harmony,  a  copious,  but  sometimes  fanciful 
imagery,  and  a  familiar  easy  humour  which,  connected 


C  A  R  T  W  R  I  G  H  T>  $SS 

with  hk  aoaiable  disposition  as  a  man,  probably  led  to 
those  encomiums  which,  without  this  consideration^  we 
should  find  it  difficult  to  allow.  ^<  That/'  says  Wood, 
'^  which  is  most  remarkable  is,  that  these  his  high  part;a 
and  abilities  were  accompanied  with  so  much  siiveetnesa 
and  candour,  that  they  naade  him  equally  beloved  and  ad« 
mired  by  all  persons,  especially  those  of  the  gowu  and 
court ;  who  esteemed  also  his  life  a  fair  copy  of  practic 
piety,  a  rare  example  of  heroic  worth,  and  in  whom  arts,, 
learning,  and  language,  made  up  the  true  complement  d 
perfection.*'  The  same  biographer  informs  us  that  he 
wrote  '^  Poemata  Grasca  &  Latina."  ^ 

CARVALHO  d'Acosta  (Anthony),  a  native  of  Lis- 
bon, where  he  was  born  ia  1650,  addicted  himself  to  the 
study  of  matbematici^  astronomy,  and  hydrography,  and 
undertook  the  topographical  description  of  his  native  coun* 
try.  He  made  the  tour  of  Portugal  with  great  care,  &A'» 
lowing  the  courses  of  the  rivers,  climbing  %he  mountains, 
and  examining  every  thing  with  his  own  eyes.  This  woiic,^ 
by  far  the  best  upon  the- subject,  is  in  3  vols,  folio,  pub* 
linked  from  1106  to  1712,  under  the  tiUe  of  **  Geographia 
l^ortugueza."  It  contains  the  history  of  the  principal 
'places,  of  the  ilkistrious  persons  who  were  born  in  them, 
the.geneadogies  of  the  most  considerable  families,  with  the 
natural  curiosities,  &c.  of  every  place  he  visited.  There 
is  also  by  ijhis  author  a  compendium  of  geography,  and.  a 
method  of  studying  astronomy.  He  died  in  1715,  at  the 
age.  of  6^,  and  so  poor  that  the  parish  was  obliged  to  bury 
him.  • 

CARVER  (Jonathan),  another  unfortunate  author  in. 
our  own  country,  was  a  native  of  America.  His  grand*- 
father,  William  Joseph  Carver,  of  Wigan  in  Lancashire^ 
a  captain  in  king  William's  army,  was  rewarded  for  hisr 
services  in  Ireland  with  the  government  of  Connecticut  in- 
New  England,  in  which  province  our  author  was  bom  in 
1732,  and  where  his  father,  a  justice  of  the  peace,  died 
in.  1747.  Soon  afters  being  designed  foi"  the  study  of  phy* 
sic,  he  was  placed  with  a  practitioner  -at  Elizabeth-town ; 
but  this  not  suiting  his  enterprising  spirit,  he  purchased,  in 
1750,  an  ensigncy  in  the  Connecticut  regiment^  and  be* 
haved  so  well  as  to  obtain  the  command  of  a  company* 

■4 

1  Johnion  and  Chalmen't  English  "PdeU,  vol.  VI.— Biog.  Brit.— Ath.  Of. 
▼«L  ir.*-^WoQd«a  Annabi  f  ot.  IL  p.  447.*«^tay«'f  MS  NoUf  on  Latigbaint. 
•Diet.  Hilt 


334  CARVER. 

Nothing  more  is  known  of  him  till  1757^  when  beitig  id 
general  Webb's  army,  he  fortunately  escaped  the  dreadfiil 
massacre  at  Fort  Wiiliam  Henry,  an  instance  of  Indian 
ferocity  and  French  perfidy  which  he  has  pathetically  de' 
scribed  in  his  "  Travels."     In  the  five  succeeding  cam- 
paigns- he  served  also,  first  as  lieutenant  and  afterwards  a» 
captain  of  provincials,  with  a  high  reputation,  not  only  for 
bravery,  but  also  for  piety  and  morals.     On  the  conclu- 
sion of  the  peace  in  1763,  captain  Carver,  with  a  view 
to  make  that  vast  acquisition  of  territory  gained  by  Great 
Britain  advantageous  to  her,  determined  to  explore  the 
most  unknown  parts  of  North  America,  particularly  the 
vast  continent   which   extends  from  the  Atlantic   to   the 
Pacific  ocean.     His  failure  in  this  is  now  less  to  be  re- 
gretted, as  captain  Cook   has  since   shewn  the   imprac-* 
ticability  of  a  north-west  passage  in    those  parts.     Cap- 
tain Carver,  however,  penetrated  farther  north-westward 
than  any  other  European,  except  father  Hennepin  in  1680, 
vjz.  to  the  river  St.  Francis.    The  utmost  extent  of  his 
travels  to  the  west  was  towards  the  head  of  the  river  St. 
Pierre,  in  the  country  of  the  Naudowessies  •f  the  plains, 
whose  language  he  learned,  and  among  whom  he  wintered 
in   1766,  and  resided  seven   months.'    In  1769  he  came 
over  to  {England,  in  hopes  of  a  reimbursement  from  go- 
vernment for  the  «ums  he  had  expended  in  their  service ; 
but  in  this  he  was  disappointed,  and  reduced  to  great  dif« 
ficulties.     In   1778,  he  published  ^^  Travels  through  the 
interior  parts  of  North  America  in  the  years  1766,   1767, 
and  1768,''  8vo,  a  work  considered  as  peculiarly  interest- 
ing.    Tn  the  following  year,  he  published  also  ^^  A  Trea- 
tise on  tlie  Culture  of  the  Tobacco  Plant.''     Both  these 
ought  unquestionably  to  have  procured  him  employment  as 
a  man. of  talents,  but  unfortunately  no  notice  was  taken  of 
him.     About  this  time  he  was  induced  to  lend  his  name 
to  a  compilation  entitled  "  The  New  Universal  Traveller^'* 
published  in  weekly  numbers,  but  this  afforded  a  scanty 
supply.    Through  the  winter  of  1779,  he  preserved  his 
existence  by  acting  as  a  clerk  in  a  lottery  office  until  Jan. 
31,  1780,   a  putrid  fever  supervening  a  long*-continued 
dysentery,  brought  on  by  mere  want,  put  an  end  to  the 
life  of  a  man  whose  public  services  and  character  deserved 
a  better  fate.     We  know  not,  however,  that  he  perished 
in  vain.     His  case  attracted  the  notice  of  Dr.  Lettsom, 
who,  in  some  excellent  letters  in  the  Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine,  recommended  it  to  the  public  attention  with  such 


CARVER.  335 

effect,  that  while  a  temporary  provision  was  made. for 
captain  Carver's  widow  and  children,  by  the  publication 
of  a. new  edition  of  his  ^^  Travels/'  a  salutary  impression 
was  made  on  the  public  mind,  to  which,  strengthened  by 
other,  instances,  we  now  owe  that  excellent  institution, 
«  The  Literary  Fund."  '  , 

CARUSIUS,  orCARUSIO  (John  Baptist),  a  leatned 
historiographer  of  Palermo,  where  he  was  born  in  1673, 
devoted  his  life  to  the  history  and  antiquities  of  Sicily ; 
and  first  published  ^^  Memorie  istoriche  della  Sicilia," 
Palermo,  1716,  fol.  and  afterwards  a  collection  of  the  Sicilian 

•^  historians,  under  the  title  of  *^  Bibliotheca  Historica  Reg- 
ni  Siciliae,"  1723,  2  vols.  fol.  Saxius  says  he  died  in 
1724;  but  the  editors  of  the  Diet.  Hist,  in  17  SO,  and  they 

'  add  ihat  his  *^  Bibliotheca"  was  translated  into  Italian, 
and  published  in  1745,  3  vols.  fol.  ^ 

CARY  (Henry),  afterwards  created  viscount  Falkland, 
and  descended  from  the  family  of  the  Cary's,  of  Cocking- 
ton,  in  Devonshire,  was  the  son  of  sir  Edward  Cary,  of 
Berkbamsted  and  Aldenham,  in  the  county  of  Hertford, 
knight,  mastor  of  the  Jewel-office  to  queen  Elizabeth  and 
king  James  L  by  Catherine  his  wife,  daughter  of  sir  Henry 
Kaevet,  knight,  and  widow  of  Henry  lord  Paget.  He  was 
born  at  Aldenham ;  and,  when  about  sixteen  years  of  age, 
was  sent  to  Exeter-college  in  Oxford,  where  it  does  not 
appear  he  took  any  degree  :  but  vyhen  he  quitted  the  uni^ 
versity,  he  left,  behind  a  celebrated  name.  Soon  after,  he 
was  introduced  to  court;  and  in  1608,  made  one  of  the 
knights  of  the  bath  at  the  ereation  of  Henry  prince  of 
Wales.  In  1617,  he  was  sworn  in  comptroller  of  his  ma- 
jesty's houshold,  and  one  of  his  privy-council:  and  on 
the  l^h  of  November,  1620,  was  created  viscouht  of  Falk- 
land, in  the  county  of  Fife,  in  Scotland.  King  James  I. 
knowing  his  great  abilities  and  experience,  constituted 
him  lord  deputy  of  Ireland  ;  into  which  high  office  he  was 
sworn,  September  18,  1622;  and  continued  in  it  till  1629. 
During  his  administration,  he  kept  a  strict  hand  over  the 
Roman,  catholics  in  that  kingilom ;  who  sent  frequent  com- 
plaints to  the  court  of  England  against  him,  and  though 
he' proceeded  very  honourably  and  justly,  yet  by  the  cla- 
mour of  the  Irish,  and  the  prevailing  power  of  his  Popish 

1  Dr.  Lettsom's  Account  prefixed  to  the  new  editiom  of  the  Travels,  ia  1731. 
—Gent.  Ma^  vol.  L.  and  LL    See  Indexes. 
*  Diet.  Hi8t«— -SaxU  Oaomaiticon. 


i9i  GABY. 

enemies,  be  was  xenovcd  in  disgrace ;  but  bis  iDnacemxe 

b^ing  aftierwikrds  vindicaied,  this  afEroot  was  in  some  owe^ 

sure  atoned  for  by  tfae  aobsequeot  favour  of  tbe  king.     Ate 

bU  return  to  England,  he  lived  in  houour  and  esteeaai  tiH 

1633;  wbfsn  having  tbe  mufortune  to  bredi:  one  of  his 

legs,  on  a  stand  in  Tbeobald's-park,  he  died  in  Septem* 

ber ;  and  was  buried  at  Aldenbam.     He  oiarried  Elisabeti^ 

sole  daughter  and  heir  of  svt  Lauceiice  Tapfield,  chief 

baron  of  the  exchequer,  with  whom  he  had  the  manor  of 

Great  Tew,  Burford,  and  other  estates  in  Oxfercbhiatt^ 

He  is  said  to  have  written  many  things,  wluch  never  were. 

published,  except,  1.  M  The  History  of  tb^  most  uofer^'V 

tuna^e  prince,  lung  Edward  II.'*  found  among  his  papect, : 

and  printed  in  16.80,  fol.  and  6vo,  with  a'pireface  oif  sir. 

Jan^es  Harrington;  at  a  time,  says  Wood,  '<  when  4he : 

press  was  open  for.  all  books  that  coold  make  any  obing^^ 

against  the  then  government,**    2.  '*  A  Letter  to  James  V*  ^ 

and  an  V  Epitaph  on  Elizabeth  countess  of  Huntingdon* 

n^iich  is  in  Wil tord's  Memorials.    The  letter  to « th^ .  king  - 

wa^  in  behalf  of  his  sod,  the  subject  of  the  following  arti^^i  y 

ct<p;  who,  lor  challen^ng  sir  Francis  Willoughby,    had 

been  thrown  into  the  Fleet.    It  was  printed  in  the  ^^  Ca«  ^ 

baW*     In  the  HarL  MS.  1581,  there  are  four  original 

letters  from  lord  Falkland  to  the  duke  of  Buckingham. 

Leland,  in  his  History  of  Ireland,  says,  ^bat  ^'  Lord  . 
Falkland  ^Beems  to  have  been  more  distingiiished  by  hia*  ^ 
rectitude  than  abilities.  In  a  government  which  roquinsd  ■: 
vi^^our  and  austerity,  he  was  indolent  and  gentle ;  court-  . 
ing,  rather. than  terrifying  the  factious*  He  waa  hasfassed 
by  tb^  intrigues  and  clamours  of  the  king^s  mintsteit, 
whbn^  he  could  not. always  gratify  to  the  full  extent'of  tbenr.  ; 
d^ires ;  bis  actions  were  severely  maligned  at  the  cowit  <d  -. 
England  ;  his  administration  of  conseqiMince  ^was  cautioua-  . 
aujd  eml^rrassed.  Such  a  governor  was  little  .qualified  t»  • 
as^e  the  numerous  and  powerful  body  of  recu^qts,  relyhsg  : 
on  their  merits,  and  stimulated  by  their  ecclesiastics  to  the  - 
most  imprudent  excesses.^'  ^ 

CARY  <Lvcii;s),  eldest  son^of  the  preceding,  wafrbom^ 
as  is.  supppsed,  at  Burford  in  Oxfordshire,  about  1$10« 
He  received,  bis  academical  learning  at  Trinity  college  hi    . 
Dublin,  and  St.  John's  college  in  Cambridge^     Before  he   . 
came  to  be  twenty  years  of  age,  he  was  master  of  an  ampl^    ^ 

t  Bjog;  BriU*-Psrk'f  •ditMtt  of  Lm4  OHM'S  itoyia  Mid  K^ 


C  A^  R  r.  83T 

fertdo^  which  descended  to  himr  by  the  gift  of  a  grand* 
ladber,  without  passing  through   his  father  and  a  mother, 
who  were  then  «Ufe.     Shortly  after  that,  and  before  he 
was  of  age^  be  went  into  the  Low  Countries,  with  a  resolu- 
tion of  proeurtng  a  command ;  but  was  diverted  from  it  by 
the  complete  inactivity  of  that  summer.     On  his  return  to 
Eagiand',  he  entered  upon  a  very  strict  course  of  study. 
We.  are  informed  by  lord  Clarendon^  that  his  house  being 
within  a  little  more  than  ten  miles  of  Oxford,  he  contracted 
fiHDtliarity  and  friendship  with  the  most  polite  and  accurate 
men  of  that  university,  who  found  such  an  immenseness 
of  wit,  and  such  a  solidity  of  judgment  in  him,  so  infinite 
a. fancy,  bound  in  by  most  exact  reasoning,  such  a  vast 
knowledge,  that  he  was  not  ignorant  in  any  thing,  yet 
such  an  excessive  humility,  as  if  he  had  known  nothing, 
that  they  frequently  resorted,    and  dwelt   with  him,   as 
in  a  coliege  situated  in  a  purer  air;   so  that  his  house 
was  a  university  in  a  less  volume,  whither  they  came^  not 
so  nuich  for  repose,  as  study ;  and  to'  examine  and  refute 
those  grosser  propositions    which    laziness  and    consent 
made  current  in    vulgar  conversation;      Before  he   was 
twenty-three  years  of  age,    be '  had   read   over  all  the 
Greek  and  Latin  fathers,  and  was  indefatigable  in  look** 
ing  over  all  books,  which  with  great  expence  he  caused 
to  be  transmitted  to  him  from  atl  parts.     About  the  time  of 
his  fatber^s  death,  in  1693,  he  was  made  one  of  the  gen- 
tlemen of  the  privy-chamber  to  Charles  L     In  1639  he  was 
in  the  expedition  against  the  Scots,  and  afterwards  went  a 
volimteer  with  the  earl  of  Essex;     He  was   chosen,   in 
1640,  a  member  of  the  house  of  commons  for  Newport  in 
the  isle  of  Wight,  in  the  p^arliament  which  began  at  West- 
minster April  13,  the  same  year.    The  debates  being  there 
managed  with  all  imaginable  gravity  and  sobriety,  he  con- 
tracted 8u<^  a  reveren(!;e  for  parliaments,  that  he  thought 
it  really  impossible  they  could  ever  produce  mischief  or 
inconvenience  to  the  kingdom,  or  that  the  kingdom  could 
be  tolerably  happy  in  the  intermission  of  them.     From  the 
unhappy  and  unseasonable  dissolution  of  that  parliament^ 
he  probably  harboured  some  jealousy  and  prejudice  to  the 
court,  towards  which  he  was  not  before  immoderately  in- 
clined.    He  was  chosen  again  for  the  same  place  in  that 
parliament    which  began  the  Sd  of  November  following; 
and  in, the  b^ginping  of  it  declared,  himself  vrry  sharply 
find  severely  against  Uiqsq  exorbitances  of  the  c^rt,  whtcii 
Vot,  VIIL  Z 


& 


>39  C  A  R  Y* 

had  been  most  grievous  to  the  state.  He  was  so  rigid  ^iin 
observer  of  established  laws  and  roles,  that  he  could  not 
endure  a  breach  or  deviation  from  them ;  and  thought  no 
mischief  so  intolerable,  as  the  presumption  of  ministers  of 
state  to  break  positive  rules  for  reasons  of  state,  -or  judges 
to  transgress  known  laws  upon  the  plea  of  conveniendy  6r 
necessity.  This  made  him  so  severe -against  the  earl  of 
Strafibrd  and  the  lord  Finch,  cotitrary  to  his  natural  gei^- 
tleness  and  temper.  He  likewise  concurred  ih  the  ftHt 
bill  to  take  away  the  votes  of  bishops  in  the  house  of  lords. 
This  gave  occasion  to  some  to  believe  that' he  was  Ho 
friend  to  the  church,  and  the  established  goverrVment  €»f 
it ;  it  also  caused  many  in  the  house  of  commons  to  ima^ 
gineand  hope  that  he  might  be  brought  to  a  further  eortf* 
pliance  with  their  designs.  Indeed  the  great  opinion  he 
had  of  the  uprightness  and  integrity  of  those  persons  wbb 
appeared  most  active  against  the  court,  kept  him  longer 
from  suspecting  any  design  against  the  peace  of  the  king^ 
dom;  lind  though  he  differed  from  them  eommonty  in 
conclusions,  he  believed  their  purposes  were  honest  WImih 
better  informed  what  was  law,  and  discerning  iu'th^m  a 
desire  to  controul  that  law  by  a  vote  of  one  or  both  houses, 
no  man  more  opposed  those  attempts,  and  gave  the  adverse 
party  snore  trouble,  by  reason  and  argumentation.  About 
SIX'  months  after  passing  the  abo^e-mentioned  bill  for  ta? 
king  away  the  bishops*  votes,  when  the  same  argument 
came  again  into  debate,  he  changed  his  opinion,  and  ga^ 
the  house  all  the  opposition  he  eould,  insomuch  that  he 
was  by  degrees  looked  upon  as  an  advocate  for  the  court  | 
to  which  he  contributed  so  little,  that  he  declined  those 
addr^se^,  and  even  those  invitations  which  he  was  obliged 
almost  by  civility  to  entertain.  He  was  so  jealous  tfl  th% 
least  imagination  of  his  inclining  to  =  preferment,  that  hi 
aifeeted  even  a  moroseness  to  the  court  and  to  the  eour^ 
tiers,  attd  left  nothing  undone  which  might  prevent  snd 
divert  the  king's  or  <)ueen*s  favour  towards  him,  but  th^ 
deserving  it.  When  the  king  sent  for  him  once  or  twitiS 
to  ^eak  to  him,  and  to  give  him  thanks  for  his  exceUeni 
comportment  in  those  councils  which  his  majesty  termed 
doing  him  service,  his  answers  were  more  negligent,  and 
less'satisfectory,  than  might  be  expected ;'  as  if  he  cared 
c^nly  that  his  actions  should  be  just»  not  that  they  should 
be  acceptable :  and  he  cook  more  pains,  and  more  forced 
his  nature  to  actiom  nnagreeable.  dad  unpleasant  to  it| 


3e  A  R  Y.  «l» 

4htit  he  m^(ht  Qot  b^  tboiight  to  incline  to  the,  Court, 
1  .than  most  men  have  done  to  procure  an  office  there : 
j)ot  that  be  was  in  truth  aver/se  from  receiving  public 
employment,  for  he  bad  a  great  devotioa  to  the  king^s 
l^rson,  and  bad  before  used  some  small  endeavour  to 
-be  recommended  to  him  for  a  foreign  negotiation,  and 
Jiad  once  a  desire  to  be  sent  ambassador  into  France; 
but  he  abhofred  an  imagination  or  doubt  sbovdd  sink  into 
;the  thoughts  of  any  man,  that  in  the  discharge  of  bis  trust 
a&4  duty  ia  parliament  be  had  any  bias  to.  the  court,  or 
that  the  king  him^lf  should  apprehend  that  he  looked  for 
a  reward  for  being  honest     For  this  reason,    when  he 
beard  it  first  whispered,  that  the  kiug^  had  a-  purpose  to 
uutke  him  a  privy-counsellor,  for  which  there  was  in  the 
beginnii>g  no  other  ground  but  because  he  was  known  to 
be  well  qualiiiedy  he  resolved  to  decline  it,  and  at  Ijast 
i^u&red  himself  to  be  over*ruled  by  the  advice  and  persua^ 
aion  of  his  friends  to  submit  to  it.     Afterwards,  wheo  he 
:fomid  that  the  kiog  intended  to  make  him  secretary  of 
jt^M«,  he  was  poHtive  to  refuse  it,  declaring  to  his  friends 
.that  he  was  most  unfit  for  it,  and  that  be  must  either 
^do  that  which .  would  be  great  disquiet  to  his,  own  nature, 
•or  ieave  that  undooe  which  was  most  necessary  to  be'  done 
^by  one  that  wa(s»  honoured  with  that  place;  for  the  most 
just  and  honest  i^en  did,  everyday,  that  which  he  could 
f)ot  give  himself  leave  to,  do.     He  was  so  exact  and  strict 
j|n.  observer  of  justice  and  truth,  that  he  believed  those  ne<- 
^ssaiy  condescensions  and  applications  to  the  weakness  of 
f>tbe.r  nien,  aod. those  arts  and  insinuations  which  are  ne*- 
.cesfiiary  for  discoveries  and  prevention  of  ill,  would  be  in 
la^im.  a  declension  from  his  own  rules  of  Ufe,  though  he 
acknowledged  them  fit,,   and  ftbsolutely  necessary  to  be 
{Mtactised  in  those  employments*    However,  he  was  at  last 
{H^evailed  upon  to  submit  to  the  king's  commandi  and  be^ 
jss^me  his  secretary :  but  two  things,  he  could  never  bring 
biipself  to  whilst  he  continued  in  that  office  (which  was  to 
hi3  death),  for  which  he  was  contented  to  be  reproached,  as 
for  omissions  in  a  most  necessary  part  of  his  place.    The 
pne,  employing  of  spies^  or  giving  any  countenance  or  en- 
tertainment to  tbem;  not  such  emissaries,  as  with  danger 
FQuld  venture  to  view  the  enemy's  camp,  and  bring  intel-  ' 
^gence  of  their  nun^er,  or  quartering,  or  any  particulars 
l^j^isuch  an  observation  can  comprehend ;  but  ijiose  who, 
^  Qooimumcation  of  guilt,  or  dissimulation  of  manners^ 

z  2 


^46  '  -C  A  R  Y. 

iwind  theinselws  into  such  trusts  and  secrets,  as  enable 
them  to  make  discoveries.  The  other,  the  liberty  of  open* 
ing  letters,  upon  a  suspicion  that  they  might  contain  mat- 
tejr  of  dangerous  consequence.  For  the  first,  he  would  say 
such  instruments  must  be  void  of  all  ingenuity  and  com- 
mon honesty,  before  they  could  be  of  use ;  and  afterwards 
they  could  never  be  fit  to  be  credited  :  and  that  no  single 
preservation  could  be  worth  so  general  a  wound  and  cor- 
ruption of  human  society,  as  the  cherishing  such  persons 
would  carry  with  it.  The  last  he  thought  sqcb  a  violation  of 
the  law  of  nature,  that  no  qualification  by  office  could  justify 
him  in  the  trespass;  and  though  he  was  convinced  by  the 
necessity  and  iniquity  of  the  time,  that  those  advantages  of 
information  were  not  to  be  declined,  and  "were  Yiecessarily 
to  be  practised,  he  found  means  to  put  it  off  from  himself, 
whilst  he  confessed  he  needed  excuse  and  pardon  for  .the 
omission.  In  all  other  particulars  he*  filled  his  pl^ce  with 
great  sufHcieucy,  being  well  versed, in  languages,  and  with 
the  utmost  integrity,  being  above  corruption  of  any  kind*. 

He  was  one  of  the  lords^  who,  June  5,  1642,  signed  a 
declaration,  wherein  they,  professed  they  were  fully  per* 
suaded  that  his.  majesty  had  no  intention  to  raise  war  upon 
his  parliament*  About  the  same  time  he  subscribed  to 
levy  twenty  horse  for  his.aiajesty's  service.  •  tJpon  which, 
and  other  accounts,  be  was  excepted- from  the  parliament's 
favour  in  the  instructions  giyen  bythe  two  houses  to  their 
general  the  earl  of  Essex. .  Whilst  be  was  with  the  king 
at  Oxford,  his  majesty  wei^t.  one  day  to  see  the  public 
library,  where  he  was  shewed  among  other  books  a  Virgil, 
nobly  printed  and  exquisitely  bound.  The  lord  Falkland, 
to  divert  the  king,  would  have  his  majesty  make  a  trial  pf 
his  fortune  by  the  Sortes  Virgilianse,  an  usual  kind  of  divi- 
nation in  ages  .past,  made  by  opening  a  Virgil.  The  king 
opening  the  book,  the  passage  which  happened  to  comt 
up,  was  that  part  of  Dido's  imprecation  against  i£neas,  iv. 
6  i  3,  &c.  which  is  thus  translated  by  Dry  den  : — 

Oppressed  with  numbers  in  the  unequal  field/ 
His  men  discouraged^  and  himself  expelled  ; 
Let  him  for  succoijir  sue  from  place  to  place^ 
\     Torn  from  his  subjects  and  his  so^'s  embrace,  &c^ 

r  King  Charles  seeming  concerned  at  this  accident,  t^ie 
lord  Falkland,  who  observed  it,  would  likewise  try  his  own 
fortune  in  the  same  manner;  hoping  he  might  fall  uppn 
^ome  passage  that  could  have  no  relation  to  his  ^ase,,  aiAi4 


C  A  R  Y.  ^41 

thereby  divert  the  king's  thoughts  from  any  impression  the 
othier  might  make  upon  bim :  but  the  place  lord  Falkland 
stumbled  upon  was  yet  more  suited  to  bis  destiny,  than  the 
*  other  had  been  to  the  king*s ;  being  the  following  expressions 
of  Evander,  upon  the  untimely  death  of  his  son  Pallas, 
2En.  xi.  152. 

0  Pallas !  thou  hast  failed  thy  plighted  word. 
To  fight  with  caution,  not  to  tempt  the  sword: 

1  warn*d  thee,  but  in  vain;  for  well  I  knew 
What  perils  youthful  ardOur  would  pursue  -,  / 
That  Iwiling  blood  would  carry  thee  too  far ; 
Young,  as  thou  wert;  in  dangeis,  raw  to  war* 

O  cunt  essay  of  arms,  disastrous  doom. 
Prelude  of  bloody  fields,  and  fights  to  come  ! 

From  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war  his  natural  cheers 
fulness  and  vivacity  grew  clouded,  and  a  kind  of  sadneiss 
anti  ^e^ection  of  spirit  stole  upon  him,  which  he  had  never 
been  used  to :  yet  being  among  those  who  believed  that 
one  battle  would  end  all  differences,  and  that  there  would 
be  so  great  a  victory  on  one  side,  that  the  other  would  be 
<KHnpelled  to  submit  to  any  conditions  from  the  victor 
(which  supposition  and  conclusion  generally  sunk  into  the 
ininfds  of  most  men,  and  prevented  the  looking  af^er  many 
advantages  that  iflight  then  hai^e  been  laid  hold  pf),  he  re- 
sisted those  indispositions,  **  et  in  luctu  beilum  inter  re- 
media  erat.*'  But  after  the  resolution  of  the  two  houses, 
not  to  admiw  any  treaty  for  peace,  those  indispositions, 
which  had  before  touched  him,  grew  into  a  perfect  habit 
of  uncheerfulness ;  and  he,  who  had  been  so  exactly  easy 
and  affable  to  all  men,  became  on  a  sudden  less  commu- 
nicable, sad,  pale,  and  exceedingly  affected  with  the 
spleen.  In  his  clothes  and  habit,  which  he  had  minded 
before  always  with  more  neatness  and  industry  and  ex- 

'  pence  than  is  usual  to  so  great  a  soul,  he  was  now  not  only. 
ineurious,  but  too' negligent ;  and  in  his  reception  of  suit- 
ors, and  the  necessary  or  casual  addresses  to  his  place,  so 
quick  and  sharp,  and  severe,  that  there  wanted  not  some 
men  (strangers  to  his  nature  and  disposition)  who  believed 
him  proud  and  imperious.  When  there  was  any  overture 
or  hope  of  peace,  he  would  be  more  erect  and  vigorous, 

'imd  exceedingly  solicitous  to  press  any  thing  which  he 
thought  might  promote  it :  and  sitting  among  his  friends, 
bfben,  after  a  deep  silence  and  frequent  sighs,  would,  with 

-  ft  sbrSI  and  sad  accent^  repeat  the  word  Peate,  Peace ; 


342  CART. 

and  would  passionately  profess,  that  the  very  agony  of  thi^ 
war^  and  the  view  of  the  calamities  and  desolation  the  king- 
dom did  and  must  endure,  took  his  sleep  from  him,  and 
would  shortly  break  his  heart.  This  made  some  think,  or 
pretend  to  think,  that  he  was  so  much  enamoured  of  peacci 
that  he  would  have  been  glad  the  king  should  have  bought 
it  at  any  price ;  which  was  a  most  unreasonable  calumny  : 
yet  it  made  some  impression  on  him,  or  at  least  be  used  it 
for  an* excuse  of  the  daringness  of  his  spirit;  for  at  the 
siege  of  Gloucester,  when  his  friend  passionately  repre* 
bended  him  for  exposing  his  person  unnecessarily  to  dan« 
ger  (for  he  delighted  to  visit  the  trenches  and  nearest  ap- 
proaches, and  to  discover  what  the  enemy  did)  as  being  so 
much  beside  the  duty  of  his  place,  that  it  might  be  under- 
stood rather  to  be  against  it,  he  would  say  merrily,  **  That 
fats  office  could  not  take  away  the  privilege  of  bis  age ; 
and  that  a  secretary  in  war  might  be  present  at  the  greatest 
secret  of  danger:"  but  withal  alleged  seriously,  <^ That  it 
concerned  him  to  be  more  active  in  enterprises  of  hazard 
than  other  men,  that  all  might  see  that  his  impatience  for 
peace  proceeded  not  from  pusillanimity,  or  fear  to  adven- 
ture his  own  person.*'  In  the  morning  before  the  first 
battle  of  Newbury  ^,  as  always  upon  action,  he  was  very 
cheerful ;  and  putting  himself  into  the  first  rank  of  the  lord 
Byron's  regiment,  advanced  upon  the  enemy,  who  had 
lined  the  hedges  on  both  sides  with  musqueteers;  from 
whence  he  was  shot  with  a  piusquet  in  the  tower  patt  of 
the  belly,  and  in  the  instant  falling  from  his  horse,  his 
body  was  not  found  till  the  next  morning.  Thus  fell  that 
kicpmparable  young  man,  Sept.  20,  1643,  in  the  ^4tb 
year  of  bis  age,  having  so  much  dispatched  the  true  busi- 
ness of  life,  that  the  eldest  rarely  attain  to  that  immensi^ 
knowledge,  and  the  youngest  enter  not  into  the  world  witli 
more  innocency. 

•  His  contemporaries,  particularly  lord  Clarendon,  fVonfi 
whom,  apd  in  whose  words,  most  of  the  preceding  account 
is  given,  assure  us,  he  was  a  man  of  prodigious  partir,  both 
natural  and  acquired,  of  a  wit  so  sharp,  and  a  nature  so 
sincere,  that  nothing  could  be  more  lovely ;  of  great  in- 


" . 


•  Whilelo(  k  sayi,  that  in  the  mom-  friends  to  go  into  the  fight,  m  hsvhig 

ing  before  tlie  battle,  be  called  for  a  no  call  to  it,  and  being  no  miUiai^ 

elean  thirt,  and  being  asked  the  reason  officer,  he  said,   '*He  was  weaiy  ^f 

of  it,  answered,  <*  That  if  be  were  slain  the  times,  an^  foresaw  much  mitfety 

in  battle,  they  should  not  find  his  body  to  bts  own  country*  and^did  btliiB«a  h|| 

in  foul  linen.'*   Being  dissaaded  by  his  should  be  out  of  it  ere  night,*' 


C  A  R  Y-  S43 

genuitjr  and  honour,  of  the  most  exemplary  manners/  and 
singular  good  nature,  and   of  the  most  unblemished  in- 
tegrity ;  of  that  inimitable  sweetness  and  delight  in  conver- 
sation, of  so  flowing  and  obliging  a  humanity  and  goodness 
to  mankind,  and  of  that  primitive  simplicity  and  iiTtegrity 
of  life,  as  was  scarce  ever  equalled.     His  familiarity  and 
friendship,  for  the  most  part,  was  with  men  of  the  most 
eminent  and  sublime  parts,  and  of  untouched  reputation 
in  point  of  integrity.     He  was  a  great  cherisfaer  of  wit  and 
fancy,  and  good  parts,  in  any  man  ;  and,  if  he  found  them 
clouded  with  poverty  or  want,  a  most  liberal  and  bountiful 
patron  towards  them,  even  above  his  fortune.     As  he  was 
of  a  "most  incomparable  gentleness,  application,  and  even 
submission,  to  good  and  worthy,  and  entire  men,  so  he 
wa^  naturally  (which  could  not  but  be  more  evident  in  his 
place  of  secretary  of  state,  which  subjected  him  to  anotfaet 
conversation  nkA  intermixture  than  his  own  election  would 
have  done)  adversus  malos  injucundus,  unpleasant  to  bad 
men ;  and  was  so  ill  a  dissembler  of  his  dislike  and  disin- 
clination to  ill  men,  that  it  was  not  possible  for  such  not  to 
discern  it.     There  was  once  in  the  bouse  of  commons  such 
a  c^edared  acceptation  of  the  good  service  an  eminent 
member  had  done  to- them,  and,  as  they  said,  to  the  whole 
kingdom,  that  it  was  moved,  he  being  present,  ^<  That  the' 
speaker  might,  in  the  name  of  the  whole  house,  give  him 
thanks;  and  then,  that  every  member  might,  as  a  testis 
mony  of  his  oarticular  acknowledgement,  stir  or  move  his 
bat  towards  him  :*'  the  which  (though  not  ordered)  wfaen 
very  many  did,  the  lord  Falkland,  who  believed  the  service 
itself  not  to  be  of  that  moment,  and  that  an  honourable 
and  generous  person  could  not  have  stooped  to  it  fbr  any 
recompense,  instead  of  moving  his  hat,  stretched  both  bis 
arms  out,  and.  clasped  his  hands  together  upon  the  crown 
of  his  bat,  and  held  it  close  down  to  his  head,  -that  all  men 
migbt  see  how  odioas  that  -flattery  was  ta  him,  and  the 
very  approbation  of  the  person,  though  at  that  time  most 
popular.i    He  wasiconstant  aiid  pertins^cious  in  whatsoever 
he  ^solved  to 'do,  and  not  to  be  wearied  by  any  ptfitis  that 
were  n^eto^ry  to  that  rend.     And  therefore  having  once 
resolved  not  to  see  London,    which  be  loved  ab^ve  all 
places,  till  he  had  perfectly:  learned  the  Greek  tongue,  he 
wetit  to  his  own  house  in  the  country,  and  piKisued  it  ivith 
that  inde&tfj^ble  indttstty/ that  it  will  iiotbe  beliervediif 
hoM^iboit  «<ua0  be  wiaa^aaiter  of  it,^  and  <i|^unitely  reitd 


&44  C  A  R  Y. 

all  the  Greek  Ustoriam.     He  had  a  ccauraga  6f  the  •  moit 
clear  and  keen  temper,  and  so 'far  from  fear,   that  be 
secimed  not  fritfaout  some  appetite  of  danger ;  and  tfaerek* 
fore»  upon  any  occasion  of  action,  be  always  engaged  bis 
person  in  those  troops  which  he  thought,  by  the  forwtf d*- 
ness  of  the  commanders,  to  be  most  like  to  be'  farthest  eQ<^ 
gaged ;  and  in  all  such  encounters  be  bad  about  him  afi 
<estraordinary  cheerfulness,  without  ali  all  affecting  the  ex* 
jfeeution  that  usually  attended  them ;  in  which  be  took  no 
delight^  but  took  pains  to  prevent  it,  where  it  was  not  by 
resistance  made  necessary.     At  £dge-hiH,  when  the  eneosy 
was  routed,  he  was  like  to  have  incurred  great  peril,  by 
interposing  to  save  those  who  had  thrown  away  their  aima, 
and  gainst  wbom^  it  may  be,  others  were  more  fierce  for 
their  having  thrown  them   away :  so  that  a  man  might 
think  he  came  into  the  field,  chiefly  out  of  curiosttv  to  see 
the  face  of  danger,  and  charity  to  preventlfae  shedding  of 
blood.     Yet  in  bis  natural  inclinatton,  he  acknowledged 
be  was  addicted  to  the  profession  of  a  soldier.    Many  at^ 
tempts  were  made  upon  him,  by  the  iusiigation  of  bis  mo- 
ther (who  was  a  lady  of  another  persuasion  in  religion,  and 
i)f.a  most  masculine  understanding,  allayed  with  the  pas« 
•ion  anc^  infirmities  of  her  own  sex)  to  pervert  him  in^bis 
piety  to  the  church  of  England,  andto  rieconcile  him  to 
that  of  Rome ;  which  they  prosecuted  with  the  more  con- 
fidence, because  he  declined  no  opportunity  or  occasion  of 
conference  with  those  of  that  religion,  wb^er  priests  or 
laics;    diligently  studied  the  coutrorersies,  add,  as  was 
observed  before,  exactly  read  all,  or  the  choicest  of  the 
Greek  and  Latin  fathers ;  and  having  amemory  so  stupen- 
dous, that  be  remembered,  on  aU  occasions,  whatsoever 
he  read.     He  was  so  great  an  enemy  to  that  passion  and 
nncharitableness  which  he  saw  produced' by  difference. of 
ppinion  in  matters  of  religion,  that  in  all  those  di^putaiioas 
with  priests  and  others  of  tbe  Romaii  cburdb,  he  affected 
to. manifest  all  possible  civility  to. tbeir  peraooa,  andjeatima- 
tion  of  tbeir  parts:  bjat  this  charity  towardi  tbeaa  was 
much  lessened^  and  iny  correspondence  with  ibem  €|uke 
declined,  when  by  sinister  arts  they  bad  corruptedbis  two 
g^Qunger  brothers,  being  botjs  children,  and  stolen  them 
from  his  boxne'/and  traoapoi'tfd  them  bc^^ood  eeas,  alid 
perverted  hissisiters:  upon  wbsob  oeoaeiott  he*  Wrote ^ two 
large  discourses  jagainst  the  pcinoipalpQBitioBa<  of  that  re- 
ligion^ with  tb^i  Jiharpueia  of  mtaiadfutt  weight  ^&xmmmp 


CART.  945 

iibil:  th^jcfivroh^  sftjn  lord  Glarencbn^  undepirived  of  great 
l^web  in  the  coneeahnent  of  tbem,  and  that  they  are  not 
j^blished  to  the  ivorU.  As  to  bis  person  be' was  little^  and 
.  <if  Ho  great  ^r^ngtb  :  his  hair  was  blackish,  and  somewhat 
ilaggy ;  and  his  eye  bktck  and  lively.  His  body  was  bu« 
nbdJn  the  cbnrch  of  Great  Tew.  His  usual  saying  was, 
f^I  pity  unlearned  gentlemen  in  a  rainy  day." 

-  Lord'Orford,  in  his  ^^  Royal  and  Noble  Authors/'  is  th($ 
only  writer  of  any  credit  that  has  ventured  to  attack  tb^ 
character  of  lord  Falkland,  and  that  with  as  mach  confi- 
denoe  as  if  he  had  not  only  witnessed  his  actions,  but  had 
Itnown  bis'iBOtives.  The  opinion  of  lord  Orlbrd,  however, 
cannot  be  expected  to  wisigb  much  against  that  of  Claren^ 
don>.and  almost  every  writer  who  lived  in  those  times. 
'Lord  FaUdand's  failing  appears  to  have  been  timidity  and 
in esolutiiiin  ;  he  loved  both  bis  country  and  his  king  :  he 
:probably  saw  the  errors  of  both,  and  hovered  between  flud- 
tnatifig  piinciptes  in  an  age  when  no  principle  was  settled, 
^and^when  his  honesty  mad^^  him  onserviceable  to  his  friends, 

and  ifhechipe  of  his  enemies. 

>  .Lord  Falkland  wrote,  1.  ^'  A  Speech  on  ill  Counsellors 
about  the  king."  2.  *^  Speech  against  the  Lord  Keeper 
.Finob  and  the  Judges."    S.  ^^  A  Speech  against  the.  Bishops, 

.Feb.  y,    1640."     4.  *^  A  draught  of  a  speech  concerning 

-  EpiscofKacy,"  found  among  his  .papers,  printed  at  Oxford 
i644« .  5.  '*  A  Discomrse  on  the  Infaiiilnlit?^  of  the  Ctiurch 

/of 'Rome,V  J645,  written  in  an  easy  and  familiar  style, 
.  .without  the  leai^  affectation  of  learning.  Swift,  in  his 
^'^  Letter  to  a  young  gentleman  lately  entered  into  holy 

«wdei3s,"  informs^  us,  that  lord  Falkland,  in  some  of  his 
/^citings,,  when  he  doubted  whethera  word  were  perfectly 

isteUigible^  used  tor  codosnlt  one  of ,  his  .lady's  chamber* 
..  jnaida^  and  by  her  judgment  was;guided  whether  to  receive 
.}or  ngect  it.    6.  ^^A  View  of  some  exceptions  made  against 

ahe  rpreceding  diseonrse,"  1646.  This  objeebor  was  one 
-jQe(rH!gefHoUand,.  a  popidi  priestr  '7.  ^^  A  Letter  to  F.M% 
^anna  1636,^'  printed  at  the  end  of  Charles  Gatak^^s  (his 
Mshaplain's)  .<f /Answer  to  five  captions  questions^  propounded 

ky.a  factor  for  the"  Papacy,"  &c.  i673,  4to.     8.  "  A  Let- 

tm  to  Dr«£eale,  master  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge.'' 
'"from' bishop >>Bartow'8  Remains^  p.  32%  we  learn  that  he 
;  jassisted  Ci^^lUngworth  in  his  ^^  Religion  of  .Protestants*;" 

-  jQnd  he  svfote  some .  verses:  on  the.  death  of  Ben.  Jouaon, 
^^nUished.rin'  th^.  collection  caUed   ^  J(»isonus  Virbias.'* 


Ui$  .6  A  R  Y. 

Some  other  mrses  #re  meiilioned  by  Mn  Paik^  Imt  thdjr 
cannot  be  allowed  much  praise. 

SpoLeihiog  }^t  remains  lo  be  Aaid  of  lady  Falkland,  who 
was  the  daught;er  of  sir  Richard  MorisoDi  of  Tooley  Park, 
m  Leicestershire,  knt  .  When  her  husband  was  killed, 
,she  sought,  relief  in  the  consolations  of  religion.  After  the 
tumults  of  her  grief  liad  subsided,  and  her  mind  was  re^ 
•stored  to  its  former  tranquillity,  she  began  to  experience 
4bat  happiness  to  which  all  are  strangers  but  the  truly  reii^ 
gious.  She.  was.  constant  in  the  public. and  priviite  exer- 
cises of  devotion,;  spent  much  of  her  time  in  family,  prayer^ 
,in  flinging  psakos,  au4' catechising  her  children  and  domes^ 
tics.  She  freqi^ntly  visited  her  poor  neighbcmrs,  espe- 
'^ially  in  their  sickness,  and  would  sometimes  condescend 
to  read  reUgious  books  to.tbem^  while  they  were  employed 
in  spinning.  She  distributed  a  great  many  pious  tracts*. 
Lord  Falkland  left  her  .all  that  he  was  possessed  of  by  will;; 
aiKl  committed  his  three  sons,  the  only  children  he  bad, 
to  her  care.  She  died  Feb.  1646,  in  her  thirty-fifth  year. 
In  1648  was  published,  ^^  The  holy  Life  and  :6eath  of  the  ' 
lady  Lettice,  viscountess  Falkland,  &c."  By  John  Dun^ 
con,  12 ma  Of  this  a. third  edition  appeared  in  1652; 
and  it  has  since  been  reprinted  in  Gibbons's  ^^  Memoirs  of 
Pious  Women." 

Henry  Liicius,  eldest  ^xi  of  lord. Falkland,  and  ithird  of 
the  title,  is  said  to  have  inherited  the  virtues  of  his  father.; 
having  rendered  himself  eminent  at  court,  in  the  s^fiat^ 
and  in  the  oounty  of  Oxford,  of  which  he  was  lord  lieute-r. 
liant.    Being  brought  early  into  the  bouse  of  commons,,  and 
a  grave  senator  objecting  to  his  yout^b,  ^^  and  to  bis  .not; 
litokjug  as  if 'he  bfid  sowed  his  wild.oat^;'*  he  replied  with 
great  quickness,  ^Mf  I  have  not^  I  may  sow  them  in  the*, 
liouse,  where  ^re  geese  enow  to  pick  them  up."     He  was 
c,ut(^in  the  prime  of  hisyeaxs.     One  play  was  written  by. 
bim,  entitled,   f<  The  Marriage   Nigbt.V      Mr«  Whipple 
iityles  it  a  comedy ;  but  Langbaine,  the  ^^  Poetical  Regis* 
tler,^'  and  the  ^^  Companion  to  the. Play hQUse,V* represent. 
it  asu.l^gedy  ^.  and  yet,  at  the  same  .time,,  the:  authors  of 
-the  two  last  pMbiications;  say,  that  it  contains  a  great  deal 
'of  true  wit  and: satire. 

Anthony  Cary^  ;tbe  fourth  lord  Falkland,  was  the  aAithor. 
of  a  prologue,  ^'intended  for  the. <^  Old  Batchelor;V  but. 
.which  seems  to  have  bad  too  little  delicacy  even  for  thai 


C  A  E  Y.  i47 

• 

pfijf  and  that  age.     He  wrote  likewise,  a  jprologue  to  Ot^ 
way*s  "  8oldier*s  Fortune/*  * 

'  C  A  RY  (  Robert),  a  learned  Chtonologer  in  tfaeseventeen  th 
century,  and  great  nephew  of  iir  George  Cary,  knt.  lord 
deputy  of  Ireland  in  queen  Elizabeth's  reign,  was  bom  at 
Cockinton,  in  the  county  of  Devon,  about  the  year  1615; 
being  the  second  son  of  Georg^  Cary,  esq.  and  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  sir  Edward  tSeymouf,  of  Berry-castle,  bart. 
When  he  was  well-grounded  in  school-learning,  he  went 
to  Oxford,  and  was  admitted  sojourner  of  Exeter  college, 
on  the  4th  of  October  1631,  aged  sixteen.  Having  con- 
tinued there  about  three  years,  he  was,  in  October  1634, 
chosen  scholar  of  Corpus  Christi  college  in  the  satne  uni- 
versity. The  next  year,  on  December  the  3d,  he  wai 
admitted  bachelor  of  arts ;  and  the  23d  of  February  1 6 3B- 9^, 
proceeded  master  of  arts :  and  it  is  probable,  that  he  weA 
also  chosen  fellow  of  his  college,  though  Mr.  Wood  pro- 
fesses he  did  not  know.  On  Nov.  4,  1644,  he  was  cheated 
doctor  of  laws,  by  virtue  of  mandatory  letters  frbm 
the  chanc^ellor,  William  marquis  of  Hertford,  who  was  his 
kinsman.  Some  time  after,  he  travel!^  into  France,  the 
Low  Countries,  and  other  foreign  parts.  At  bis  return; 
be  was  presented  by  the  marqdis  of  Hertford,  to  the  recr 
tory  of  Portlemoutb,  near  Kingsbridge  in  Devonshire,  a 
living  of  -very  good  value.  There  he  settled,  and  lived  in 
good  repute:  and  being  distinguished  by  his  birth,  degrees, 
and  learning,  the  presbyterian  ministers  of  those  times 
made  him  moderator  of  £hat  part  of  the  second  division  of 
the  cotinty  of  Deton,  which  was  appointed  to  meet  at 
Kingsbridge  J  yet  he  was  never  zealous  in  their  interest :  for, 
litpOn  the  restoration  of  Charles  II.  be  was  one  of  the  first 
that  congratulated  that  king  upon  his  return.  For  this, 
he  wasf  soon  after  preferred  to  the  archdeaconry  of  Exeter, 
whicIVhe  was  installed  into  August  18,  )662.  But  he  wa^ 
in  a  little  while,  namely,  in  1664,  affrighted  and  ejected 
out  of  it  by  some  great  men  then  in  power:  who  taking 
advantage  of  some  infirmities,  or  perhaps  imprudences  of 
bis,  resolved  to  throw  him  odt,  i^  drder  to  raise  a  favourite- 
upon  his  ruin.  Being  thus  deprived  of  hii^  archdeaconry; 
he  retired  to  his  rectory  at  Portlemoutb, '  where  he  spent 
the  remainder  of  his  days  in  k  private,  cheerful,  and  con* 
tented  condition;  in  good  repute' with*  his  neighbours}' 
*  •  •    '  ..  . 

'    »  Biog.  Brit.— Piurk's  Orfbrd,  toI.V.— Granger.— Ath.  Ox.  vol,  I. 


M%  C  A  R  Y. 

.and.  at.  much  above  content  as  be  was  below  envy*  Re 
died  at  the  parsouage-bouseof  Portleoiouth,  and  was  buried 
10  uis  own  church  tnerei  on  the  19th  of  September,  168S^ 
without  any  hineral  monument.  He  was  a  man  very  p^- 
feet  in  curious  and  critical  learning,  particularly  in  chro* 
nology.;  of  which  he  gave  a  full  testimony,  in  the  excei* 
Irnt  book  be  published,  entitled  *<  Palaelogia  Chronica,  a 
chronological  account  of  ancient  time,  in  three  parts,  1. 
didactical.  9.  Apodeictical.  3.  Canonical  Lpod.  1677, 
^  folio.  He  was  also  in  his  younger  years  well  skilled  in 
jpoetry^  as  well  Latin  as  English  ;  though  be  published  no- 
thing in  this  kind  but  those  hymns  of  our  church,  that  are 
appointed  u>  b*  read  after  the  lessons,  together  with  the 
jcreed,  &c.  These  being  translated  by  him  into  Latin  verse, 
were  printed  on  the  fiat  sides  of  two  sheets  in  folio.  In 
person  he  was  of  a  middle  stature,  saiiguine  complexion, 
and  in  his  elder  years  somewhat  corpnleou  In  bis  carnage 
be  was  a  geotteman  of  good  address,  free  and  generous, 
^)4  courteous  and  obliging*  ^ 

CARYL  (John),,  probably  a  native  of  Sussex,,  was  of  the 
Roman  catholic,  persuasion,  being  secretary  to  queen  Mary, 
the  wife  of  James  II.  and  one  who  followed  the  fortunes  of 
his  abdicating  master;  who  rewarded  him  first  with  knight- 
hoodj  and  then  with  tbe  honorary  titles  Of  earl  Caryl  aiid 
baron  Dartford.  How  long  he  continued  in  that  service  is 
not  known:  but  he  was  in  England  in  the  reign  of  queen 
Ann§,  .and  was  the  intimate  friend  of  Hope,  to  whom  he 
recommended  tbe  subject  of  tbe  '^  Rape  of  tbe  Lock,^'  and 
who  at  its  publication  addressed  it  to  him.  FrOm  some  of  his 
letters  in  the  last  edition  of  Pope^s  Works,  he  appears  to 
baye  been  living  in  1717;  but  be  was  not  the  intimate 
friend  of.  Pope's  unfortiuiate  lady,  as  asserted  in  the  last 
edition  of  this  Dictionary.  It  is  plain  from  one  of  hrs  let* 
ters,  dat^d  July  1717,  thathebad  no  knowledge  of  her,  and 
asks  Pppe  ^^  who  was .  the  unfortunate  lady  you  address  a 
copy  of  verses  to  V*  tp  which  Pope  does  not  appear  to  have 
returned  any  answer. 

.  Mr.  Caryl  was  the  author  of  two  plays :  1 .  ^'  Tbe  English 
jPripcess ;  ,or,  the  death  of  Richard  1 11.^'  1667,  4to.  2. 
**  Sir  Salomgn,  or, tbe  cautions  coxcomb,**  1671,  4to.  And 
in.  1700  he  published  ^^Tbe  Psalms  of  David,  translated 
from  tbe  Vulgate,**  l2mo.    In  Tonson*s  edition  of  Ovid*; 

I  Bicig.  Brit^— >AtlK  Ox.  ToU  II. 


a  A*  R  T  L.  =3« 

^isUe%  that  ofrBriseis' to  AchilleBris  said^td  h^iSf  sir  John 
Caryl;  and  in  Nichols's  select  collection  of  miscellany 
poemsy  inol.  H.  p.  i,  the  fint  eclogue  of  Virgil  is  translated 
by  the  same  ingenious  poet.^ 

GARYL  (JosfiPfl),  author  <rf  the  well-known  ^*<7om* 
mentary  on  Job/'  and  an  eminent  nonconfortnist  diving, 
.was  bom  in  London  in  1602.     He  was  3  moderate  inde- 
pendent, lind  Wood,  mentions  him  as  a  noted  disputaift. 
He  was  some  time  a  commoner  at  Exeter  college  in  Off- 
ford)  and  preached  several  years  with  applause  before 'tfie 
l\on.  society  of  Lincoln' s-»inn.     In  1633  be  was  appointed 
lone  of  the  triers  for  the  approbation  of  ministers,  and  was 
^sent  by  the  parliament  to  attend  Charlls  L  at  Holmby- 
house :  be  was  also  one  of  the  commissioners  in  the  treaty 
of  the  Isle  of  Wight.     He  and  Dr.  Owen  were  by  order  of 
parliament  sent  in  1650,  to  attend  on  Cromwell  in  Scot- 
land, and  to  officiate  as  ministers.     Soon  «after  his  eject- 
ment in  1662,  he'gat))ered  a;  t»ipgregation  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  St.  Magnus,  by  London- bridge^  to  which  lie 
pleached  as  the  times  would  permit,  .until  his  death,  Feb. 
7,  1673.     He  was  a  man  of  parts,  learning,  and  of  inde- 
;£atigabie  industry.     He  has  left  behind  him  a'  considerable 
number  of  sermons  and  pious  tracts,,  but  his  principal  work 
;is  his  '^  Commentary  on  Job,^'  first  printed  in  12  vols.  4ta, 
^and  afterwards  in  two  large  folios.     Of  late  years  it  has 
risen  very  considerably  m  price^  which  we  can  remember 
to  have  been  once  that  of  waste-psCper.    The  late  Dr. 
Lyndford  Caryl,  master  of  Jesus  eoUege,  Csmbridge,  was 
great  grand-^nephew  to  this  Mr.  Caryl.* 

CASA  (John  be  la),  an  eminent  Italian  writer;  was 
.born  at  Florence  in  1503,  and  educated  at  Bologna,  and  at 
^Florence  under  Ubaldino  Bandknelli.  In  1538  he  became 
,clerk  of  the  apostolic  chamber,  and  was  in  his  youth  dis- 
^tiijigubhed  for  the  elegance  of  his  writings,  and  the  liceh- 
^tiousness  of  his  monds.  In  1544  he  was  promoted  to  the 
i^qbhishopric  of  Benevw^f  and  seat  as  pope's  nuncio  to 
Venice,  and  it  is  thought  would  have  been  made  a  cardinal, 
^Mit  for  fi^me  indecent  writings ^which  he  had  published  in 
bis  ypiith:  but  there  mu9t  have^been  some  x^ther  reason 
«tl)an  this^for  bis  "not  obtaining  that  honour,  as. these  wri- 
•tinj^shad  b^en  no  obstiructioi»  to  his.adYancenient  to  the 

^'NiclisliB's  Poems,  ToL  11.  p.  1.  and  1 1 1,  p.  205. — Bowlet'i  P«pe«  lee  ladnx.-— 
Ruffbead't  Life  of  Pope;,  p.  80,  ,4to  edit.  .  ,  .    ( 

*  CalAm7.^Neal'i  Pbrita'ni.-^Ath.  Ox.  r6l  U.-^ranger. 


^ 


<^S0  C  A  S  A* 

ftrchbisfaopric.  He  wm  eagaged^  '>hiawettr^  in  severtrlpfr* 
litical  negociationsy  ulidl  he  became  involved  iii  the  d^ 
grace  of  the  cardinal  Al^cander  Farnese^  and  fetimd  to 
Venice.  Upon  the  accession  of  pope  Pau)  IV.>  who  bad  aa 
esteem  for  hioi)  be  retoraedto  Romey.  where  he  amused 
bimself  .with  Ikerarj  porsaits,  and  where  be  died  in  iSS4 
or  .15S7*  He  was  considered  as  one  of  .the  most  -elegaivt 
writers  of  his  time,  both  in  Latin  and  Italian;  jof  the  fori 
filer  we  have  sufficient  proof  in  his  ^  JLatiiia  Momaienta^^ 
Elorence,  1564,  4t09  which  include  his  elegant  lived  cf 
Benibo  and  Contarini^  and  bis  translatioaa  from  Tfauijy* 
^tdes.  His  most  celebrated  work  ia  Italian  prose  is  the 
**  Galateoy**  or  an  of  living  in  the  world,  which  is  a  systeui 
of  politeness,  and  has  been  translated  into  most  European 
languages.  In  1774,  it  was  pubtished  in  an  English  trans^ 
lation,  1 2iBO.  Theie  are  complete  editioos  of  CasaV  wo^ks^ 
Veniee,  17S2,  3  vols,  and  5  vols,  and  Naples,'6  vols«  4to. 
Some  of  his  Italian  poews  Me  aufficiently  licentious,  bat 
the  autbeoticity  of  other  works  ^  that  description  attriw 
bated  to  him  has  been  questioned,  particulariy  by  Mardiandi 
and  by  other  authorities  specified  by  Saxius.^ 

C  A  SAN  ATA  (Jkeome),  a  learned  cardind>  was  bora  at 
l^aples,  June  13,  1620,  and  at  first,  in  compliance  «dtb 
kia  father's    wishes,    studied   the    law ;     but   afterwarda 
bis  father  was  induced,  at  die  request  of  cardinal  PampAali^ 
to  aibw  him  to  go  into  the  chmrcfa.    Tbts  cardinal,  as  soon; 
as  he  became  pope,  by  the  name  of  innocent  X.  made- 
Casanata  one  of  his  chamberlains  of  honour^  mid  bestowed ' 
on  him  several  governments.    In  165S  hewas  senttx)  Malta^ 
as .  inquisitor  by  pope  Alexander YIL  and  after  residiog' 
there  four  years  and  a  half,*  wm  recalled  to  Rome,  and  em^- 
ployed  in  several  congregations*     He  was  promoted  to  be' 
cardinal  by  Clement  X;  in  1673,  and  was  again  employed 
in  pubHa  affnirs  of  importance,  during  all  which  he  re>- 
tained  a  love  of  letters,  accutnulated  an  immense  librury^- 
and  coixesponded  with  many  of  the  Kterati  of  Europe^  whom 
he  encouraged  in  the  publication  of  their  works.     In  I6M,^ 
pope  Innocent  XIL  chose  him  librurimi  to  the  Vatican.   Aa 
it  waa  his  ambition  to  prontote  literature,  he  employed  the 
deputy  librarian,  the  abb6  Zacagni,  to  publish  some  curious 
works  that  were  in  manuscript.    Of  these  one  vc^me  in 

>  Moreri.— «Fi«lieri  Tiieatnun.«-BlouBt't  Censonu— >Marchand. — ^Ssxii  On«* 
masticon. 


C  A  S  A  N  A  T  A.  SSI 

quatio  was  priotedi  and  tnore  would  have  followed  if  Ca* 
satiata  bad  not  been  prevented  by  death  in  March  .i700« 
He  left  his  library  to  thecburch  and  Daininic^h  eonvent 
iAf  St.  Maria  sopta  Minerva,  with  a  legacy  of  80,000  du- 
;€at9,  destined  partly  for  purchasing  books,  and  partly  for 
salaries  to  ten  learned  manks^  of  whom  twp  were  to  act  as 
librarians,  two  to  expound  the  doctrine  of  St.  Thomas,  and 
the  9ix  others  to  defend  the  doctrines,  of  the  church.  This 
"establishment  appears  to  have  continued  until  within  these 
few  years^  as  in  1776,  tlie  two  librarians  published  ^^  Bib^ 
liotheose .  Casanatensis  Catalogus  librorum  typis  impresso* 
fum,"  Rome,  3  vols,  folia  This  catalogue,  which  was 
piN4>ably  continued  (altbough  we  have  heard  of  only  these 
ibree  volumes}^  reaches  to  letter  G.  Most  of  the  books  in 
this  extensive  library  were  published  in  the  sixteenth  and 
l^keventeenth  centuries,  but  there  are  neither  English  nor 
German  works  among  them.  The  Italian  books,  however, 
are  very  numerous;  and  the  catalogue,  on  account  of  the 
great  immber  of  anecdotes  and  notices  interspersed,  may 
fie. considered  as  an  important  acquisition  to  bibliography.^ 
CASANOVA  (Mark  ANtHONY),  a  Latin  poet  of  the 
sixteenth  century,  was  a  native  of  Rome,  *and  gained  a  re-^ 
pMtation  in  the  epigrammatic  species  of  poetry^  for  which 
be  bad  anatunil  bent.  He  imitated  Martial,  particularly 
in  Juis  lively  style,  and  was  master  of  the  art  of  pointing  his 
terminations^  whiek  he  exercised  with  the  greatest  ease< 
}fi  the  verses  bercomposed  for  tbe  illustrious  characters  of 
HutientRome  he.prqposed  Gatulhisfor  his  model;  but  he 
is  fat'  from  attaining  to  that  purity  and  delicacy  which 
chanm  us'in  the  Latin  pect;:  and  though  he-  sometimes 
comes  up  to  him  in  elegance,  yet  his  diction  is  more  strong 
than  mellow,  .His  poems  are  to  be  found  in  the  '^  Delicise 
PQetarum/Italoruos.''  .  Having  exercised  hi^  wit  at  the  ex- 
pence  of  pope  Clement  VII.  ix>  {dease  the  Colonna  family, 
Jiteiwas  imfHrisoned-and  condemned  to  death,  but  received 
a,^piardQiii^  .  WfaeoiRomewsstakea  hy  the  Imperialists  in 
l,^^7,.helwas  stripped  of  all,  reduced  to  beggaryy  aqd  died 
io  jthat  yesr,  either  of  famine  ot  the  plague. ' 

;  GASAS  (BARTHOiiOHY  D£  LAS),  a  Spaniard,  and  theil* 
lustrioiis  bishop  of  Ohiapaj  was  born  at  Seville  in  1474;' 
and,  at  the  age  of  niaeteen,  attended  his  father^  who  went 
with  Christoj^er  Columbus  to  the  Indies  in  141^3.     Upon. 

.  -  V ;  V     ,     < .  ■     '  . '    .       ■  '     .      .       ■  ■    .  ■  ■    .  ■ 

a 

^  Mortri.  >  Ibid.«*-Frtlieri  Thcatrum. 


352  .       C  A  S  A  S. 

his  return  hel)ecame  an  ecclesial^tic,  and  a  curate  iti'the 
Uie  of  Cuba ;  but  quitted  his  cure  and  his  country  ui>  order 
to  devote  himself  to  the  service  of  the  Indians,  who  were 
then  enslaved  to  the  most  ridiculous  superstitions,  as  well 
as  the  most  barbarous  ^Tanny.     The  Spanish  governors 
had  long  since  made  Christianity  detested  by  their  unheard- 
of  cruelties,  and  the  Indians  trembled  at  the  very  name  of 
Christian.     I'his  humane  and  pious  missionary  resolved  to 
cross  the  seas,  and  to  lay  their  cries  and  their  miseries  at 
the  feet  of  Charles  V.    The  affair  was  discussed  in  council ; 
and  the  representations  of  Casas  so  sensibly  affected  the 
emperor,  that  he  made  ordinances,  as  severe  to  the  per- 
secutors as  favourable  to  the  persecuted.     But  these  ordi- 
nances  were  never  executed:  the  Spanish  governors,  or 
rather  tyrants,    continued  to  plunder  and  murder;,  and 
they  bad  a  doctor,  one  Sepulveda,  who  undertook  even  to 
justify  these  outrages  by  human  and  divine  laws,  and  by 
the  examples  of  the  Israelites  who  conquered  the  people 
of  Canaan.     This  horrible  book  was  printed  at  Rome,  but 
proscribed  in  Spain ;   and  Casas,  now  become  bishop  of 
Chiapa,  refuted  this  apology  for  tyranny  and  murder.   His 
treatise,  entitled^ .  *^  The  Destruption  of  the  Indians,^'  and 
translated  into  most  European  languages,  is  full  of  details 
which  shock   humanity.     Soto,  the  emperor^s  confessor, 
Vafr  appointed  arbiter  of  the  difference  between  Casas,  a 
bishop  worthy  of  the  first  ages  of  the  church,  and  Sepul- 
vedm  a  doctor  and  advocate  for  principles  which  would 
not  have  been  adopted  by  an  heathen:  and  the  result t)f 
all  this  was  laid  before  Charles  V.  who,  however,  had  too 
mjmy  af&irs  upon  his  hands  to  pay  a  due  attention  to  it; 
and  the  governors  continued  to  tyrannize  as  usual*     Casas 
employed  above  fifty  years  in  America,  labouring  with 
incessant :  zeal,  that  the  Indians  might  be  treated  with 
loudness,  equity,  and  humanity :  bu^  instead  of  succeed- 
ing, he  drew  lipou  himself  endless  persecutions  from  th# 
Spaniards ;  and,  though  he  escaped  with  bis  life,  migbir 
prpperly  enough  be  called  a  martyr  to  the  liberty  of  the 
Indians.     After  refusing  several  bishoprics  in  America,  he 
was  constrained  to  accept  tliat  of  Chiapa  in  I54i.     He.re«* 
sided  there  till  1551,  when  the  Jnfirm  state  of  his  h«aLtk 
obliged  him  to  return  to  his  native  country;  and  he  died 
atlVladrid  in  1566,  aged  ninety^two.     Besides  his  <' De- 
struction of  the  Indians,*^  and  other  pieces  on  the  same 
subject,  there  is  a  very  curious  Latin  work  of  his  ujmmi 


C  ASA,  S.  353 

* 
this  question :  '<  M^etber  kings  or  princes  can  in  con- 
science, by  any  right,  or  by  virtue  of  any  title,  alienate 
citizens  and  subjects  from  their  natural  allegiance,  and 
subject  them  to  a  new  and  foreiign  jurisdiction  ?"  All  bis 
writings  shew  a  solid  judgment,  and  profound  learning  and 
piety. » 

CASATI  (Paul),  a  learned  Jesuit,  of  a  distinguished 
family  in  Placentia,  was  born  there  in  1617,  and  became  . 
profi^ssor  of  mathematics  and  theology  at  Rome.  He  was 
one  of  the  two  ecclesiastics  who  contributed  to  convert 
Christina,  queen  of  Sweden,  to  the  popish  faith.'  She  had 
desired  that  two  Jesuits  might  be  sent  to  confer  with  her 
on  the  subject.  In  1652  he  returned  to  Italy,  and,  as  he 
had  considerable  political  talents,  was  appointed  superior 
to  several  houses  belonging  to  the  society  of  Jesuits :  and 
he  presided  over  the  university  of  Parma  for  thirty  years, 
and  acted  as  confessor  to  two  successive  duchesses  of 
Parma.  Amidst  all  these  occupations  he  had  leisure  for 
his  mathematical  studies  and  publications..  He  died  at 
P^rma,  Dec.  22,  1707.  His  principal  works  are,  I.  "  Va- 
cuuni  proscriptum,"  Genoa,  1649.  2.  "Terra  machinis 
mbca,*'  Rome,  16B8,  4to.  3.  "  Mecbanicorum  libri  octo,*' 
1684,  4to.  4.  <<  De  igne  dissertationes,''  1686  and  |6d5. 
5.  "  De  angelis  disputatio  theologica,"  Placentia,  1703. 
6."  HydrostaticsB  dissertationes,'*  Parma,  1695.  7,  "  Op- 
tiesB  dispdtationes,"  Parma^  1705.  What  is  somewhat  ex- 
trliordiiiary  is,  that  he  composed  this  treatise  pn  optics  at 
the  age  of  eighty-eight,  when  he  was  already  blind. "^  His 
works  on  physics  abound  with  goodJ  experiments  and  just 
ndtidns.  • 

CASAUBON  (Isaac),  il  very  learned  britib,  wasT)om  at 
G^eva,  February  18,  1559,  being  the  spn  of  Arnold  Ca- 
saubdti,  ia  mitiister  of  the  reformed  (shurch,  wl^o  had  taken 
refuge  in  Geneva,  by  his'  Wife  Jani^i  Rosseaii.  He  was 
educated  at  first  by  his 'father,  ahd^hikde  so  quidk  a  pi*b« 
gi^s  in  his  studies,  that  at  th^  age  bfhirie  he  could  speak 
amf  ^tlte  Latin  with  grea^  ^as'e  9fi^  correctness.  But  his 
father  being  obliged,  fotthr^e  year^  to^ether^  to  be  Absent 
fr6m  home^  on  account  of  busiiiess,  his  education  was 
neglected,  and  at  twelve  y^ars  of  age  he  was  forced' to 
be^n  his  studies  again  by  himself,  biit  as  he  could  not  by 
thn  method  make  ariy  considerable  progress,  be  was  sent 

1  M^rerl— Ddpin,*— Robertton't  ifttt  pf  American      ^  Moreru— NiMroOi  toL  I. 

Vols  VIII ,  A  A 


W4  CASAUBON. 

in  1576  to  Geneva,  to  complete  bis  studies  under  the  pixi* 
fessors  there,  and  by  indefatigable  application,  quicklj 
recovered  the  time  he  had  lost.  He  learned  the  Gre^Js 
tongue  of  Francis  Portus,  the  Cretan,  and  soon  became  .so 
great  a  master  of  that  language,  tha)t  this  famous  man 
thought  him  worthy  to  be  his  successor  in  the  professor^s 
chair  in  1582,  wbein  he  was  but  three  and  twenty  years  of 
age.  In  158i6y  Feb.  I,  he  had  the  misfortune  to  lose  his 
iather,  who  died  at  Dil,  aged  sixty- three.  The  28  th  of 
April  following  he  married  Florence,  daughter  of  Henry 
Stephens  the  celebrated  printer,  by  whom  be  had  twenty 
children.  For  fourteen  years  he  continued  professor  pf 
the  Greek  tongue  at  Geneva ;  and  in  that  time  studied 
philosophy  and  the  civil  law  under  Julius  Pacius.  He  also 
learned  Hebrew,  and  some  other  of  the  Oriental  languages, 
but  not  enough  to  be  able  to  make  use  of  tbem  afterwards. 
In  the  mean  time  he  began  to  be  weary  of  Geneva ;  either 
because  he  could  not  agree  with  his  father-in-law,  Henry 
Stephens^  who  is  said  to  have  been  morose  and  peevish  ; 
or  that  his  salary  was  not  sufficient  for  his  maintenance ; 
or  because  he  was  of  a  rambling  and  unsettled  dispositioo. 
He  resolved  therefore,  after  a  great  deal  of  uucertainiv,  tO' 
accept  the  place  of  professor  of  the  Greek  tongue  and  po« 
lite  literature,  which  was  offered  him  at  Montpelier,  with 
a  more  considerable  salary  than  he  had  at  Geneva.  To 
Montpelier  be  removed  about  the  end  of  1596,.  and. began 
his  lectures  in  the  February  following.  About  the  sadQe 
time,  the  city  of  Nismes  invited  him  to  come  and  restorie 
their  university,  but  he  excused  himself,  and  some  say  he 
had  an  invitation  from  the  university  of  Franker.  .  At  his 
first  coming  to  Montpelier,  he  was  much  esteemed  and 
followed,  and  seemed  to  be  pleased  with  his  station.  But 
this  pleasure  did  not  last  long ;  for  what  had  been  promised 
Jiim  was  nsot  performed^  abatements  were  made  in  Jiis 
salary,  which  also  was  not  regularly  paid,  and  upon  the 
whok,  he  met  there  with  so  niuch  uneasiness  that-  he  Was 
upon  the  point  of  returning  to  Geneva,  when  a  journey. he 
took  to  Lyons  in  1598,  gave  him  an  opportunity  of  taking 
•another,  that  proved  extremely  advautageous.  to  him.  H|iv« 
ing  been  recommended  by  some  gentlemen  of  Montpi^ter 
to  M.  de  Vicq,  a  considerable  man  at  Lyons^  this  gentle* 
man  took  him  into  his  house,  and  carried  him,  along  vnth 
him  to  Paris,  where  be  caused  him  to  be  introduced  to^^ the 
first-president  de  Harlay,  the  president  de  Thou,   Mr. 


C  A  S  A  U  B  O  N.  SSi 

Gillot,  and  Nicolas  le  Fevre^  by  whom  he  was  very  civilly 
^received*.  He  was  also  presented  to  king  Henry  I  v. 
who  being  informed  of  his  merit,  requested  him  to  leave 
Montpelier  for  a  professor's  place  at  Paris.  Casaobon 
havine  remained  for  some  time  in  suspense  which  course 
to  take,  went  back  to  Montpelier,  and  resumed  his  lec- 
tures. Not  long  after,  he  received  a  letter  from  the  king^ 
dated  January  3,  1599,  by  which  he  was  invited  to  Paris 
in  order  to  be  professor  of  polite  literature,  and  he  set  out 
the  26th  of  February  following.  When  he  came  to  Lyons^ 
^M.  de  Vicq  advised  him  to  stay  there  till  the  king's  coming, 
who  was  expected  in  that  place.  In  the  mean  while,  some 
domestic  affairs  obliged  him  to  go  to  Geneva,  where  he 
complains  that  justice  was  not  done  him  with  regard  to  the 
estate  of  his  father-in-law.  Upon  his  return  to  Lyons, 
having  waited  a  long  while  in  vain  for  the  king's  arrival,  he 
took  a  second  journey  to  Geneva,  and  then  went  to  Paris ; 
though  he  foresaw,  as  M .  de  Vicq  and  Scaliger  had  told 
hint!,  he  should  not  meet  there  with  all  the  satisfkction  he 
at  first  imagined.  The  king  gave  him,  indeed,  a  gracious 
reception ;  but  the  jealousy  of  some  of  the  other  professors, 
and  his  being  a  protestant,  procured  him  a  great  deal  o£ 
trouble  and  vexation,  and  were  the  cause  of  bis  losing 
the  professorship,  of  which  he  had  the  promise.  Some 
time  after,  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  judges  on  the 
'  protestants'  side,  at  the  conference  between  James  Davy 
'  du  Perron,  bishop  of  Evreux,  afterwards  cardinal,  and 
Philip  du  Plessis-Mornay  f.  As  Casaubon  was  not  favour- 
abtef  to  the  latter,  who,  some  think,  did  not  acquit  himself 
welt  in  that  conference,  it  was  reported  that  he  would 
soon  change  his  religion  ;  but  the  event  showed  that  this 

^  .  ... 

*  When  he  was  firist  ihewn  the  Sor-  of  Hi  lasting  but  one.   The  other  judge 

.  bonne,  one  of  the  doctors  told  him»  op  the  protestants'  side,  was  Mr.  Ca» 

that  it  was  above  four  hundred  years  naye,  who,  oonirinaed)  as  he  pretended, 

since  disputhigs  were  heJd  in  that  ptaee;  bj  Uie  argumenta  that  were  then  used^ 

.  «  and  pray,"  asked  Casaubon,  **  what  became  a  convert  to  popery.    He  used 

has  been  cleared  up  ?"  Being  invited  his  utmost  endeavours  to  persuade  Ca« 
to  a  thesis  in  that  college,  the  dis-  '  saubon  to  follow  his  example ;  but,  not 

imUwts  argued  in  such  barbarous  lan«  being  able  to  prevail,  he  grew  very 

guage,  that  he  said  he  had  never  in  cool  towards  htm,  and  ceased  to  have 

Eis  life  heard  so  much  Latin  witlibut  the  sameregaind  and  friendship  for  him» 

^     ivtidenitandiog  it.  as  he  had**  tiU  then,   expressed.     Aft 

.  •  .' .  f  Th\9  cooierenee  was  held  at  Fon-  for  Casauhon,   he  clears   himself,  ie^ 

tainebleau.  May  4,  1600.     It  wa's  at  several  of  his  letters,  of  the  imputa- 

'     l^rst  designed  that  it  should  continae  tations  thrown  upon  htm,  of  h^  fa« 

M^aeveratiiays,  but  the  indisposition  of  veuriog  popery* 

.  :Jtfr.  dtt  Pleisii'Moroay  wai  the  cause 

'       AA  2        ' 


356  C  A  S  A  U  B  O  N. 

report  was  groundless.  When  Casaubon  came  back  to 
Paris,  he  found  it  very  difficult  to  get  his  pension  paid,  and 
the  charges  of  removing  from  Lyons  to  Paris,  because  M. 
de  Rosny  was  not  bis  friend ;  and  it  was  only  by  an  express 
order  from  the  king  that  he  obtained  the  payment  even  of 
riiree  hundred  crowns.  The  30th  of  May  1600,  he  re- 
turned to  Lyons,  to  hasten  the  impression  of  his  "  Athe* 
naeus,"  which  was  printing  there ;  but  he  had  the  misfor- 
tune of  incurring  the  displeasure  of  his  great  friend  M.  de 
Vicq,  who  had  all  along  entertained  him  and  his  whole 
family  in  his  own  house  when  they  were  ia  that  city,  be- 
cause he  refused  to  accompany  him  into  Switzerland.  The 
reason  of  this  refusal  was,  his  being  afraid  of  losing  in  the 
mean  time  the  place  of  library-kjeeper  to  the  king,  of 
which  he  had  a  promise,  and  that  was  likely  soon  to  be- 
come vacant,  on  account  of  the  librarian's  illness.  He 
returned  to  Paris  with  his  wife  and  family  the  September 
following,  and  was  well  received  by  the  king,  and  by  many 
persons  of  distinction.  There  he  tead  private  lectures, 
published  several  works  of  the  ancients,  and  learned  Ara- 
bic ;  in  which  he  made  so  great  a  progress,  that  he  un- 
dettook  to  compile  a  dictionaVy,  and  translated  some  books 
of  that  language  into  Latin.  In  1601  he  was  obliged,  as 
be  tells  us  himself,  to  write  against  his  will  to  James  VI. 
king  of  Scotland,  afterwards  king  of  England,  but  does 
not  mention  the  occsision  of  it.  That  prince  answeried  him 
with  gr^at  civility,  which  obliged  our  author  to  write  to 
bim  a  second  time.  In  the  mean  time,  the  many  affronts 
and  uneasinesses  he  received  from  time  to  time  at  Paris, 
made  him  think  of  leaving  that  city,  and  retiring  to  some 
quieter  place,  but  king  Henry  IV.  in  order  to  fix  him, 
made  an  augmentation  of  two  hundred  crowns  to  his  pen* 
sion :  and  granted  him  the  reversion  of  the  place  of  his 
library-keeper.  He  took  a  journey  to  Dauphin^  in  May 
1603,  and  from  thence  to  Geneva  about  his  private  affairs; 
returning  to  Paris  on  the  12th  of  July.  Towards  the  end 
of  the  same  year  he  came  into  possession  of  the  place  of 
king's  library-keeper,  vacant  by  the  death  of  Gosselin. 
His  friends  of  the  Roman  catholic  persuasion  made  now 
frequent  attempts  to  induce  him  to  forsake  the  protestant 
religion.  Cardinal  du  Perron,  in  particular,  had  several 
disputes  with  him,  after  one  of  which  a  report  was  spread 
that  he  had  then  promised  the  cardinal  he  would  turn  R07 
man  catholic  :  so  that,  in  order  to  stifle  that  rumour,  the 


CAS  A  U  BO  N.  35T 

ministers  of  Cfaarentony  who  were  alarmed  at  it,  obliged 
him  to  write  a  letter  to  the  cardinal  to  cantradiet  what  was 
so  confidently  reported,  and  took  oare  to  have  it  printed* 
About  this  time  the  magistrates  of  Nismes  gave  bim  a  se^ 
cond  invitation  to  their  city,  offering  him  a  house,  and  a 
salary  of  six  hundred  crowns  of  gold  a  year,,  but  he  durst 
not  accept  of  it  for  fear  of  offending  the  king.  In  1609 
be  had,  by  that  princess  order,  who  was  desirous  of  gaining 
him  over  to  the  catholic  religion,  a  conference  with  cart 
dinal  du  Perron,  but  it  had  no  effect  upon  him. 

Casaubou  is  to  be  ranked  amongst  those  learned  men 
who,  in  the  beginning  of  the  last  century,  were  very  solir 
citous  to  have  an  union  formed  between  the  popish  and 
protestaut  religions.  This  is  expressly  asserted  by  Bu- 
rigny,  in  his  life  of  Grotius.  According  to  that  biogra^ 
pher,  Casaubon,  who  wished  to  see  all  Christians  united  in 
>one  faith,  ardently  desit-ed  a  re-union  of  the  protestants 
with  the  Roman  catholics,  and  wonld  have  set  abou^  it, 
bad  he  lived  longer  in  France.  He  greatly  respected  the 
opinionsi  of  the  ancient  church,  and  was  persuaded  that  its^ 
sentiments  were  more  sound  than  those  of  the  ministers  of 
Charenton.  Grotius  and  he  had  imparted  their  sentinient?^ 
to  each  other  before  the  voyage  to  England,  which  we  ar^ 
to  mention,  and  Arminius  had  a  project  of  the  same  kind> 
which  he  communicated  to  Casaubon,  by  whom  it  was  apr 
proved.  In  the  year  1610  two  things  happ^ened  that  aff 
flicted  Casaubou  extremely;  one  was  the  murder  of  king 
Henry  IV.  which  deprived  him  of  all  hopes  of  keeping  his 
place  ;  the  other,  his  eldest  son's  embracing  papery.  •  This 
made  him  resolve  to  come  over  into  England,  where  be 
had  often  been  invited  by  king  James*I. ;  and  having  obt 
tained  leaTe  of  absence  from  .the  queen-regent  of  France, 
he  arrived  ia  England  October  1610,  along  with  sir  He^ry 
WottoD,.  ambassador-extraordinary  from  king  James  I.  and 
was  received  with  the  utmost  civility,  by  most  persons,  of 
learning  and  distinction,  although  he  complains  of  b^ing 
ill  used  by  the  rabble  in  the  streets..  He  waited  ypoii 
the  king,  who  took  great  pleasure  in  discoursing  with  ;hiai^ 
and  even  did  bim  the  honour  of  admitting  him  several  tipftef 
to  eat  at  his  own  table.  His  majesty  likewise  mptde  him  4 
present  of  a  hundred  and  fifty  pouind^,  to  enable  bim  to 
visit  the  universities  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge.  On  .the 
Christmas  day  after  he  arrived  in  England,  he  receiv^4 
thp  cpmmiuuoii  in  the  king^s  chapel,  though  he  did  no| 


858  C  A  S  A  l>  B  O  N*. 

understand  the  language.  In  his  diary  be  says,  that  he  bkd 
carefully  considered  the  office  for  the  sacrament  the  day 
before,  and  preferred  it  and  the  manner  of  receiving  to  that 
of  other  churches.  The  3d  of  January,  1611,  he  Was  na- 
turalized, and  the  1 9th  of  the  same,  month,  the  king 
granted  him  a  pension  of  three  hundred  pounds' ;  as  also 
two  prebends,  one  at  Canterbury,  and  the  other  at  West- 
minster. He  likewise  wrote  to  the  queen  regent  of  France, 
to  desire  Casaubon  might  stay  longer  in  England  than  she 
had  at  first  allowed  him.  But  Casaubon  did  not  long  enjoy 
these  great  advantages,  as  a  painful  distemper  in  the  blad- 
der proved  fatal  July  1,  1614,  in  the  55th  year  of  his 
age.  He  was  buried  in  Westminster-abbey,  where  a  mo- 
nument was  erected  to  his  memory,  with  a  Latin  epitaph 
in  a  high  style  of  panegyric.  Of  his  twenty  children,  John, 
the  eldest,  turned  Roman  catholic,  as  has  been  mentioned 
above.  Another,  named  Atigustin,  became  a  capuchin 
at  Calais,  where  he  was  poisoned,  with  eleven  others  of 
the  same  order.  Mr.  Dupin  relates,  upon  the  authority 
of  Mr.  Cotelier,  that  before  he  took  the  vow  of  capuchin, 
he  went  to  ask  his  father's  blessing,  which  the  father  readily 
granted  him;  adding,  ^' My  son,  I  do  not  condemn  thee; 
nor  do  thou  condemn  me  ;  we  shall  both  appear  before  the 
tribunal  of  Jesus  Christ.'^  What  became  of  the  rest  of  his 
children  (except  Meric,  mentioned  in  the  next  article), 
is  not  known.  In  1612,  he  had  a  s6nborn  in  England^ 
to  which  the  king  and  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  were 
godfathers,  and  sir  George  Cary's  lady,  godmother.— This 
great  man  received  the  highest  encomiums  from  persons 
of  learning  in  his  time,  which  be  amply  deserved  by  his 
extensive  knowledge,  modesty,  sincerity,  and  probity. 

His  w1*iting$  are :  1 .  ^Mn  Diogenem  Laertium  Notas 
Isaaci  Hortiboni,**  Morgiis,  1583,  8vo.  He  was  but 
twenty-five  years  old  when  he  made  these  notes,  and  in- 
tended to  have  enlarged  them  afterwards,  but  was  hin- 
dered. He  dedicated  them  to  his  father,  who  commended 
him,  but  told  him  at  the  same  time,  **  He  should  like  bet- 
ter one  note  of  his,  upon  the  holy  Scriptures,  than  all  the 
pains  he  could  bestow  upon  profane  authors.**  These 
notes  of  Casaubon  were  inserted  in  the  editions  of  Diogenes 
La^rtius,  printed  by  H.  Stephens*  in  1504  and  1598,  in 
Svo,  and  in  lill  the  editions  published  since.  The  name  of 
Hortibonus,  which  Casaubon  took,  is  of  the  same  import 
as  Casaubon,  i.  e.  a  good  garden  3  Cksau,  in  the  language 


C  A  S  A  U  B  O  N.  ^9 

!0f  Dauphindy  signifyinft^  a  gardetf,  and  htti  good.  S. 
**  Lectiones  Theocriticoe,"  in  Crispinus*8  edition  of  Theo- 
critus, Genev.  li^84y  12ino,  reprinted  several  times  since. 
'4.  "  Strabonis  GeograpbioB  Libri  XVII.  Graece  &  Latine, 
ex  Guil.  Xylandri  Interpretatione,'*  Genevae,  1587,  fpl. 
Casaubon*i|  notes  were  reprinted,  with  additions,  in  the 
Paris  edition  of  Strabo  in  1620,  and  have  been  inserted 
in  ail  other  editions  since.  4.  **  Novum  Testamentum 
GrdBcum,**  Geneves,  1537,  16 to,  with  notes  which  were 
ceprinted  afterwards,  at  the  end  of  Whitaker's  edition  of 
the  New  Testament,  Lond.  and  inserted  in  the  "  Critici 
Sacri.'*  V.  *^  Animadversiones  in  Dionysium  Halicarnas- 
sensem,'*  in  the  edition  of  Dipnysius  Halicarnassensis, 
published  by  our  author  with  ^milius  Portus's  Latin  ver* 
sioii,  Genev,  1588,  foL  These  were  written  in  haste,  and 
are  of  no  great  value*  6.  ^*  Polysni  Stratagematum,'* 
Libri  VIIL''  Lugduni,  1589,  16to.  Casaubon  was  the 
first  who  published,  the  Greek  text  of  this  author.  The 
Latin  version,  joined  to  it,  was  done  by  Justus  Vulteius, 
and  6rst  published  in  1550.  7.  ^^  Diceearchi  Geographica 
^uepdam,  sive  de  Statu  Graeciss;  ejusdem  descriptio 
Grseciee  versibus  Grsecis  jambicis^  ad  Theophrastum ;  cum 
Isaaei  Casauboni  &  Henrici  Stephani  notis,"  Genevas, 
1589,  8vo.  8.  <^  Aristotelis  Opera  Greece,  cum  variorum 
Interpretatione  Latins,  &  variis  Lectionibus  &  Castiga- 
tionibus  Isaaei  Casauboni,"  Lugduni,  1590,  fol.;  Genevae^ 
1 605,  fpL  These  notes  are  only  marginal^  and  were  com* 
posed  at  leisure  hours.  9.  <^  C.  Plinii  Caec.  Sec.  Epist. 
Lib.  IX.  Ejusdem  &Trajani  imp.  Epist.  amodbaeas.  Ejus- 
dem PI.  &  Pacati,  Mamertini,  Nazarii  Panegyrici.  Item 
Claudiani  Panegyrici^  Adjunctae  sunt  Isaaei  Casaubpni 
Notae  in  Epist."  Genevas,  1591,  12mo;  ibid.  J599,  1605, 
1610,  and  1611,  l2mo.  These  notes  are  but  very  short. 
10.  ^<  Theopbrasti  Characteres  Ethici  Graece  &  Latine,'* 
Lugduni,  1592,  12mo,  and  1612,  12mo.  This  latter  edi* 
lion  is  the  most  exact  of  the  two,  being  revised  by  the 
anthpr.  Casaubon's  edition  ,of  Tbeophrastus  is  still  highly- 
esteemed,  and  was  one  of  those  works  which  procured  him 
most  reputation.  Joseph  Scaliger  highly  extols  it.  11. 
^^  Li  Apuieii  Apologia,*' Typis  Q>mmelini  1593,  4to.  In 
tMs  edition  be  shewed  himself  as  able  a  critic  in  the 
Latin,  as  he  bad  done  before  in  the  Greek  tongue.  It  is 
dedicated  to  Joseph  Scaliger.  12.  ^^C.  Suetonii  Tran- 
quilU  Op^ra^"  Genevan,  1595,  4tQ,   and  Paris,  1610,  an 


sea  C'A  s  A  UB  o  n^ 

enlarged  edition.  '  13.  *'  Publii  Syri  Mimi^  sive  tfentefltii^ 
seiectoe,  Latine,  Graece  versas,  &  Notis  illustrai®  per  Jos. 
^caligerum  ;  oum  prefatione  Isaaci  Casauboni,^'  Lugd* 
JBatav.  1596,  8vo..  14.  *^  AtbeosBi  DeipnosophiBtarum^ 
l4ihriXV.  Graece  &  Latine,  Interprete  JacoboDalechaoipioy; 
oum  isaaci  Casaubooi  Aniaiadversionum  Libris  XV."  Ge^ 
neva^  If^dT,  2  vols.  fol. ;  ibid.  1612,  2  vols.  fol.  Cadau«- 
bon^9  notes  take  up  the  second  volume,  and  are  cO'i- 
^ou«  and  learo&d^  aod  constitute  the  most  valuable  part 
of  this  edition.  1 S.  "  HistorisB  Augusts  Scriptores,"  Paris^ 
1603,  4to,  reprinted  at  Paris  in  1620,  with.  Salmasius'a 
Commentaries  on  the  same  authors,  fol.  ^nd  at  Leyden^ 
in  1670,  2  vols.  8vo.  16.  ^  Diatriba  ad  Dionis  Chrysos- 
tomi  Orationes,"  published  in  the  edition  of  that  author 
by  Frederick  Morel,  at  Paris,  1604,  fol.  17.  **  Persii 
Satyrgs  ex  recensione  &  cum  Commentar.''  Paris,  1605, 
8vq;  Lond.  1647,  8vo.  These  :notes  upon  Persius  are 
Lectures  he  had  formerly  read  at  Geneva.  They  were 
enlarged  in  the.  edition  of  1647.  SeaUger  used  to  say  of 
them,  ^^  That  the  sauce  was  better  ibau '  the  fish."  18,. 
V  De  Satyrica  Grflscbrum  Poesi,  &  Romanorum  Satyra 
Libri  duo,"  Paris,  1605,  8vo^  In  this  work  Casaub^a 
affirms,  that  the  satke  of  the  Latins  was  very  different  front 
t;hat  of  the  Greeks,  which  Daniel  Heinsivs  contradicts  in 
his  two  books, /V  De  Satyra  Horatiana,"  Lugd.  Batava. 
162^ f  12mo»  But.  the  learned  Ezekiel  Spanheim^  after 
h^iVing  ejcamioed  the  arguments  of  these  two  learned  men, 
declares,  for  Casaubon.  Cvenius  has  inserted  this  tract: 
of  Casaubon,  in  his  ^^  Musosum  Philologicum  &  Histori-* 
i^um,'^  Ludg.  Batair,  1699,  8vo;  and  also  die  following^ 
pi^ce,  which  was  published  by  our  author  at  the  end  of- 
bia  two  books,.  "De  Satyrica  Poesi^"  &c.  19,  *<  Cyelopa 
Euripidis  Latinitate  douata  a  Q;  Septimio  Fiorente."  20« 
**  ,Gregorii  Nysseni  Epistola  ad  £ustatbiam,  Ambrostam,  & 
B^ilissam>  Gr.  &  Lat."  Paris^  1601,  8vo;  Hanoi^i9s>  1607^ 
8vo.  This  letter  was  first  published  by  Casaubon.  21.  ^' De* 
Libertate  Ecclesiastica  Liber,"  1607,  8vo;  coitiposed  by.i 
the  autbpr  during  the  disputes  between  pope  Paul  V.  and  the 
republic  of  Venice ;  and  t^ontained  a  vindication  of  the  rights^  : 
of  sovereigns  against  the  int^roachiben ts  of  the  court  of  Rome. 
As.  those  difierences  were  adjusted  while  the  book  wa^.- 
printing,  king  Henry  IV.  caused  it  to  be  suppressed ;  butf 
Casaubon  having  sent  the  sheets,  as  they  came  out  of  the-  *^ 
prf^ssi  to  some  of  his  friends,  some  copies  were  pre$erve«L 


^  J 


CA6AUB0N.  SBi: 

IgUelcbior  Goldast  ii^sierted  ^t  fragment  m  his '^^  Colled^ 
taaea  ile  Monarcbia  S.  Imperii,"  tom^  I.  p.  674*,  and  Al« 
meloveen  reprinted  it  in  his  edition  of  our  author^s  letteifs.' 
It.  was  also  published  by  Dr.  Hickes  in  1711.     22.  ^^  In*^ 
scriptio  vetus  dedicationem  fundi  continens,  ab  Herode 
tege  facta,  cum  notis.",    This  small  piece,    published  inf 
1607,  has  been  inserted  by  T.  Crenius  in  his  <^  MuscBum 
Philoiogicum."     Casaubon^s  notes  are  short,  but  leiMrned  ;r 
however,  be  appears  to  have  been  mistaken  in  ascribing^ 
the  inscription  on  which  they  were  made  to  Herod  king' 
of  Judaea,  instead  of  Herodes  the  Athenian.     23.  ^<  Po<« 
lybii  Opera-  Gr.  &  Lat.      Accedit  £neas  Traoticus  >d0 
toieranda  obsidione,  Gr.  &  Lat.*'  Paris,  1 609,  fol.  &  Ha^ 
novisB,  1609,  fol.     The  Latin  version   of  these  two  au*-^ 
thors  was  done  by  Casaubon,    who  intended  to  write  a 
comcimentary  upon  them,    but-  went  no   farther  than  tfaa 
first  book  of  Polybius,  being  hindered  by  death.    Thuanhs,^ 
and  f  ronto  Ducasus  the  Jesuit,  were  so  pleased  with- that 
L«tHi. version,  that  they  believed  it  was  not  easy  to  deters. 
mine  whether  Casaubon  had  translated  Polybius,  or  Poly*- 
hiiis  Casaubon.     At  the  head  of  this  edition  there  is  a  dedi- 
cai^ion  to  king  Henry  IV.  a  species  of  writing  in  whidh,  as 
well  as  in  prefaces,  he  is  allowed  to  excel.     In  the  formet*^- 
b^  praises  without  low  servility,  and  in  a  ndanner  remote^ 
from  flattery  ;  in  the  latter,  he  lays  open  the  design  and 
exeeiience&of  the  books  he  publishes,  without  ostentatioti, 
and  with  an  air  of  modesty.     24.  ^^  Josephi  Scadigevi  0|)^(iS<i> 
culavaria;'*  Paris,  1610,  4to;  and  Francofbrti,  1612,  8vo/ 
with  a  >prefiace  of  his  own.     25.  ^' Ad  Frontonem  Ducsram' 
Epistola,  de  Apologia,  Jesuitarum  nomine,  Parisiis  edita,**^ 
Loodini,  1611,  4to«     Casaubo<n,  after  his  coming  to  Eiig^' 
laod,  being  obliged 'to  write  against  thepapists^  in^  c^er 
to. please  his  patron  king  James  I.  began  with  this  lettef, 
da^ed  July  2,  1611^  which  is.  the  730th  in  Almeloveen^s 
cqHeetion^  aod  for  which  king  James  made  him  a  consider^ 
able-  present.     It  is  a  confutation  of  ^^  la  Ref»onse  Apolo^ 
getique  k  rAmi-coton,  par  Francois  Bonald.''  Au  Pont, 
Ij^li,.  Siro*     26.  ^^Epistplaad  Georgium  Michaeltoi^  Lin-» 
geishemiiim  de quodam  libello  Sciopii,"'  16 It,  4to.    This 
letter  is* dated  Aug.  9,.  1612,  and  is  th€$  <82^h  of  Alrne*^ 
Ipireen^s  collection.     27.  ^^  Epistc^a  ad  Oardi»alem  Perr^« 
ni^iii,"  Londini,  161-2,  4to.     This  letter,    which  is  the  1 
RS8«h  inr  AliBeloveen^s.collection,  and  is  written  with  moM' 
4fiWaan^  i^  not  »i  much  Casaubon's  own  composkiim,  «aj 


96S  C  A  S  A  U  B  O  N. 

an  exact  account  of  the  sentiments  of  king  James  L  wboc3( 
and  tbe  cbiirch  of  England's  secretary  he  was,  as  be  telb 
its^  with  regard  to  some  points  of  religion.    Accordingly, 
i^  was  inserted  in  the  edition  of  that  king's  works,  pub- 
lished in  1619,  by  Dr.  Montague,  bishop  of  Winchester* 
Cardinal  du  Perron  undertook  to  give  an  answer  to  it, 
.vhich  vfBs  left  unfinished  at  his  death.     Ithas  been  like- 
trtse  animadverted  upon  by  Valentine  Smalcius,  tbe  So- 
eioian,   in  his   **  Ad  Isaacum  Casaubon.um   Parsenesis,-* 
Bacovifls,  1614,  4to,  published  under  the  name  of  Antoti. 
Reuchlin.     2S.  ^^  De  Rebus  sacris  &  Ecclesiasticis  £xer« 
i^itatiames  xvi.     Ad  Cardinalis  Baronii  Prolegomena  in 
Annates,  &  primam  eorum  partem,  de  Domini  nostri  Jem 
Chxisti  Nativitate,  Vita,  Passione,  Assun^tione,"'  Londini, 
.1614,  foL;    Francofurti,' 1615,    4to^    Genevs,    16115,.  & 
1^63^  4to.      Soon  after  Casaubon's  arrival    in   England, 
Peter  du  Mouiio  wrote  to  Dr.  James  Montagu,  then  bisbc^ 
.of  Sath -and 'Wells,  to  inform  him- > that.  Casaubon  had  a 
gveat  ioolinatioo  to  popery;:  that  theoe  were,  only  a  feiv 
ankles,-,  which  kept  him  among  the  protestauts;  'and  ^that 
if  be  returned  to  France,  he  would  change  his  religion,,  as 
he  had  promised.  Therefore,  he  desired  him  to  endeavoar  to 
l^eep  him  in  England,  and  to  engage  him  in  writing  against 
the  Annals  of  Barouius,  since  he  knew  **  ihat  be  had  ma- 
terials ready  for  that  purpose.''     Accordingly,  king  James 
•.employed  him  in  that  work,  which  was  finished  in  eighteen 
Bionlhs*  lime.    Niceron  thinks  that  Oasauhan  was  not  equal 
^  tp  this  work,  because  he  had  not  ,$ufficientlyi  studied  idi-  - 
.  vinity,  chronology,  and  history,  and  was  not  convsersant 
1  enough  in  the  faihers,  and  is  charged  with  havings  com- 
.mitted  more  errors  than  Barenius  in-  a  less  compass.     Be«' 
'Stdes,  as.he  comes  no  lower  than  the<year  34  after  Chriat, 
he  is^atd  to  have  pulled: down  only  the  pinnacles  of  Ba- 
rouius^s  .gnsat  building.    It  appears  from  letter  1059tb  Of 
<Ottr  author,  that  Dr.  JtUchard  Montague,  afterwards  bishop 
of  Norwich,  had  undertaken  to  write  against  fiaronins.  at 
.  tJMr.sanie  time  with  himself;  and  be  threatens  to  oomplain 
jci  binito  tbe  king,  who  had  engaged  him  in  thaA  weak. 
^  S)9»  '^  Ad  Polybii  Histori«rum  Librum  primum  Commen- 
tarius/'  Paris,    1617,    Svo.      See.abov^,    No.  23.     30. 
<^.  Isaaci  i .Casauboni  Epistohe,"    Hage  Comin.  1638,  4t9, 
Jpublisbed  by  John  Frederick  Gronovius.     A  second  edi|to», 
enlarged  and  arranged  in  chronological  order,' was  pub-' 
lifih^d'alterwards  by  John  George  Gr^^iuftat  Magdi&hurghjt  * 


C  A  S  A  U  B  O  N,  Ut 

and  Helmstadti  1636y  4to ;  but  the  best,  which  includes  hit 
Me^  is  entitled  ^*  Is.  Casauboni  Epistolse/'  &c.  Ourante 
Theodoro  Jansc^n  ab  Almeloveen^^'  Roterodami,  1709,  foh 
The  letters  ip  this  volume  are  1059  in  number,  placed 
according  to  the  order  of  the  time  in  which  they  were 
written;  and  51  without  dates.  Niceron  finds  in  them 
neither  elegant  style,  nor  fine  thoughts ;  and  censures,  as 
very  disagreeable,  the  mixture  of  Greek  words  and  er-> 
'pressions  that  are  dispersed  tfaroug|iout ;  affirming  besidesi 
chat  they  contain  no  particulars  tending  to  the  advance- 
ment of  learning,  or  that  are  of  any  gireat  importance.  In 
the  **  Sorberiana''  it  is  said  that  there  is  in  them  the  hi»« 
lory  of  a  man  cf  probity  and  leavning ;  but  nothing  other- 
wise very  remarkable,*  excepting  the  parity  of  the  language,- 
and  the  marks  of  a  frank  and  siiicere  mind.  Argbnne, 
however,  in  his  **  Melanges  d^Hiatoire,'-  assures  ui  that 
they  are  all  perfectly  beautiful ;  and  makes  no  sorople  to 
corjipare  them  to  those  of  Grotius  and  Scaliger  with  regard  to 
learning ;  and  to  assert  that  they  exceed  them  for  the  easi- 
ue6s  and  purity  of  tlie  style,  which  is  entirely  epistolary, 
and  not  at  all  affected.  3 1 .  ^<  Casauboniana,*'  Hamburgt, 
1710,  Svo.  There  is  nothing  very  material  ia  this  col- 
lection.^ 

CASAUBON  (M£Ric),  son  of  the  preceding^  wa»bom 
at  Geneva,  August  14,  1599,  and  had  the  fiatne  of  Meric 
from  Meric  de  Vicq,  a  great  friend  and  benefactor  to  his 
father.  His  first  education  he  received  at  Sedan,  but 
coming  to  England  with  bis  father,  in  the  year  161.0,  be 
was  instructed  by  a  private  master  till  1614,  when  he  was 
sent  to  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  and  being  put  there  under 
a  most  careful  tutor,  Dr.  Edwiard  Meetkirk  (afterwards 
Begins  Hebrew  professor),  was  soon  after  elected- a  student 
of  that  house.  He  took  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  arts, 
May  S,  1618,  and  that  of  master,  June  14,  1621,  being 
even  then  eminent  for  his  extensive  learning;  aad  the 
same  year,  though  he  was  but  twa  and  twenty,' he  pub* 
iisbed  a  book  in  defence  of  his  father,  against  the  cahnu* 
niea  of  certain  Roman  catholics,  entitled  ^'  Pietas  contra 
maledicos,  &c.''  Lond.  1621,  ^o.  This  book  made  him. 
known  to  king  James  I.  who  ever  after  entertained  a 
good  opinion  of  him;  and  also  brought  him  into  reputa-. 
tian  abroad,  especially  in  France,  whither. he  was  iavited 

.  -'         .   •  .    t 

^  HiQg.  Bnt.«»GeB,  Dict^-Smu  QoMpatt.— JUouaVt  C^nniFiu     . 


W4  CASAUBON. 

with  olFers  of  promotion/ when  his  godfather,  Meric  de 
Vicq,  was  keeper  of  the  great  seal  of  that  kingdom.  Three 
years  after,  he  published  another  vindication  of  his  father^ 
written  by  the  command  of  king  James  I.  and  entitled, 
*^  Vkidicatio  Patris,  kc/*  1624,  4to.  About  that  time 
he  was  collated  by  Dr.  Lancelot  Andrews,  bishop  of  Win- 
obester,  to  the  rectory  of  Biedoh  in  Somersetshire;  and 
June  1628,  took  the  degree  of -bachelor  of  divinity.  He 
had  now  formed  the  design  of  continuing  his  father's  /^  Ex« 
ercitations  against  Baronius's  Annals,"  but  was  diverted 
by  some  accident.  At  length,  when  he  came  to  maturity 
of  years  for  such  a  work,  and  had  acquainted  sirchbishop 
Laud,  bis  great  friend  and  patron,  with  hi^  design,  who 
was  very  rmdy  to  place  him  conveniently  in  Oxford  or 
^Hindon,  according  to  his  desire,  that  he  might  be  furnished 
with  books  necessary  for  such  a  purpose,  the  rebellion 
broke  out  in  England.  Having  now  no  fixed  habitation,  he 
vrOB  fojTced  torseU-a  good  part  of  his  books;  and,  after 
about  twenty*  yeai's?  suttering^,  became  so  infirm,  that  he 
cpuld  not  expect  to  live  many  years,  and  was  obliged  to 
relinquish-  his  design.  Before  tliis,  however,  in  June 
16^8, <  iM  was  HKade  prebendary  of  Canterbury,  through 
the  interest  of  bishop  Laud ;  and  when  that  prefate  was 
promoted  to:  the  airchbishopric  of  Canterbui'y,  he  collated 
him,  in  Oct.  1634,  to  the  vicarage  of  Minster,  in  the  Isle 
ofiThenet;  and  in  the  same  month,  he  was  inducted  into 
the  vicarage  of:Mon«cktoii,  in  that  island.  In  August  i636, 
he  was  created  doctor  in  divinity,  by  order  of  king 
Charles  I.  who^was  entertained  at  the  same  time,  with  bis 
qoeen,  by  the  university  of  Oxford.  About  the'year  1 644, 
during  the  heat  <rf  the  civil  w^rs,  he  was  deprived  of  his 
preferments,  abused,  fified,  and  imprisoned.  In  1649, 
one  Mr.  Greaves,  df  Gray'sinn,  an  intimate  acquaintance 
Qfhis,  brought  him  a  message  from  Oliver  Cromwell,  then 
Ueutenant-geneml  ofthe  parliament  forces,  desiring  him  to 
oome  to.  Whitehall,  on  purpose  to  confer  with  him  about 
matters  of  moment ;  but  his  wife  being  lately  dead,  and 
Bot^  as  he  «aid,  buried,  he  desired  to  be  excused.  Greaves 
cagoie  again  ^afterwards,  atid  DH:  Casaubon  Being  somewhat 
aianmed,  desired  him  to  tell  him  the  meaning  of  the  mat** 
ter;but  Greaves  refusing,  went  away  the  second  time. 
At  length  he^  retnrued  again,  and  told  him,  that  the  lieu* 
tenant- general  intended  his  good  and  advancement  ;•  and 
his.  partieuko*  errand  was,  that  he  would  make  use  of  hisi 


^j 


C  A  S  A  U  B  0  N.  9S5 

pm  to  write  the  history  of  the  late  wat ;  d^iring*  withal, 
that  DOthing  but  matters  of  fact  should  be  impartially  set 
down.     The  doctor  answered,  that  he  desired  his  humble 
service  and  hearty  thanks  should  be  returned  for  the  great 
honour  done  unto  him  ;  but  that  he  was  nncapable  in  seve- 
ral respects  for  such  an  employment,  end  could  not  to 
impartially  engage  in  it,  as  to  avoid  auch  reflections  as 
would  be  ungrateful,    if  not  injurious,    to   his  lordship. 
Notwithstanding  this  answer,  Cromwell  seemed  so  sensible 
of  his  worth,  that  he  acknowledged  a  great  respect  for  him ; 
and,  as  a  testimony  of  it,  ordered,  that  upon  the  first  de- 
mand there  should  be  delivered  to  him  three  or  four  hun- 
dred pounds,  by  a  bookseller  in  London,  whose  name  wtts 
Cromwell,  whenever  his  occasions  should  require,  without 
acknowledging,  at  the  receipt  of  it,  who  was  his  benefactor. 
But  this  offer  he  rejected,  although  almost  in  want.     At 
the  same  time,  it  was  proposed  by  Mr.  Greaves,  who  be- 
longed to  the  library  at  St.  James's,  that  if  our  author 
would   gratify  him   in  the  foregoing   request,    Cromwell 
would  restore  to  him  all  bis  father's  books,  which  were  then 
in  the  royal  library,  having  been  purchased  by  king  James; 
and  withal  give  him  a  patent  for  three  hundred  pounds  a 
year,  to  be  paid  to  the  family  as  long  as  the  youngest  sou 
of  Dr.  Casaubon  should  live,  but  this  also  was  refused. 
Not  long  after,  it  was  intimated  to  him,  by  the  ambassador 
of  Christiana,  queen  of  Sweden,  that  i:he  queen  wished 
him  to  come  over,  and  take  upon  him  the  government  of 
one,  or  inspection  of  all  her  universities ;  and,  as  an  en- 
couragement, she  proposed  not  only  an  honourable  salary 
for  himself,  but  offered  to  settle  three  hundred  pounds  a 
year  upon  bis  eldest  son  during  life  :    but  this  also  he 
waved,  being  fully  determined  to  spend  the  remainder  of 
his  days  in  England.    At  the  restoration  of  king  Charles  IL 
he   recovered   his  preferments ;    namely,  his   prebend  df 
Canterbury  in  July  1660,  and  his  vicarages  of  Monckton 
and  Minster  the  same  year :  but,  two  years  after,  he  ex- 
changed this  last  for  the  rectory  of  Ickham,  near  Canter- 
bury, to  which  he  was  admitted  Oct.  4,   1662.     He  had  a 
'design,  in  the  latter  part  of  his  days,  of  writifrg  his  own 
life;    and  would  often  confess,   that  the  thought  himself 
obliged  to  do  it,  out  of  gratitude  to  the  Divine  Providence, 
which  had  preserved  and  delivered  him  from  more  hazard^ 
ous  occurrences  than  ever  any  man  (as  he.  thought)  besides 
himself  had  encountered  with ;  particularly  in  his  escaffe 


\ 


366  C  A  S  A  U  B  ON. 

{rom  a  fire  in  the  night-time,  which  happened  in  the  houite 
where  he  lived,  at  Geneva,  while  he  was  a  boy :  in  his  re- 
covery from  a  sickness  at  Christ  Church,  in  Oxford,  when 
he  was  given  over  for  dead^  by  a  chemical  preparation  ad« 
ministered  to  hitn  by  a  young  physician  :  in  his  wonderful 
preservation  from  drowning,  when  overset  in  a  boat  on  the 
Thames  near  London,  the  two  watermen  being  drowned, 
and  himself  buoyed  up  by  his  priest*s  coat :  and  in  his 
bearing  several  abuses,  fines,  imprisonments,  &c.  laid 
npon  him  by  the  republicans  in  the  time  of  his  sequestra- 
tion :  but  this  he  did  not  execute.  He  died  July  14,  1671, 
in  the  seventy-second  year  of  his  age,  and  was  buried  in  the* 
south  part  of  the  first  south  cross  aile  of  Canterbury  cathe- 
draL  Over  his  grave  was  soon  after  erected  a  handsome 
monument  with  an  inscription.  He  left  by  will  a  great 
number  of  manuscripts  to  the  university  of  Oxford.  His 
character  is  thus  represented.  He  was  a  general  scholar, 
but  not  of  particular  excellence,  unless  in  criticism,  in 
which  probably  he  was  assisted  by  his  father^s  notes  and 
papers.  According  to  the  custom  of  the  times  he  lived  \^y 
be  displays  his  extensive  reading  by  an  extraprdinai^  mix- 
ture of  Greek  and  Latin  quotations  and  phrases.  He  was 
wont  to  ascribe  to  Descartes's  philosophy,  the  little  incli- 
nation people  had  in  his  tin)e  for  polite  learning.  Sir  WiU 
liam  Temple  very  highly  praises  his  work,  hereafter  men* 
tioned,  on  '^  Enthusiasm  ;^'  and  unquestionably  it  contains 
many  curious  and  learned  remarks ;  buthisbeingamaintainer  * 
of  the  reality  of  witches  and  apparitions,  shews  that  he  was 
not  more  free  from  one  species  of  enthusiasm  than  most  of 
his  contemporaries.  In  his  private  character  he  was  enii- 
nent  for  his  piety,  charity  to  the  poor,  and  his  courteous 
-  and  affable  disposition  towards  scholars.  He  had  several 
children,  but  none  made  any  figure  in  the  learned  world; 
one,  named  John,  was  a  surgeon  at  Canterbury  ^. 

His  works,  besides  bis  two  vindications  already  meib- 
tioned,  are,  1.  ^^  Optati  Libri  vii.  de  Schi^mate  Dona- 
tistarum,  cum  Notis  &  £mendationibt|s,*VLond.  16S2,  8.fo. 
2.  A  translation  from  Greek  into  English  of  <*  M.  Aure- 
Uus  Antoninus's  Meditations  concerning  himself^  with 
notes,**  Lond.  16S4,  and  1635^  4to;  again  with  additiona 
and  corrections,  Lond.  1 664,  Svo.  3.  *'  A  Treatise  of 
Use  and  Custom,'*  Lond.  1638^  8va     4.  '^  The  Use  ef 

♦  A  wrHer  in  a  late  TohmM  of  the  QeAt  Mag'  (^t»  UXVIII.  pw  |9^i 
liaiiasdfltc«titfi^NBthMf«mil|v  .«         ^ 


.G  A  S  A  U  B  O  N.  367 

daily  public  Prayers  in  three  positions,^'  Load.  1641,  4t». 
5.  *^  Marci  Antonini  Imperatoris  de  Seipso  &  ^td  Seipsum 
libri  xii.    Guil.  Xylander  Augustanus  Gra&ce  &  Latiod, pri- 
mus edidit:  nunc  yard,  Xylandri  versionem  lopis  pluriuiis 
einendavit^  &  novam  fecit:  in  Antonini  libros  Notas  & 
Emeildationes  adjecit  Mericus  Casaubonusi  Is.  F.   lu  eos* 
dem  Xylandri  Annotationes/*    Lond.  164S|  ^o,   a  neat 
and  accurate  edition.      6.  *^  The  original  of   Temporal 
Evils  ;  the  opinions  of  the  most  ancient  Heathens^  concern* 
ing  it  examined  by  the  Sacred  Scriptures/ and  referred 
unto  theniy  as  unto  the  source  and  fountain,  from  'whence 
they  spring/'  Lond.   1645,  4to.     7.  *^  A  discourse  con*- 
cerning  Christ  his  Incarnation  and  Exinanition.     With  an 
introduction  concerning  the  principles  of  Christianity  and 
Divinity,"  Lond.   1646,  4to.     8.  ."  De  verboruoi  usu,  & 
accurataB  eorum  cognitionis  utilitate  Diatriba,"  Lond.  1647, 
^8vo.     9.  A,  more  complete  edition  of  his  fathqr^s  notes 
upon  Persius,  than  that  of  1605.    /^  Persii  Satyras  cum 
potis  Isaaci  Casaubon,"  Lond,  1647,  8vo.  -1.0.  ^^Dequa- 
tuor  Linguis  Commentatioiiis,  Pars  I.    Quse   de   Lingua 
Hebraica  &  de  Lingua  Saxonica.    Accesserunt  Gulielmi 
Somneri  ad  verba  vetera  Germanica    Lip^ana    Notary** 
Lond.  1 650,  Svo.     He  had  not  an  opportunity  of  finishipg 
the  two  other  languages,  Greek  and  Latin.     11.  ^*  Teren- 
tius,  cum  notis  Thomue  Farnabii  in  quatuor-  priores  Com<|&* 
dias,  &  Merici  Casauboni  in  Phormionem  &  Hecyram^*' 
Lond.  1651,  12mo.     Farnaby  dying  before  he  had  ^iinish^d 
his  notes  upon  Terence,  the  bookseller  engaged  Casauboo 
to  write  notes  upon  the  two  last  comedies, .  the  Pbormio 
and  the  Hecyra.   ,  12.  ^*  Some  Annotations  on  tbe  Psalms 
and  Proverbs.*'      He   tells  us^    that  these    obseivatiojfis 
.were  extorted  from  him^  by  th^  importunity. jof.printcirSp 
when  b^  was  not  very  well  furnished  either  with  bopkspr 
leisure  ;, but,  worst  of  al),  of  will,  .wheu  nothing  could  be 
expected  to  be  acx^eptahle  add  welcome,,  but  wb^  r^ished 
of  ^chism  and.  rebellion.    Tb<^se  Annqtatiops  we^e  Inserj^d 
.^in  one  of  the  (atter.  editions  of  th^  •*  Assepibly^'^uq^a- 
tioas  oi;i  the  !Bible.V  .  13.  /Mn  HieirqcUs  .commeatfri^m  de 
Provi4enua  &,!^atQ,  ^pt^  &  eip^ndajtiones,*'  Lon^.  lp!^5, 
.8yO|  >nd  1673,  8yo.     Tp  tbisl  be  only  adjded  a  few  grjun- 
.  matipal  and  Qritfcal  notes,  at /the,  epd.     14, /f^il^,1rreatise 
■,  concerning .  Enthusiasm,  as  it  is  an  effect  of  I^ati)r^r;  bu|:  is 
mistaken  by  many  for  either  divine  inspiration,  or  diaboli- 
i  cal  possciteib V  Uind.  1655,  8v^;,  1 15,  <*l>e  hiip^ra^'^o- 


36S  C  A  S  A  U  B  O  N. 

sneri  editioDie  Lugduno-Batavica  Hackiana,  cum  Latins 
versione,  &  Didymi  Scholiis;  sed  &  Eustathio,  &  iocis 
aliquot  insignioribus  ad  Odysseam  pertiaentibus.  Item 
super  loco  Homerico  dubisB  apud  aiitiquos  interpretationis, 
4}uo  Dei  in  homiaum  tarn  mentes  quam  fortuna^  imperium 
aisseritur,  binse  dissertationes,"  Lond.  1659,  8vo,  reprinted 
in  Almeloveeo's  edition  of  Casaubon's  Letters.  1 6.  **  Epic- 
teti  Enchiridion,  Grssce  &  Latine,  cum  notis  Merici  Ca« 
sauboni ;  &  Cebetis  Tabula,  cum  notis  ejusdem,^'  Lond. 
1659,  8vo.  The  Latin  translation  in  this  edition  is  thjat  of 
Jerom  Wolfius.  17.  An  English  translation  of,  and  notes 
on,    ^^  Lucius   Florus's  History   of  the    Romans,'*  Lond. 

1659,  8vo.  18.  *^  A  true  and  faithful  relation  of  what 
passed  for  many  years  between  Dr.  John  Dee  and  some 
Spirits,^'  &c.  And  put  in  the  beginning  a  long  preface, 
to  confirm  the  truth  of  what  is  said  in  that  relation  pon- 
cerning  Spirits,  Lond.  1659,  foL  19.  He  was  author  of, 
**  A  Vindication  of  the  Lord's  Prayer  as  a  formal  prayer, 
and  by  Christ's  institution  to  be  used  by  Christians  as  a 
prayer.  Against  the  antichristian  practice  and  opinion  of 
some  men.  Wherein  also  their  private  and  ungrounded 
zea]  is  discovered,  who  are  so  strict  for  the  observation  of, 
tbq  Lord's-day,  and  make  so  light  of  the  Lord's-prayer^" 
Xond.  1660.  The  first  occasion  of  this  treatise,  as  the 
author  tells  us  in  the  preface,  was  a  strange  report  that  in 
St.  Mary's  church  in  Oxford,  Dr.  John  Owen;  dean  of 
Christ-church,  who  had  the  chief  government  of  that  uni* 
versity  from  1652  to  1657,  put  on  his  hat  when  the  Lord's 
prayer  was  repeating  by. the  preacher.  This  Dr.  Owen 
denied  afterwards.  20.  ^' A  King  and  his  Subjects  unhap* 
pily  fallen  out,  and  happily  reconciled,  in  a  sermon 
preached  at  Canterbury,"  on  Hosea  iii.  ver.  4,  .5,"  Lond. 

1660,  4to.  21.  '^  The  Question  to  whom  it  belonged  an- 
ciently to  preach  i  And  whether  all  priesu  might  or  did  ? 
Discussed  out  of  antiquity.  Occasioned  by  the  late  direc- 
tions concerning  preachers,"  Lond.  1665,  4to.  These 
•directions  were  set  forth  by  the  king,  October  14,  1662, 
to  restrain  the  abuses  and  extravagances  of  preachers. 
22.  *^  Notse  &  emendationes  in  Diogenem  Laertium  de 
Vitist  &c.  Philosophorum ;"  added  to  those  of  his  fether, 
in  the  editions  of  Laertius  printed  at  London  1664^  foL 
^nd  Aoisterdam  in  1692,  4to.  23.  ^^  Of  the  necessity  of 
Reformation  in  and  before  Luther's  time,  ai^  what  visibly 
Jiath  most  hindered  the  progress  of  it     Occasioned  by  some 


C  A  S  A  U  B  O  N.  369 

late  virulent  books  written  by  papists,  but  especially  by 
tbat^  entitled,  Labyrintbus  Cantiariensis,"  Lond.  1664,  4to. 
This  is  chiefly  an  answer  to  "  Labyrinthus  Cantuariensis,'* 
printed  at   Paris   in    1658;    which  pretends    to    confute 
**  Archbishop  Laud's  relatiop  of  a  conference  with  Fisher 
the  Jesuit."     24.  "  An  answer  concerning  tlie  new  way  of 
lafallibitity  lately  devised  to  uphold  the  Jloman  cause  ;  the 
ancient  fathers  and  councils  laid  aside,  against  J.  S.  (the 
author  of  Sure-footing)  his  Letter  lately  published,'*  Lond. 
1665,  8vo.     This  letter  of  J.  S.   (i.  e.  John  Sarjeant,  the 
author  of  Sure^footing,  &c.  so  learnedly  confuted  by  arch- 
bishop Tiliotson)  was  a  sort  of  an  answer  to  some  passages 
in  Dr.  Casauben's  book  "  Of  the  necessity  of  Reforma- 
tion," &c,  and  was  printed  at  the  end  of  Sarjeant's  Sure-' 
footing  in  Christianity.     25.  **  A  Letter  of  Meric  Casau- 
bon,  D.  D,  &c.  to  Peter  du  Moulin,  I).  D.  &c.  concerning 
natural  experimental  philosophy,  and  some  books  lately 
set  out  about  it,"  Cambridge,  1669,  4to.     26.  "Of  Cre- 
dulity and  Incredulity  in  things  natural,  civil,  and  divine ; 
wherein,    among  other   things,    the  sa^ducism   of  these 
times  in  denying  spirits,  witches^  and  supernatural  ope- 
rations,   by    pregnant    instances  and  evidences    is   fully 
confuted;    Epicurus   his   cause  discussed,    and   the  jug- 
gling and   false   dealing   lately  used   to   bring  him   and 
atheism  info  credit,  clearly  discovered;  the  use  and  ne- 
cessity of  ancient  learning  against  the  innovating  humour 
all  along  proved  and  asserted,"  Lond.  1668,  8vo,  two  parts. 
The  third  part  was  printed  at  London,  1670,  8vo,  under 
the  title  "  Of  Credulity  and  Incredulity  in  things  divine 
and  spiritual :  wherein   (among  other  things)  a  true  and 
faithful  account  is  given  of  the  Platonic  philosophy,  as  it 
hath  reference  to  Christianity  :   as  also   the  business  of 
witches  and  witchcraft,  against  a  late  writer,  fully  argued 
and  disputed."     The  laie  writer^  attacked  only  in  the  two 
last  sheets  of  this  book,  was  Mr.  John  Wagstaff,  who  pubr^ 
lished  "The  question  of  Witchcraft  debated  ;  or  a  discourse 
against  their  opinion,  that  affirm  witches,"   Lond.    1669, 
8vd.     But  these  two  parts  of  Dr.  Casaubon'§  book  remain- 
ing unsold,  he  printed  a  new  title  to  them,  running  thus, 
**  A  treatise  proving  Spirits,  Witches,   and  supernatural 
operations    by    pregnant   instances  and   evidences,    &c.'* 
Lortcfon,  1672.     27.  "  Notae  in  Polybium,"  printed  for  the 
jSrst  time-in  Gronovius's  edition,  Amsterdam,   1670,  8vo* 
28.  "  Epistolas,  Dedicationes,  Praefationes,  Prolegomena, 
Vol.  VIIL  Bb 


370  C  A  S  A  U  BT  O  N. 

if,  Tractatus  quidam  rariores.  Curante  Theodoro  Jansdn 
^b  Almeloyeen  ;^'  primed  «t  the  end  of  Isaac  Casauhon's 
Letters,  Roterodami,  1709:  29.  ^^  De  Jure  concionaiidi 
apud  antiquos.^'  This  seems  to  be  the  same  as  the  treatise 
mentioned  above  No.  22,  or  perhaps  it  was  a  Latin  transla- 
tion of  it.  *       * 

CASCHIy  the  suraacne  of  Kemaleddin  Abulganem  Ah^ 
dalrazzak  b^n  Yepnaleddin,  a  famous  do4?tor>  classed  by 
Yafii  among  the  mus&ulman  saints,  is  the  author  of  several 
works,  and  among  th^m  one  eotitted  ^*  Esthelahah  al  So- 
siah)"  of  the  practices  and  mode  of  speaking  of  the  sopbis, 
or  monks  of  the  mussulmans,  of  whom  he  was  one  of  tbe 
chief^t  That  which  bears  the  title  of  ^^  Menazel  al  sairin,^'' 
the  lodgings  for  travellers,  is  another  spiritual  book  of  the 
si^me  author.  **  Tavilat  al  Koran  al  hakim/'  commentaries 
Qn  the  Korau,  are  likewise  by  him,  and  were  in  the  French 
king's  library,  number  641.  The  Rabi  al  Abrar  relates, 
th^t  this  doctor,  who  was  the  oracle  of  his  time,  >  preaching 
one  djay  at  Medina,  a  contemplative  person  retired  t*  a 
corner  ol  tbe  mosque  for  the  purpose  of  meditation,  with-- 
out  paying  any  aUentton  to  the  discourse  of  CaschL  One 
of  the  audience  asking  him  why  he  did  not  hearken  like  tbe 
rest,  this  spiritual  man  replied  :  ^^  When  the  master  speaks, 
it  is  not  reasonable  to  Usten  to  what  the  servant  says.*' 
Th^  two  following  lines  of  Persian  poetry  are  quoted  from 
Caschi : 

The  sufierings  that  come  ih>m  God^  ought  not  to  be  called  afflic- 
tions : 

n^sed  is  the  aipiction,  and  hs^jr  is  he  who  siiffbrs  it>  when  it 
proceeds  from  on  high. 

The  allusioa  of  the  words  bela  and  bala  is  extremely 
beautiful  in  the  Persian  original.  Caschi  is  also  the  sur- 
name of  Yahia  ben  Ahmed,  who  lived  in  the  tenth  centuiijr 
of  the  hegira,  of  whom  we  have  scholia  or  marginal  notes, 
entitled  ^'  Haschiab,"  on  the  book  of  Samarcaiidi,  named 
Adab  al  baiiatb.  * 

CASCHIRT,  or  CASCHERI,  is  the  surname  of  Imam 
Abu}  Hassan,  who  wrote  the  lives  of  the  mussulmaii  saints. 
Yafei  makes  mention  of  this  book  in  the  work  he  composed 
on  the  same  subject :  he  is  likewise  author  of  the  book  en- 
titled "  Lathaii^"  which  is  highly  esteemed  for  its  inge- 
nious fictions  and  its  spiritual  allegorie:^  On  the  words 
that  Mohammed  puts  into  die  mDuth  of  Pharaoh,  in  the 

1  Gen.  Diet— Biog.  Brit.  «  D'Herbelot. 


C  A  S  C  H  I  R  I.  S7r 

> 

chapter  of  the  K<nran  entitled  Nazeat :  ^  I  am  thy  mastet 
and  thy  God/*  he  says  that  the  devil^  having  heard  them^ 
complained,  that  for  having  only  tempted  Adam  mth  the 
desire  of  a  knowledge  equal  to  that  oi  God,  he  was  plunged 
into  hts  present  unhappy  condition  ;  and  that  Pharaoh,  who 
wanted  to  pass  himself  for  God,  had  only  incurred  the 
same  punishment.  This  Imam  is  in  universal  esteem  as 
one  of  the  greatest  divines  of  Mohammedanism ;  it  is  he 
who  expladns  the  right  way,  spoken  of  in  the  first  chapter 
•of  die  Koran  in  these  terms :  ^^  That  ttian  walks  in  the 
right  way  who  never  stops  till  he  is  arrived  at  the  end  of 
his  journey,  which  is  the  union  with  God."  He  likewise 
makes  this  reflection  on  the  chapter  in  the  same  book,  en- 
titled An^m,  where  it  is  said  that  we  must  avoid  both 
inward  and  outward  sins:  the  reason^  he  says,  is  presently 
subjoined  in  these  words  :  "  God  has  loaded  you  with  be- 
nefits both  within  and  without :  therefore,  adds  he,  the^ 
benefits  ought  to  be  not  only  the  motive  to  the  keeping  of 
the  commandments  and  the  avoiding  of  sin,  but  they 
shoald  teach  us  also  that  the  best  means  of  obtaining  the 
pardon  of  our  transgressions  is  to  be  continually  thanking 
God  for  his  favours."  Thi$  Imam  has  made  an  abridg^- 
inent  of  the  book  of  Takieddin,  entitled  "  Sahih."  There 
is  another  Caschiri,  whose  proper  name  is  Mossalem  ben 
iiegkige  al  Nischaburi,  a  native  of  Nischabur,  a  city  of 
Khurassan,  who  died  in  the  year  of  the  hegira  261.^ 

CASE  (John),  M.  D.  a  physician  and  philosopher  of 
Oxford,  was  born  at  Woodstock  in  that  county,  and  edu- 
cated in  New  college,  Oxford,  where,  as  well  as  in  Christ 
Church,  he  was  some  time  chorister.  In  1564  he  was 
elected  scholar  of  St.  John*s  college,  proceeded  M.  A.  was 
jnade  fellow  of  the  house,  ahd  was  accounted  one  of  the 
most  acute  disputants  of  his  time.  He  forsook  his  fellty^- 
diip,  as  supposed,  on  account  of  his  inclination  to  the 
Homan  catfaoHc  religion,  but  appears  to  have  concealefd 
this,  as  we  find  him  in  1589  made  prebendary  of  North 
Aulton,  in  the  church  of  Salisbury.  In  the  mean  time  he 
was  reckoned  so  able  an  instructor,  that  he  was  permitted* 
to  keep  a  sort  of  private  academy  in   St.  Mary  Magdalen^s 

*  This  permission  must  not  be  ua-*  educatioD,  which'  was  allowed  in  a  few 

derstood  as  alluding  to  his    catholic  instances  at  this  time,  and  Case  and 

principles,   which  probably  wen:  not  other  teachers  were  intended  to  be  pro- 

generaliy  known,  hot  as  being  a  devia^  moted  to  headships  whea  they  became 

tiou  from  the  more  regular  mode  of  vacant. 

I  D'Herbelot. 
B  B  2 


372  CASE. 

* 

parish,  where  he  held  declamations,  disputations,  and  ex* 
ercises,  as  in  the  other  colleges  and  balls,  and  bis  auditors 
were  numerous,  particularly  of  young  men  of  popish  prin*^ 
oiples ;  and  several  men  of  eminence  came  from  his  school. 
His  printed  works  were  also  held  in  considerable  estima- 
tion. His  learning  was  various,  but  he  inclined  qiost  to 
medicine,  and  was  admitted  to  his  doctor's  degree  in  that; 
6i,calty  in  1589.  In  1574  he  married  Elizabeth,  the  wi- 
dow of  one  Dpbson,  keeper  of  the  Bocardo  prison.  By 
bis  lectures,  and  by  bis  medical  practice  he  acquired  a 
considerable  fortune,  much  of  which  he  bestowed  on  pious 
uses.  He  was  a  man,  says  Wood,  ^^  of  an  innocent,  meek, 
religious,  and  studioifs  life,  of  a  facete  and  affable  conver- 
sation; a  lover  of  scholars,  beloved  by  them  again,  and 
bad  in  high  veneration."  Pits  gives  nearly  the  same  cha- 
racter. .  Dodd  only  laments  that  he  liurt  his  conscience  by 
occasional  conformity  to  the  reformed  religion,  and  says 
that  he  never  made  a  candid  confession  of  bis  faith  till  he 
lay  in  his  last  sickness^  when  he  was  assisted  by  a  priest  of 
the  Roman  catholic  c^omm union.  He  died  at  his  house  in 
Oxford,  Jan.  23,  1600,  and  was  interred  in  the  chapel  of 
St.  John's  college,  where  a  monument  was  afterwards 
erected  to  his  memory^  He  was  one  of  the  benefactors  to 
this  college. 

He  wrote,  1.  "  Summa  veterum  interpreturo  in  uuiver- 
sam  dialecticam  Aristotelis,"  London,  1584,  4to;  Oxon. 
1592,  1598,  4to.  2.  "  Speculum  moraliijm  questionum  in 
universam  ethicam  Aristotelis,"  Oxon.  1585,  4to ;  Francf. 
1616,  8vo.  3.  "  Sphssra  civitatis,  sive  de  politica,"  Oxon. 
1588,  4to;  Francf.  1616,  8vo.  The  former  edition  was 
printed  by  Barnes,  and  having  been  pirated  on  the  conti- 
nent, Barnes  obtained  an  order  that  every  bachelor  of  arts, 
when  he  dettrminedy  should  provide  himself  with  a  genuine 
copy.  4.  '*  Apologia  musices,  tam  vocalis,  quam  instru* 
mentalis,  et  mixta?,"  Oxon.  1568,  8vo.  Wood  mentions  a 
book  entitled  "The  Praise  of  Music,  &c."  1586,  .8vo, 
which  an  ingenious  writer  in  the  Bibliographer  (vol.H.)  is 
inclined  to  attribute  to  Dr.  Case,  and  Dr.  Farmer  was  of 
^the'same  ppinioii.  The  most  conclusive  proof  must  depend 
on  a  comparison  of  the  Latin  with  the  English  work,  nei- 
ther of  which  is  at  present  within  our  reach.  5.  *'  The- 
saurus oeconomiae,  seu  commentarius  ip  oeconoraia  Aristote- 
lis,"  Oxon.  1597;  Hanov.  1598,  8vo.  6.  "  Appendix  The- 
sium  oeconomicariim,"  ibid.  7.  "  Reflex  us  speculi  mora- 
lis,  seu  comment,  in  m^gna  moralia  Arist"  Oxon.'  1696. 


CASE.  375 

8.  "  Lapis  Philosophicus,  seu  comment  in  octo  libros  phi- 
sicorum  Arist."  Oxoii.  1599,  4to.  9.  "  AnciUa  philoso- 
phise, seu  Epit.  in  8  lib.  Arist."  Oxon.  1599,  4to.  ' 

CASE  (John),  M.  D.  among  Granger's  heroes,  was  a 
noted  astrologer  in  the  time  of  queen  Anne,  and  succeeded 
Lilly,  who  left  him  possessed  of  his  apparatus,  particu- 
larly his  darkened  chamber,  and  pictures,  with  which  he 
pretended  to  shew  his  customers  their  absent  friends.  Case 
used  to  exhibit  these  to  his  intimates,  in  the  hours  of  con- 
viviality, laughing  at  the  folly  and  credulity  of  the  people. 
Over  his  door  was  written, 

"  Within  this  place 
Lives  Dr.  Case." 

By  which  distich  the  author  of  the  Tatler  says,  he  probably 
got  more  than  Dryden  did  by  all  his  works.  Haller  also 
mentions  a  doctor  John  Case  who  published  in  1694, 
**  Compendium  Anatormicum,  nova  methodo  instructum,'* 
12mo,  in  which  the  writer  strenuously  defends  the  opi- 
nion of  De  Graaf,  that  quadrupeds,  and  all  other  animals,  as 
well  as  birds,  proceed  ab  ovo.  ^  But  we  doubt  whether  our 
astrologer  had  learning  enough  for  a  work  of  this  descrip*- 
tion,  or  ever  published  more  than  a  hand-bill.  Those  who 
have  the  curiosity  to  peruse  some  of  these  effusions  may 
indulge  it  in  our  authorities,  ^ 

CASE  (Thomas),  an  eminent  nonconformist  divine,  the 
son  of  George  Case,  vicar  of  Boxley  in  Kent,  was  born 
there  in  1598  or  1599,  and  became  student  of  Christ  chftirch, 
Oxford,  up6n  the  recommendation  of  Toby  Mathew,  arch- 
bishop of  York,  in  1616.  After  taking  his  degrees  in  arts, 
he  went  into  the  church,  and  preached  for  some  time  in 
Oxfordshire  and  Kent,  and  held  the  living  of  Erpingham  in 
Norfolk,  from  which  he  was  ejected  for  nonconformity.  In 
1641,  he  joined  in  principle  and  practice  with  the  parUa- 
xnent,  and  about  that  time  was  minister  of  St.  Mary  Mag- 
dalen, Milk-street,  London,  in  the  room  of  a  sequestered 
loyalist.  One  of  the  party  journals  of  the  time  informs  us 
that  in  administering  the  sacrament,  he  used  to  say,  instead 
of  "Ye  that  do  truly  and  earnestly  repent,  &c."  '*  Ye  that 
have  freely  and  liberally  contributed  to  the  parliament, 
&c« ;"  but  this  was  probably  the  squib  of  the  day.  Case, 
with  all  his  republican  zeal,  was  a  man  of  real  piety ;  but 

^  Wood's  Atb.  and  Annals  and  Hist,  of  the  UniTersity, — Dodd's  Church  Hist, 
vol.  II:— Bn>li<lgrapher,  vol.  II. 
•  Tatter,  with  notes,  ▼•!.  IV.— Qfmnser.— Swift's  Works,  vol,  V.  p.  33. 


374  CASE. 

the  former  certainly  betrayed  bim  into  extreme  violence  ill 
bis  discourses,  which  is  poorly  excused  by  his  biographer 
telling  us  of  his  having  been  ejected  from  bis  living  by 
bishop  Wren.  When  in  London  he  was  the  institutor  of 
the  Morning  Exercise,  which  was  kept  up  in  the  city  many 
years  after,  and  produced  some  of  the  ablest  sermons  of 
the  nouconJFormist  clergy.  From  the  living  of  Milk-street 
he  was  turned  out,  for  refusing  the  engagement  *,  and  was 
afterwards  lecturer  at  Aldermanbury  and  St.  Giles's  Crip- 

J legate.  He  was  imprisoned  six  months  in  the  Tower, 
or  being  implicated  in  Love's  plot,  liut  Love  only  was 
made  a  sacrifice,  and  Mr.  Case  and  his  fellow-prisoners 
Mr.  Jenkyn,  Mr.  Watson,  &c.  jwere  released  and  restored 
to  their  livings.  He  was  afterwards  rector  of  St.  Giles's  in 
the  Fields.  In  1660,  he  was  one  of  the  ministers  deputed 
to  wait  on  the  king  at  the  Hague ;  and  in  1661,  one  of  the 
commissioners  at  the  fruitless  Savoy  conference.  He  ap- 
pears to  have  retained  his  living  in  Milk-street  after  the 
.  restoration,  as  it  was  from  that  he  was  finally  ejected.  He 
died  May  30,  1682,  and  was  buried  in  Christ  church,  New- 
gate-street. Dr.  JacoD[^b,  who  preached  his  funeral  ser- 
mon, gives  him  an  excellent  and  probably  a  just  character : 
and  it  is  certain  that  he  lived  to  repent  of  the  intemperance 
of  his  harangues  at  the  commencement  of  the  rebellion. 
This  led  him  to  subscribe  the  two  papers  declaring  against 
the  proceedings  of  the  parliament  in  1648,  and  the  bring- 
ing king  Charles  to  a  trial.  His  works  consist  chiefiy  of 
sermons  preached  on  public  occasions,  before  the  parlia- 
ment and  at  funerals,  enumerated  by  Calamy.  * 

CASEL  (John),  a  German  divine,  was  originally  of  the 
Netherlands,  but  born  at  Gottingen  in  the  duchy  of  Bruns- 
wick, May  18,  1533,  of  a  family  that  had  been  ruined  ia 
the  wars  for  religion.  His  father,  who  had  embraced  the 
principles  of  the  reformers,  taught  and  preached  in  Eng- 
land, Scotland,  and  Spain.  The  son  studied  at  various  aca- 
demies, and  had,  among  his  other  masters,  Melancthon  and 
Camerarius.  In  1563  he  was  invited  to  the  chair  of  philo- 
sophy and  eloquence  at  Rostock,  and  in  a  tour  to  Italy 
received  the  degree  of  doctor  of  laws  in  the  university  of 

*  This  was  an  oath,  substituted  for  those  who  took  it  "  to  be  true  and 
those  of  allegianee  and  supremacy,  faithful  to  the  government  established, 
after  the  death  of  Charles  I.  binding     without  king,  or  house  of  peers.'* 

1  Calamy.— Ath.  Ox.  vol.  II.— Walker's  Sofferin^s  of  the  Clergy. 


C  A  S  E  L.  375 

Tisa.  He  was  afterwards  professor  of  philosophy  at  Helm- 
stadt,  where  be  died  April  9,  1613.  He  carried  on  a  cor- 
respondence with  most  of  the  learned  men  of  his  time.  He 
was  particularly  coaversant  in  the  Greek  fathers.  Along 
with  Dr.  Duncan  Liddel  and  Cornelius  Martin,  he  opposed 
the  opinion  of  Daniel  Hoffman,  and  some  others,  who 
maintained  that  philosophy  was  irreconcileable  with  theo- 
l^SVt  ^"^  ^b^t  there  are  many  things  true  in  the  latter 
which  are  false  in  the  former.  He  wrote  a  great  many 
works  in  ?erse  and  prose,  and  in  Greek  and  Latin,  princi- 
pally annotations  on  Cebes'  Table,  Epictetus,  Xenophon*s 
Cyropsedia,  Demetrius  Pbalereus,  Xenophon's  Memora- 
bilia, &c.  and  a  collection  of  letters,  Francfort,  1687,  8vo. 
Many  of  his  letters  also  occur  in  the  writings  of  his  con- 
temporaries. His  life  is  in  ^^  VitBe  eruditissimorum  in  re 
litteraria  virorum,'*  Leipsic,  1713,  8vo.  * 

CASES  (Peter  James),  a  painter,  was  born  at  Paris  in 
1676,  where  he  also  died  in  the  month  of  June  1754.  He 
had  for  masters  in  his  art  Houasse,  aud  afterwards  Bou 
Boullogne.  He  obtained  the  grand  prize  of  painting  in 
1699,  and  was  received  member  of  the  academy  in  1704. 
Cases  may  be  considered  as  one  of  the  first  painters  of  the 
French  school.  His  drawing  is  correct,  and  in  the  grand 
style,  his  compositions  bear  marks  of  genius ;  he  excels 
in  draperies,  and  possesses  a  knowledge  of  the  chiaroscuro 
to  a  very  high  degree.  His  strokes  are  mellow,  and  his 
peacil  brilliant.  There  is  much  freshness  in  his  tints.  This 
famous  artist  worked  with  great  industry ;  but  his  per- 
formances are  not  all  of  equal  beauty.  Towards  the  latter 
end  of  his  life,  the  coldness  of  age  and  the  weakness  of  his 
organs,  occasioned  him  to  produce  pictures  which  betray 
the  decline  of  his  powers.  Some  6f  his  works  may  be  seen 
at  Paris,  in  the  church  of  Notre  Dame,  in  the  college  of 
Jesuits,  at  the  house  of  charity,  at  the  petit  St.  Antoine, 
at  the  chapel  of  la  Jussienne,  at  the  abbey  of  St.  Martin, 
and  particularly  at  St«  Germain-des.Pr^s,  where  he  has 
represented  the  lives  of  St.  Germain  and  of  St.  Vincent. 
^  holy  family  at  St.  Louis  de  Versailles,  is  much  admired, 
and  is  one  of  his  best  productions.  Cases  mostly  excelled 
in  pictures  with  horses.  The  king  of  Prussia  has  two  fine 
pieces  by  this  painter,  which  have  been  compared  for  their 

1  Moreri. — Saxh  Onoinasticon. 


376  C  A  S  E  S. 

execution  with  the  works  of  Correggid.     The  celebrateSl 
Le  Moine  was  a  scholar  of  Cases.  *  * 

CASIMIR.     See  SARBIEUSKI. 

CA8LON  (William),  eminent  in  an  art  of  the  grieatest 
consequence  to  literature,    that    of  letter-founding,    wa^ 
born  in   1692,    in  the  part  of  the  town  of  Hales-Owea 
\vhich  is  situated  in  Shropshire^     Though  he  justly  attained 
the  character  of  being  the  Coryphaeus  in  letter-founding, 
he  was  not  brought  up  to  the  business  ;  and  it  is  observed 
by  Mr.  Mores,  that  this  handiwork  is  so  concealed  among 
the  artificers  of  it,  that  he  could  not  discover  that  any  one 
had  taught  it  to  another ;  but  every  person  who  had  used 
it  had  acquired  it  by  his  own  ingenuity.   Mr.  Caslon  served 
a  regular  apprenticeship  to  an  engraver  of  ornaments  on 
gun-barrels,  and,  after  the  expiration  of  his  term,  carried 
on  this  trade  in  Vine-street,  near  the  Minories.     He  did 
not,  however,  solely  confine  his  ingenuity  to  that  instru- 
ment, but  employed  himself  likewise  in  making  toots  for 
the  book-binders,    and    for  the  chasing  of  silver  plate. 
Whilst  he  was  engaged  in  this  business,  the  elder  Mr. 
Bowyer  accidentally  saw  in  a  bookseller's  shop^  the  let- 
tering of  a  book  uncommonly  neat ;  and  inquiring  who  the 
artist  was  by  whom  the  letters  were  made,  was  thence  in- 
duced to  seek  an  acquaintance  with  Mr.  Caslon.     Not  long 
after,  Mr.  Bowyer  took  Mr.  Caslon  to  Mr.  James's  foundery, 
in  Bartholomew-close.     Caslon  had  never  before  that  time 
seen  any  part  of  the  business ;    and  being  asked  by  his 
friend  if  he  thought  he  could  undertake  to  cut  types,  he 
requested  a  single  day  to  consider  the  mattisr,  and  then 
replied  that  he  had  no  doubt  but  he  could.     Upon  this 
answer,  Mr.  Bowyer,  Mr.  Bettenham,  and  Mr.  Watts,  then 
eminent  printers,  had  such  a  confidence  in  his  abilities,  that 
they  lent  him'  500/.  to  begin  the  undertaking,  and  he  ap- 
plied himself  to  it  with  equal  assiduity  and  success.     In 
1720,  the  society  for  promoting  Christian  knowledge,  in 
consequence  of  a  representation  from  Mr.  Solomon  Negri, 
a  native  of  Damascus,  in  Syria,  who  was  well  skilled  in 
the  Oriental  tongues,  and  had  been  professor  of  Arabic,  in 
places  of  note,  deemed  it  expedient  to  print,  for  the  use 
of  the  eastern  churches,  the  New  Testament  and  Psalter  in 
the  Arabic  language.     These  were  intended  for  the  benefit 
•f  the  poor  Christians  in  Palestine^  Syria,  Mesopotamia, 

1  Diet  Hist. 


C  A  S  L  O  N.  377 

Arabia^  and  Mgypt^  the  constitution  of  which  countries  did 
not  permit  the  exercise  of  the  art  of  printing.  Upon  this  oc- 
casion, Mr.  Caslon  was  pitched  upon  to  cut  the  fount ;  in  his 
specimens  of  which  he  distinguished   it  by  the  name  of 
■  English  Arabic.     After  he  had  finished  this  fount,  he  cut 
the  letters  of  his  own  name  in  pica  Roman,  and  placed 
.tbem  at  the  bottom  of  one  of  the  Arabic  specimens.     The 
.  name  being  seen  by  Mr.  Palmer  (the  reputed  author  of  a 
history  of  printing,  which  was,  in  fact,  written  by  Psa)- 
manaazar),  «he  advised  our  artist  to  cut  the  whole  fount  of 
-pica.     This,  was  accordingly  done,  and  the  performance 
•exceeded  the  le.tter  of  the  other  founders  of  the  time. .  But 
.  Mr.  Palmer,    whose,  circumstances  required   credit  with 
tho$e  whose  business  would  have  been  hurt  by  Mn  Caslon's 
-  superior  execution,  repented  of  the  advice  he  had  given 
him,  and  endeavoured  to  discourage  him  from  any  farther 
tprogresSf      Mr.  Caslon,    being   justly  disgusted   at  such 
.  treatment,  applied  to  Mr.  Bowyer,  under  whose  inspec- 
ition  he  cut,  in  1722,  the  beautiful  fount  of  English  which 
.^ was  .used  in. printing  Selden's  works,  and  the  Coptic  types 
.that  were  employed  in  Dr.  Wilkius's  edition  of  the  Penta- 
^  teuch^     Under  the  farther  encouragement  of  Mr.  Bowyer, 
Mr.  Bettenham^  and  Mr.  Watts,  he  proceeded  with  vigour 
in  his  employment,. and  Mr.  Bowyer  was  always  acknow- 
ledged by  him  to  be  his  master,  from  whom  he  had  learned 
bis  art.    In  letter- founding  he  arrived  at  length  to  such  per- 
fection, that  he  not  only  relieved  his  country  from  the  ne- 
.  cessity  of  importing  types  from  Holland,  but  in  the  beauty 
and  elegance  of  those  made  by  him,  he  so  far  exceeded 
the  productions  of  the  best  artificers,  that  his  workmanship   « 
was  frequently  exported  to  the  continent.     Indeed,  it  may 
with  great  justice  and  confidence  be  asserted,  that  a  more 
beautiful  specimen  than  his  is  not  to  be  found  in  any  part 
of  the  world.     Mr.  Caslon's  first  founderv  was  in  a  small 
,    ho.use  in  Helmet-row,  Old-street     He  afterwards  removed 
into  Irqnmonger-row ;  and  about  1735,  into  Chiswel  I -street, 
where  his  foundery  became,  in  process  of  time,  the  most 
.capital  one   that  exists  in.  this  or  in  foreign   countries. 
Having  acquired  opulence  in  the  course  of  his  employment, 
he  was  put  into  the  commission  of  the  peace  for  the  county 
of  Middlesex.     Towards  the  latter  end  of  his  Jife,  his  eldest 
son,  William,  being  in  partnership  with  him,  he  retired  in 
a  great  measure  from  the  active  execution  of  business.    His 
last  country  residence  was  at  Bethnal-green,  where  he  died  ^ 


S78  C  A  S  L  O  N. 

* 

Jan.  23^  1766,  aged  seventj^four.  He  was  interred  Tn 
tbe  church-yard  of  St  Luke,  Middlesex,  in  which  parish 
all  his  different  founderies  were  situated,  and  where  they 
are  still  carried  on  by  one  of  his  descendants,  under  tbe 
firm  of  Caslon  and  Catherwood*  Mr.  Caslon  was  univer- 
sally esteemed  as  a  first-rate  artist,  a  tender  master,  and 
an  honest)  friendly,  and  benevolent  man ;  and  sir  John 
Hawkins  has  particularly  celebrated  his  hospitality,  his  so- 
cial qualities,  and  his  love  of  music.  ^ 

GASMAN  (Otto),  a  German  divine,  who  flourished  in 
the  sixteenth  century,  and  died  Aug.  1,  1607,  aged  forty- 
five,  was  president  of  the  college  of  Stade,  and  one  of 
the  first  of  those  writers  who  were  called  Scriptural  philo^ 
sophers.  They  supposed  all  philosophy  to  be  derived  from 
divine  revelation,  and  despairing  of  being  able  to  arrive  at 
any  true  knowledge  of  nature,  by  the  light  of  reason,  had 
recourse  to  the  sacred  oracles,  and  particularly  to  tbe 
Mosaic  history  of  the  creation,  and  endeavoured  upon  this 
foundation  to  raise  a  new  structure  of  philosophy.  Gasman 
was  also  dissatisfied  with  the. unprofitable  subtleties  of  the 
Aristotelian  philosophy,  and  determined,  in  the  study  of  na- 
ture, rather  to  rely  upon  tbe  decision  of  the  sacred  writings, 
than  upon  the  doctrine  of  the  ancient  heathen  philosophers. 
Even  in  his  explanation  of  scripture  he  refused  to  call  in 
tbe  assistance  of  philosophical  rules  of  interpretation.  In 
a  work  entitled  ^  Cosmopoeia,^'  on  the  formation  of  the 
world,  be  derives  his  physical  doctrine  from  the  scriptures ; 
and  in  his  '^  Modesta  Assertio  Philosophiae  et  Ghristianie 
et  VersB,"  he  professes  to  write  Ghristian  institutes  of 
grammar,  rhetoric,  logic, /arithmetic,  &c.  Henry  Alsted, 
Dr.  Dickinson,' and  Dr.  Burnett,  &c.  are  also  ranked  among 
scriptural  philosophers. 

Gasman  published,  1.  '^  Anthropotogia,"  Hanov.  1596, 
8vo.  2.  "  Questiones  Marinas,"  Francf.  1596,  8vo,  and 
1607,  8vo.  3.  "  Angelographia,*'  ibid.  15^7,  8vo.  4. 
^'  Gosmopceia  et  Ouranographia  Gbristiana,  ibid.  1597, 
8vo,  5.  ^^  Somatologia,"  ibid.  1598,  8vo.  6.  '^  Astrologia, 
Gbronograjphia,  et  Astromanteia,"  ibid.  1599,  8vo.  7.  *^  De 
Vita  hominis  triplici,"  ibid.  1602,  8vo.  8.  "  Vade  mecum 
cara  Pietas,  et  rara  Garitas/' ibid.  1605,  8vo.  9.  ^^  Nu- 
cleus my  steriorum  Naturae  enucleatus,^'  Hamb.  1605,  8vo.* 

I  Nichols's  Life  of  Bowyer. — Hawkins's  Hist,  of  Music— Biog*  Srit. 
•  Moreri. — Witte's  DIarium  Biographicum.— Brucker. 


J 


C  A  S  S  A  G  N  E  S.  879 

» 

CASSAGNES  (James),  a  doctor  of  divinity,  born  at 
Niames  in  1633,  was  son  of  Michael  Cassagnes,  master  of 
the  requests  to  the  duke  of  Orleans,  afterwards  treasurer 
to  the  demesne  of  the  Seneschally  of  Nismes.  He  was  ad- 
mitted into  the  French  academy  at  the  age  of  twenty-seven, 
in  consequence  of  an  ode  written  in  its  praise,  1660  ;  and 
the  poem  he  published  the  year  following,  in  which  he  in- 
troduces Henry.  IV.  giving  instructions  to  Louis  XIV, 
gained  him  the  friendship  of  M.  Colbert.  This  minister 
procured  him  a  pension  from  the  court,  appointed  him 
keeper  of  the  king's  library,  and  nominated  him  one  of 
the  Erst  four  academician^,  who  originally  composed  the 
academy  of  inscriptions.  The  abb£  Cassagnes  was  pre- 
paring to  preach  at  court,  when  Boileau  placed  bis  name 
by  that  of  Cotin  in  his  third  satire  :  this  satirical  stroke  made 
him  renounce  the  pulpit,  and  preyed  on  a  mind  probably 
vain  and  weak.  Imagining,  afterwards,  that  he  had  en- 
tirely lost  the  esteem  of  the  public,  he  thought  to  recover 
bis  reputation  by  publishing  a  multiplicity  of  works ;  but 
too  great  application,  joined  to  a  morose  temper,  and  many 
disappointments,  impaired  his  understanding,  and  his 
friends  were  obliged  to  place  him  at  St.  Lazare,  where  he 
died.  May  19 j  1679,  aged  46.  He  left  odes,  which  are 
printed  separately,  and  in  collections;  a  translation  of 
Cicero's  Rhetoric,  12mo,  and  of  Sallust,  12mo,  and  other 
forgotten  works." 

CASSANA  (NiccoLO),  called  Nicoletto,  a  Venetian 
artist,  was  born  at  Venice  in  1659,  and  was  the  eldest  soa 
and  disciple  of  John  Francis  Cassana,  a  Genoei^,  who  bad 
been  taught  the  art  of  painting  by  Bernardino  Strozzi,  and 
tinder  his  direction  became  an  eminent  portrait- painter; 
and  the  grand  duke  of  Tuscany  invited  him  to  his  court, 
where  h^  painted  the  portraits  of  that  prince  and  the  prin- 
cess Violante  his  consort.  Of  the  historical  subjects  paint* 
ed  by  this  master  while  he  resided  at  Florence,  perhaps 
the  most  considerable  was  the  Conspiracy  of  Catiline :  it 
consisted  of  nine  figures  as  large  as  life,  down  to  the  knees; 
and  the  two  principal  figures  were  represented,  as  with  one 
band  joined  in  the  presence  of  their  companions,  and  in 
their  other  hand  holding  a  cup  of  blood.  Nicoletto  was 
invited  to  England,  with  strong  assurances  of  a  generous 
reception  ;  and  on  his  arrival,  painted  the  portrait  of  queea 

*  Morai.— rL'Advocat 


no  C  A  S  S  A  N  A. 

Anne,  in  which  he  succeeded  so  happily,  that  the  queen 
distinguished  him  by  many  nf)arks  of  favour  and  of  honour; 
but  he  had  not  the  happiness  to  enjoy  his  good  fortune  for 
any  length  of  time,  dying  in  London,  universally  regretted, 
ih  the  year  1713.  He  had  a  younger  brother,  G.  Augus- 
tine Cassana,  who,  though  a  good  portrait-painter,  pre- 
ferred the  representation  of  animals  and  various  fruits ;  his 
pictures  of  that  class  are  frequent  in  the  collections  of  Italy, 
and  sometimes  ascribed  to  Castiglione.  He  had  a  sistler, 
Maria  Vittoria  Cassana,  who  painted  images  of  devotion 
for  private  amateurs,  and  died  at  Venice  in  the  beginning 
of  the  last  century. » 

CASSANDER  (George),  a  learned  popish  divine  of 
conciliatory  principles,  was  bom  in  1515,  in  the  isle  of 
Cadsand,  near  Bruges,  whence  he  took  his  name.  He  was 
deeply  skilled  in  the  languages,  polite  literature,  civil  law^ 
and  divinity ;  and  taught  the  belles  lettres  at  Ghent,  Bruges, 
and  other  places  with  great  reputation.  He  afterwards  di- 
rected almost  his  sole  attention  to  theological  studies,  and 
retiring  to  Cologne,  prosecuted  his  favourite  idea  of  form- 
ing an  union  and  reconciliation  between  the  Roman  catho- 
lics and  protestants.  With  this  view  he  published  without 
his  name  in  1562,  a  small  work,  entitled  ^^  De  Officio  Viri 
pii,  &c."  which  favouring  the  Roman  catholic  church,  on 
the  general  ground  of  authority,  engaged  him  in  a  contro- 
versy with  Calvin,  who  thought  that  it  was  written  by  Bau- 
douin,  a  celebrated  lawyer ;  and  although  the  true  author 
was  discovered,  the  controversy  went  on.  The  sentiments 
of  Cassander,  however,  appeared  in  so  favourable  a  light  to  ' 
the  German  princes,  that  they  fixed  upon  him  as  a  media- 
tor in  the  religious  disputes.  Under  this  character  he  com- 
posed his  famous  piece  entitled  ^^  Consultatio  Cassandri,'^ 
in  which  he  discusses  the  several  articles  of  the  Augsburg 
confession,  stating  their  difference  from  the  doctrines  of 
the  catholic  church,  and  the  concessions  that  might  be 
safely  made  with  respect  to  them.  This  work,  which  was' 
written  with  great  liberality,  was  much  applauded  by  those' 
who  were  desirous  of  a  coalition,  but  who  were  soon  con- 
vinced that  every  attempt  of  this  kind  was  nugatory.  Cas- 
sander died  in  1566.  M.  De  Thou  represents  him  as  mo- 
dest, void  of  arrogance  and  acrimony ;  and  he  was  as  ardent 
in  his  wishes  for  a  religious  union,  and  made  as  many  con- 

>  Pilkington. 


C  A  S  S  A  N  D  E  R.  881 

cessions  for  the  accomplishment  of  this  object,  as  could  be 
expected  from  a  person  who  continued  in  the  catholic 
co^imunion.  Others,  his  contemporaries,  speak  highly  of 
him,  but  many  of  his  works  were  censured  or  condemned 
by  the  council  of  Trent.  His  works  were  first  printed  se- 
parately, and  afterwards  collected  in  a  folio  volume,  Paris, 
1616.  Dupin  bestows  a  prolix?,  but  interesting  article  on 
Cassander.  ^ 

CASSANDRA.     See  FIDELIS. 
.   CASSERIUS   (JutiHs),   a  distinguished  anatomist,  of 
bumble  parentage,  but  of  great  talents,  was  born  at  Pla- 
centia  in   1545.     His  genius  leading  him  to  the  study  of 
anatomy,  he  went  to  Padua,  and  became  a  servant  to  Fabri- 
cius,  who  made  him  his  pupil  and  assistant,  and  at  length, 
coadjutor  in  the  professorship  of  anatomy.     This  office,  to 
which  he  was  preferred,  in  1609,  he  continued  to  fill  with 
credit  until  1616,  wh^i  he  died.  .  As  his  diligence  and- 
ilMJiustry  equalled  his  genius,  he  becaipe  in  a  few  years 
more  knowing  and  skilful  in  his  profession  than  his  pre-* 
ceptor.     Fabricius,    in  the  opinion  of  Douglas,  excelled 
in  philosophy,  Casserius  in  anatomy.     This  excited,  how- 
ever,  no  jealousy.     Fabricius,    who  was  far  advanced  in 
years,  was  well  pleased  with  the  prospect  of  leaving  a  suc- 
cessor so  well  qualified  to  advance  the  knowledge  of  tUe 
art;  but  in  this  he  was  disappointed,  as  he  survived  his^ 
pupil  by  more  than  three  years.     Of  Casserius^s  anxious' 
desire  to  leave  behind  him   a  name,  we  have  numerous' 
proofs.     Almost  the  whole  of  the  revenue  he  obtained  by 
teaching  anatomy  was  expended  in  procuring  subjects  for 
dissection,  and  in  paying  draughtsmen  and  engravers  to 
delineate  figures  of. such  parts  of  the  body  as  he  either 
discovered,  or  thought  he  had  juster  conceptions  of  than- 
his  predecessors.     In  the  prefaces  to  bis  anatomical  works 
he  is  not  backward  iu  affirming  that  be  has  furnished  fu- 
ture anatomists  with  delineations  of  the,  parts  of  human 
and  animal  bodies,  e^cceeding  in  elegance,   perspicuity, 
and  correctness,  all  that  had  preceded  them.     It  will  be 
observed  he  made  use  of  animals,  not  as  succedanea,  but  * 
only  to  enable  him  to  discover  minute  parts  which  were 
not  easily  distinguishable  in  the  human  body.     The  titlo 
of  his  first  work,  published  in  1600,  is  "  De  Vocis  Audi- 

>  l^oreri.'^Diipiii. — Freheri  Tiieatrum. — Blount's  Censara.-- SaxU  Onomas- 
ticon. 


382  .C  A  S  S  E  R  I  U  S. 

tusque  Organis  Historia  AnatomiGa,  &c.  Tractatibus  dcro- 
bus  explicata/'  Ferrara,  fol.  He  here  lays  claim  to  tbe* 
discovery  of  a  muscle,  moving  the  malleus,  one  ot  the 
ossiculsB  auditus.  He  also  improved,  Haller  says,  tbe 
anatomy  of  the  larynx.  "  Pentsesthesejon,  id  est,  de  quin- 
que  Sensibus  Liber,  Organorum  Fabrieara,  Actionem,  et 
Usum  continens/'  Venet.  1609,  fol.  This  is  an  extension 
of  the  former  work  to  the  rest  of  the  senses,  executed  with 
equal  skill.  They  have  both  been  several  times  reprinted. 
It  was  not  until  some  years  after  the  death  of  Spigelius,  his 
successor,  which  happened  in  1622,  that  tbe  remainder  of 
Casserius's  works,  consisting  of  78  anatomical  plates,  with 
the  explanations,  was  published.  Bscretius,  to  whom 
Spigelius  had  left  tbe  care  of  his  productions,  incorporated 
the  works  of  Casserius  with  them,  and  published  them  to- 
gether at  Venice,  1637,  royal  folio.  Two  of  the  plates  by 
Casserius^  viz.  one  representing  the  placenta,  and  another 
the  h3n»en,  are  printed  with  ISpigelius's  work,  **  De  For-* 
raato  Foetu,"  1627,  folio.  ^ 

CASSIAN  (St.  John)  was  a  celebrated  solitary,  a  native 
of  Scythia,  of  the  fifth  century,  who  spent  part  of  his  life 
in  tbe  monastery  of  Bethlehem  with  the  monk  Germain, 
bis  friend.  They  engaged  openly  in  the  defence  of  St. 
Ckvysostom,.  against  Theopbikis,  patriarch  of  AlexaTidria. 
Cassian  went  to  Rome,  and  from  thence  to  Marseilles, 
where  he  founded  two  monasteries,  one  of  men,  the  other 
of  virgins*  He  ranks  among  the  greatest  masters  of  tbe 
monastic  life,  and  died  about  the  year  448v  He  left' 
*^  Collations,"  or  conferences  of  the  fathers  of  the  desert, 
aoid  '<  Institutions,"  in  12  books,  translated  into  French  by 
Nic.  Fontaine,  1663,  t  vols.  8vo;  and  seven  books  upon 
tbe  Incarnation.  These  are  all  written  in  Latin,  with  a 
clearness  and  simplicity  of  style  excellently  calculated  to 
inspire  the  heart  with  ,  virtuous  dispositions*  They  were 
printed  at  Paris,  1642,  and  at  Leipsic,  1722,  fotio,  and  afre- 
in  the  library  of  the  iiathers.  St.  Prosper  has  written 
against  the  ^^  Conferences."  Cassian  is  reckoned  among 
the  first  of  the  Semi-Pelagians,  of  which  sect  Faustus  of 
Riez,  Vincent  of  Lerins,  Gennadius  of  Marseilles,  Hilerias 
of  Aries,  and  Arnobius  the  younger,  were  the  principal 
defenders.  The  semi-pelagians  were  opposed  by  the  whole 

^  Moreri. — ^Dict   Hitt  ',    but  principally  Rees's  Cyclopsedhi  from  Doug- 
las, fcc. 


C  A  S  S  I  A  N.  3S3 

uBited  forces  of  St.  Augastin  and  Prosper,  without  being 
extirpated,  or  overcome  by  them.  This  sect  was  con- 
demned by  some  synods,  and  was  rejected  by  the  church.^ 

CASSINI  (John  Dominic),  an  eminent  astronomer,  was 
bom  of  noble  parents,  at  a  town  in  Piedmont  in  Italy, 
June  8,  1635.  After  he  bad  laid  a  proper  foundation  in 
bis  studies  at  home,  he  was  sent  to  continue  them  in  a  col- 
lege of  Jesuits  at  Genoa.  He  had  an  uncommon  turn  for 
Latin  poetry,  which  be  exercised  so  very  early,  that  poems 
of  bis  were  published  when  be  was  but  eleven  years  old. 
Al  length  he  fell  in  with  books  of  astronomy,  which  be 
read  with  great  eageriiess ;  and  feeling  a  strong  propen* 
sity  to  proceed  farther  in  that  science,  in  a  short  time  he 
made  so  amazing  a  progress,  that,  in  1650,  the  senate  of 
Bologna  incited  him  to  be  their  public  methematical  pro- 
fessor. He  was  not  more  than  fifteen  years  of  age  when 
be  went  to  Bologna,  where  he  taught  mathematics,  and 
imde  observations  upon  the  heavens  with  great  care  and 
assiduity.  In  1652  a  comet  appeared,  which  be  observed 
with  great  accuracy;  and  discovered,  that  comets  were 
not  bodies  accidentally  generated  in  the  atmosphere,  as 
bad  usually  been  supposed,  but  of  the  same  nature,  and 
probably  governed  by  the  same  laws,  as  the  planets.  The 
same  year  he  solved  an  astronomical  problem,  which  Kep<^ 
ler  and  BuUialdas  bad  given  up  as  insolvable  ;  viz.  to  de- 
termine geometrically  the  apogee  and  eccentricity  of  a 
planet  from  its  true  and  mean  place.  In  1653,  when  a 
church  of  Bologna  was  repaired  and  enlsurged,  he  obtained 
leave  of  tbe  senate  to  correct  and  settle  a  meridian  line, 
which  bad  been  drawn  by  an  astronomer  in  1575.  These 
weve  circumstauces  very  remarkable  in  one  who  had  not 
yet  attained  his  twentieth  year.  In  1657  he  attended,  as 
an  asmtant,  a  nobleman,  who  was  sent  to  Rome  to  com- 
pose some  differences  which  had  arisen  between  Bologna 
and  Ferrara,.  from  the  inundations  of  the  Po ;  and  shewed 
so  much  skill  and  judgment  in  the  management  of  that 
affikir^  th«kt  in  1663,  Marius  Chigi,  brother  of  pope  Alex- 
ander VH.  appointed  him  inspector-general  of  the  fortifi- 
cation^ of  the  castle  of  Urbino ;  and  he  had  afterwards 
committed  to  Mm  the  care  of  all  the  rivers  in  the  eccle- 
siastical state. 

Meanwhile  he  did  not  neglect  his  astronomical  studies, 

*  Dupin. — Moreri^ 


3  84  C  A  S  S  1  N  L 

but  cultivated  them  with  great  care.     He  made  mainy  dis^^ 
coveries  relative  to  the  planets  Mars  and  Venus,  espeetally 
the  revolution  of  Mars  upon  his  own  axis  ;  but  his  priiioi* 
pal  object  was  to  settle  an  accurate  theory  of  Jupiter's  sa- 
tellites, which  after  much  labour  and  watching  he  happily 
effected,  and  published  it  at  Rome,  among  otber  astrono- 
mical pieces,    in  1666.     Picard,   the   French  astronomer, 
getting  Cassini^s  tables  of  Jupiter -s  satellites^  found  them 
so  very  exact,  that  he  conceived  the  highest  opinion  of  his 
skill;  and  from  that  time  his  fame  increased  so  fast! in 
France,  that  Lewis  XIV.  desired  to  have  hima  n^emb^  of 
the  academy*     Ca'ssiui,  howeveri  could  no^  leave  his  sta^ 
tion,  without  leave  of  his  superiors ;  and  therefore  Lewis- 
requested  of  pbpe  Clement  IX.  and  of  the  senate  of  Bo»-: 
logna,  that  Cassint  might  be  permitted  to  come  into  France. 
Leave  was  granted  for  six  years ;  and  he  came  to  Paris  in 
the  beginning  of  1669, .where  he  was  immediately  made, 
the  king's  astronomer.     When  this  term  was  nei^r  ei^piring^ 
the  pope  and  the  senate  of  Bologna  insisted  upon  bis  re-- 
turn,  on  pain  of  forfeiting  his  revenues  and  emoluments^ 
which  had  hitherto  been  remitted  to  him ;.  but  the  minister 
Colbert  prevailed  on  him  to  stay,  and  he  was  naturalized 
in  the  tatter  end  of  1673,  in  which  same  year  also  be 
married. 

The  royial  observatory  of  Paris  had  been  finished  some^ 
time.     The  occasioti  of  its  being  built  was  this :  In  1638, 
the  famous  minim  Mersenne  was  the  author  and  instituter 
of  a  society,  where  several  ingenious  andjearned  men  met» 
together  to  talk  upon  physical  and  astronomies^  subjects;^ 
among   whom  were  Gassendi,  Descartes,  Monmort,  The-> 
V€not,  BuUiald,    our  countryman  Hobbes,  &c.and  this 
society  was  kept  up  by  a  su,ccession  of  suoh  men  for  many 
years.     At  length  Lewis  XIV.  considering  that  a  number : 
of  learned  men  acting  in  a  body  would  succeed  abundantly 
better  in  the  promotion  of  science,  than  if  they  acted  se- 
parately, each  in  his  particular  art  or  province,  established 
under  the  direction  of  Colbert,  in  1666,  the  royal  aca- 
demy of  sciences  :  and  for  the  advancement  of  astronomy 
in  particular,  erected  the  royal  observatory  at  Paris,  and 
furnished  it  with  all  kinds  of  instruments  that  were  neoes* 
sary  to  make  observations.     The  foundation  of  this  noble 
pile  was  laid  in  1667,  and  the  building  completed  in  1670. 
Cassini  was  appointed  to  bp  the  first  inhabiter  of  the  obser-  - 
vatory;  and  he  took  possession  of  it  Sept.  1671,  when  he 


J 


CAS  SIN  1.  5S3 

applied  himself  with  fresh  alacrity  to  the  business  of  his. 
profession.     In  1672   he  endeavoured  to  determine  the 
parallax  of  Mars  and  the  sun,  by  comparing  some  obser- 
vation's which  he  made  at  Paris,  with  some  which  were 
made  at  the  same  time  in  America.     In  1677  he  demon- 
strated the  diurnal  revolution  of  Jupiter  round  his  axis,  to. 
be  performed  in  nine  hours  and  fifty- eight  minutes^  frooi 
the  motion  of  a  spot  in  one  of  his  larger  belts.     In  1684 
he  discovered  four  satellites  of  Saturn,  besides  tbat  whicb 
Huygeus  had  found  out.     In  1693  he  published  a.  new. 
edition  of  his  ,"  Tables  of  Jupiter's  Satellites,"  corrected 
by  later  observations.     In  1695  he  took  a  journey  to  Bo^, 
logna,  to  examine  the  meridian  line,  which  he  had  fixe.d^ 
there  in  1655 ;  and  he  shewed,  in  the  presence  of  eminent 
mathematicians,,  that  it  had  not  varied  in  the  least  during, 
those  forty  years.     In  1700  he  continued  the  meridian  line 
through  France,  which  Picard  had  begun,  to  the  extremest 
southern  part  of  that  country. 

After  Cassini  had  inhabited  the  royal  obsei^atory  for 
more  than  forty  years,  and  done  great  honour  to  himself 
and  his  royal  master  by  many  excellent  and  useful  dis- 
coveries which  he  published  from  time  to  time,  he  died. 
Sept.  14,  1712.  He  had  been  deprived  of  his  sight  for  a 
few  years  before  his  death,  but  had  no  other  complaint^ 
and  preserved  the  amiable  simplicity  and  tranq^uillity  of 
his  mind  and  character  to  the  last.  His  works  are  extremely 
numerous.  Fabroni,  who  has  written  the  best  liife  of  Cas- 
sini, has  also  given  the  most  complete  list  of  his  works^ 
the  titles  of  which  would  occupy  nearly  a  sheet  of  this 
work.*  *  ^ 

^  CASSINI  (James),  a  celebrated  French  astronomer^ 
and  member  of  the  several  academies  of  sciences  of  France^ 
England,  Prussia,  and  Bologna,  was  born  at  Paris  Feb. 
18,  1677,  being  the  younger  son  of  the  preceding,  whom^ 
be  succeeded  as  astronomer  at  the  royal  observatory,  the 
elder  son  haying  lost  his  life  at  the  battle  of  La  Hogne. 

After  some,  education  in  k^s  father's  house  he  was  sent  to' 
study  philosophy  at  the  Mazarine  college,  wh^re  the  ce- 
lebrated Varignpn  was  then  professor  of  mathematics ;  frouA 
whose  assistance  young  Cassini  profited  so  wellji  ths^t  at^ 
fifteen  years  of  age  he  supported  a  mathemf^tic^l  thi^sis  with 

*  Fabroni,  vol.  IV'. — Cbamberlayne's  Lives  of  the  Fi^ench  AcadeiiiiciaDC.-^' 
Maitio's  Biog; J>bao8.->-^Uatton'8  DictioBkry«4»Sa3u&  Onomaft.  i.       i 


Vol.  VIIL  C  c 


1   r 


iSii  C  A  S  S  I  N  I. 

great  honour.  At  the  age  of  seventeen  he  was  admitted  a 
member  of  the  academy  of  sciences  ;  and  the  same  year 
he  accompanied  bis  father  in  his  journey  to  Italy,  where  he 
assisted  him  in  the  verification  of  the  meridian  at  Bologna^ 
and  other  measurements.  On  his  return  he  made  other 
similar  operations  in  a  journey  into  Holland,  where  h« 
discovered  some  errors  in  the  measure  of  the  earth  by 
Snell,  the  result  of  which  was  communicated  to  the  aca« 
demy  in  1702.  He  made  also  a  visit  to  England  in  1696, 
Where  he  wsts  made  a  member  of  the  royal  society.  Iti 
Y7 12  he  succeeded  his  father  as  astronomer  royal  at  the 
ojbservatory.  In  17 17  he  gave  to  the  academy  his  researched 
on  the  distance  of  the  fixed  stars,  in  which  he  shewted  that 
the  whole  annual  orbit,  of  near  200  million  of  miles  dia- 
,  meter^  is  but  as  a  point  in  comparison  of  that  distance. 
The  saqie  year  he  commpnicated  also  his  discoveries  con- 
cerning the  infcliiiaftion  of  the  orbits  of  the  satellites  in  ge- 
neral, and  especially  of  those  of  Satum^s  satellites  and 
ring.  In  1726  he  undeitook  to  deterriiine  th6  cause  of  the 
moon's  libration,  by  which  she  shews  sometimes  a  little 
towards  one  side,  and  sometimes  a  little  on  the  other,  of 
that'  half  which  is  commonly  behind  or  hid  from  our  view. 

In  1732  an  important  question  in  asttonomy  exercised 
the  ingenuity  of  our  author.  His  father  had  determined, 
by  his  observations,  that  the  planet  Veniis  revolved  about 
her  axis  in  the  space  of  twenty-three  hours :  and  M.  Bian- 
chini  had  published  a  work  in  1729,  in  which  he  settled 
the  period  of  the  same  revolution  at  twenty-four  days  eight 
hours.  From  an  examination  of  Biancfaini's  observations, 
which  were  upon  the  spots  in  Venus,  he  discovered  that 
be  had  intermitted  his  observations  for  the  space  of  three 
hours,  from  which  cause  he  had  probably  mistaken  new 
spots  for  the  old  ones,  and  so  had  been  led  into  the  mistake. 
He  soon  afterwards  determined  the  nature  and  quantity  of 
the  acceleration  of  the  motion  of  Jupiter,  at  half  a  second 
per  year,  and  of  that  of  the  retardation  of  Satutn  at  twb' 
minutes  per  year;  that  these  quantities  would  go  on  in- 
creasing for  2000  years,  and  then  would  decrease  agaih. 
In  1740  he  published  his  Agronomical  Tables,  and  his 
Elements  of  Astronomy  J  very 'extensive  and  accurate  works: 
•  Although  astrbiiomy 'wad  the  principal  object  of  our  au- 
thor^s  consideration,,  he  made  occasional  excursions  into 
other  fields.  We  owe  also  to  him,  f(»r  example,  Experi*- 
ments  on  Electricity,  or  the  light  produced  by  bodies  by 


C  A  S  S  I  N  If-.  38* 

frieij^n;  Experiments  on  the  recoil  of  fire-arms;  Re* 
searches  on  the  rise  of  the  mercury  in  the  barometer  at 
different  heights  above  th^  level  of  the  sea ;  Reflections  on 
the  perfecting  of  burning-glasses ;  and  other  memoirs, 
i'he  French  academy- had  properly  judged  that  one  of  its 
most  important  objects  was. the  measurement  of  the  earth. 
In  1669,  I^icard  measured  a  little  more  than  a  degree  of 
latitude  to  the  north  of  Paris ;  but  as  that  extent  appeared 
too  small  from  which  to  conclude  the  whole  circumference 
with  suflficient  accuracy,  it  was  resolved  to  continue  that 
measurement  on  the  meridian  of  Paris  to  the  north  and 
south,  thro tigb  the  whole  extent  of  the  country.  Ac- 
cordingly, in  1683,  the  late  M.  de  la  Hire  cohtinued  that 
on  the  north  side  of  Paris^  and  the  older  Cassini  that  on  the 
south  side.  The  latter  was  assisted  in  1700  in  the  conti* 
nuation  of  this  operation  by  his  son,  our  author.  The  same 
work  was  farther  continued  by  the  same  academicians ;  and 
finally  the  part  left  unfinished  by  de  la  Hire  in  the  norths 
was  finished  in  1718  by  our  author,  with  the  late  Maraldi^ 
and  de  la  Hire  the  younger. 

These  operations  produced  a  considerable  degree  of 
precision.  It  appeared  also,  from  this  measured  extent 
of  six  degrees,  that 'the  degrees  were  of  different  lengths 
in  different  parts  of  the  meridian;  and  in  such  sort  that 
our  author '  concluded,  in  the  volume  published  for  171 89 
that  they  decreased  more  and  more  towards  the  pole,  and 
thai  therefore  the  figure  of  the  earth  was  that  of  an  oblong 
spheroid,  or  having  its  axe  longer  than  the  equatorial 
diameter.  He  also^  measured  the  perpendicular  to  the 
same  meridian,  and  compared  the  measured  distance  with 
the  differences  of  longitude  as  before  determined  by  the 
eclipses  of  Jupiter^s  satellites  ;  from  whence  he  concluded 
that  the  length  of  the  degrees  of  longitude  was  smaller 
than  it  would  be  on  a  sphere,  and  that  therefore  again  the 
figure  of  the  earth  was  an  oblong  spheroid;  contrary  to 
the  determination  of  Newton  by  the  theory  of  gravity.  In  , 
consequence  of  these  assertions  of  our  author,  the  French 
government  sent  two  different  sets  of  measurers,  the  one 
to  measure  a  degree  at  the  equator,  the  other  at  the  polar 
circle ;  and  the  comparison  of  the  whole  determined  the 
figure  to  be  an  oblate  spheroid^  contrary  to  Cassini's  de« 
termination. 

After  a  long  and  laborious  life,  our  author^  James  Cas- 
sini; lost  his  lUe  by  a  fall^  in  April  1756,  in  the  eightieth 

C  C  2 


S88  C  A  S  S  i  N  I. 

.    •  •  •  ' 

year  of  b»  age,  and  was  succeeded  ia  the  actdeimy-aiMl 
observatory,  by  bis  second  son^  Cdesar-Fraii^ois  de  Tbory^ 
He  publisbed  *^  A  Treatise  on  tbe  Ms^nitude  and  Figure 
of  tbe  Eartb ;"  as  also  ^<  Tbe  Elements  or  Tbeoiry  of  ibe 
PlanetSi  witb  Tables  ;*'  beside  an  infinite  number  of  papers 
in  tbe  Memoirs  of  tbe  Academy,  from  1639  to  17 p5.^ 

CASSINI  DE  Thury  (CiESAR-FuAN^ois),  a^elebrated 
Frencb  astronomer,  director  of  the  observa^tory,  pensioner 
astronomer,  and  member  of  most  of  tbe  learned  societies 
of  Europe,  was  born  at  Paris,  June  17,  1714,  being,  tbe 
second  son  of  the  preceding,  whose  occupations  and  talents 
our  author  inherited  and  supported  wkh  great  honour* 
He  received  bis  first  lessons  in  astronomy  and  m^thematica 
from  Messieurs  Maraldi  and  Camus^  He  was  hardly  ten 
years  of  age  when  he  calculated  the  phases  of  the  .total 
eclipse  of  the  sun  of  1727.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  he 
-accompanied  his  father  in  his  two  JQOrneys  undertaken  for 
drawing  tbe  perpendicular  to  the  qbservatory^Qieridian  from 
Strasbourg  to  Brest  From  that  time  a.  gieu^na^l  chart  of 
France  was  devised  ;  for  which  purpose  it  was  necessary  to^ 
traverse  the  country  by  several  line^  parallel  apd  perpen- 
dicular to  tlie  meridian  of  Paris,  and  our  author^wa^i charged 
with  tbe  conduct  of  this  busin.e^s<.  He  did  not  CQntent 
himself  with  the  measure  of  a  degree  by  Picard ;  suspecting 
even  that  the  measures  which  had, been  taken  by  his  father 
and  grandfather  were  not  exempt  from  some  errors,  which 
the  imperfections  of  their  instruments  at  least'  would  be 
liable  to,  he  again  iindertook  to  measure  the  meridian  of 
Paris,  by  means  of  a  new  series  of  triangles,  of  a.  smaller 
number,  and  more  advantageously  disposed.  This  great 
work  was  publisbed  in  1740,  with  a  chart  shewing  the  new 
meridian  of  Paris,  by  two  diiferent  series  of  triangle 
passing  along  tbe  sea* coasts  to  Bayoni^e,  tra?ersiikg  tbe 
irontiers  of  Spain  to  the  Mediterranean  and  Antibes,  and 
thence  along  the  eastern  limits  pf  France  to  Dunkirk,  with 
parallel  and  perpendicular  lines  described  at.  the  distance 
of  6000  toises.  from  one  another,  from  side  to  side  of  the 
country.  In  1735  he  had  been  received*  into  the  academy 
as  adjoint  supernumerary,  at  twenty-one  years  of  age. 

A  tour  which  our  author  made  in  Flanders,  in  company 
with  the  king,  about  1741,  gave  rise  to  the  particular 
^bart  of  France,  4t  the  instance  of  the  king.     Cassini  pub* 

I  HuUott's  Dictionary.-^pict  Hist. 


C  A  $  S  1  N  I.  389 

n^hed  different  works  relative  to  these  chartsj  and  a  great 
number  of  the  sheets  of  the  charts  themselves.  In  1761,* 
Casidni  undertook  an  expedition  into  Germany  ;  for  the 
purpose  of  continuing  fo  Vicinna  the.  perpendicular  of  the' 
Paris  meridian ;  to  unite  thie  triangles  of  the  chart  of  France 
i?rith  the  points  taken  in  Germany  ;  to  prepare  the  means 
of  extending  into  this  country  the  same  plan  as  in  France  ; 
and  thus  to  establish  successively  for  aH  Europe  a  most 
useful  uniformity.  Our  author  was  at  Vienna  the  6th  of 
June,  1761,  the  day  of  the  transit  of  the  planet  Venus  over' 
the  sun,  of  which  he  observed  as  much  as  the  state  of  the 
weather  would  permit  him  to  do,  and  published  the  account 
of  it  ih  his  "  Voyage  en  Allemagne."  M.  Cassini,  always 
meditating  the  perfection  of  his  grand  design,  profited  of 
the  peacie  of  1762,  to  propose  the  joining  of  certain  points 
taken  upon  the  English  coast  with  those  which  had  been 
determined  on  the  coast  of  France,  and  thus  to  connect 
the  general  chart  of  the  latter  with  that  of  the  British  isles, 
like  as  he  had  before  united  it  with  those  of  Flanders  and 
Germjiny.  The  proposal  was  favourably  received  by  the 
English  government,  and  presently  carried  into  effect, 
under  the  direction  of  the  royal  society,  the  execution 
being  committed  to  the  late  general  Roy  ;  after  whose 
death  the  business  was  for  some  time  suspended ;  but  it 
was  afterwards  revived  under  the  auspices  of  the  duke 
of  Richmond,  master-general  of  the  ordnance,  and  the 
execution  committed  to  the  care  of  col.  Edward  Williams 
and  capt.  William  Mudge,  both  respectable  officers  of  the 
artillery,  and  Mr.  Isaac  Dalby,  who  bad  before  accompa* 
nied  and  assisted  general  Roy. 

M.  Cassini  published  in  the  volumes  of  Memoirs  of  the 
Fi'ench  academy  a  prodigious  number  of  pieces,  chiefly 
astronomical;  too  numerous  to  particularize  in  this  place, 
between  the  yfears  1735  and  1770;  consisting  of  astrono- 
mical observations  and  questions;  among  which  are  ob- 
servable. Researches  concerning  the  parallax  of  thfe  Sun, 
the  Moon,  Mars,  and  Venus  ;  on  astronomical  refractions, 
and  the  effect  caused  in  their  quantity  and  laws  by  the 
weather ;  numerous  observations  on  the  obliquity  of  the 
ecliptic,  and.  on  the  law  of  its  variations.  In  short,  he 
cultivated  astronomy  fof  fifty  years,  of  the  most  important 
for  that  science  that  ever  elapsed,  for  the  magnitude  and 
variety  of  objects,  in  which  he  commonly  sustained  a  prin- 
cipal share.     M,  Cassini  was  of  a  very  strong  and  vigorous 


/ 


390  C  A  S  S  I  N  L 

constitution,  which  carried  him  through  the  many  labo* 
rious  operations  in  geography  and  astronomy  which  he 
conducted.  An  habitual  retention  of  urine,  however,  ren- 
dered the  last  twelve  years  of  his  life  very  painful  and  dis- 
tressing, till  it  was  at  length  terminated  by  the  small-pox, 
the  4th  of  September,  1784,  in  the  seventy- first  year  of 
his  age ;  being  succeeded  in  the  academy,  and  as  director 
of  the  observatory,  by  his  only  son,  the  present  count  John 
.  Dominic  Cassini ;  who  is  the  fourtli  in  order  by  direct  de- 
scent in  that  honourable  station.  ^ 

CASSIODORUS  (Marcus  Aureuus),  a  man  of  emi- 
nence in  many  respects,  and  called  by  way  of  distinction 
^^  the  senator,''  was  bom  at  Squillace,  in  Calabria,  about 
the  year  497.  He  had  as  liberal  an  education  as  the 
growing  barbarbm  of  his  times  afforded ;  and  soon  recom- 
mended himself  by  his  eloquence,  his  learning,  and  his 
wisdom,  to  Theodoric  king  of  the  Goths  in  Italy.  Theo- 
doric  first  made  him  governor  of  Sicily  ;  and  when  be  had 
aufiiciently  proved  his  abilities  and  prudence  in  the  ad« 
ministration  of  that  province,  admitted  him  afterwards  to 
his  cabinet-councils,  and  appointed  him  to  be  his  secre- 
tary. After  this  he  had  all  the  places  and  honours  at  his 
command,  which  Theodoric  had  to  bestow;  and,  having 
passed  through  all  the  employments  of  the  government, 
was  raised  to  the  consulate,  which  he  administered  alone, 
in  the  year  514.  He  was  continued  in  the  same  degree  of 
confidence  and  favour  by  Atbalaric,  who  succeeded  Theo- 
doric, about  the  year  524  ;  but  afterwards,  in  the  year  537, 
being  discarded  fsom  all  his  offices  by  king  Vitiges,  be  re- 
nounced a  secular  life,  and  retired  into  a  monastery  of  his 
own  founding  in  the  es.treme  parts  of  Calabria.  Here  he 
led  the  life  of  a  man  of  letters,  a  philosopher,  and  a  Chris- 
tian. He  entertained  himself  with  forming  and  improving 
several  curious  pieces  of  mechanism,  such  as. sun-dials, 
water  clocks,  perpetual  lamps,  &c.  He  collected  a  very 
noble  and  curious  library,  which  he  enlarged  and  improved 
by  several  books  of  his  own  composing.  About  the  year 
B56f  he  wrote  two  books  ^^  De  Divinis  Lection ibus  ;''  and 
afterwards  a  book  "  De  Orthographia,"  in  the  preface  to 
'  which  be  tells  us,  that  he  was  then  in  bis  ninety^third  year. 
There  are  extant  of  his  twelve  books  of  letters,  ten  of 
which  he  wrote  as  secretary  of  state,  in  the  name  of  kings 

1  Button's  Diction»nr.-*Dict.  Hist— Kloges  des  Academlciensi  toI.JV. 


C  A  S  S  I  O  D  O  R  U  S.  391 

Theodoric  and  Athalaric,  and  t^o  in  bis  owii.     He  com- 
posed also  twelve  books   "  De  rebus  gestis  Gothorum," 
which  are  only  extant  in  the  abridgment  of  Jornandes ; 
though  it  has  been  surmised  that  a  manuscript  of  Cassio* 
dorus  is  still  remaining  in  some  of  the  libraries  in  Franci^. 
He  wrote  also  a  commentary  upon  the  Psalms,  and  several 
other  pieces,  theological  and  critical.     Father  Simon  has 
spoken  of  him  thus  :  "  There  is  no  need,"  says  he,  "  of 
examining   Cassiodorus^s  Comtnentaries   on   the   Psalms^ 
which  is  almost  but  an  abridgment  of  St  Augustin^s  Com- 
mentaries, as  he  owns  in  his  preface.     But  besides  these 
commentaries,  we  have  an  excellent  treatise  of  this  au- 
thor* s,    entitled  <  De  institutione  ad  t>ivinas  Lectionesi,* 
which  shews,  that  he  understood  the  criticism  of  the  scrip- 
tures, and  that  he  had  marked  out  what  were  the  best 
things  of  this  nature  in  the  ancient  doctors  of  the  church* 
In  the  same  book  Cassiodorus  gives  many  useful  rules  for 
the  criticism  of  the  scriptures ;  and  he  takes  particular 
notice  of  those  fathers  who  have  made  commentaries  upon 
the  iBible,  &c.**     It  seems  generally  agreed  that  he  was 
in  all  views  a  very  extraordinary  man;  and  we  think  that 
those  have  done  him  no  more  than  justice,  who  have  con- 
sidered him  as  a  star,  which  shone  but  amidst  the  darkness 
of  a  barbarous  age.     When  he  died  we  cannot  precisely 
determine,  but  most  writers  seem  to  be  of  opinion  .this 
happened  in  the  year  575.     His  works  have  been  collected 
and  printed  several  times  ;  the  best  edition  is  that  of  Ro- 
han, 1679,  2  vols.  fol.  with  the  notes  and  disserlations  of 
John   Garret,    a   Benedictine  monk.      In    1721,    Signor 
Scipio  MafFei  published  a  work  of  Cassiodorus,  which  had 
long  been  missing  ;  and  in  the  following  year  the  same  was 
published  at  London,  by  Mr.  Samuel  Chandler,  entitled 
"**  Complexions,  or  short  Commentariies  upon  the  Epistles, 
the  Acts,    and  the  Revelation,''   which  Dr.  Lardner  has 
,   enumerated  among  the  testimonies  to  the  credibility  of  the 
gospel  history.  * 

CASTAGNO  (Andrea,  Dal),  an  eminent  historical  pain- 
ter, was  born  at  a  small  village  called  Casitagno,  belonging 
to  Tuscany,  in  1409,  and  being  deprived  of  his  parents 
when  young,  was  employed  by  his  uncle  to  attend  the 
herds  of  cattle  in  the  fields.     His  singular  tcilents^  which 

«       »  •  ■  ' 

" '  *  Dupin.^-Mo^eri.— >Cave»— Lardner's  Works,  vol,  V.  «i-B1outt<i's  Censunu*** 
^axii  OnosuHticoD. 


S92  C  A  S  T  A  G  N  O. 

were  first  manifested  in  surprising  efforts  to  imitate  an 
ordinary  painter,  whom  he  accidentally  observed  at  work, 
became  the  common  topic  of  discourse  in  Florence,  and 
excited  the  curiosity  of  Bernardetto  de  Medici,  who  per- 
ceiving that  he  had  promising  talents,  placed  him  under 
the  tuition  of  the  best  masters  at  that  time  in  Florence. 
Andrea,  assiduously  improving  his  advantages,  became  par- 
ticularly eminent  in  design,  and  found  full  employment. 
At  first  he  painted  only  in  distemper  and  fresco,  with  a 
manner  of  colouring  that  was  not  very  agreeable,,  being 
rather  hard  and  dry ;  but  at  length  he  learned  the  secret  of 
painting  in  oil  from  Domenico  Venetiano,  who  had  de- 
rived bis  knowledge  oJF  it  from  Antonella  da  Messina.     He 

'was  the  first  of  the  Florentine  artists  who  painted  in  oil ; 
but  envying  the  merit  of  Domenico,  from  whom  he  ob- 
tained the  secret,  and  whose  works  were  more  admired 
than  rhis  own,  be  determined,  with  the  basest  ingratitude, 
to  Assassinate  his  friend  and  benefactor.  At  this  time  Do- 
menico and  Andrea  lived  together,  and  were  partners  in 
business.  Insensible,  however,  of  every  obligation,  and 
combining  treachery  with  ingratitude,  he  way-laid  Dome- 
nico in  the  corher  of  a  street,  and  stabbed  him  with  such 
secrecy,  that  he  escaped  unobserved  and  unsuspected  to 
bis  own  house,  where  he  sat  down  with  apparent  compo- 
sure to  work ;  soon  after  Domenico  was  conveyed  thither 

'  to  die  in  the  arms  of  his  assassin.  The^  real  author  of  this 
atrocious  act  was  never  discovered,  till  Andrea,  through 
remorse  of  conscience,  disclosed  it  on  his  death-bed,  in 
1480.  Andrea  finished  several  considerable  works  at  Flo- 
rence, by  which  he  gained  great  wealth  and  reputation ; 
but  as  soon  as  his  complicated  villainy  became  public,  his 
memory   was  afterwards  held  in  the  utmost  detestation. 

'The  most  noted  of  his  works  is  in  the  hall  of  justice  at  Flo- 
rence, and  represents  the  execution  of  the  conspirators 
against  the  house  of  Medici. ' 

CASTALDI  (Cornelius),  a  lawyer  of  Italy,  who  ac- 
quired considerable  reputation  in  the  sixteenth  century, 
by  his  poetical  compositions  in  Latin  and  Italian,  was  born 
at  Feltrl  about  1480,  of  a  noble  family.  He  studied  phi- 
losophy an  J  the  arts  at  Padua,  where  he  received  his  doc- 
tor's degree  in   1503,     He '  afterwards  studied  law,  and 

^^midat  the  fatigues  of  his  profession j  found  leisure  to  cuU 

I  Pi]kiii|i;toQ* 


C  AS  T  A  L  D  I.  3« 

titate  the  multss.  The  tov^n  of  Feltri  employed  him  as 
tiieir  agent  at  Venice,  where,  as  well  as  ^t  Padua,  he 
formed  an  intimacy  with  many  eminent  scholars  and  per- 
sons of  rank.  He  died  in  1537,  lamented  by  his  friends 
and  by  his  country,  to  which  he  had  rendered  important 
services.  Both  during. his  life  and  after  his  death,  he  was 
celebrated  by  the  cotitemporary  poets,  and  a  medal  was 
struck  to  his  memory.  He  was  married,  but  having  no 
children,  he  founded  a  college  or  academy  at  Padua,  wittt 
three  scholarships,  one  x>f  civil  and  canon  law,  another  of 
medicine,  and  the  third  of  arts ;  and  whoever  enjoyed  these 
was  obliged  to  teach  poor  scholars  gratis  for  a  certain 
period.  His  poetical  works  remained  unpublished,  and 
indeed  unknown  until  1757,  when  they  were  printed  in  a 
small  quarto  volume,  *^  Poesi  volgari  e  Latine  di  Cornelio 
Castaldi,''  &c.  with,  his  life  by  Thomas  Joseph  Farsetti,  a 
patrician  of  Venice.  His  Italian  poems  are  written  with 
ease;  and  abound  in  imagery^  and  in  his  Latin  efforts  he 
has  imitated  the  ancients  with  success.  M •  Conti  was  the 
editor  of  the  collection.  * 

CASTALIO,  or  CASTELLIO  (Sebastian),  was  bora 
in  1515,  in  Dauphiny,  according  to  some  authors,  butac* 
cording  to  others  in  Savoy.  Spon  and  Leti  mention  Cha- 
tillon  as  the  place  of  his  birth ;  of  his  early  life  we  have 
little  information.  We  are  told  that  Calvin  conceived  such 
an  esteem  and  friendship  for  him,  during  the  stay  he  made 
at  Strasbourg  in  1540  and  1541,  that  he  lodged  him  for 
some  days  at  his  house,  and  procured  him  a  regent's  place 
in  the  college  of  Geneva.  Castalio,  after  continuing  in 
this  office  near  three  years,  was  forced  to  quit  it  in  ll44^ 
on  account  of  some  peculiar  opinions  which  he  held  con- 
cerniug  Solomon's  song  and  Christ's  descent  into  helL 
He  retired  to  Basil,  where  he  was  ma4e  Greek  professor, 
and  died  in  that  place,  Dec.  29,,  1563,  in  extreme  poverty* 
He  incurred  the  displeasure  of  Calvin  and  Theodore  Beza, 
from  whom  he  differed  concerning  predestination  and  the 
punishment  of  heretics,  and  they  called  him  a  papis^ 
which  appears  to  have  been  an  unreasonable  accusation, 
although  it  is  certain  )^e  did  not  embrace  the  opinions  of 
the  r^form^rs  on  many  points.  Beza  is  accused  of  having 
said  that  he  had  translated  the  Bible  into  Latin  at  the  in* 
i$t]^a|;ioA  Qf  the  46vll.    Aaother  story  is  bi^  ^tealipg  wood, 

!  Moren.^Pipt,  J^t. 


"SM 


C  A  S  T  A  L  I  a 


.which  18  thus  related :  when  rivers  overflow,  they  £np- 
•quently  carry  down  several  pieces  of  wood,  i/Hiiich  any  body 
•may  lawfully  get  and  keep  for  his  own  use.  Castalio,  wko 
was  very  poor,  and  had  a  wife  and  eight  children,  got 
Willi  a  harping- iron  some  wood  floating  upon  the  Rhine.' 
When  Calvin  and  Beza  heard  of  it,  they  proclaimed  every 
where  that- he  had  stolen  some  wood  belooging  to  bW 
^neighbour. 

Castalio's  learning  has  been  highly  extolled.  He  wa» 
undoubtedly  an  able  Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew  scholar,  but 
aiming  at  classical  taste,  he  betrayed  the  greatest  want  of 
judgment  in  the  two  works  for  which  he  is  now  principally 
known,  his  translation  of  the  Bible  into  Latin,  and  hm 
.Dialogues.  The  quaintness  of  his  Latin  style  in  the  former^ 
evinces  a  deplorable  inattention  to  the  simple  majesty  of 
the  original.  In  the  song  of  Solomon  be  is  particular^jf 
injudicious.  This  book  he  wished  expunged  from  tfate 
canon,  which  was  one  of  the  causes  of  his  differences  with 
Calvin  and  Beza;  when  that  could  not  be  done,  he  con* 
trived  to  debase  the  magnificence  of  the  languige  and  tl^ 
subject  by  diminutives,  which,  though  expressive  of  fa- 
imliar  ei>dearment,  are  destitute  of  dignity,  and  therefore 
improper  on  solemn  occasions  ^.  This  incongruous  mix- 
ture of  sublime  ideas  and  words  comparatively  mean,  de-* 
grades  the  noblest  poetry  almost  to  the  level  of  burlesque. 
In  bis  ^^  Sacred  Dialogues,''  says  an  author,  who  cannot 
be  supposed  prejudiced  against  him  on  account  of  his 
^ancient  controversies,  Castalio  is  so  imprudent  in  the 
fi^rbosity  of  his  paraphrases^  that  if  his  character  as  a  man 
4>f  learning  and  piety  were  not  thoroughly  established,  we 
should  be  tempted  to  think  he  had  meant  to  burlesque  some 
paireages  of  the  Old  Testament.  Indeed  these  dialogues 
are  so  frequently  farcical,  not  to  say  indecent,  that  the 
xeading  of  them  seems  to  be  very  improperly  continued  in 
some  schools. 

He  published  in  1546,  a  translation  of  the  Sibylline 
;irerses  into  Latin  heroic  verse,  and  of  the  books  of  Moses 


*.  No  critic,  $ay8  Dr.  Clarke,  has 
ever  taken  so  much  liberty  with  the  sa- 
icred  wrltiDgs  as  Cattalio,  who,  having 
a  fancy  to  give  the  vorld  an  elegant 
Laiin  version  of  the  Bible,  has  mixed 
expressions  borrowed  from  profane  au- 
thors with  the  teict  of  holy  writ  His 
Whole  style    is  affectfdj    e^ndnAie, 


everehaiged  with  false  rhetoric,  and 
has  nothing  of  that  noble  simplicity 
which  characterizes  the  scriptures.  He 
is  too  bold  in  his^expreMionf,  and* 
after  all,  some  critics  suppose,  he  does 
not  always  write  good  Latin. '  Clacked 
Bibliographical  Dictionary. 


C  At  S-T  A  L  10.  9^* 

iota  Latin  prose,  with  notes.  This  was  followed,  in  1547,^ 
1^  his  I^atin  version  of  the  psalms  of  David,  and  of  all  the 
other  songs  found  in  scripture*  .  In  1548,  be  printed  9, 
Qreekpoem  on  the  life  of  John. the  baptist,  and  a  para?^ 
phrase  on  the  prophecy  of  Jonah,,  in  Latin  verse.  He 
translated  some  passages  of  Homer,  and.  some  books.-of 
Xenophon  and  St.  Cyril.  He  also  turned  intOv  Latin  seve« 
nal  treatises  qf  the  famous  Ochinus,  particularly  the  thirty 
dialogues,  some  of  which  seem  to  favour  polygamy.  .He 
advanced  some  singiUar  notions  in  his  notes  on  the  books 
of  Moses ;  as  for  instance,  that  the  bodies  of  malefactors 
Qught  not  to  be  left  on  the  gibbets ;  and  that  they  ought 
not  to  be  punished  with  death,  but  with  slavery.  His 
reason  for  these  opinions  was,  that  the  political  laws  of 
Moses  bind  all  nations.  His  notes  on  the  Epistle  to  the 
Ronxans  w^re. condemned  by  the  church  of  Basil,  because 
fixey  opposed  the  doctrine  of  predestination  and  efficacious, 
grace.  He;  began  his  Latin  translation  of  the  Bible  al^ 
Qeneva  in  154^,  and  finished  it. at  Basil  in  1550.  It  was 
printed  at  Basil  in  1551,  and  dedicated  by  the  author  to 
Sdward  VL  king  of  England.  He  published  a  second 
edition  of  it  in  1554,  and  another  in  1556.  The  edition 
of  157 S  is  most  esteemed.  The  French  version  was  dedi* 
cated  to  Henry  II.  of  France,  and  printed  at  Basil  in  1555^ 
and  in  this  he  is  accused  of  having  .made  use  of  low.  and 
vulgar  terms.  Those  who  have  indulged  their  invectives 
against  Calvin  and  Beza  for  their  dislil^e  of  Castalio's 
translations,  do  not  seem  to  advert  to  the  serious  conse^ 
quences  of  exhibiting  bad  translations  to  the  people,  who 
had. but  just  been  adn^tted  to  the  privilege  of  reading  the 
scriptures  in  any  shape.  ^ 

C  A  STEELS  (P£T£R),  ^  artist,  born  at  Antwerp  ia 
1684,  painted  birds  and  flowers  with  son^  success,  and  in 
1726,  he  piabhshed  twelve  plates  of  birds,  afid  f^wls  which 
he  had  designed  an^  etched  himself.  He  had  been  settled 
in  England  many  yea,rs,  whien  he  retired  in  1735  to  Toot- 
ing, to  design  for  caUico^Tprinters.  He  died  at  Richmond^ 
May  16,  .1749.' 

CASTEL  (Lewis  Bektranp),  a  geometrician  and  phi- 
losopher, born  at  Montpellier  in  1698,  enteired  himself  of 
the  Jesuits  in  1703^  and  was  noticed  by  Fontenelle  and- 

^  Moreri.— Meister's  Portraits  des  Hommes  Iltustres  de  la  Suisse.— -Gen.  Dicjk. 
-^Life  in  German  by  Fuesslin,  1^78,  8ro.«*-Beattie's  Essays,  p.  246,  and  Di9« 
strtetiQiis,  «44|  4to.— Blouat'f  C«Miinu  ;  Orfocd's  ^aiofcerit 


t9S  <;  A  S  T  fi  L 

well*  ^The  life  of  Castel  was  exemplary  aiid  edifying ;  hh 
was  ever  assiduous  in  performing  the  duties  of  his  statioti| 
and  had  the  highest  reverence  for  religion.  ^ 

CASTELL  (Edmund),  a  divine  of  the  seventeenth  cen^ 
tury,  who  deserves  to  be  recorded  as  a  remarkable  example 
of  literary  generosity,  joined  to  literary  industry,  was  bora, 
in  1606,  at  Hatley  in  Cambridgeshire.  After  going 
through  a  course  of  grammatical  education,  he  became  a 
member  in  1621,  of  Emanuel  college,  in  Cambridge,  in 
which  he  continued  many  years.  Afterwards  he  removed 
to  St.  John's  college  for  the  convenience  of  the  library* 
^ere,  which  was  of  great  service  to  him  in  compiling  his 
grand  work,  his  "  Le:!Cicon  Heptaglotton.'*  In  due  course 
be.  took  the  several  degrees  of  bachelor  and  master  of  arts,' 
and  of  bachelor  and  doctor  in  divinity ;  and  the  fame  of  hi^ 
learning  occasioned  his  being  chosen  a  memb^ir  of  the 
royal  society.  -His  "Lexicon  Heptaglotton"* cost  him  the 
assiduous  labour  of  eighteen  years,  but  his  unwearied "dili^ 
gence  in  thi^  undertaking,  injured*  his  health,  and  impaired 
his  constitution.  Besides  this,  the  work  was  -the  entire 
Miin  of  bis  fdrtune ;  for  he  spent  upon  it  upwards  of  twelve 
thousand  pounds.  The  truth  of  the  fact  is  positively  fis« 
serted  by  Mr.  Heame,  whose  authority  for  it  was  a  letteir 
which  he  had  under  Dr.  CastelPs  own  hand ;  and  Heamef 
pathetically  and  jdstly  complains,  that  our  author  shoi&ld 
meet  with  so  ijert/  poor  a  reward  for  his  incredible  and  in* 
deed 'Herculean  labours*.  The  doctor,  in  166^,  having 
wasted  his  patrimony,  and  incurred  heavy  debts,  was  re- 
duced to  extreme  distress ;  when,  probably  in  considera- 
tion of  his  learned'  labours  and  disinterested  generosity,- 
be  wa6  in' that  year  made  king's  chaplain,  and  Arabic  pro-»' 
fesBor  at  Cambridge  ;  and  in  166S,  he  obtained  a  prebend 
of  Canterbury.  In  the  next  yeai^  he  published  his  **  Lexi^ 
con  Heptaglotton ;''  but  the  publication  procured  him  tt(^ 
compensation  for  his  large  expences  and  nis  indefatigable 

*  It  is  caofirmed  also  by  his  adrer-  expended  sot  lo  little  as  iS,060Z.  b«r 

tisement  in  the  London  Gazette,  Nos.  sides  that  which  has  been  brought  ta 

362  and  429,  in  which  Mr.  Castell  in-  either  by  benefiactors  or  dubscribers.** 

foriQs'tbe  subscribers  that  they  may  Mr.  IVIsrMli)  who;  in  his  "€oi:^Oii» 

send  for  their  copies  of  **  that  long-  ties  of  Lil^ratare/'  introduces  Dr.  Ca»m 

^xpectedj  dften,  and  many  ways  most  tell  with  the  honour  and  sympathy  duft 

dismally  obstructed    and  interrupted  to  Ihs  learning  and  soffeiriB^fr,    add* 

work,  which  is  now  fully  finished:—  ihat  *'  all  the puhlishert  of  Potyglotti 

baring  laboured  therein  eighteen  years ;  have  been  rained. "                         ^  .  ; 

1  Moreri.— -Diet.  Hist,— Hawkins's  Hist,  of  Mtt8ic,<«-fiuraey  in  Rees's  Cydo* . 
psdia. 


,  e  A  s  T  E  L  t;  »? 

diligence.  The  copies  of  the  book  lay  almost  entirely  hq^ 
sold  upon  his  hands.  He  received^  indeed,  so^me  additional 
preferments;  but  they  were  by  no  means  sufficient  to-re«^ 
eompense  him  for  his  great  losses.  The  small  vicarage  olf 
Hatfield  Peverell  in  Essex  was  bestowed  upon  him  ;  and 'he 
was  afterwards  presented  to  the  rectory  of  Wodeham  Waf-i 
ter  in  the  same  county.  His  last  preferment,-  which  was 
towards  the  close  of  his  life,  was  the  rectoiy  of  Higbamf 
Gobion  in  Bedfordshire. 

•  Dr.  CasteiPs  industry  and  liberality  were  not  confmedT'to^ 
bis  Lexicon.  He  was  eminently  assistant  to  Dr.  Waltoi'!,* 
in  the  celebrated  edition  of  the  Polyglott  Bible.  This  itf 
acknowledged  by  Walton,  who,  after  complimenting  <my 
aathor^s  erudition  and  modesty,  mentions  the  diligence  h^ 
employed  upon  the  Samaritan,  the  Syriac,  the  Arabic,  ^nd 
the  Ethiopic  versions ;  his  having  given  a  Lathi  translation 
of  the  Canticles,  under  the  last  version ;  and  his  adding^  to 
alt  of  them  learned  notes.  These  acknowledgments,  how4 
ever,  weire  by  no  means  e<|uai  to-Castetl^s  merit  and  ser^ 
vices  ;  for  he  transliated  several  books  of  the  New  Testa<A 
Hient,  and  the  Syriac  version  of  Job  where  it  differs  from 'the 
Arabic.  Greater  justice  ought,  likewise,  to  have  beeii 
done  to  his  generosity.  Dr.  Walton  mentions  the  gratni^ 
lies  which  he  bestowed  on  the  learned*  men  who  assisted 
kim  in  his  undertaking:  But  he  forgot  to  mention  that 
Cast^tl  not  only  spent  bis  whole  gratuity  upon  the  work,  but 
a  thousand  pounds  besides  >;  partly  from  his  own  private  fot^ 
tune,  and  partly  frOiki  fiftoney  which  he  had  solicited  frotat 
others.  We  know  ^f  nothing  farther  published  by  Dr. 
Caslell,  excepting  a  thin  quarto  pamphlet,  in  1660,  en« 
titled  ^^  Sol  AnglisB  Oriens  Auspiciis  Caroli  IL  Regum  Glo^ 
Hosissimi,''  fiiod  afdorned  with  ati  admirable  head  of  that 
tnOna^ch.  From  'a  letter  of  our  auth^r^s,  which  is  still  ex« 
t^nt^  and  was  written  in  1674,  it  appears,  that  the  many 
discouragements  be  had  met  with,  bad  not  extinguished 
bis  ardour  for  the  promotion  of  oriental  literature.  The 
same  letter  shews,  that  in  his  application  to  the  learned 
languages,  be  had  forgotten  the  cultivation  of  his  native ' 
tongue;  and' that  even  his  orthography  did  not  keep  pace 
with  t^e  improvements  of  the  time.  Dr.  Castell.died  at 
Higham  Gobion,  in  1665,  being  about  seventy-nine  years 
of  age.  All  his  oriental  manuscripts  were  betjueathed  by 
bim  to  the  university  of  Cambridge,  on  condition  that  his 


400 


CAS  T.  E  L  L. 


naase 'should  be  wiHten  on  every  copy  in  the'collectipn  *; 
II  is  supposed  that  about  five  hundred  of  his  MLexicon^"' 
vere  unsold  at  the  time  of  his  death.  These  were  placed 
by  Mrs.  Crispy  Dr.  Castell's  ni^ce  and  executrix,  in  a  room 
nf  dne  of  her  tenant^s  houses  at  Martin  in  Surrey,  where, 
for  tpany  years  they  lay  at  the  oiercy  of  the  rats;  and 
when  they  came  into  the  possession  of  this  lady's  executors, 
Vf^rcely  one  complete  volume  could  be  formed  out  of  the 
remainder,  and  the  whole  load  of  learned  rags  sold  btily 
for  seven  pounds.  Dr.  Castell  was  buried  in  th^  church 
9f  Higbam  Gobion,  «%herey  iu  his  Ufe-time,  he.  erected  a 
monument,  being  a  tablet  of  black  marble  ina  wjhite  stp^ne 
frame,  On  which  there  is  an  inscription,  that  neither  by  {t& 
l^tinity  nor  by  its  execution,  refieets  iBUcb  honour  oh  Jbis 
taste,  *  '    -    ,    . 

.  CASTELLANUS.  See  CHATEL. 
,  CASTELLT  (Benedict),  an  Italian  mathematician,  the 
p^Kticqlar  friend  of  Galileo,  v^ras.bQrn  of  an  ancient  ai^d 
Dpble  family  at  Brescia,  in  the  year  .1577.  In  15^5^  he 
entered  into  a  monastery  of  the  order  of  St.  BeniedictriQ  his 
native  eity,  but  afterwards  studied  at  Pa.di^  and  H  Florence^ 
fvheife  he  became  a  disciple  of  Galileo^  iand  assisted  him  in 
bis  astronomical  observations,  and  afterwards  maintained  a 
tegular  correspondence  with  him.  Galileo,  not  odly  had 
the  highest  esteem  for  his  talents,:  but  reposed  the  utmost 
confidence  in  his  friendship.  Under  his  name  the  apology 
of  Galileo  against  the  censures  of  Ludovico  delle  jColombe 
and  Vincent  di  Grazia  appeared,  though  it  was  principally 
written  by  Galileo  himself.  From  1615  to  1625,  he  occu- 
pied the  mathematical  c]iair  at  Pisa.  In.  1625,  Castelli 
was  invited  to  Rome  by  pope  Urban  VIII.  and  made  ma- 
thematical professor  in  the  college  della  Si^pienza,  The 
subject  of  his  particular  attention,  and  in  the  investigation 


*  His  orientnl  manuscripts,  38  in 
number,  19  iti  Hebrew,  13  in  Arabic, 
aod  6  io  iEthiopic,  to  all  whrcli  the 
effigies  of  the  doctor  were  affixed,  aod 
his  name  inscribed  in  them,  were  be- 
iqneathtid  by  him  to  the  public  library 
of  the  university  of  Cambridge.  To 
Emanuel  college  in  the  same  univer- 
sity, Dr.  Castell  bequeathed  111 
yrinted  books;  lb  St.Jolm's  college 
a  silver  tankard*  weighing  26  ouncies,         * 

*  Biog.  Brit.— NichoU's  Bowyer. 


value  7/.  on  condition  his  name  should 
be  inscribeif  en  it ;  and  to  Dr.  Denry 
Compton,  -bishop'  of  JLpadon  (to  wliooi 
he  acknowledges,  th^  highest,  obliga- 
tions), 100  copies  of  the  Hbptaglett 
Lexicon,  with  att  his  Bibles  and  other 
oriental  parts  of  holy,  scripture,  w 
number  52.  The  rest  of  his  books 
weife  sold  by  anction  at  Cambridge  la 
June  l^SO. 


C  A  S  T  E  L  L  t  401 

^f  whibh  he  thiefly  excelled,  was  the  motion  of 'water,  on 
which  subject  as  connected  with  the  health  of  the  cities  of 
Venice,  &c.  he  was  frequently  consulted^  and  suggested 
many  important  improvements.  In  1628,  he  published  on 
the  mensuration  of  roaning  waters,  '^  Delia  misura  deiP 
acque  correnti,'*  Rome,  4to,  and  ^^  Dimostrazioni  geome* 
triche  della  misura  dell  acque  oorrenti,"  ibid.  4to.  These 
have  been  inserted  in  the  collection  of  the  author's  works 
en  similar  topics,  printed  att  Florence,  with  other  treatises, 
on  the  laguna  of  Venice,  on  the  improvement  of  the  Pon- 
tine, Bolognese,  Ferrarese,  and  Romaguese^  marshes,  &c. 
in  1766.  Guglielmini,  though  in  other  things  he  impugns 
Castellij  allows  him  the  honour  of  having  firat  applied  g6o*> 
metry  to  the  motion  of  water ;  and  Montucla  calls  him 
**Tbe  Creator  of  a  new  part  of  Hydraulics."  His  defence  of 
•Galileo,  ^*  Riposta  alle  opposizioni  del  Sig.  Ludovico  delle 
Colombe,  &c."  was  published  at  Florence,  1615,  4to.  He 
deeply  lamented  the  death  of  this  great  man,  and  it  is  sup- 
posed to  have  hastened  his  own  in  1644.  Duke  Leopold 
ordered  Us  bust  to  be  placed  beside  that  of  Galileo.  ^ 

CASTELLI  (Bernajid),  an  eminent  painter  of  history 
and  portrait,  was  born  at  Genoa  in  1557,  and  studied  under 
Andrea  Semini  and  Lnca  Cambiaso,  preferring  the  princi- 
ples of  the  first,  though  in  his  practice  he  imitated  both,  and 
afterwards  visited  Rome  for  farther  improvement.  He 
invented  with  facility,  and  when  he  chose  to  exert  hittiself, 
he  had  sufficient  correctness  and  grace ;  but  he  became  a 
mannerist,  and  frequently  adopted  the  colour  and  dispatch 
of  Vasari  and  ZuccharL  The  most  distinguished  poets  of 
■his  time,  whose  portrsdts  he  painted,  and  who  celebrated 
bua  in  their  verses,  particularly  Marino  and  Tasso,  were 
bis' intimate  friends ;  and  be  made  designs  for  the  ^^  Jeru- 
salem^*  of  the  hitter.  The  subject  *Qf  his  altar-piece  for 
St.  Peter^s  at  Rome  was  the  call  of  St.  Peter  to. the  aposde- 
ship  ;  which  was  afterwards  removed  to  make  room  for  one 
executed  by  Lanfranco.  As  an  engraver, .  Strutt  says,  his 
style  somewhat  resembled  that  of  Cornelius  Bus.  Among 
-other  works  in  this  department  is  the  set  of  prints  for  Tas- 
,-so*s  Jerusalem.     He  died  in  1629.  ^ 

i     CASTELLI  (Valerio),  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born 
^at  Genoa,  in  1625,  and  studied  in  the  school  of  Domenico 

1  Fabroni  Vit»  Italorum,  vol.  I. 

*  Argenville,  vol.  II.--*PiIkiii(|(;f>Q  and  Sirutt.. 

Vol.  VJII.  D  0 


40«  ♦         C  A  S  T  E  L  L  I: 

Fiasella;  but  be  owed  hia  priucipal  knowledge  in  the  art- 
of  painting  to  studying  the  works  of  the  most  celebrate4 
mas&Qfs  at  Milan  and  Paroia,  by  which  he  improved  bid^ 
taste  of  design,  pomposition,  and  colouring.  His  reputa-^ 
tioo  for  drawing,  , colouring,  and  the  elegant  turn  of  his 
figures,  placed  him  iu  a  rank  far  superior  to  his.  father* 
His  most  favourite  subjects  were  battles,  which  he  comr 
posed  with  spirit,  and  executed  with  a  pleasing  variety,} 
and  his  horses  are  drawn  in  an  admirable  style*  full  of  mo^ 
tion,  action,  and  life*  In  this  style  of  painting  he  is  said  t^ 
have  united  the  fire  of  Tiutoretto  with  the  fine  taste  and 
composition  of  Paolo  Veronese*  With  respect  to  histori*? 
eal  subjects,  he  possessed  great  merit  both  in  easel  picturesi 
and  iu  those  of  larger  dimensions;  and  his  works,. although 
not  frequent,  are  held  in  great  estimation.  Among  those 
of  the  great  style,  the  cupola  of  the  church,  and  the  Annun* 
ciation  at  Genoa,  which,  is  described  am  a  noble  coa^posi^ 
tion,  was  painted  by  this  maslier;.  and  at  florentce,  in^^r 
palace  of  the  grand  duke,  there  is  another.  esceU^nt  painty 
ing,  the  Rape  of  the  Sahines.  His.  pictur/e,  represeutudg 
Christ  taken  down  froin  the  cross,  ia  in  the  oollection  ^gS 
the  earl  of  Pembroke  at  Wilton  ;  and  it  is  said  that  .morf^ 
^f  the  easel  pictures  of  Castelli  are  to  be  found  in  the  coir 
lections  of  England  than. in  any  other  part  of  Europe.  His. 
health  was  injured  by  his  assiduous  labour;  and  be  died  at 
Genoa  at. the  early  age  of  34,  in  1659.'., 

CASTELLO.     See  ADRIAN. 

CASTELLO,or  CASTELLI  (JoHNi  Baptist),  an  emi- 
nent artist,  the  companion  of  Luca  Cambiaso,  is.coounonly 
called  il  Behgamasco,  in  contradistinction* of  (no.  Ba^ 
Castelli  a  Genoese,  scholar  of  Cambiaso,  and  the  moi^ 
celebrated  miniature-paintec  of  his  time.  This,  hornati 
Bergamo  in  15CK),  and  conducted  to  Genoa,  by  AiireUo^ 
Buso  of  Crema^  a  acboJar  of  Polidoro,  was  at  his  audden 
departure  left  by  him  in  that  city.  In-  this  forloara  states 
hefoimd  a  MsBcenas  in  the  Pallavicini  facmly,  who  assisted 
him,  sent  htm  to  RooEie,  and  received  in  him  at  fais^retunur 
an  architect,  sculptor,  and.  painter  not  inferior  to  Cam- 
biaso* At  Rome,  Palooano  numbers  him  widi  thescbo^; 
lars  of  Mtehael  Angelo.  Whatever  master  he  may  have 
had,  his  tecbnic  principles  were  those  of  Lqca;  which  i» 
eyident  on  comparison  Jn  the  church  of  S.  Matteo^  wheed 


CAS  f  E  L  L  O-  40S 

they  painted  together.  We  discover  the 'style  of  Rafia- 
^hy  Verging  already  to  practice^  but  not  so  mannered  as 
that  which  prevailed  at  Rome  under  Gregory  and  Sixt\i$; 
We  recognize  in  Cambiaso  a  greater  genius  and  more  ele* 
ganee  of  design,  in  Castello  more  diligence,  deeper  know- 
ledge, a  better  colour,  a  colour  nearer  allied  to  the  Vene-^: 
tian  than  the  Roman  school*  It  may.  howevet  be.  supposed^ 
that  in  such  fraternal  harmony  each  assisted  the  other,  evea 
in  those  places  where  they  acted  es  competitors,  where 
€^ch  claimed  his  work,  and  distinguished  it  by  his  name. 
Tiius  at  the  Nunziata  di  Portoria,  Luca  on  the  panneJs 
represented  the  final  doom  of  the  blessed  and  the  rejected 
in  the  last  judgment ;  whilst  G.  Batista  on  the.  ceiling,  ex- 
pressed the  judge  in  an  angelic  circle,  receiving  the  elect* 
His  attitude  and  semblance  speak  the  celestial  welcome 
with  greater  energy  than  the  adjoined  capitals  of  the  words^^ 
**  Venite  Benedict!."  It  is  a  picture  studied  in  all  it» 
parts,  of  a  vivacity^  a  composition,  and  expression,  wbicfa 
gi^e  to'  the  pannels  of  Luca,  the  air  of  a  work  done  by  s£ 
man  half  asleep*  Frequently  he  painted  alone;  such  are 
the  S.  Jerome  surrounded  by  monks  frightened  at  a  Hon^* 
in  S.  Francesco  di  Castello,  and  the  crowning  of  St.  Sebas« 
tian  after  martyrdom,  in  bis  own  church,  a  picture  as  rich 
ki  composition  as  studied  in  execution,  and  superior  to  all 
praise.  That  a  man  of  such  powers  should  have  been  no 
little  known  in  Italy,  tous^  eqUal  indignaticm  and  pity„ 
unless  we  suppose  that  his  numerous  wdtks  in  fresco  at 
6enoa  prevented  Mm  from  fainting  for  galleries. 
'  Thill  artist  passed  the  last  years  ^  his  life  at  Madrid,  a9 
parnter  to  the  court.  After  his  death  in  1570,  Or,  as  some 
say  1530,  Lu<;a  Gambtasb  was  sent  for  to  finish  tiie  larger 
historic  subjects ;:  but  the  brifsHUent^l  parts  and  the  gro^ 
tesqoes  interspersed  with  frgure«  rei»»ined  to  his  two  sons^ 
Fabrizio  and  Granello,  whom,  he  hkd  carried  with  him  to 
Spain  as  his  assilstants.  Paloniino;  an^  the  writers  on  the 
£scurial,  enumefa^e  these  works^  ^tb  praise  of  their  va^ 
siety^'singularity,  and  beauty  of  colour** 

CASTELLO  (GABai£ii  LANCSS.OT),  an  eminent  Italian 
amiqoary,  was  bom  at  Palermo,  Feb»  18, 1727^  of  a  nobl<^ 
family,  and  was  plaoed  uudei?  a  private  tutor,  with  a  view 
to  study  botany,  chemistry^  &c.  ^  but  an  accident  gave  a 
iieir  and  decided  turn  to  his  pursuits,    Not.fer  froi^  Mot^a 

*-  Pilkingtoir.        .      '  / 


404  CASTtLLa 

where  he  lived,  stood  the  ancient  Halesa,  or  Alesa  (Tosa), 
a  cokmy  of  Nicosia,  celebrated  by  the  Greek  and  Latin 
poets,  which  was  swallowed  np  by  an  earthquake  in  the 
year  82S,  leaving  scarcely  a  restige  of  its  former  state. 
One  day  a  ploughman  dug  up  a  quantity  of  coins,  whic^ 
he  brought  to  Castello,  who  conceived  an  uncommon  de- 
sire to  decypher  them,  that  he  might  not  seem  a  stranger 
to  the  ancient  history  of  his  own  country :  and  applying 
himself  for  instructions^to  the  literati  of  Palermo,  they  re- 
commended the  siudy  of  antiquities  as  found  in  the  Greek 
and  Roman  authors ;  and  Castello  eng^ed  in  this  pursuit 
with  such  avidity  and  success,  as  within  three  years  to  be 
able  to  draw  np  a  very  learned  paper  on  the  subject  of  a  sta« 
tue  which  bad  been  dug  up,  which  he  published  under  the 
title  of  **  Dissertazione  sopra  una  statua  di  marmo  trovata 
nelle  campagne  di  Alesa,**  Palermo,  1749,  8vo,  with  letters 
on  some  antiquities  of  Solanto  near  Palermo ;  and  before 
he  had  reached  his  twenty-sixth  year  he  published   his 
History  and  Antiquities  of  Alesa,  which  procured  him  the 
reputation  of  an  able  antiquary,  and  was  censurable  only, 
for  certain  redundancies  of  style,  which  more  mature  pro- 
gress enabled  him  to  correct  in  his  subsequent  writings. 
In  the  mean  time  he  formed  a  splendid  collection  of  the 
remains  of  antiquity  to  be  found  in  Sicily,  and  his  museum 
was  always  open  to  strangers  as  well  as  natives  of  curiosity, 
and  by  will  he  bequeathed  a  vast  collection  of  books,  &c.  to 
the  public  library  of  Palermo.     This  learned  author  died 
March  5,  1794,  at  that  time  an  honorary  member  of  the 
Royal  Society  and  of  the  Paris  academy.    Besides  what  we 
have  mentioned,  he  published,  1.  <*  Osservazioni  critiche 
sopra  un  libro  stampato  in  Catania  nel  1747,  esposta  in 
una  lettera  da  un  Pastor  Arcade  ad  un  Accademico  Etrus- 
CO,"  Rome,  1749,  4to.     2.  "  Storia  di  Alesa  antlca  citta  di 
Sicilia  col  rapporto  de'  suoi  piu  insigni  monumenti,  &c** 
Palermo,  1753,  4to.     3.  **  Inscrizioni   Palermitane,''  Pa- 
lermo, 1762,  fol.     4.  '*  Sicilian  et  objacentium  Insularum 
veterum  inscriptionum  nova  collectio,  cum  prolegomenis 
et  notis  illustrata,^*  ibid.  1769.     5.  *^  Sicilis  Populorum  et 
Urbium,  Regum  quoque  et  Tyrannorum  veteres  nummi 
Saracenorum  epocham  antecedentes,*^  Palermo,  1781,  fol. 
To  thb,  his  greatest  work,  he  published  two  supplements 
in  1789  and  1791.     Besides  these  he  contributed  some 
papers  on  subjects  of  antiquity,  printed  in  the  "  Storia 
Letteraria  della  Sicilia,**  and  odier  works.    There  was  an- 


C  A  S  T  E  L  L  O. 


4^5 


other  of  the  same  name,  Ignatius  Paterno  Castello,  a 
contemporary,  and  likewise  an  able  antiquary,  who  died  in 
1776,  and  published  among  other  works,  '^  Descrizione 
del  terribile  Terremoto  de'  5.  Febraro  1783,  che  afflisse  la> 
Sicilia,  distrusse  Messina,  e  gran  parte  delta  Calabria,  di- 
retta  alle  Reale  Accademia  di  Bordeaux,  Poesia  del  Pen* 
sante  Peloritano,"  Naples,  1784,  &c.  * 

CASTELLUS,  or  CASTELLO  (Bartholomew),  an 
Italian  physician,  who  flourished  about  the  end  of  the  six- 
teenth century  and  the  commencement  of  the  seventeenth, 
published  two  works  which  have  been  often  reprinted,  and 
long  held  in  high  estimation;  the  first  was  <^  Totius  artis 
medicae,  methodo  divisa,  compendium  et  synopsis,'*  Mes- 
Sana,  1597,  4to,  and,  after  many  other  editions,  reprinted 
at  Geneva,  1746,  4to.  The  other  was  his  ^^  Lexicon  me- 
dicumGraeco-Latinum,''  first  published  at  Venice  in  1607, 
4to.  After  being  often  reprinted  as  the  author  left  it,  it 
was  enlarged  and  improved  by  J.  P.  Bruno,  and  published 
at  Nuremberg,  1682,  4to.  The  last  edition  is  that  of  Ger 
ueva,  I748y  4to. " 

CASTELNAU  (Michel  DE),  a  French  nobleman  of  high 
character  and  abilities,  was  frequently  employed  in  the 
aixteendi  century  by  Charles  IX.  and  Henry  IIL  of  France 
in  negociations  of  great  importance;  and  among  other 
destinations,  he  was  five  times  ambassador  in  England,  and 
the  first  time  resided  above  ten  years.  The  ^^  Memoirs  of 
bis  Negociations*^  published  by  Le  Laboreur  in  1669,  2 
vols.  fol.  and  reprinted  at  Brussels  in  1731,  3  vols.  foL 
afford  much  interesting  and  authentic  information  respect- 
ing the  history  of  his  time.  He  died  in  1592.  His  Me* 
moirs  were  translated  into  English  by  the  rev.  Mr.  Kelly, 
Lond.  1734,  fol. ' 

CASTELVETRO  (Lewis),  an  Italian  critic,  celebrated 
for  his  parts,  but  more  for  the  'severity  of  his  criticisms, 
was  born  at  Modena  in  1505.  Being  despised  for  his  po- 
verty by  the  ignorant  part  of  mankind,  and  hated  for  his 
knowledge  by  the  learned,  says  Moreri,  be  left  his  own 
country,  and  went  into  Germany,  where  he  resided  at  the 
court  of  the  emperor  Maximilian  II.  After  six  years^  ab- 
sence he  returned  to  Modena,  and  distinguished  himself 
chiefly  by  his  Commentary  upon  Aristotle's  Poetics ;  in 


1  Fabfoni  Vit®  Italornm,  vol.  X^VI, 

'  Diet,  IJist,— Moreri,— .Kawlinson's  Historians, 


«  Diet  Hist 


406  CAS  TEL  V  E  T  R  O. 

ivhich/  Rapin  assures  us,  he  aWays  made  it  ^  rule  to  fitid 
something  to  except  against  in  the  text  of  Aristotle.  Hl^ 
attacked  his  contemporary  and  rival  in  polite  literature^ 
Hannibal  Car6,  as  we  have  observed  under  his  article;* 
and  the  quarrel  did  not  end  without  many  satirical  piecefs 
written  on  both  sides  in  verse  and  prose.  Castelvetro;- 
however,  was  assisted  here  by  his  friends ;  for  though  he 
knew  how  to  lay  down  rules  for  writing  poetry,  yet  he  was 
not  a  poet  himself.  His  rival  Hannibal  Caro  at  lengthi 
brought  him  under  the  cognisance  of  the  inquisition  at 
Rome,  by  which  he  was  accused  of  paying  too  much  defer- 
ence to  the  new  opinions,  and  not  enough  to  the  old.  It 
is  probable  that  during  his  travels  into  Germany,  wher^ 
Lutheranism  was  established^  he  had  imbibed  the  prin« 
ciples  of  the  reformation,  which  appeared  in  his  conversa- 
tion and  writings.  He  wished  to  be  tried  at  a  distance,  ai 
he  then  was,  before  a  council ;  but  the  pope  acquainted 
the  cardinal 'of  Mantua,  his  legate,  that  since  Castelvetto 
had  been  accused  before  the  inquisition  at  Rom6,  it  w^k 
necessary  for  him  to  appear  there,  under  the  character  of 
a  person  accused.  Upon  the  pope^s  assuring  him  of  high 
honours  if  he  was  found  innocent,  and  of  clemency  if  guilQ^, 
he  appeared  before  the  inquisition,  and  was  examined  in 
October  1560:  but,  finding  himself  Embarrassed  by  the 
questions  put  to  him,  and  especially  in  regard  to  a  book  bf 
Melancthon,  which  he  had  translated  into  Italian,  he  fled 
to  Basil  in  Switzerland^  where  he  pursue^  the  study  of  the 
belles  lettres  to'' the  time  of  his  deaths  which  happei»ed 
Feb.  20,  1571.  ■     ■  .^  ^,i 

We  learn  from  the  Menagiana,  that  Castelvetro's  house 
being  on  fire  at  Lyons,  he  cried  but  **  Save  my  Poetics  !^* 
which  shews  that  he  considered  this  work  as  the  be^t  of  Ids 
performances,  and  it  ought  to  be  so^  if  what  is  said  be 
true,  that  it  cost  him  half  his  life  in  composing.  His'oth^r 
pieces  are  inferior  to  his  Poetics;  and  his  posthumous  ^ivorks 
fall  greatly  short  of  that  perfection  to  which,  if  he  'bad 
lived  to  correct  them,  they  would  probably  have  tfttain^d  .^ 

CASTIGLIONE  (Balthazar),  an  eminent  Italian 
nobleman,  was  descended  from  an  illustrious  and  ancient 
family,  and  born  in  his  own  villa  at  Casatico,  in  the  duchy 
of  Mantua,  Dec.  6,  1478,  On  coming  to  a  proper  agfe, 
he  had  masters  appointed  him,  under  whom  he  acquired  a 


C  A  ST  I  G  LI  6  N  E.  40^ 

knowladge  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  tongues ;  in  the  latter 
of  which  he  was  instructed  by  Demetrius  Chalcondylas,  of 
Constantinople,  who  then  resided  at  Milan  ;  and  in  the 
former^  by  George  Merula.  He  likewise  applied  himself 
to  the  study  of  painting,  sculpture,  and  architecture,  as 
appears  from  the  book  he  wrote  in  favour  of  those  arts ; 
and  he  made  so  great  a  progress  in  them,  that  Raphael 
tJrbino  and  Michael  Angelo,  though  incomparable  artists^ 
never  thought  their  works  perfect^  unless  they  had  the 
approbation  of  Castiglione. 

When  Castiglione  was  eighteen  years  of  age,  he  went 
into  military  service,  under  Lewis  Sforza,  duke  of  Milan ; 
h^t  his  father  dying  soon  after,  and  some  disastrous  cir- 
cumstances overtaking  that  state,  he  was  obliged  to  quit 
the  cannp,  and  return  to  Mantua.  He  engaged  a  second 
time  in  the  service  of  the  duke,  and  distinguished  himself 
U^uch  by  his  bravery  and  conduct;  but  returning  sooq 
after,  and  being  desirous  to  see  other  courts,  particularly 
that  of  Rome,  he  went  thither  at  the  very  time  that  Ju* 
lius  IL  obtained  the  popedom.  His  fame  was  not  unknown 
to  this  pontiff;  and  the  high  opinion  he  had  of  his  abilities' 
and  merit,  made  him  write  to  Guiido  Ubaldo,  duke  of  Ur- 
bino,  his  cousin,  that  if  he  would  send  him  to  the  court 
of  Rome,  in  his  own  name,  with  the  character  of  a  public 
minister,  he  should  take  it  as  a  singular  obligation.  Cas- 
tiglione was  twenty -six  years  of  age;  and  Guido  Ubaldo 
sent  him  ambassador  to  pope  Julius,  to  transact  affairs  of 
the  highest  importance.  He  was  sent  upon  a  saycond  em- 
bassy to  Lewis  XII.  of  France,  and  upon  a  third  to  Henry 
yil.  of  England  ;  whither  he  went  to  be  invested  with  the 
'  order  of  the  garter,  as  proxy  for  the  duke  his  master.  On 
his  arrival  in  England  he  was  received  with  every  mark  of 
honour  and  esteem,  being  met  at  the  port  where  he  landed 
by  the  earl  of  Huntingdon,  who  was  then  lord  of  the  bed- 
chamber, accompanied  by  many  other  lords,  and  a  king  at 
arms.  After  he  had  dispatched  his  business  here,  and  was 
returned  home,  to  gratify  the  importunities  of  Alfonso 
J^riosto,  his  particular  friend,  he  began  his  celebrated 
work,  ^^  The  Courtier,^^  which  in  a  small  space  of  time  he 
completed  at  .Rome,  in  March  1516.  From  this  work  we 
may  perceive  how  intimate  he  was  with  the  Greek  and 
Latin  authors,  having  here  gleaned  together  the  first  flowers 
of  their  wit,  and  treasured  up,  as  it  were,  in  a  single  ca- 
binet, the  richest  jewels  of  antiquity.     The  boo^  has  been 


\  40S  C  A:  S  T  I  G  L  I  O  N  E. 

univ^irsdlly  Well  received,  both  in  Italy,  and  abroad ;  afteti 
rep.rinied,  and  translated  into  several  languages.  It  is  fuU 
of  moral  and  political  instructions ;  and,  if  we  wish  ta 
study  the  Italian  tongue,  it  is  said  that  it  can  no  where  he 
found  in  more  purity. 

Castiglione  was  highly  esteemed  and  favoured  by  the 
duke  Francisco  Maria,  who  constituted  him  his  first  mi-» 
nister  of  state,  as  well  in  civil  as  military  affairs ;  and  for 
his  services,  particularly  at  the  siege  of  Mirandola,  at  which 
pope  Julius  was  present,  made  him  a  free  gift  of  the  castl^ 
of  Nuvolara,  in  the  county  of  Pesaro,  with  the  most  ample 
privileges  to  himself,  and  to  his  heirs  and  successors  for 
ever.  This  was  in  1513.  Not  long  after,  Leo  X.  conr 
firmed  it  to  him  by  two  briefs ;  the  one  written  to  him  by 
Peter  Bembo,  and  dated  March  14,  1514;  the  other  by 
Jacomus  Sadolet,  in  May  following.  Having  now  reache4 
his  thirty-sixth  year,  he  married  a  noble  lady,  who  was 
the  daughter  of  the  famous  Bentivoglio,  and  very  remarl^^ 
able  for  her  wit  and  beauty.  She  brought  him  a  son  and 
two  daughters,  and  then  died ;  having  lived  no  more  than 
four  years  with  him. 

A  little  before  this  misfortune,  the  marquis  of  Mantua 
sent  him  to  Leo  X.  as  his  ambassador ;  and  after  the  death 
of  Leo  he  continued  at  Rome  in  that  capacity,  under 
Hadrian  VL  and  Clement  VIL  Clement  sent  him  to  the 
epaperor  Charles  the  Fifth's  court  in  quality  of  legate,; 
where  affairs  were  to  be  transacted , of  the  highest  impor- 
tance, not  only  to  the  pontifical  see,  but  to  all  Italy.  He 
went  into  Spain,  Oct.  1524;  and  in  his  negociations  and 
transactions  not  only  answered  the  pope's  expectations, 
but  also  acquired  the  good-will  of  the  emperor,  by  whom 
he  was  soon  received  as  a  favourite  counsellor  and  friend, 
as  well  as  an  ambassador.  Among  other  marks  of  affection 
nvhiph  the  emperor  shewed  Castiglione,  one  was  rather  sio-> 
gular,  that  being  then  at  war  with  Francis  L  of  France,  .be 
always  desired  him  to  be  present  at  the  military  cogoicils 
of  that  war  ;  and,  when  it  was  supposed  that  the  war  would 
be  ended  by  a  single  combat  between  Charles  V.  and 
Francis  I.  with  only  three  knights  attending  them^  the  .epn- 
perpr  chose  Castiglione  to  be  one  of  the  nuniber.;  Heelso 
toadia  him  a  free  denizen  of  Spain*;  and  soon  after  nomi- 
nated him  to  the  bishopric  of  Avila.  And  because  tj^is 
happened  at  the  juncture  of  the  sacking  )of  Royxif;,  ;^.so9)e 
t€»ok  Qccasion  to  reflect  upon  Castiglione,  as  if  he  had  nog* 
lected  the  affairs  of  the  court  of  Rome,  for  the  sake  of 


PASTIGLIONE.  4Q9 

gratifying  the  ineHnatioos  of  the  emperor ;  at  least  such 
was  indeed  the  current  opinion  at  Rome  j  but  Castiglion^ 
defended  himself  from  the  imputation  in  bis  letter  to  Clor 
nrent  VU.  It  is  probable  that  there  were  no  real  grounds 
for  it,  since  Clement  himself  does  not  appear  to  have 
given  the  least  credit  to  it  Paul  Jovius  says,  that  if  Cas-« 
tiglione  bad  lived,  the  pope  intended  to  have  made  him  n 
ordinal;  and  after  bis  death,  in  two  of  his  holiness*^ 
briefs,  both  of  condolence  to  his  mother,  there  are  the 
strongest  expressions  of  his  unblemished  fidelity  and  devo- 
tion to  the  see  of  Rome.  The  imputation,  however,  afr 
fected  Castiglione  so  sensibly>  that  it  was  supposed  in  some 
measure  to  have  contributed  to  bis  death.  His  constitur 
tion  was  already  impaired  with  the  continual  fatigues,  civil 
as  well  as  military,  in  which  he  had  alwavs  been  engaged  | 
and  falling  at  length  sick  at  Toledo,  he  died  Feb.  2,  1529, 
The  emperor,  who  was  then  at  Toledo,  was  extremely 
grieved,  and  commanded  all  the  prelates  and  lorda  of  hia 
--"  comt  to  attend  his*  corpse  to  the  principal  church  there ; 
and  the  funeral  offices  were  celebrated  by  the  archbishop 
with  such  solemnity  and  pomp  as  was.  never  permitted  to 
any  one  before,  the  princes  of  the  blood  excepted.  Six<- 
leen  months  after,  his  body  was  removed  by  hi^  mother 
from  Toledo  to  Mantua,  and  interred  in  a  church  of  her 
own  building ;  where  a  sumptuous  monument  was  raised, 
^nd  a  Latin  epitaph  inscribed,  which  was  written  by  car-> 
dinal  Bembp. 

Besides  his  incomparable  book  the  **  Courtier,"  he 
composed  many  Latin  and  Tuscan  poems ;  which,  with  some 
of  his  letters,  are  placed  at  the  end  of  the  English  version 
of  the  "  Cpurtier,"  published  at  London  in  1727  ;  ,a  book 
of  very  frequent  occurrence,  and  which  sells  for  a  trifle, 
although  it  forms  a  very  handsome  4to,  printed  by  Bpwyer. 
The  translation  was  made  by  A.  P.  Castiglione,  a  gentle- 
man of  the  same  family,  who  lived  here  in  England, .  ubd^r 
the  patronage  of  Edmund  Gibson,  bishop  of  London.  The 
Italian  is  printed  with  it ;  and  before  the  whole Js  prefixed 
the  life  of  the  author,  to  which  the  reader  is  indebted  ^r 
4ke  account  hete  given. 

The  first  editbn  of  thia  "  Libro  del  Cortegiano"  was.  pub- 
itsbed  at  Venice,  in  1528,  and  has  been  since  trapslated 
f  Dto  most  of  the  European  languages.  The  Italiani  oali  it 
^'  II  libro  d'oro,^^  and  it  has  been  characterised  as  always 
new,  always  interesting  and  instructive.     It  now,  however, 


410  C  A  ST  I  G  L  ro  N  E. 

is  chiefly  interesting  to  persbns  of  curiosity,  as  the  speakers 
introduced  in  it  are  the  same  eminent  characters  w1k>  ac** 
tually  belonged  to  the  court  in  his  time.  Castigliode^s 
Letters  ivere  published  at  Padua,  by  Sarassi,  1769,  2  vok. 
8vo,  with  a  life.* 

CASTIGLIONE  (John  BENEmcT),  called  Grechetto, 
an  admired  artist,  was  born  at  Genoa,  in  16^1:^,^  and.  ui' 
that  ^ity  was  at  first  a  disciple  of  Battista  Pagi,  and  after^ 
wards  studied  in  the  academy  of  John  Andrea  de  Ferrara;^ 
but  his  principal  improvement  was  derived  from  the  in« 
structions  of  Vandyck,  who  at  that  time  came  to  reside  inr 
Genoa.  He  formed  to  himself  a  very  grand  manner ,  of 
design  in  every  branch  of  his  art,  and  succeeded  equally 
well  in  all ;  in  sacred  and  pro&ne  history,  landscape^ 
cattle,  and  portrait;  executing  every  one  of  them  with  an- 
equal  degree  of  truth,  freedom,  and  spirit.  But,  although 
his  genius  was  so  universal,  his  predominant  turn  was  td 
rural  scenes  and  pastoral  subjects,  markets,  and  animals^ 
in  which  he  had  no  superior.  He  had  great  r^dtness  of 
invention,  a  bold  and  noble  tint  of  colouring,  and  ab^»^ 
dance  of  natiure  in  all  his  compositions.  His  drawing  ts 
elegant,,  and  generally,  correct,  his  touch  judicious,  and 
his  pencil  free  and  Brm.  And  still  to  add  to  his  acoom^ 
plishments,  he  had  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  chiaro- 
scuro, which  he  very  happily  applied  through  all  his  works. 
In  a  chapel  of  St  Luke's  church  at  Genoa,  is  an  excellent 
picture  by  this  master.  The  composition  and  design  ar« 
^ood,  the  heads  of  the  figures  extremely  fine,  the  draperies 
•well  chosen  and  judiciously  cast,  the  animals  lively  and  coiv 
rect ;  and  the  manner  through  the  whole  is  grand,  and  yet  de*- 
licate ;  though  it  must  be  observed^  that  the  colouring  is  a 
little  too  red.  In  the  Palazao  Brignol^  is  a  grand  compo«- 
sition,  the  figures  being  eighteen  or  twenty  inches  higl^ 
which  is  admirably  finished,  though  perhaps  a  little  too 
dark.  And  at  the  Palazzo  Caregba,  in  the  same  city,  is 
an  historical  picture  of  Racbel  concealing  the  Teraphim 
from  Laban-,  in  which  the  figures  and  animals  are  ex«- 
ceedingly  fine. 

He  painted  a  considerable  time  at  Rome,  Naples,  Flo^ 
rence,  Parma,  and  Venice,  in  which  cities,  although  he 
left  very  striking  instances  of  his  skill,  <  his  fortune  wa&  net 
^qual  to  his  reputation.     He  found  liberal  patrons,  how- 

»  Life  ubi  supra  .-r-Ro8COe'i  ]^.— Qres»veU's  PoUtiaa.— Siwii  0^ioniasl.<— 
Ijloreri,  JBh  article  by  Grostey.  ^  ' 


C  A  S  T  I  G  L  I  O  N  E.  ilt 

ever/ ^n  the  Venetian  senator  Sacredb,  and  in' this  duke  of 
Mantua,  in  whose  service  he  lived  and  died  in  1 670. 

The  etchings  of  this  celebrated  artist,  which  are  nume- 
rous^ are  spirited,  free,  and  faH  of  taste;  and  their  effect 
is,  in  general,  powerful  and  piecing.  Among  his  most: 
estimable  plates,  Strutt  reckons  the  following,  all  from  his 
own  compositions;  viz.  ^*  Animals  coming  to  the  ark ;'' 
^  Laban  searching  for  his  gods  in  the  tent  of  Jacob ;"  *•  The 
angel  appearing  to  Joseph  in  a  dream;**  '^The  nativity  of 
our  Saviour;'*  "  The  flight  into  Egypt;'*  *^  The  resurrec- 
tion ^of  Lazarus;'*  "Diogenes  with  his  lanthorn  ;'*  "  A 
inagician  with  several  animals;"  "  The  little  melancholy;*' 
^^  A  ruin  with  «  vase,  and  two  men,  one  of  them  painting 
to  a  tomb  ;**  two  '*  Rural  subjects,  with  fawns  and  satyrs  ;** 
aud  two  «  Sets  of  heads.** 

Mis  son,  Francbsco  CastiglioK£,  was  the  disciple  of  his 
{iatber,  and  was  born  at  Geuba.  He  inherited*  in  a  very 
considerable  degree  the  talents  of  his  father,  and  imitated 
liis  style  aud  mapner  exactly  in  composition,  harldhng, 
and  design.  Many  pictures  ascribed  to  Benedetto,  and 
€x;curring  in  sales  and  collections,  are  thought  to  be  copies 
after  him  by  his  son  Francesco,  or  perhaps  originals  of  the 
younger  Castiglione.' 

CASTILLE,  ALPHONSUS.     See  ALPHONSUS. 
CASTILLO  Y  SAAVEDRA  (Antonio  del),  a  Spanish 
painter,  was  born  at  Cordova,  in  1603,  and  after*  the  death 
of  his  father,  Augustine  Castillo,  whose  disciple  he  was, 
repaired  to  Seville  for  the  purpose  of  improving  himself 
an  thescbool  of  Francis  Znrbaran.     Being  returned  to  his 
native  country,  he  acquired  great  reputation  by  his  works ; 
which  was  so  well  established,  that  even  at  this  day  no  one 
is  considered  as  a  man  of  taste  who  does  not  possess  some 
piece  by  this  great  artist.     He  treated  history,  landscape^ 
and  portrait,  with  equal  success.     His  drawing  is  excel- 
lent; but  his  colouring  is  deficient  in  graces  and  taste.     It 
IS  said,  that,  on  his  return  to  Seville,  be  was  seized  with 
fiuch  a  fit'of  jealousy  at  seeing  the  pictures  of  the  young 
Murello  of  a  freshness  and  colouring  much  superior  to  his^ 
that  he  died  of  vexation  shortly  after  his  return  to  Cordova, 
in  1667.     He  once  marked  one  of  his  pictures  with  the 
/whimsical  inscription  :  *^  Non  pinxit  Alf^ro,**  to  ridicule 
•the  vanity  of  that  pupil,  noted  as  the  hiost  conceited  artis^ 

'       1  AtgenTU)«/Tor.n.--Bfit^es*8lJTesoftheFBiater8.^PiIktiistoB.--'SWratt, 


412  CASTILLO. 

of  his  day,  who  never  soflFared  a  pictaie  to  escape  his  haB4 
without  stamping  it  with  the  words  '<  Aliaro  pinxit  J'  The 
best  works  of  Castillo  are  at  Cordova.' 

CASTRACANI  (Cast&uccio)^  a  celebrated  lulian  ge« 
neral,  was  born  at  Lucca,  in  Tuscany,  in  1284;  wber^ 
it  is  said,  he  was  taken  up  one  morning  accidentally  in  a 
vineyard,  where  he  had  been  laid  and  covered  with  leaves ; 
but  others  deduce  him  from  an  ancient  and  great  £unil]fi 
The  former  account,  however,  goes  on  to  inform  us  tha| 
be  was  found  by  Dianofa,  a  widow  lady,  and  sister  of  An- 
tonio, a  canon  of  St  Michael  in  Lucca,  who  was  descended 
from  the  illustrious  family  of  the  CastracanL  Antonio  being 
priest,  and  Dianora  having  no  children,  they  determined 
to  bring  him  up,  christened  him  Castruccio^  by  the  name 
of  their  father,  and  educated  him  as  carefully  as  if  he  had 
been  their  own.  Antonio  designed  him  for  a  priest,  and 
accordingly  trained  him  to  letters;  but  Castruccio  was 
scarcely  fourteen  years  old  when  he  began  to  neglect  his 
books,  and  to  devote  himself  to  military  exercises,  to 
wrestling,  running,  and  other  athletic  sports,  which  very 
well  suited  his  great  strength  of  body.  At  that  time  the 
two  great  factions,  the  Guelfs  and  Ghibilins,  shared  all 
Italy  between  them,  divided  the  popes  and  the  emperors, 
and  engaged  in  their  different  interests,  not  only  the  mem- 
bers of  the  same  town,  but  even  the  members  of  the  same 
family.  Francisco,  a  considerable  man  on  the  side  of  the 
Ghibilins,  observing  one  day  in  the  market-place,  the  unt- 
common  .spirit  and  qualities  of«  Castruccio,  prevailed  with 
Antonio  to  let  him  turn  soldier.  As  nothing  could  be  more 
agreeable  to  the  inclination  of  Castruccio,  he  presently 
became  accomplished  in  every  thing  which  could  adorn  hu 
profession.  He  was  eighteen  years  old  when  the  fiiction 
of  the  Guelfs  drove  the  Ghibilins  out  of  Paviai,  and  was 
then  made  a  lieutenant  of  a  company  of  foot,  by  Francisco 
Guinigi,  of  whom  the  prince  of  Milan  had  solicited  suo 
cours.  The  first  campaign  this  new  lieutenant  made,  he 
gave  such  proofs  of  his  courage  and  conduct,  as  spread 
his  fame  all  over  Lombardy  ;  and  Guinigi  conceived  such 
^n  opinion  of  him,  and  had  so  much  confidence  in  him, 
that,  dying  soon  after,  he  committed  the  care  of  his  son 
and  the  management  of  his  estate  to  him.  So  great  a  trust 
and  administration  made  Castruccio  more  considerable  than 

'  PilkJDgtoD. — Cumberland*!  Anecdotes  of  Painters. 


€  A  S  T  R  A  C  A  N  I.  4l3 

belcnre  ;  but  at  the  same  time  created  him  many  enemieS;, 
and  lost  him  some  friends ;  for,  knowing  him  to  be  of  an 
high  and  enterprising  spirit,   many  began  to  fancy  bis 
views  were  to  empire,  and  to  oppress  the  liberty  of  his 
country.     He  went  on  still,  however,  to  distinguish  him- 
self by  military  exploits,  and  at  last  raised  so  much  jea- 
lousy in  his  chief  commander,  that  he  was  imprisoned 'by 
stratagem,  with  a  view  of  being  put  to  death  ;  but  the 
people  of  Lucca  soon  released  him,  and  in  a  short  time 
after,  solemnly  chose  him  their  sovereign  prince,  and  there 
were  not  then,  either  in  Looibardy  or  Tuscany,  any  of  the 
Ghibilins  who  did  not  look  upon  Castruccio  as  the  trud 
head  of  their  faction.     Those  who  were  banished  thei^ 
country  upon  that  account  fled  to  him  for  protection,  and 
promised  unanimously,  that  if  he  could  restore  them  to 
their  estates,    they  would  serve  him  so  effectually,  that 
the  sovereignty  of  their  country  should  be  his  reward. 
Flattered   by  these  promises,    and-  encouraged    by   the 
strength  of  his  forces,  he  entertained  a  design  of  making 
himself  master  of  Tuscany ;  and  to  give  more  reputation 
to  his  affairs,  he  entered  into  a  league  with  the  prince  of 
•  Milan.   He  kept  his  army  constantly  on  foot,  and  employed 
it  as  suited  best  with  his  own  designs.     For  the  services  he 
did  the  pope  he  was  made  senator  of  Rome  with  more  than 
ordinary  ceremony.     The  day  of  his  promotion,  he  came 
forth  in  a  habit  suitable  to  his  dignity,  but  enriched  with 
a  delicate  embroidery,    and  with  two  devices  artificially 
Wrought  in,  one  before,   the  other  behind.     The  former 
was  in  these  words,  "He  is  as  it  pleases  God;"  the  latter, 
**  And  shall  be  what  God  will  have  him."     While  Cas- 
truccio was  at  Rome,  news  was  brought  him  which  obliged 
him  to  return  in  all  haste  to  Lucca.     The  Florentines  were 
making  war  upon  him,  and  had  already  done  him   som,e 
damage  ;  and  conspiracies  were  forming  against  him  as  an 
usurper,  at  Pisa  and  in  several  places  ^   but  Castruccio 
surmounted  all  these  difHculties,  and  the  supreme  autho* 
rity  of  Tuscany  was  just  falling  into  his  hands,  when  a 
period  was  put  to  his  progress  and  his  life.     An  army  of 
30,000  foot  and  10,000  horse    appeared  against  him  ift 
May  1328.     Of  these  he.  destroyed  2^2,000,  with  the  loss 
of  not  quite  1600  of  his  own  men,  and  was  returning  from 
the  field  of  battle  ^  but,  happening  to  halt  a  little  for  the 
sake  of  thanking  and  caressing  his  soldiers  as  they  passed; 
fired  with  an  action  as  fatiguing  as  glorious,  and  covered 


414  C  A  S  T  R  AC  AN  I. 

I 

with  sweaty  a  north  wind  blew  upon  him,  and  affected  him  « 
so,  that  he  fell  immediately  into  a  fit  of  ague.     At  first  be^J 
neglected  it,  beiie?ing  himself  suJfficieotly  hardened  againi^. 
such  attacks ;  but  the  fit  increasing,  and.  with  it  the  fever^ 
his  physicians  gave  him  over,  and  he  died  in  a  few  days*  ; 
He  was  in  his  forty-fourth  year ;  and  from  the  time  her 
came  to  appear  first  in  the  world,  he  always,  as  well  in  his  .. 
good  as  bad  fortune,  expressed  the  same  steadiness  and 
equality  of  spirit.    ..As.  he  left  several  monuments  of  his:.- 
good  fortune  behind  him,  so  he  was  not  ashamed  to  leaise  : 
some  memorials  of  his  adversity.     Thus,  when  hewas  de-  . 
livered  from  the  imprisonment  above-mentioned,  he  caused  .; 
the  irons  with  which  he  was  loaded,  to  be  hung  in  the  most  ; 
public  room  of.  his  palace,  where  they  were  to  be  seea. : 
many  years  after.      ,        .  .  >^ 

Machiavel,  who  has  written  the  Life  of  Castruccio,  and 
frQm  whom  we  have  extracted  this  account  of  him,  says^ 
that  be  wa^  not  only  an  extraordinary  man  in  his  owilage,^'- 
but  would  have  been  so  in  any  other.     He  vi<a$  tall  aad.i 
well-made,  of  a  noble  aspect,  and  so  winning  an  address^, 
that  all  mep  went  away  from  him  satisfied.     His  hair,  was  t 
inclining  to  red;  and  he  wore  it  above  his  ears.     Wheren^ 
ever  he  went,  snow,  hail,  or  rain,  his  head  was  always  ua^  v 
cov^ed.     He  had  all  the  qualities  that  make  a  fnan  great ; . 
was  grateful  to  his  friends,  tepible  to  his  en&nies,  just 
with  his  subjects,  subtle  with  strangers;  and,  where stra«. 
tagem  would  ^db  the  business,  he  never  had  recourse* ^ta 
force.     No  man  was  more  forward  to  encounter  dangers^^^ 
no  man  more  careful  ta escape  them..   He  had  an  imconh*:>^i 
mon  presence  of  mind,   and  often  made  repartees  widL- 
great  smartness.     Machiavers  Life,,  however,  abounds;  ia^ 
fiction.    The  younger  Aldus  piublished  a  better  at  Lucc% - 
1590,  4to.     Castracani-s  Life  was  also  writtenin  Latin  hy^^^ 
Nicolas  Tegrimo,  andprinted  at  Modena,  1496^  4to,  and  ^ 
iPari^  rp46  ;  and  Muratori  has.inserted.it  in voL  XL  dTiitSu-^ 
**  Sicript.  Italic." *  .;    ;U 

,CASTRO  (Alphonsus  de),  a  Spanish  divine,  whb  a  na?i : 
ti^.ofvZamora,  aiid  of  the  order  of  St.  Francis.  He'  flott*  I 
rishedJH  the  sixteenth  century,  under  the  reigns  of>theT 
emperor  Charles  V.  and  Philip  H.  and  accompanied  t^A 
latter  int^  l^nglatid  when  his  .majesj^y  married  queen  Mary;^^ 
De  Castro  after  this  appears  to  have  resided  in  the  Nether-^ 

*  Modern  Uniy.  Histt^^Morerilii  CaHrttcdo.    "^^     "■ 


CASTRO.  415 

land^  and  was  there  promoted  to  the  archbish(i{mc  of 
Compdstella;  but  before  be  could  receive  the  necessary 
^  documents  from  die  pope,  he  died  at  Brussels,  Feb.  13, 
1558,  in  the  sixty-third  year  of  his  age.  His  works  were 
printed  at  Paris  in  1578,  folio.  The  principal  and  most 
valued  was  his  **  Treatise  against  Heresies,''  a  work  partly 
historical,  and  partly  controversial;^ 

CASTRO  (Paul  de),  one  of  the  most  eminent  lawyers 
of  the  fifteenth  century,  was  so  called  from  Castro  his  na«* 
tive  place.  He  taught  law  at  Florence,  Bologna,  Sienna, 
and  Padua,  with  such  high  reputation,  that  it  was  com- 
monly said  of  him,  **  Si  Bartolus  non  esset,  esset  Paulus.'* 
He-diied  in  a  very  advanced  age,  1437,  leaving  a  son  a  pro- 
fessor of  canon  law.  There  are  several  editions  of  his 
works,  in  8  vols,  folio.* 

CAT  (Claudb  Nicholas  le),  an  emineirt  French  phy- 
sician and  surgeon,  was  bom  at  •  Blerancourt,  between 
Noyonand  Concy^  Sept.  6,  1700.  If  cbirurgical  skill  be 
hereditary,  his  claims  were  considerable,  as  he  was  de- 
scended both  by  the  father's  and  mother's  side  from  emi- 
nent practitioners.  His  parents,  however,  first  intended 
.hiffl  for  the  church  ;  but  after  completing  his  philosophy 
course,  he  applied  himself  to  the  study  of  medicine,  not 
altogether  with  his  inclination.  From  his  infancy  he  had 
amuaed  himself  with  making  geometrical  figured,  and  with- 
out the  aid  of  a  master,  used  to  make  drawings  of  military 
architecture  with  considerable  accuracy,  and  at  one  time 
sejems  to  have  had  an  inclination  for  the  bar,  but  at  last  he 
hadrno  alternative  but  the  church,  or  the  profession  of  his 
aabestors^and  having  determined  in  favour  of  the  lattei', 
he  went  to  Paris  for  education  in  the  di^rent  branches' of 
the  healing  art.  The  first  publication  by  wbich  he  was 
known^  was  a  curious  dissertation,  which  be  printed  in  his 
twenty-fourth  year^  on  the  knechanism  of  the  buttresses  of 
the^tloirch  of  St;  Nicaise  at  Rheikns :  these  buttresses  have 
always  been  an  object  of  curiosity,  as  a  motion  is  pereepti- 
ble^in  them,  whidi- has  never  aflSected  their  solidity.  In 
17 Wf  he  was  appointed  surgeim  and  physician  to  M.  de 
Titssanj  archbishop  -  of  Rouen.  He  did  not  take  his^de^ 
gcee,  however,  until  1732,  when  betook  it  at  IUiei][ns;  tof 
avoid  the  heavy  expence  of  6000  IivreS|  which  it  ^oidd  have 


tj- 


'  Dopio. — ^Antonio  Blbl.  Hifp.— <-Moreru 
s  Moreri.-»Sa3di  Qnooiutioon. 


*\6  d  A  T. 

cost  at  Pari^.  In  ItSSj  be  settled  mt  Rotten,  and  liegan  td 
give  a  courrse  of  anatomical  lectures,  and  there  first'-he 
estaUrshed'  a  high  reputation  for  his  dextrous  oiethod^'iDf 

-  Operation  for  the  stone,    in  1731  he  obtained  the  rev'ersifta 
-of  the  place  of  surgeon-major  tathe  hospitalat  Roiieh  ; 

*  and  when  the  royal  academy  of  surgery  wi»  estabtisfa^, 

-  he  gained  the  first  prize,  and  cc^tintiedtto  gain  aH  i3^e 
prizes  of  that  academy  to  the  year  1739  'hictmAre,  when 
ihey  paid  him  the -high^  compKment  of  requesting  that  he 
would  no  iongei^  become  a  candidate,'  bat  t^^e  to  dlib^  a 
ebance  of  obtaining  these  rewards.-  Fhftteritog  as  tfais^eem* 
ed,  M.  Le  Cat  was-aware  that  the  academieians  hlid  -it  in 
their  power  to  prevent  hiis  contending  for  prizes  in  a  tndre 

>  effectual  way,  by  electing  him  one  of  their  body,  and  ac- 
'  cordingly  stood  for  the  prize  of  17  S9  with  bis  usual  stic- 

ces^:  about  the  end  of  the  year,  however,  -be  ^ was  elected 
inter  the  academy,'  and  pursued  his> career  of  feme  bytbdse 
numerous  publications' ^n^whidb  it  wn^So^iustivfouddedi 

!u  1766,  he  established  ktRou^iL|y^K«lsl;bOblo^^^ 
gery  atid  anatomy,  buth'to  aAp)^^d!i6atre  ttM^  '^^Utt^* 
pence,  and  gave  lectures  for  ten  or  twel^  years  g^ati^^'^at 
the  end^f  which  time  be  received  a  pension'  frMi  the'tifi^^ 
From  this  school,  in  the  course  of  time,  arose  a  liten^ 
association,  which  is  lio^  the  academy  of  Rouen,  and  of 
which  he  was  many  yetfrs 'secretary;  and  ^e  parliament,  to 
testify  their  respect  for  the  zeaF and'patif otism  be  -hiid' db« 
play^ed,  allowed  him  a  pension  M  WOO  livres'  for  c^bitae 
years:  In  1739,  he  published  aidissei^tdtieti^on  solt^nt^  for 
the  stone,  and  'particularly  on  tfaa^  sbldin^his  Cdiintiy  by 
Mr&  Stephens;  which  was  onee  thdugfarinfiBlliiUe.^' -lU^De- 

•  cettiber  of  *  thitt  year,  he  was'adiiritted  a  correspdndihg 
member  of  the  toyal  academy  6f  sciences  at  Paris,  to  whose 
memoirs  he  had  contributed  many  curious  papers ;.  and*  in 
1740,  a  similar  honour  was  paid  to  him  by  theftoyal1S6^ty 
of  London.  About-  the  same  time,^  he  refused  the  iMst 
liberal  offers  made  hinr  to  remove  to  Partly ;  his  attacfiny^ift 
to  the  ^ty  of  Rouen^a^  the  regard  'paid  him  by  all  ebstes 
there,  inducing  him  to  prefer  residing  among  them.  'In 
-1741  Ibe  academy  of  Msidrid  elect^d^him  one  of  their 

>  4K>dy^^  and  tfce  year' following  he  eichiWted  another  proof 
'of'  his  atfiachmeitt  to  the  promotion  of  science,  byestabtiiii* 

'^ing^  a  school  for  <iesign  at  Rouen,  for  which  purpose-he 
accommodated  M.  Descamp,  a  Flemish  artist,  with  the 
yise  of  ms  amphitheatre..    . 


C  AT..  417 

.  tn  1746  be  hqgaLTi  a  course  of  experimental  philpsopby 
felt  Kouen,  which  be,  continued  as  well  as  bis  ordinary  lec« 
tures  on.  surgery  and, anatoxD J ;  and  in  1749  he  founded 
three  anatomical  prizes.  In  this  last  year,  he  published 
various  papers  on  the  operation  for  the  stone  in  th^  female 
subject;  and  in  1750^  bis  love  for  the  arts  and  sciences  in^ 
duced  him  to  publish  an  energetic  refutation  of  Rousseau'^ 
famous  discourse  yvhich  bad  received  the  prize  of  the  aca*^ 
Idemy  of  Dijon.  In  the  course  of  his  progress  be  was  ho*«  ' 
noured  by  admission  into  most  of  the  learned  societies  in 
JEurope^  and  contributed  papers  to  their  various  memoirs. 

in  1755  he  was  at  Paris  during  the  months  of  February 
and  Marcb^  attending  a  general  meeting  of  litbotomists 
to  determine  on  the  superiority  of  his  method  of  operation^ 
and  the  decision  was  in  his  favour.  In  the  spring  of  the 
same  year,  he  was  invited  to  Lisle  and  the  Netherlands  to 
attend  some  persons  of  the  first  rank  afflicted  with  cataracts, 
and.  he  effected  some  cures  so  remarkable  that  the  popu- 
lace considere4  them  as  miracles.  The  last  years  of  his 
life  were  employed  on  an  edition  of  the  first  volumes  of  the 
Memoirs  of  the  Academy  of  Rouen,  and  a  treatise  on  osteo- 
logy. He  died  at  Rouen  Aug*  20,  1768,  and  was  interred 
in  the  new  church  of  the  Hotel-Dieu.  Haller  characterises 
Le  Cat  as  an  ingenious  man,  distinguished  for  some  real 
jdiscoveries  in  anatomy,  but  inaccurate  with  respect  to 
others,  and  prone  to  new  hypotheses.  His  principal  wri- 
tings are  :  I.  '^ Traits  des  sensations  et  des  passions  en 
general,*'  1749,  2  vols.  8vo,  translated  into  English  about 
the  same  time,  but  republished  by  the  author  at  Paris^  1^67^ 
.with  many  improvements.  2.  *^  Dissertation  sur  I'existence 
«t  la  nature  du  fluide  des  nerfs,'*  1753.  3.  "  La  Theorie 
.deTouie,"  Paris,  1758,  8vo.  4.  "  Eloge  de  Fontenelle,'* 
1759,  12mo,  which  is  said  to  contain  many  particulars  of 
that  eminent  man  not  to  be  found  elsewhere.  5.  "  Trait6 
.  <le  la  couleur  de  la  peau  humaine,*'  1765,  8vo.  6.  **  Nou- 
yeau  J^ysteme  sur  la  cause  de  Tevacuation  periodique  d^ 
sexe,'*  1765,  Svo,  7.  "  Cours  abreg6  dWeologie,'*  1767, 
8VO.V 

CATESBY  (Mark)>  one  of  those  men  whom  a  passion 
for  natural  history  very  early  allured  from  the  interesting 
pursuits  of  domestic  life  to  cross  the  Atlantic,  was  born 
,ab^ut  the  latter  end  of  1679,  or  the  beginning  of  1680.  He 

Vol  VIII.  E  s  "^ 


il*  C  AT  t  S"  B  Y. 

acquaints  us  himself  that  he  h^d  ver^  early  a  propensity  t0 
the  study  of  nature,  aind  that  his  wish  for  ^higher  gratificai 
tions*  in  this  way  first  led  him  to  London,  and  afterwards 
to  distant  part*  of  the  globe.  The  residence  of  sdine  rela* 
kiotis  in  Vii*gin?a  favouring  this  latter  design,  he  went  thi- 
ther in  1712,  and  staid  seven  years,  admiring  and  coHeet«i 
ing  the  various  productions  of  the  country,  without  having 
laid  any  direct  plati  for  the  work  which  he  afterwards  ac.-^ 
Cpmplisbed.  Qn  his  return  to  England  iu  1719,  }ie  was 
encouraged  by  the  assistance  of  several  of  the  nobility,  of 
sir  Hans  Sloane,  Dr.  Sherard,'  and  other  natdralists^^  whose 
names  he  has  recorded,  to  return  to  America,  with  the 
jprofessed  design  of  describing,  delineating,  and  painting 
the  most  curious  objects  of  nature.  Carolina  was  fixed  on, 
'as  the  place  of  his  residence,  where  he  arrived  in  May  1722. 
He  first  examined  the  lower  parts  of  the  country,  making 
excursions  from  Charles  Town  ;  and  afterwards  sojourned, 
for  Ikme  time,  amongr  the  Indians  in  the  mountadnous  rieV 
gipns^  at  and  -about  Fort  Moore.  He  then  extended  hi? 
researches  through  Georgia  and  Florida ;  and  havihg  spenjt 
jiearly  three  years  on  the  continent,  he  visited  the  Bahama 
islands,  taking  his  residence  in  the  Isle  of  Providence  J 
'carrying  on  his  'J^lan,  and  particularly  making  collections 
of  fishes  and  submarine  productions.  ^ 

'     On  his  retufn  to  En^gland  in  1726,  his  labours  having 
met  with  the  approbation  of  his  patrons,  Mr.  Catesby  made 
Iiimself  master  of  the  art  of  etchirfg ;  and,  retiring  to  Hex- 
ton,  employed  himself  in  carrying  on  his  great  work,  whicb: 
he  published  in  numbers*  of  twenty  plants  each.     The  firit 
appeared  in  the  latter  end  of  the  year  1730;  and  the  first 
^Volume,  consisting  of  an  hundred  plates,  was  finished  ifK 
1732  ;  the  second  in   174S  ;  and  the  Appendix  of  twenty 
plates,  in  1748  :  the  whole  under  the  title  <*The  Naturdl- 
History  of  Carolina,  Florida,  and  the  Bahama  Islands,  ijic^* 
'folio.     In  thh  splentiid  performance,  the  curtoui  are  gra«^, 
^ified  with  tbfe  figures  of  many  of  the  most  beautiful  tree$^; 
shrubs,  and  herbaceous  plants,  that' adorn  the  gardens  of  j 
the  present  time*     Many  also  of  the  most  useful  iri\the; 
arts,  and  conveniencies  of  life,  and  several  of  ,tbosi&  us^d^' 
•in  medicine,  are  here  for  the  first  time  exhibited^in  thai 
^true  proportion  and  natural  colours.     It  is  X)nly  to  berc^^i 
'gfetted,    that  in  this  work,  a  separate  exhibitioh  of;  tl^  : 
flower  ii^all  its^arts  should  be  wanting ;  iu  defect  of  which, 
several  curious  articles  have  not  been  ascertaiued.     As, 


e  A  t  E  g  B  V.  41* 

howevisf,  M^.  Catesby  etcHed  all  tbef  figures  fiitn^elf^  from 
his  own  paintingSy  and  the  coioured  copies  were  at  first 
done  under  his  own  inspection,  and  wherever  it  was  pas* 
sible,  every  subject  in  its^  natrtiral  size ;  tins  work  was  the 
most  splendid  of  its  kind  that  England  ever  produced.—^ 
Mr;  Catesby  uas  also  author  of  a  paper  in  the  Phil.  Trans, 
*ToL  XLIV.  ^♦on  birds  of  passage^'  in  which,  in  opposi- 
^on  to  the  opinion  that  birds  lie  torpid  in  caverns>  and  at 
tii0  bottom  of  waters,  he  produces  a  Tiafriety  of  reasons,  and 
several  facts,  which  his  residence  in  America  afforded^  itt 
sufppoi*t  of  th'eir  migration  in  search  of  proper  food. 
*  'Mr.  Gatesby  was  elected  a^  fellow  of  the  royal  society 
soon  after  hisi  second  return  from  America,  and  livied  iti 
acquaintance  and  friendship  with  many  of  the  most  respect-^ 
abfe  members- of  that  body,  being  "greatly  esteemed  for 
kis  modesty,  ingenuity,  and  upright  behaviour."  Before 
bis  death  he  removed  from  Hoxton  to  Fulham,  and  after- 

*  wards  to  London,  and  died  at  his  house  in  Old-street,  be- 
hind Su-  Luke's  church,  Dec:  23,  174&,  aged  seventy,  leav- 
kig'tt  widow  and  tvvo  children.     Dr.  Gronovius  gave  his. 
name  to  a  thorny  shrub  of  the  tetrandrous  class,   Catesbea;  ' 
Mr.  Catesby' s  work  was  republished  in  1754  and   1771, 
and  to  the  last  edition  a  Linnaean  index,  but  not  sufficiently 

'  copious,  was  annexed.  ^ 

CATHERINE  OF  ARRAGON,  queen  of  England, 
atnd  first  consort  of  Henry  VHL  was  the  fourth  daughter  of 
Ferditiand  and  Isabella,  king  and  quben  6f  Castile  and  Ar- 
ragon.  She  was  born  in  1485.  In  tbe  sixteenth  yeai'  of 
ber  age,  Nov.  14,  1501,  she  was  mariied  to  Arthur,  prince 
of  Wales^  son  of  Henry  VII.  who  died  a  few  months  after. 
The  king,  either  from  political  reasons,  or,  as  some  think, 
because  he  was  unwilling  to  restore  Catherine's  dowry, 
virbich  was  200^000  ducats,  obliged  his  second  son  Henry, 
whom  he  created  prince  of  Wales,  and  who  was  then  in 
Iris 'twelfth  year,  to  be 'contracted  to  the  infanta.  The 
prince  resisted  this  in}urtction  to  the  utodost  of  his  power  ^ 
tMit  ibe  king  vi^  invidcible,  and  the  espousals  were  at 
Idtigtb,  by  means-  of  the  pope^s  dispensation,  contracted 
t>etween  the  parties.  Immediately  after  the  accession  of 
Hteliry  VIII.  to  the  crown,  in  1509,  the  king  began  to  de- 
liberate on  his  former  engagements,  to  which  he  had  many 
obj^tioos,  but  bis  privy  council,  though  contrary  to  th^' 

i  PuUentty's  Sketches  of  Botapy, 
E  E  2 


420  C  A  T  H  E  R  I.N  E. 

opinion  of  the  primate,  gave  him  their  advice  for  cele^ 
brating  the  marriage.     Even  the  prejudices  of  the  peopV 
were  averse  to  an  union  betwixt  such  near  relations  as 
Henry  and  his  brother^s  widow;    and  the  late  king.  i# 
thought  to  have  had  an  intention  to  avail  himself  of  a  pro-« 
per  opportunity  of  annulling  the  contract.     In  i  527  several 
circumstances  occurred  which  combined  to  excite  scruples 
in  the  king^s  mind  concerning  the  lawfulness  of.  .his  mars 
rlage,  but  probably  the  chief  were  what  arose  from  his  owq 
passions.     The  queen  was  six  years  older  than  the  king  ; 
and  th^  decay  of  her  beauty,  together  with  particular  in- 
firmities  and  diseases,    had  contributed,    hotwitbdtanding 
her  blameless  character  and  deportment,  to  render  her 
person  unacceptable  to  him.     Though  she  had  borne  bini 
several  children,  they  all  died  in  early  infancy,  except  one 
daughter,' Mary ;  aud  it  was  apprehended,  tl^at  if  doubtf 
of  Mary^s^  legitimacy  concurred  with  the  weakness  of  her 
Vex^  the  king  of  Scots,  the  next  heir,  would  advance  his 
pretensions,  arid  might  throw  the  kingdom  intg  confusion* 
But  most  pf  all,  Anne  Boleyn  had  acquired  an  entire  as-. 
cendant-  over  his  affections,  and  he  was  now  determinedi 
on  a  divorce,  anc}  upon  consulting  them,  all  the  pndiates 
of  England,  except  Fisher,  bishop  of  Bocbester,  linanir 
mously  declared  that  they  deemed  his  marriage  unlawful* 
In  this  they  were  supported  by  cardinal  Wplsey,  who  hai 
poliiicaV purposes  to  answer  in  breaking  off  the  match  with 
Cathe^>ne,  although,  he  was  no  friend  ^  to  Aivne  Boleyn* 
Accordingly  Henry  deterinined ,  to  apply  ito  the  pope,  Cle- 
ment Vll.  for  a  divorce,  who,  though  jat  fir^t  disposed  to 
favour  ilenry's.  application,  and  had*  actually   conceirted 
measures  for  its  successful  issue,,  was  overawed  by  tbe  in- 
terfererice  of  the  emperor,  Charles  V.  Catherine's  nephew; 
and  wheii  the  negpciation  was  protracted  to  such  a  length 
^  to  tire  Heury^s  patience,  the  pope,  importuned  by  the 
English,  mmisters,  put  into  their  bands  a  commisslon^tp 
WoJseyV  af  legate,  in  coi^  unction  with  the  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  or  any  otheir  English  prelate^  to  exapiBioe  the 
validity  of  the  kincr's  marris^ge,  and  of  the  late  pfope^s  dis- 
pensation.    He  a^  granted  ibem  a  provisional  dispensa- 
tion for  the  king's  i^iarriage  with  {iny  other  person ;  an^ 
promised  to  issue  a  decretal  bull,  annulling  tbe  marri^ge^ 
with  Catherine;  but  he  enjoined  jsecrecy,  and  conjvred* 
them  not  to  publish  these  papers,  or  to  make  any  farther 
use  of  them^  till  his  affairs  with  regard  to  the  emperor 


J 


CATHERINE.  42! 


-  -» 


^re  in  sac}i  a  train  as  to  secure  his  liberty  and  indepen- 
dence:    After  considerable  hesitation  and  delay,  the  le- 
gates, Campeggib  and  Wolsey,  to  whom  the  pope  had 
granted  a  new  cQiptnission  for  the  trial  of  the  king's  mar- 
riage, opened  their  court  in  London,  May  31,  1529,  and 
ipited  the  king  and  queen  to  appear  before  it.     They  both 
presented  themselves,  and  the  king  answered  to  his  name^ 
when  called;  but  thie  queen,  instead  of  answering  to  her' s, 
threw.herself  at  the  king's  feet,  and  appealed  to  his  jus- 
kifee,  declaring  that  she  would  not  submit  her  cause  to  be 
tried  by  the  members  of  a  court  who  depended  on  her 
enemies ;  and  making  the  king  a  low  reverence,  she  de- 
parted, and  never  would  again  appear  in  that  court. 
;    Upon  her  departure,  the  king,  after  acknowledging  that 
she  had  ever  been  a  dutiful  and  affectionate  wife,  and  that 
the  yjrhole  tenor  of  her  behaviour  had  been  conformable  to 
the  strictest  rules  of  probity  and  honour,  insisted  on  his 
own  spruples  with  regard  to  the  lawfulness  of  their  mar- 
riage; and  craved  a  sentence  of  the  court  agreeable  to  thb 
justice  of  his  cause.    The  legates,  after  citing  the  queen 
anew,  declared  her  contumacious,  notwithstanding  her  ap- 
peal to- Rome,  and  then  proceeded  to  the  examina.tion  of 
the  cause;  but  while  the  king  was  all  impatience  for  a 
ceptence,  Campeggio  suddenly  prorogued  the  court  to  a 
future  day.     This  threw  the   king  into  the  utmost  per- 
plexity, from  which  he  was  relieved  by  Dr.  Crankier,  who 
suggested,  that  the  readiest  way,  either  to  quiet  Henry's 
conscience,  or  to  extort  the  pope's  consent,  would  be  to 
consult  all  the  universities  of  Europe.     If  they  agreed  to 
approve  of  the  king's  marriage  with  Catherine,  his  remorse 
would  naturally  cease.;  if  they  condemned  it,  the  popis 
would  find  it  difficult  to  resist  his  majesty's  solicitations. 
In  consequence  of  this  application  several  of  the  foreign 
universities  gave  an  opinion  in  the  king's  favour ;.  as  did 
Oxford  and  Cambridge,  although  subsequently,  and  with 
more  reluctance ;  and  the  convocations  both  of  Canterbury 
and  York,  pronounced  the  king's  marriage  invalid)  and 
contrarjr  to  the  law  of  Ood.     But  pope  Clenoent,  still  sub^ 
Ject  to  the  influence  of  the  emperor,-  continued  to  summon 
•the  king  to  appear,  either  by  himself  or  proxy,  befor^  his 
jtribunal  at  Rome ;  and  the  king,    apprized  that  no  fair 
itrial  could  be  expected  there,  refused  to  submit  to  such  a 
condition,  and  would  not  admit  of  any  citation,  which  he 
regarded  as  9  high.instilt,  aind  a  violation  6f  his  royal  pre'« 


4 


42?  C  A  T  H  E  R  I  N  I- 

jrogative.  In  the  progress  of  this  business^  the.  queien^a 
appeal  was  received  at  Rome/  The  king  was  cited  to  ap« 
pe&r ;  and  Several  cousistories  wete  held  to  examine  the 
validity  of  their  marriage.  .  The  king  retained  his  piirpose 
of  not  sending  any  proxy  to  plead  his  cause  before  this 
court,  and  alleged,  that  the  prerogatives  of  his  crown  must 
be  sacrificed  if  he  allowed  appeals:  from-^  his  own  kingdom^ 
For  the  purpose  of  adding  greater  security  to  hii  intended 
defection  from  Rome,  he  procured  an  interview  with  Fran> 
cis  at  Boulogne  and  Calais,  and  renewed  hia  alliance  wil^ 
that  monarch  ^  and  it  is  said  that  he  even  persuaded  Fnui'^ 
CIS  to  fqliow  his  example,  in  withdrawing  his  obedience 
from  the  bishop  of  Rome,  and  administeriug  ecclesiastical 
affairs  without  having  further  recourse  to  that  see.  In  the 
mean  time ,  he  privately  celebrated  his  marriage  with  Anne 
Boleyn,  Nov.  14,  1532  ;  and  in  April  of  the  following  year 
)ie  publicly  owned  it,  and  prepared  measures  for  declaring, 
by  a  formal  sentence,  the  invalidity  of  his  marriage  with 
Catherine.  Catherine,  however,  did  not  quit  the  king^f 
dom :  but  fixed  her  abode  for  some  time  at  Ampthill,  in 
Bedtordshire,  wbei'e,  after  several  preliminary  steps,  Cran- 
iner  pronounced  a  setitence  which  annulled  the  king's 
marriage  with  her.  Catherine  still  continued  obstinate  in 
inaintaining  the  validity  of  her  marriage ;  and  she  woul(| 
admit  no  person  to  her  presence  who  did  not  approach  het 
.with  the  customary  formalities.  Although  Henry  employed 
menaces  against  such  of.hei;  servants  as  Complied  with  her 
commands  in  this  particular,  he  was  neVer  able  to  ma^e 
}ier  relinquish  h^r  title  and  pretensions. 

After  this  Catherine  retired  to  Kiitbolton  castle,  in  Hun^ 
tingdonsbire,  where  she  led  a  life  of  constant  devotion  and 
jpemarkable  adsterity,  for  the  sijace  of  three  yejirs,  when 
filhe  fell  dangerously  ill,  about  die  latter  end  of  December, 
1335.  Six  days  after  which^  being  very  weak,  she  dtc-- 
tated  the  following  letter  to  the  king  : 
^^  My  king  and  dearest  spouse, 

^^  Insomuch  us  already  the  hour  of  my  death  approach- 
elb,  the  love  and  affection  I  bear  ybti,  causeth  me  to  CQn* 
,  jure  you  to  have  a  pfire  of  the  eternal  salvation  of  youir 
soul,  vfbiph  you  ought  to  prefer  before  mortal  things,-  or 
|dl  worldly  blessings/  It  is  for  this  immortal  spirit  you 
JDUst  neglect  the  care  of  your  body,  for  the  love  of  whicll 
you  have  thrown  me  headlong  into  many  calamities,  ^•^d 
ypur  own  self  into  infinite  .disturbaaces.i.  .Butlfoi^ive^jrou 


C  A  T  H  E  R  I  N  R  42* 

imth  fi\\  tny  h^aiti  huinbty  befse^ching  Almighty* God«  fad 
-fvill  in  hed¥dn  confirm  the  pardon  I  on  earth  give  you.     I 
^cetomoa^iiKi  unto  you  our  most  dear  Mary^  your  daughtec 
Itod  mine,  praying  youi  to.  he  abetter  father  to  her  thaii 
you  ^  have  been  a  husband  to  me :  remember  also  thred 
poor  maidsy  companions  of  my  Tetirement,  as  likewise  all 
the  rest  of  my  fiervaots,  giving  them  a  whole  year's  wage^ 
'be9id€^  what  is  due,  that  so  they  may  be  a  little  recom-T 
pensed  ibr  the  good  service  they  have  done  me ;  protest- 
ing oQto  you,  in  the  conclusion  of  thismy  letter  aiid  life; 
that  my  ey^s  love  you^  and  desire  to  see  you  move  tbaii 
arty  thing  mortal.^^ 

;  This  letter  is  said  to  have  drawn  tears  from  the  kingi 
In  a  few  days  after,  she  died  at  Kimbolton.  In  her  wiil^ 
^e  appointed  her  interment  to  be  private,  in  a  convent  of 
Observant  friars,  who  had  done  and  suffered  much  for  her: 
the  kiog  complied  with  her  request  in  regard  to  her  ser-^ 
.  imnts;  but  would  not  permit  her  remains  to  be  buried  as 
V  ^be  de$ired.  The  corpse  waa  interred  in  the  abbfey  church 
Ht  Peterborough,  with  the  honours  due  to  the  birth  of  Ca» 
iherine^  between  two  pillars,  on  the  north  side  the  x^hoirv 
fiear  the  great  altar.  Her  hearse  was  covered  with  a  pall 
pf  black  velvet),  crossed  with  cloth  of  silver,  which  was 
lifcerward^  exchanged  for  one  of  black  say.  It  is  recorded 
k>y  lord  Herbert,  in  his  "  History  of  Henry  VIII.**  thatj 
ftom  respect  to  the  memory  of  Catherine,  Henry  not  only 
spared  the  abbey  church  at  thte  general  dissolution  of  reli- 
gious houses,  but  advanced  it  to  be  a  cathedral. 

All  historians  seem  to  agree  in  their  praises  of  the  per^ 
mnal  character  of  Catherine.  Notwithstanding  her  subse- 
quent fat^,  she  by  her  sweetness  of  manners,  good  sense, 
and  Buperiur  endowments,  engaged  the  affections  of  her 
kiisbaiid^  and  contrivefd  to  retain  tbe  heart  of  this  fickle 
iMidreapricious  monarch  for  near  twenty  years.  Catherine^ 
devoted  to  literature,  became  tbe .  patrones'fs  of  learned 
fid'en :  the  celebrated  Erasmus  and  Ludovicus  Vives  were 
tm0re.  particularly  distinguished,  by  her  favour.  She  enr 
gliged  the  latter  to  draw  up  ioatructions  f^  the  assistance 
pf  her  daughter  in  the  study  of  the  Latin.  This  essays 
Written  by  her  command,  is  det&cated  to  the  <|)ieen,  by  an  ' 
©pistte,  dated  from  Oxford, .  1523,  under  the  title  of  *«  De 
.  Batione  Studii  Puerilis."  The  same,  year  LAidovicus  als<l 
addressed  to  his  patroness  a  work  entitled  *'  De  Institu- 
tione  Feminae  Christianse,  lib.  3.*'     The  queep  vvas  pne  of 


4i4  C  AT  a*  Rt  K  t 

b»  auditors  frtii^ii lie  nead'tb^  <?ai^dhtar8  leetare  onhumi^* 
nityV  ifi  the  b<iH  atCbrMt-ebtirch  coHeg^,  which  she  UiSA'^^ 
r^'^^ntly  founded.     Lfid<»vici]$  Vives  wlis  atso  apfloim^  bj^  "^ 
her^*  Latin  tntor  to  her  daughteti  the  lady  Mary.     Sev^ertft- 
fof^i^  authors  have  asserted  chat  Cathertfie  eompbaei^ 
^'Meditations  upon  the  Psalms;'*   «ls6  a* book  entitled  ' 
^•^The iamemation  of  a  Sinner;*'  btit'the^'>p«*d^hiefiottfil 
belong  to  Catherine  Pfern     In  ♦*  Burnet's  Histoi^y  of^  thd*^ 
Refonnation/'  a^e^twd  tetters  from  Catb^erine  of  Anfigon** 
to  her  husband;    alid,  in  «  The  Ltfe  of  Henry  ¥7*    by  • 
Ltvjy  one  ^addressed  '  to  the  king,  then^infrance;  oA  ^ai*^ 
victory  gained  over  the  Scots,   1513;    and  another^   rftV> 
qliesting  permission   to  see  her  daughter,   the  prmcess'- 
Mary.  *"  ....••.. 

CATHERINE  HOWARD,  queen  of 'England,  and  fifth 
wifeV)f  •H'fenry 'VIII.  was  da^giiter  of  lord  Edmund  Howard 
(tbii^'Stott^'GP  Tfeymai  duke  o^  NorfoHt,  aiid'  grandson  of  ^ 
J6htt  fir^'tdukeof.  Norfolk),  by  Joycey  daughter  '0f  sir » 
Richard^  Oblpepper,' of  >Ho^ingbMr^e  in  Kelnt^  ^kmgibtl  ' 
Her  mother  dying  while  she  was  young,  she' was  educated  -^ 
ufKter  the  care  of  her  grsmdmolher,  the  duchess  dowager 
of  Norft^;'end  when  she  grew  up,  the  chartns  of  het  ■ 
person  soon  captivated  the* affections  of 'Henry  VIII.  who; 
upon  hia  divorce  ftom^  Aiifterof  €levei>  ionarried  her,  and^' 
shewed  her  publicly  as'^u^en,  Aiig.«^8,  !'540.    But  tfritf* 
marriage  proveki^f  the  iitmbst  pi-ej^dits  to  the  ^tne  of 
the  reforjnatioHf  whieh^4iadbeguivlo^^^reiid 'itself  m'the'* 
kingdom.  '^^The  *^u^n  being  ubsolutely*  ^fded   byi  tfa^- 
counsels  o#  the  duke  ^^flNbtfolk^'  her  un^le,-  Md^  Gcirdki^t ' 
bishop  of  Wiiiche^ef>  ^sM  aU^the  pow<e^«fate  had  wetih^ ' 
king  to  support  the  credit  of  tfai^'enettvte^of  the  ptk^testaVitss'* 
III  the  sAnnmer  of  f54^l,^iitle'atte^Mhiid'his  Aia}eM^y  vo  Y*^^, 
totneet  bife  nepbew  thfr  kkig  o^iScmlandi  irbo  bai'pro^^^ 
nrised  tO'  give'Mni'  iti  'intetni^i^^iii  ^thai^H^ityv'  bu^'wa^di^' 
v6irted"by'  his  cle)^,>'ftnd  a>iMes&a^0''fi<Mn'  the  cobi^  c^> 
Ffanc^,  from  that  ne^olbtion^;  ^at1d'dtiring(tbttttprogress'i$be;' 
gained  so  entire  an  ascendttnt  oveirtbe  Icrh^g's* heart,  Uhttfr^ 
at  4ii^  Iffetdrn  tx^  Lonjdon,  on' '  AlUSaims  d^yi'  < when^  be  t^^  ^ 
ceiled 'the  sacrament,  he  gav^e  j^tiblk:  thanks  to  6(dd  ibr  * 
tberliappiness  which  he  enjJoy«d  by  her  means);  and  dedite^*' 
br$  confessor,' the  bishop  of  Li1)C(>Itiv '^^jo^o  mthhtm^tt^' 
the  like  tbitnksgFving/         '*  '5  -^^  :  i^^^i 

life  of  Henry  VI 1 1,  &c.  &c. 


CAT  «  E  R  1  N  $•  4ZSi^ 

ciPut  this  proved  a  very  shortrUve4  9«lM^aetio^':^fOf  th^ 
nfflKifday,  archbishop  Cranmer  Game]  to  him  with  iiiforaia^  . 
tioB  that  the  queen  bad  been  unfaithful  to  his  bedk     By  - 
tl)^  advice  of  the  lord  chancellor  and- other  privy  connsel*  ; 
loirs,  the  archbHbop  wrote  tbe  particulars  on  a<  paper,  - 
vvfeich  he  -delivered  to  the  king,  being  ^  a  loss  howtp  ^ 
open  so  delicate  a  matter  in  conversation.     When  the  king^- 
read  ii^.  he  was  much  ootifounded,  and  his  attachment  -to 
the  queen  made  him  at  first  consider  the  story  as  a  forgery^:' 
byt  having  full  proof,  the  persons  with  whom  the  queeu,- 
hjpd  J^en  guil^,  Dierham  and  Mannoch,  two  of  tbe  4a*. 
chess  dowager  of  Norfolk's  domestics,  were  apprehended, - 
and  not  only  confessed  what  was  laid  to  their  charge,  but 
revealed  some  other  circumstances,  which  placed  the  guilt 
of  the  queen  in  almost  heinous  light     The  repdrt  of  this 
struck  the  king  sa  forcibly,  that  he  lamented  histmisfer*- 
tune  with  a  flood  of  tears.     Thearchbishop  and  son^e o|her . 
counsellors  Wj^re  seut<to  examine  the  queeu,  who  at  first' 
deuied^ery  things  but  finding  that  her  crime,  was  known,  • 
cfM&fessed  all,  and  subscribed  the  paper.     It  appeared  like-* ; 
wise,  that  she  bad  intended  to  continue  in  that  scandalous  . 
course  of  life;    for  as  she   had   brought  Pierham    into  . 
her-  service,   she  had  also  retained  .one  of  the  women^'v 
wko  had  formerly  been  privy  %q  their  familiarities,  to  at^ 
tend  upon  her  in  her  bed-chaniber;  and  while  the , king  . 
v^as  at  Lincoln^  by  the  lady  Roohford's  means^  one  GuU. 
pepper  was  brought,  to. her  at> eleven  at  aight,  afid ;. stayed  t 
wiih  her  till  four  next  morning;  and  at  his. departure  re^ 
cfived  from  her  a  goldchain.     Cuipepper- being  ^xamined^- 
cQnfessed  the  crime;  for  which  be^  with  Dierham,  suSered ; 
death  oq  the  10th  of  December.^ 

This  , unfortunate  aifairoiBoasion^d  a  new  parliament  to  ^ 
bf^.suQEimoaed  on.Jan*  1&,   1 541-9^ » in   wbjcb   the  arch*v«, 
bishop^  the  duke  of  Suflblk,  the  earl  Qf  Southaonpton,  and  . 
the  bishop  of  Wiocbester,  were  appointed  to  examine  the  ^ 
q^een  ;  which  they  did  oix  tbe  2^tbiof  that  month.     Their  * 
report  is.  recorded  yojuly  in  general,  that  she  confessed ;  , 
but  %  no  particulars  are  qoentioned.     Upon  this  the  parlia*->  - 
m^at  passed  ain  act  iivthe  form  of  a  petition,  in  which^> 
a^r  desiring  the  king  not  to  begrieved  at  this  misfortune,  ^ 
^^b|)yrrequested,  tbai«the  queen  and  her  accomplices,  with 
her  procuress  the  lady  Kochford,  might  be  ^att4inted  of  - 
high  treason  ;  and  that  all  those,  who  knew  of  the  queen's 
vicious  ieourse  heford  her  marriage,  and  had  concealed  it,. 


425  CATHERINE. 

as  the  duebess  dowager  of  Norfolk  ber  graBdmotber,  ihe 
countess  of  Bridgwater,  the  lord  William  Howard  ber  uacle^ 
»iid  bis  iady,  with  the  four  other  men  and  bve  womiei^ 
svbo  were  already  attainted  by  the  course  of  coohdoq  law 
(except  the  duchess  of  Norfolk  and  the  countess  of  Brid^ 
>yater)^  might  be  attainted  of  misprision  of  treason.  It  was 
enacted  also,  that  whoever  knew  ^ny  thing  of  the.  inceiOiT 
linenc^  of  the  qUeen  for  the  time  being,  sbould  reredi  it 
with  all  possible  speed,  under  the  pains  of  treason:  and 
that  if  the  king,  or  bis  successors,  should  incline  to  mari^ 
any  woman,  whom  they  took  to  be  a  virgin,  if  she,  Jdot 
being  so,  did  not  declare  the  same  to  the  king,  it  sheold 
be  high  treason  ;  and  all,  who  knew  it,  and  did  not  reveal 
it,  were  guilty  of  mii^prision  of  treason  :  and  if  the  queen^ 
pr  the  prince's  wife,  should  procure  any  person,  by  mesr 
sages  pr  wordsi  to  have  criminal  conversation  with  her ;  or 
eny  other,  by  jaaesaages.  or  words,  should  solicit  thetn; 
they,,  their  counsellors  and  abettors,  were  to  be  adjudged 
guilty  of  high  trea^u. 

.  This  remarkable. act  being  passed,  the  queen  and  die 
lady  Rochford  were  beheaded  on  Tower-hill  on  the  i2j^ 
.of  February,  about  seventeen  months  after  she  bad  been 
married  to  the  king.  The  queen  confessed  the  miscarv 
riages  of  her  former  life  before  marriage,  which  had 
brought  her  to.  this  fatal  end  ;  but  protested  to  Dr.  Whiter 

^  afterwards  bishop  of  Winchester,  that  she  took  God  and 
bis  angels  to  be  her  witnesses,  upon  the  salvation  of  i^sx 
soul,  that  she  was  guiltless  of  the  .charge  of  defiling  bi^r 
sovereign's  bed.  Yet  the  unbounded  looseness  of  bfcr 
former  .course  of  living  inclined  the  world  to  believe  tie 
pnost  scandalous  things  that  could  be  reported.     But  aU 

,  pbserved  the  jodgmseot  of  Heaven  upou  the  lady  Jiocfa- 
ford,  who  had  been. the  principal  instrument  in  tbe  dealU 

.  pf  queen  Anne  Boleyn,  her  sister*in4aw,  and  that  of  her 
o^n  husband  ;  and  her  appearing  now  so  enormously  prb^ 
fligate  tended  much  to  raise  their  reputatious  agai%:ta 
wbosie  fall  her  malic^  s^  artifices  had  so  great* a  shares  It 
was  thought,  however,  e:3ttremely  cruel  to  shew  such  e^^ 
ir&ordinary  severity  against  the  queen's  kindred  for. not 
discovering  l^er  former  ill  life,  since  the  making^^sucbra 
discovery  would  have  been  a  very  hard  instance  of  duty^ 

.  The  duchess  dowager  of  Norfolk  being  her  gnmdm^tNr^ 
had  educated  her  from  a  child;  and  it  was  said,  that  for 
ber  to  hdve  accjuainted  the  king  with  ber  grand^daughtier^ft 


C  A  T  H  E  R  I  N  B.  42f 

lewd  1>6!iavioiiri  'when  he  intended  to  marry  ber,  as  it  wa^ 

^n  unheard-of  things  so  the  not  doing  it  could  not  have 
•drawn  so  high  a  punishment  from  any  but  a  prince  of  th^ 
j&ing^&  temper.  However  he  pardoned  her,  and  most  of 
the  rest,  chough  some  continued  in   prison  after  otJiers 

.^were  discharged.  That  other  proviso,  which  obliged  4 
young  lady  to  discover  her  own  frailties,  if  his  majesty 

'should  please  to  make  love  to  her,  seemed  likewise  a 
strange  piece  of  tyranny;  since  if  a  king,  especially  one 
of  so  imperious  a  disposition  as  Henry  VIII,  should  design 
frfich  an  honour  to  any  of  his  subjects,  who  had  failed  ia 
tlaieix  former  life,  they  must  either  disgrace  themselves  by 
publishing  so  odious  a  secret,  or  run  the  hazard  of  being 
afterwards  attainted  of  high  treason.  Upon  this,  some 
persons,  who  were  inclined  to  rally  the  sex,  took  occasion 
to  say,  **  that  after  such  a  regulation,  no  one,  reputed  It 
virgin,  could  be  induced  to  marry  the  king;  and  therefore 
at  .was  not  so  much  choice  as  necessity,  that  caused  him  to 
marry  a  widow  two  years  after.'^     But  this  part  of  the  act 

vwas  afterwards  repealed  in  the  first  parliament  of  king  Ed« 
-ward  VL  * 

CATHERINE  PARR,  sixth  and  last  queen  to  Henry 
VII I.  celebrated  for  her  learning,  whose  perfections^ 
though  a  widow,  attracted  the  heart  of  this  nionarch,  and 

.  whose  prudence  preserved  her  from  the  eflfects  of  his 
crueky  and  caprice,  was  the  daughter  of  sir  Thomas  Parr, 
mnd  was  married  first  to  Edward  Burghe,  and  seooqdly  to 
John  Neville,  lord  Latimer,  whose  widow  she  was  when 
king  Henry  cast  his  affections. on  her.  She  was  early  edn-^ 
isated  in  polite  literatiire,  as  was  the  fashion  of  noble 
women  at  that  time  in  England,  and  in  her  riper  years  was 
Biuch  given  to  reading  and  studying  the  Holy  Scripturesv 

-  {Several  learned  men  were  'retained  as  her  chaplains,  whq 
.  preached  to  her  every  day  in  her  privy  chamber,  and  often 

>  touched  such  abisses  as  were  common  in  the  church.  The 
king  approved  of  this  practice,  and  often  permitted  her  to 

-  confer  with  him  on  religious  subjects.  But  when  disease 
l^nd  confinement  added  to  bis  natural  impatience  of  contra^ 

J  diction,  and  when  in  the  presence  of  the  bishop  of  Win** 

>  phester  and  others  of  the  popish  faction,  she  had  been 
urging  her  old  topic  of  perfecting  the  reformation,  the 

.  kiug  broke  out  into  this  expression  after  she  was  retired, 

}  Hist,  of  ^ngla^cl.'rr^erbert's  Life  of  Henry  yUL-r-Bifch's  Lires, 


*28  C  A  T  H  E.R  r  N  E. 

**  A  good  hearing  it  i^^  when  women  become  suth  clerks  1 

and  a  thing  much  to  my  comfort,  to  come  in  mine  old  age  to 

be  taught  by  my  wife  P'     Winchester  failed  not  to  improve 

this  opportunity  to  aggravate  tlie  queen's  insolence^  tfi' 

insinuate  the  danger  of  cherishing  such  a  serpent  in  his^ 

bosom,  and  to  accuse  her  of  treason  cloaked  with  heresy  ^ 

and  the  king  was  prevailed  upon  to  give  a  warrant  tp.dra^f. 

up  articles  to  touch  her  life.     The  day  and  hour  was  ^^p- 

pointed,  when  she  was  to  be  seized  :  but  the  ^Jesign  beiog 

accidentally  discovered  to  her,  she  waited  upon  the  king'^ 

who  received  her  kindly,  and  purposely  began  a  discourse^ 

about  religion.     She  answered,  "  That  women  by  .tfreii 

creation  at  first  were  n^ade  subject  to  men ;  that  tbey|^ 

being;  made  after  the  image  of  God,  as  the  women  wera 

after  their  image,  ou^ht  to  instruct  their  wives,  who  werfi 

to  learn  of  them  :  and  she  much  more  was  to  be  taught  q£ 

his  majesty/  who  was  a  prince  of  such  excellent  learning 

sLnd'wisd&m.**     "Not  so,  by   St.   Mary ,^'  sa^d  the  king^ 

**  yoii  are  become.a  doctor,  Kate,  able  i6  instruct  ^^i  and 

ijot  to  be  instructed  by  us."     To  which  she  replied,  **  \bf^t, 

it  seen^ed  he  had  much  mistaken  her  freedom  in  arauin^ 

with'him^  since  she  did  it  to  engage  him  in  discourse,  tp 

amuse  this  painful  time  of  his  infirmity,  and  that  she  might. 

receive  profit  by  bis  learned  discourse  ;  in  which  last  point 

afbe  had  not  missed  of  her  aini,  always  referring  herself  in 

these  matters,  as  siie  ought  to  do,  to  his  majesty."     "  AniT 

is  it  even  so,  sweetheart  ?*•  said  the  kins:,'  **.then  we  bx^ 

perfect  friieilds  again."  '  '   /  ^ 

The  day  which  had  been  appointed  for  carrying' her.  t^ 

the  Ito^et  being  fine,  the  king  took*  a  walk  in  the  garden,' 

i^nd  ^ervt  for  the  queen.     As  :they  were  together,  the  lor^ 

lihancellor',  who  was  ignbrant  of  the  regonciliation,  cam^ 

yi^itb  the  guards.     The'  king  stepi>^d  aside  to  fiim,  andt 

lifter  a  little  discoufsel^ was ^ card  to  call  him  "  Knave,  ayW 

■<*-,  ,1.  '■'■■■■■V  •'  ''  "**v  1   V 

^r'raht' ki^av'e,  a  fool,  aim  beast;"  arid' bid  liimpres^iulv; 
atvatin'l'out  of  his  sisrh't.  The  queeii,  not  knowing  ba. 
wiat  errand  they  came,  'endeavoured  with  gentle  words  to^ 
qtfatify  the  king*^  ang^**-  **  Ah !  poor  soul,"  said  the 
krrV^,*  ^  tiipu  lihle  knbwestTbow  ill  he  deserves  this  at  thyl 
Kattds!  op  niy  wdird,  sweetheart,  he  l)ath  been  tovirard'theel 
air  ertiiht^  khave  ;*  and  's6  let  him  go.'*  ^  The  king,  as' a 
mg.rV  pf  his  ^ffect^ion,  left,  her_a  tegaoy.of  4000/.  besides 
er  jointure.  She  was  atterwards  married  to  sir  Abamaa. 
Seymour,  lord-admiral  of  England,  and  uncle  to  Edward 
VJ.  but  she  lived  a  very  sihort  time,  and  thW  unhappily^ 


CATHERINE,  '       42^ 

yritb  this  gentleman  She  died,  in  1548,.  in  phild-bed ; 
though,  as  some  writers'  observe,  not  without  a  suspicion 
6i  poison,  to  make  way  ifqr  Seymour's  marriage  with  the 
prindess  Elizabeth.  She  was  buried  in  the  chapel  of  Sud- 
fey-castle.  Her  leaden  cofBn  having  been  explored  by 
female  curiosity  in  1782,  her  features,  and  particularly. 
her  eyes,  are  said  to  have  appeared  in  a  state  of  perfect; 
preservation. 

^  Her  majesty  wrote,  "Queen  Catherine  Parr's  Lamen- 
tation of  a  Sinner,  bewailing  the  Ignorance  of  her  blind 
Kfe.  This  was  a  contrite  meditation  on  the  years,  she  had 
passed  i;i  popery,  in  fasts,  and  pilgrimages;  and,^  being 
lOiind  among  her  papers  afc^r  her  death,  was  pubiisned  with 
a  preface,  by  the  great  lord  Burleigh,  in  1548.  8vp,  and 
afterwards,  in  1563.  In  her  life-time  she  published  a  vo- 
ludie  of  psalms,  prayers^  and  pious  discourses,  .with  this 
title;  "  Prayers  or  Meditations,  wherein  the  mind  is' stir-^ 
red  patiently  to  suffer  all  ,a£Bictiohs  her^,  and]  to  set  at, 
p^ught  the  vain  pirosperitie  of  this  wbrlde,  and,  alvvays  to. 
fbng  for  th^^  everlasting  felicitee,*'  1545,  L2mo.  Several 
tetters  of  this  queen*s  are  preserved,  in  "  Strype's  Annals,'* 
m/*  Haynes's  collection  of  State  Papers/'  in  the  "  A^h- 
molean  Collection/'  and  in  tlie  .library  of  C.  C.  C.  Cam: 
bridge.*  .'     , 

CATHERINE  (Alexievna),  a  country  girl  of  the  name 
6f  Martha,  which  she  changed. for  Catherine.  >vhensh€^ 
embraced  tfee  Greek  religion,,  and  came  to  be  enipire^s,  of 
Russia,  was  born  in  1688,  of  very  indigent  pareptg^  jviip, 
lived  ^t  Ringen,  a  ^n^all  village  not  far  from  Dpjrpat,  oti 
^he  lake  Vitcherve,  in  livonia.  While  vet  onlyvtliree  years, 
old,  she  lost  her  father, '  who  teft^her  with  no  ot^er  s.uppori; 
than  what  an  intiiin  at^d  .sickly  mother  could  a6Ford  her,; 
i^hose  labour  was  barely  su^cient  to  procure  them  aspanty 
niaiiuenanc^i ^  She  was  hapdsoipe, .of  a  good  figure,  and. 
g^ave  intimations  of.  a  quick  uiidjerstanding.  Her  mj[>tbei 
bdd  taught  her  to  read,  and  an  old  Lutheran  clergyman,  o^ 
die  nameof  GIuck|  instructed  her  in  the  principles  pf  thai 
persuasion.  Searcely'had  she  attained  her  fifteepjth  yesvi't, 
when  she  lost  her  mpthjer*  The.good  pastor  took  beir  hom^^ 
to  nim,  iand  employe^  her  in  attending  his  children.  Ca-?; 
therine  ^vailed  ^erself  of  the  lessons  in  mu^ic  and.  dancing 

'<'fiat1ard.— History  of  SAglatid.— Park'f  cdiiioo  of  the  Kojal  and  Kobia 


430  CATHERINE^  r 

that  wera  given  them  by  their  masters ;  biit  the  deatfi  <rf 
her  benefactor,  which  happened  not  long  after  her  recep- 
tion into  his  family,  plunged  her  once  mare  ifnto  tbe^x^ 
treniity  of  indigence ;  and  her  country  being  now  be<;Ofne 
the  seat  of  war  between  Sweden  and  Russia,  she  wefit  to 
seek  an  asylum  at  Marienburg.     In  1701  she  espoused  >^it 
dragoon  of  the  Swedish  garrison  of  that  fortress*     If  we 
are  to  believe  some  authors,  the  very  day  that  these  twol 
lovers  had  fixed  on  for  plighting  tlleir  faith  at  the  allar^ 
Marienburg  was  besieged  by  the  Russians;  the  lover,-^who 
was  on  duty,  was  obliged  to  march  with  hh  troop  to  repel 
the  attadt,  and  perished  in  the  action,  b^ore  the  marriage 
wk9  consummated.     Marienburg  was  at  last  carried   by  as^ 
sault ;  whqn  geineral  Bauer,   seeing  Catherine  among  th^ 
prisoners,  and  being  smitten  with  her  youth  and  beauty^ 
took  her  to  his  house,  where  she  superintended  his  do- 
mestic affairs,  and  was  supposed  to,  be  his  mistress.     Sodn 
afterward«  she  was  removed  into  the  family^  of  prince  Men-* 
^icof,  who  was  no  less  struck  with  the  attractions  of  tfefj 
fair  captive:  witli  him  she  lived  till-l704>  when,  in  th^ 
seventeenth  year  of  her  age,  she  became  the  mistress  ol 
Peter  the  Great,  and  won  so  much  upon  bis  affection^^ 
that  h^  espoused  her  on  the  39th  of  M'ay>  17  M.     The  ce- 
remony was  secretly  performed  at  Yaverhof,  in   Poland, 
ifi  the  presence  of  general  Bruce;  and  on  the  20th  of  Fe- 
bruary, 1712,  it  was  publicly  solemnized  with  great  pomp 
at  Petersburg ;  on  which  occasion  she  received  the  diadem 
and  the  sceptre  from  the  h^mds  of  her  husband.    'After  tb^ 
death  of  that  prince,  in   1725,  <  she  was  proclaimed  so- 
vereign empress  of  all  the  tlussias^     In  this  high  station 
the  shewed  herself  not  unworthy  of  reigning,  by  ^ndea-* 
vouring  to  complete  some  of  the  grand  designs  which  thtf 
tzar  had  begun.     The  first  thing  she  did  on-  her  acces^iod. 
io  the  imperial  dignity,  was  to  cause  all  the  gibbets  to  b# 
taken  down,  and  all  the  implements  of  torture  to  bede^  ' 
ttroyed. .    She  instituted  a  new  order  of  kntghthoody^iii 
lK>nour  of  3t.  Alexandei?  >iiefski;  and  perfomne^d  some  other  • 
fictions  that  bespoke  a  greatness  of  ^nind  not  to  be  ex-  • 
pected  froin  her,  although  some  of  these  have,  been  rather 
exaggerated.     She  attended  l^etev  the  Great  in  his  expe*'  '^ 
ditions,  and  rendered  him  es^ntial  services  in  the  lUifor-^ 
tunate  affair  of  Pruth  ;  it  was  she  who  advised   the  t^ir  to  | 
tempt  thd^ vizir  by  presents;  which  succeeded  beyond  ex-*  < 
potation.     It  cannot,  however^be  dissembled,*  that  she  >• 


»  '    * 


CATHERINE.  431 

tktd  an  attachment  which  excited  the  jealousy  of  the  tzar. 
The  favoured  object  was  a  chamberlain  of  the  court,  ori- 

f'mally  from  f  ranee,  named  mdns.  de  la  Croix.     The  tzar 
eter  caused  him  to  foe  decapitated,  under  pretence  of 
some  treasonable  correspondence ;  after  which  he  had  his 
^ad  stuck  on  a  pike,  and  placed  in  oqe  of  the  public  places 
bf  Petersburg.     In  order  that  his  empress  might  contem- 
plate at  leisure  the  view  of  the  mangled  carcase  of  her 
lover,  he  drove  her  across  this  place  in  all  directions,  and 
even  conducted  her  to  the  foot  of  the  Scaffold.     Catherine 
bad  address  or  firmness  enough  to  restrain  her  tears.     This 
princess  has  beeii  suspected  of  not  being  favourably  dis- 
posed towards  the  tzarevitsh  Alexius,  who  died  under  the 
displeasure  6f  his  father.     As  the  eldest  born,  and  sprung 
from  the  first  marriage,  he  excluded  from  the  succession 
the  children  of  Catherine  :  this  is  perhaps  the  sole  founda* 
tion  on  which  that  reproach  has  been  built. 
.  Her  private  life  during  her  short  reign  was  very  irregular; 
Averse  from  business,  she  frequently  pass'ed  whole  nights 
in  the  open   air,    and  indulged  to  excess  in  the  use  of 
Tokay   wine  and   strong  liqiiors.      These    irregularities, 
joined  to  a  cancer  and  a  dropsy,   hastened  her  end.     She 
died  May  17,  1727,  in  the  thirty-nirith  year  of  her  age. 
The  personal  attractions  and  mental  abilities  of  this  empress 
ha^'e  been  much  exaggerated  by  her  panegyrists.     In  her 
)[>erson  shie  was  under  th$  middle  size,  and   in  her  youth 
4elicate  and  well-formed ;  but  as  she  advanced  in  years,  in- 
clined to  corpulency.     She  had  a  fair  complexion,  'dark 
eyes,    a:rtd   light  hair,  which  she  was  accustomed  to  dye 
black.     She  could  neither  read  nor  writ<?  ivith  facility,  yet 
is  said  to  have  maintained  the  pomp  of  msCjesty,  united'with 
an  air  of  ease  and  grandeur;  and  Peter  himself  frequently 
expressed  his  admiration  kt  the  propriety  with  which  she ' 
bcctrpied  her  high  station,  without  forgettnig  that  she  was- 
Hot  born  to  that  dignity.     Her  estimable  qifeli ties,  after 
all  the  abatements  of  panegyric,  were  generally  acknow-  - 
ledged.     She  was  humane  in  an  exemplary  degree,  good^*  •• 
fiumoured  and  obliging  in  her  temper  and  manners,  and^ 
fluly^mindful  of  the  good  offices  which  had  been  peffohiiecf -:. 
foJ^hei"  in  her  low  condition.     She  availed  herself;  of  h^ir^ 
ascendancy  ovtfr  Peter,  in  softening  the  asperify  of  his - 
passions,  and  restraining  their  violence ;  insomuch,  Ithat  a - 
word  trom  her,  in  behalf  of  a  wretch  who  w^s  about  to  be 
saecaAced  iQ  lus  atigvr,  would  instantly  disarm  him  j^untl  if  1 


432  CATHERINE. 

1 

be  determined  to  indulge  his  resentment,  be  woul^  giY^ 
orders  for  the  execution  when  she  was  absent,  ifor  fear  she 
should  plead  for  the  victim.  Upon  the  whole,  she  merited 
•the  honourable  title  bestowed  upon  her  bj  the  celebrated 
Munic,  of  ^*  the  Mediatrix  between  the  monarch  and  Ws 
subjects.*'  1 

CATHERINE  II,  late  empress  of  Russii,  Wbose  origlofil 
name  was  Sophia  Augusta  Frederica,  ^he  daughter  of 
Christian  Augustus,  prince  Qf  Anbalt-Zerbst-Dornburg, 
and  of  the  princess  of  Holstein,  was  born  at  Stettin,^ia 
Prussian  Pomerania,  May  2,  1729.  .  In  early  life  sbe  w^s 
distinguished  by  her  goodjmihour,  intelligence,  and  spirit, 
and^was  fond  of  reading,  reflection,  learning,  and  emplov- 
ment.  About  the  beginning  of  the  year  1744,  she  w§s 
.introduced  at  the  court  of  Petersburgh,  where  the  empress 
Elizabeth  received  her  very  graciously,  and  formed  tl^e 
scheme  of  a  matrimouial  union  between  her  nephew,  the 
gtand-doke,  afterwards  Peter  III.  and  Sophia;  who,  thoujg^h 
instructed  tinder  the  tuition  of  her  mother  in  the  I?u^li^rap 
tioctrines,  embraced  the  reIi<;ion  of  the  Greek  church,  and 
on  this  occasion  chapged.her  name  to'tfcjat  of  Cathenjip 
^Alcxievha.  Before  the  nuptials  were  celebratedj^  thegraiofd 
duke  wa^  seized  with  the^  small-pox,' which  so  much  de- 
formed his  face,  as  to  render  it  for  a  time  almost  hideouf: 
This  metamorphosis  produced  a  horror  in  tl^^  mind  of  th^ 
young  princess  at  the  first  interview,  wtuch,  however,  ^sbe 
bad  sufficient  art  to  disguise,  ahd  which  proved,  no /impe- 
diment to  their  marriage,  which  took  place  in  1745.  ^ 
first  their  attachment  appeared  tobe  mutuar,  but  their, d*^'* 
positions  and  accomplishments  wiere  soon  discovered  t^ 
be*  different.  Catherine  displayed  a.  superior  ^un4ef£ 
standing,  which  in  time  Peter  felt,  and  thus  the  seeds* of 
mutual  dislike  were  very  early  sown.  Yheir  consofatjops 
were  now  also  different.  Peter  had  t-eooiirse  to  .drinkii|ff 
i^nd  gaming,  while  Catherine  entered  into  all  th^  arcan^ 
of  political  measures,;  and  began  to  form  a/par^y*  S6^ 
also  now  formed  the  first  of  those  personal  attachment^  tor 
which  she  has  been  so  remarkable,  witl^t  Solt\H<^i^  J^<^ 
prince's  chamberlain ;  and  althoi\gh,  when  accusp(]f,^^^(^ 
defended  her  chjgiracter  with  some  address  and  spirit,  %ei 
intercourse  with  Soltikof  was  renewed,  and  becam^  1^| 
secret.    At  lengthy  the  grand  chancellor  jfeestuchefi^gfjerT 

'  •  ^  Hist  of  Rttstift.«-^xe's  TraTolf  in  Russift/^   ,  ;.        \/ 


CATHERINE.  432 

yJaMei  with  the  empress  ta  a(>pojnt  Spltikof  d^ioist^r  pleni* 
pptetuiary  frocn  the  court  of  Russia  to  Hambu^glsL  For 
some  time  Catherine  corresponded  with  hiai,  but  in  1755 
'f9rmed  a  new  couoecjtion  of  the  same  kind  with  Stanislfuis 
Pohiatowsky,  the  late  king  of  Poland,  and  be  being  ap^ 
.^pointed  plenipotentiary  frqm  Poland  at  the  court  of  Russia^ 
their  intimacy  was  long  visible,  to  all>.  except  the  grand 
duke  P^ter.  His  jealousy  being  at  length  roused,  be  for- 
bade the  grand  duchess  to  be  seen  with  PoQiatowsky,  and 
prevailed  ou  the  empress  to  banish  ^estucljie^  virho  had 
been  the  means  ^f  Poniatowski's  mission  to  the  court  of 
Russia,  ^nd  incensed  her  majesty  against  Catherine  to  su^h 
a  degjree,.  that  it  required  her  utmost  cunning  to  effect  a 
reconciliation,  which  was  however  at  length  b^oqght  about, 
and  on  the  death  of  the  empre^  Elizabeth,  Dec.  ^j,  176 1^ 
Pet^r  III.  ascended  the  throne.:  ,...-) 

For  some  time  his  conduct  ws^s  at  jie^sjt  .blapiel^^  amd  )m? 
eyeni  discovered  oiore  wisdqn^  au^  t^^nt  than  ba4  ^^n  a^rir 
^huted  to  him*  .  tie  seeo)ed  also^tp  liye  in  hari9.ony  if^i^h  C^ 
therine,  who  wa$  congratulated  on  the  prudent  and  improved 
state  of  her  hus|;)and^s  actions.  Hut  these  aj)pearaiv)es>  w^ 
are  taught  to  think,  were  delusive ;  bis  natural  weakness  and 
^versatility  returned,  and  wbatev^i^  his  iptentions,.  many  cf 
his  measures  created  enemies  withoMt,  as  well  as  within 
his  court.  His  alienating  the  c.hurgh  revenues,  and  as« 
signing  to  the  clergy  yearly  salaries,  rendered,  hini  very 
Unpopular  among  that  numerous  body;  and  his  attach* 
ment  to  the  Greek  church  began  tq  be  questjqn^d.  Many 
<^f  his  expressions,  very  probably  unguarded .  apd  weaj^ 
were  circulated  abroad  to  render  him  Qbn9xious,'£^nd  a^arm 
jthe  pride  of  his  subjects;  aodin  th^  mean  lime  his  i^4)sqal 
habits  of  drinking  and  smoking  rendered  him  an  easy 
^rey  to  the  courtiers,  who  were  meditatj^pg  bis  ruii^^  With 
respect  to  his  empress^  he  sometimes  affected  to  honoui^ 
lier,  but  this  in  a  way  too  capricious  tg.  impose. upqp.. her, 
and  atlepgthi^  when  he  thought  himself  secure.  oi:>  .|hf 
throni^,  insulted, her  by  introducing  his  misti:ess,  tbecopn? 
tess  Woroiizoff,  at  a  public  exhibition. .  Catherine .  de-» 
^pised  bim,  but  her  :pride  was  hurt,  and  when,  she^  sa^  tb^^ 
her  tears  gained  her  that  popularity  which  he  was  losing, 
&he  was  not  sparing  of  them,  nor  of  a  wonderful  shew  oC 
buiadilityand  circumspection,  and  even  of  piety,  pei'forming 
all  the  pablLc^  ceren^Qnie^  of  reJigiop  yfi\\i  great  apparent. 

Vol.  VIII.  F  F 


4S4  CATHERINE. 

devoticm ;  and  she  also  kept  bet  court  with  a  mi&ture  4lf  i 
dignity  and  affability  which  charmed  all  who  approaehed  . 
ber. 

Petei^s  conduct,  oo  the  other  hand,  was  mere  infatuation,  ? 
Mb  permitted  bis  mistress  the  countess  Woronsoff  to  have 
the  most  complete  ascendancy  over  him,  and  this  woman 
had  the  hardihood  to  claim  the  performance  of  ar  premise 
which  be  had  made  when  grand  duke,  to  marry  her,  pjaoe 
her,  in  the  room  of  Catherine,  on  the  throne,  and  bastar^ 
dize  his  son   Paul,   whose  place  be  waa  to  supply  ;by:, 
adoption  prince  Ivan,  who  had  been  dethroned  by  the  eiii« 
press  Elizabeth.     Whatever  ground  he  ihigbt  have  for  ^ 
Expecting  success  to  this  wild  project,  be  had  iiot  tbe^<^be 
toconceal'it;  and  his  mistress  openly  made  her  boast  .of*  it.} . 
Sucb  indiscretion  was,* no  doubt,  int  fai^ourof  Catberinei^ 
but  still  the  part  she  had  to  plhy  required  all  bet:  skills     It  . 
was  no  less  than  a  plot, to  Counteract  that  of  her  husband,* ! 
and  dethrone  Him.    The  minute  details  ^  :tbis  would  ei^i«  :^ 
tend'too  far  in  a  sketch  like  the  present;  (herjConspiraiors 
were  numerous,  secret,  and  well  prepared,  and  -  by  ;thek 
means'shf^wbo  bad  been  confined  at  Peterfaof  byher  has--- 
band,  was  enabled  to  enter  Petersbnrgh  July  9,    i76£, 
where  she  was  received  as  empress,  and  wberC)  while  the. 
enthusiasm  was  fresh  in  the  minds  of- her  U'oops  and  sub- 
jects,, she  was  crowned  in  the  church  of  Kazan,  by  the  . 
archbishop  of  Novogorod^  who  proclaimed  her  wiUi  a^  loud 
voice,  soviereign  of  all  thef  Russia^,.. by  the  tide  i)f  .Cathd- 
fine  117 and. declared  at  the  sam^  time  the  yoUirg  -graodi.' 
duke,    Paul'  PetrQvitch,  her  successor.     But  of  all  this  . 
P^ter  III.  had  yet  no  suspicion.  .  Siich  was  bis  «e<^ity^  * 
that '  he  :set  out,  after  having  received  some  intimatiot^  of .; 
the  conspiracy,  from  Oranienbaum  iii  a  calash  with  ids  .^■ 
mistress,  his  favourites,  and  the  women,  ^f  his  coiHt,  for» 
Peterbof;  but- in  the  way,  Giidovitch,  the  general  aide-^  - 
de^camp,  met  one  of  the  chamberlains  of  the  emjm^ss^.Jiy  . 
whom  he  was  informed  of  her  escape  from  Peferbof  ^  jandi.  > 
upon  his  communicating  the  intellig^lice  to  P^te^i^liei  .* 
turned  pale,  and  appeared  much  agitated*  -  On  his  arrival  & 
at  Peterbof,  his  agitation  and  confusion  ii|eveased>  when // 
he  found  that  the  empress  had  actually  left  the  palaee^tr 
and  he  soon  received  the  certain  tidings  of  the  revolution}' « 
that  had  been  accomplished ;  and  the  chancellor  Worontof  ^ 
piTered  bis  services  to  hasten  to  Petersburgh^'engagictg.'tOK  ; 
bring  the  empress  back.    The  chancellor^  oa  eoterin^.  dur.r 


e  A  T  H  E  R  I  N  E^  ♦Jis 

patftoe,  Ibundi  Catherine  surrounded  by  a  mukktrde  of 
p60|ila  in-  the  act  of  doing  homage ;  and  forgetting  bis 
duty,  he  took  the  oath  with  the  rest.  He  was  permitted^ 
however,  at  his  earnest  request,  to  return  to  bis '  house, 
under  the  guard  of  some  trusty  officers ;  and  thus  secured 
himself  from  the  i^iodictive  6pirit  of  tbe-pattisans  of  Catbe«> 
rine,  and  from  the  suspicions  of  the  czar«  '  After  the  de-> 
pttrture  of  the  chancellor,  Peter  become  a  prey  to  the  most 
dtstressitig  anxieties,  and  he  every  iiistant  feceiv^d  some 
fresh  ititeUigence  of  the  progress  of  the  revolution,  but 
kaew  not  ^^at  steps  to  pursue.  Although  his  GM'stein 
guatds  were  firmly  attached  to  .him,  and  the  veteran  biar^ 
sfaal  Mimicb  offered  to  risk  every  thing  for  his  service^  he 
remained  hesitating  and  undetermined ;  and  after  some 
fruitless  sLUemptSj  he  found  it  absolutely  necessary  to  sub* 
mit  un>condittonally  to  her  will,  in  consequence  of  which 
be  wa^cdda pelted  to  sign  a  most  bumiliating  act  of  abdi« 
cation^  in  which  he  declai^d  his  conviction  of  his  inability 
to  giM&ert)  the  empire,  oeilber  as  a  sovereign,  or  in  any  other 
capacity,  and  his  sense  of  the  distress  in  which  his  con* 
tinuaaceat  the  head  of  afiairs  would  inevitably  involve  it» 
and  in  the  evening. an  officer  with  a  strong  escort  came 
and  conveyed  htm  prisoner  to  Ropscha,  a  small  imperial 
palace,  at  the  distance  i(^  about  20  versts  from  Feterhof. 
He  now  sent  a  message  to  Catherine,  requesting  tliat  he 
mig^  reeainvinbi^  service  the  n^grb  who  had  been  attached 
to  bitli,  and  w'ho  amused  him  with  his. singularities,  toge- 
ttor^^ith  a^  dog,  of  which  he  was  fond,  his  vioUn>  a  Bible, 
andia  few  ronlances ;  assuring  her,  that,  4lisgusted<  at  the 
wickeditess  of  msuikind,  he  would  henceforward  devote 
himself  tt>  ^  philodophieal  life.  Not.  one  of  these  requests 
was  grantedi  After  be  bad  been^at  Ropscha  «ix  days  with* 
oat  the  knowledge  of  any  persons  besides  the  .chiefs  of  the 
conspirators^  and  the  soldiers  by  whom  he  was  guarded, 
AWKiusOrlo^  i^companied  by  Tqplof,.  came  to  him  with 
tbeivews^  of  his-  speedy  deliviO'ance,  and  asked  permission 
tovdin^^'with  him.  Wixile^he  officer  amused  the  czar  with 
some>tfifitrtg  discourse,  bis  chief- filled  the  wine-glasses, 
wfatehar^e  usually  brought  in  the  northern  countries  before 
di{ii9er^  and  poured  abpoisonous  mixture  into  that  which 
he>uitended  for  the  prince.  The  czar,  without  distrust, 
s^aHowed' the  potioh ;  on  which  he  was  seized  with  the 
most^^ffixgrficiatiiiig  pains;  and  on  his  being  offered  a ^^.« 
cottd^^a^s^  ^oo  pretence  of  its  giving  him  relief,  he  refusei^ 

F  F  3 


43tf  C  A  T  H  E  it  i  N  E. 

it  with  re^oacbei  on  bim  that  offered  it.  Being  pressed 
to  take  another  ^Um,  wben  he  called  for  milk,  a  Frieiich 
valet-de-cbambre,  who  was  greatly  attached  to  ht^^  rah 
in ;  and  throwing  himself  into  his  arms,  be  said  in  a  faint 
tone,  of  voice,  **  It  was  not  enough,  then,  to  prevent  me 
from  reigning  in  Sweden,  and  to  deprive  mo  of  the  crown 
of  Russia/!  I  must  aUo  be  put  to  death."  The  vatet-de- 
ehambre  interceded  in  his  behalf;  but  the  two  miscreants 
forced  him  out  of  the  room,  and  continued  their  ill  treat- 
ment of  him.  In  the  midst  of  the  tumult,  the  youltgeV  of 
the  princes  Baratinsky,  who  commanded  th'^  guard^^'eii- 
tered ;  Orlof,  who  in  a  struggle  had  thrown  down  the  em- 
peror, was  pressing  upon  bis  breast  with  both  his  kniees, 
»nd  firmly  griping  his  throat  with  his  hand.  In  this  'si- 
tudtion  the  two  other  assassins  threw  a. napkin  with  a  run* 
ning  kpot  round  his  neck,  ^nd  put  an  end  to  his  life  by 
«i)fmcatipn,  July  17th,  just  one  week  after  the  reyolutron; 
and  it  was  announced  to .  the  nation,  that  teeter  Had  dil^d 
of  an  hsmorrboidal  colic.  Wben  Catberine  received  |he 
news  of  Peter^s  death,  sjje  appeared  at  courts  whither  she 
was  goings  with  a  tranquil  air ;  and  afterwards  shut  herself 
up  with  Orlof,  Panin,  BaAumofsky,  and  others  who  had 
been  concerned  in  her  counterplot,  and  resolved  to  iriforai 
the  senate  and  people  next  day  of  the  death  of  the  em- 
peror. On  this  occasipQ  she  did  pot.  forget  her  part,  but 
rose  from  her  seat  with  her  eyes  full  of  tears,  and  for  some 
days  exhibited  ail  the  marks  of  profound  grief.  The  best 
part  of  her  conduct  was,  that.she  showed  no  reseritnic?iit  to 
the  adherents  of  Peter,  and  even  pardoned  the  countess 
Woronzoff.  *,r  * 

In  September,  having  had  K^r  title  acknowledged  by  ^e 
sovereigns  of  Europe,  she  took'  a  joi^rney  to  Moscow,  the 
ancient  capital  of  the  empire,  for  the  purpose  of  celebi^- 
ting  her  coronation  ^  but  her  reception  nere  was  so  coo]^ pa 
the  part  of  her  subjects,  that  she  hastened  her  departure 
after  the  ceremony,  and  went  backjto  Petersburgli.  BeViig 
now  securely  established  on  the  throne,*  she  meditatl^df  a 
variety^'of  enterprizes  and  pjans  of  improvement,  whfch 
might  in  the  mean  time  divert  the  people  from  conteJn- 
plating  the  late  revolution  too  closely,  and  hereafteV'l-e- 
dound  to  her  glory  and  their  benefit.  She  consultjiA^  in 
particular  the  advancement  of  commerce,  the  augnlciHta- 
tion  of  the  marine,  and  devised  proper  means  for  Irecbvbr- 
ing  the  national  finances.    After  engaging  in  bushi^^  \i4til 


CATHERINE.  437 

,Iier  xnJQMters^  she  would  frequently  converse  in  private 
with  Bestuchef  and  Munich.  With  thd  one  she  studied 
|>ohtics  and  the  resources  of  the  several  courts  of  Europe, 
and  the  other  communicated  to  her  a  plan  for  driving  the. 

'.Turks  from  Constantinople,  which  was  ever  after  a  favourite 
object  with  Catherine.  In  lier  internal  policy  she  intro- 
duced those  changes  which  could  not  fail  to  be  popular, 
a.boIishin^  the  secret- inquisition-chancery,  and  the  use  of 
the  torture,  find  rendering  her  criminal  laws  so  mild,  that 
during  her  long  reign,  a  sentence  of  death  was;  Extremely 
rare/  She  also  held  out  liberal  encouragement  to  foreigners 
to  settle  in  her  empire,  either  as  agriculturists,  artificers,  or 
merchants.     In  order  to  eradicate  a  physical  and  moral 

^  cause,  of, depopulation,  the  empress  laid  the  foundation  of 
the  foundling  and  lying-in  hospital  at  Moscow,  and  after- 
vjrards  of  another  at  St.  retersburgh.^  She  also  founded  the 
medicinal  college  of  the  empire  in  the  latter  city,  ahj  C6t<- 

,  l(^ge^  apd  hospitals  in  every  part  of  her  empire.    ^She  en- 

^ qouraged  commerce  and  industry;*  and  ordered ' rtew  ship§ 
of  war  to  b6  put  upon  the  stocks.    Tlje  beneficial  'conse- 

^  quence*of  the  spirit  she  manifested,  and  of  ttie  regulations 

.  she  adopted,  ha,fe  been  since  manifest  in  a  variety  of  ift- 
stances.  ,  Courland,  on  the  Baltic,  with  its  havens,  was 
subjected  by  her  to  the  Russian  sceptre ;  and  on  the  op- 

^.ppsitei  side  of  Europe  the  Euxirie  laves  her  extensive  con- 

Sudsts^X^tchakow,  th^  Cherson,  the  Crim,  and  the  Cuban, 
^ar  witiiess  to  me  force  of  her  arms.     The'saik'of  her 
sbips  of  commerce  and  of  war  airfe  spread  even  in  the  Me- 
diterranean.    On  the  Greek  islands  the  Russian  banners 
'are  displayed.     Her  troops  opened  a  road  into  Egypt,  and 
.^  there,.  Jn  1772,  fought  in  support  of  Ali  Bey,  agaiiist  the 
^  Turks.     The  free  inhabitants  of  the  extreme  north-eastern 
point  of  Asia,  the  Tschuktsclies,  were  at  length  obliged  to 
sijibmit ;  and  a  channel  of  no  great  width  (the  straits  of 
jBehring)  there  only  divides  the  empire  from  America.     A 
multitude  of  Russian  islands  in  the  nortiiern  part  cf  the 
/  southern  ocean,  the  Kuriles  and  several  additional  acqtiisi- 
^.  tipns,  Qonnect  it  with  other  islands,  and  even  with  the  con- 
tinent of  the  fourth  quarter  of  the  world ;  and  there  also 
the  Russians  have  got  a   firm  footing.     The  diflPerenres 
,   that  arose  with  China  in  1778,  were  at  length  compromised; 
^  ^ud  if  no  caravans  go  from  Moscow  to  Pekin,  yet  the  mer- 
,  c^halhts  of  these  two  great  empires  prosecute  their  trade  to- 
r  fi?^^^^^  ^"^  perhaps  betterji  in  the  frontier  towns  of  Kiacbta 


43ff  C  A  T.H  E  R  I  N  E. 

and  Maimatshin.  Orenburg,  in  Asiatic  Russia,  is  exci^I* 
lently  situated  (of  commercial  intercourse  with  the  East. 
Indies ;  the  caravans  require  only  three  months  for  the. 
whole  journey ;  accordingly,  at  the  balf-way  thither,  felt 
Balk,  a  town  in  Bactriana,  or  Khorasan,  Russian  and  East 
Indian  caravans  already  meet  together.  Towards  the  end 
of  1763,  Catherine  gave  a  proper  form  to  the  supreme  coU 
lege  of  the  empire,  the  directing  senate,  vdiich  bad  been 
instituted  by  Peter  I.  She  divided  it  into  six  departments, 
of  which  the  four  former  should  have  their  seat  in  St.  Pe« 
tersburgh,  and  the  two  latter  in  Moscow. 

In  1764,  when  the  throne  of  Poland  had  become  vacant 
by  the  death  of  Augustus  III.  in  tb€l  October  of  the  precede 
ing  year,  Catherine  displayed  her  political  talents  and  iii- 
flueuce  in  the  advancement  of  her  early  favourite  count 
Poniatowsky  to  that  dignity.  At  this  time  she  made  a  tour 
through  Esthonia,  Livonia,  and  Courland ;  but  during  h^ 
absence  on  this  expedition,  an  insurrecti'on  broke  out  ih 
tbe  jprisdn  of  the  dethroned  Ivan,  which  threatened  thfe 
stability  of  her  own  throne.  But  this  was  soon  quelled  by 
the  murder  of  that  unhappy  prince.  What  share  the  ittj- 
press  hiad  iii  this  affair  is  not  very  clear,  but  the  ev^nt  viras 
certainly  in  her  favour,  and  she  now  proceeded  in  her  im- 
provements, and  in  the  Establishment  of  useful  institutions, 
^ndeavouring'to  soften  the  manners  of  her  subjects  by  iH« 
struction. '  She  also  seemed  determined  to  be  at  once'  bcMi 
*  eoriouetor  and  legi^trix,  and  it  is  certain  that  th^  faws'^f 
the  tlussian  ipmpire  wef.e  much  simplified  under  her  itS'gii, 
^nd  t^e  adiitinistratibn  of  justice  rendered  ihilde^  and  mtn^e 
impartial.  Her  pui^pose  Was  to  forin  a  solid,  and  rroi'iin. 
arbitrary  fegislation.  Her  whole  plan  was  directed  toptt- 
vent  all  those  who  govei*ned'^tinder  her  from  exerciSng'a 
capricious  and  Cruel  ahthori<y,'1tiysulge^^  to4tt- 

variable  laws,  whi^b'n6^iijitlibrity  should  be  able  to  infiifin^y 
but  in  this,  wheii  they  were  at  a  distance  she  was  not 
^'ways  successfiiT.  She  a1s6  condnned  to  cultivate  and 
encourage  the  arts  and  sciences  |  to  make 'her  em'pii^^n 
asylum^  to  the  leiarned  and  ingenious ;  ihd  the  transit  of 
Venus,  which  happened  in  1769^  afforded  aii  o|>port'umty 
of  exhibiting  as  well  the  munificence  of  Catherine  asVbe 
attention  she  paid  to  astronomy.  About  the  middle  of  the 
year  1767,  the  empress  conceived  the  useful  pto}ei^*bf 
sending  several  learned  men  to  travel  into  the  inteMorbf 
her  immense  territories,  for  the  purpose  of  detierBiilfiil&g 


C  A  T  H  £  Ifr  I  N  £.  49» 

the  gpograpbical  position  of  th^  principal  placid,  of  m^rk-* 

^g  theic  temperature^  and  of  examining  into  ttj^enalure  qf 

jtbeir  soil,  their. productions,,  their  wealth,  as  well  f»  tb^ 

manners  and  characters  of  the  several  people  by  whom  the^ 

£i;;e^iahabjjted.    ^ijTbe  selection  of  the  learned  trayellers  des^ 

tio,ed  for  this.esipedition,  the  helps  that  were  graiited  tbem» 

and  the  excellent  instructions  that  were  given  them,  will  be 

.^i^ing  ho^o^r  to  the  academy  of  sciences,  by  which  they 

were  ^pointed.    About  this  time,  Viz..  in  1768^  the  court 

of  Catherine  became  the  asylum  of  tbesciepces,  to  which 

she  invited  learned  men  from  every  part  of  Europe.     She 

encouraged  artists  and  scholars  of  all  denominations;  she 

giranted  new.  privileges. to  the  academy  of  sciences,  atfd 

.  exhorted  the  members  to  add  the  names  of  several  celer 

brated  foreigners  ta  those  which  already  conferred  a  lustre 

QU  theii:  society.  Nor  was  she  less  attentive  to  the  academy 

x^f  arts,  by  increasing  the  number  of  its  pupils,  and  adding 

.such  regulations . as  tended  more  than  ever  tolhe  attain- 

Vf^^vkt  of  the  end  for  which  it  was  endowed.   For  the  further 

^^c<iiuragement  of  the  fine  arts  in  her  dominions,  the  em- 

Dcess  assigned  an  annual  sum  of  5000  rubles  for  the  trans* 

iation  of  foreign  works  into  the  Russian  language.     The 

ifuprovement  of  the  state  of  physic  was  another  importaiit 

object  of  her  concern  ;  and  in  order  to  give  the.  highest 

possible  sanction  to  the  salutary  practice  of  inoculating  fof 

,|the  small  pox,  she  herself  snbn^itted  to  the  openatipn  under 

'  jJie  care  iof  an  English  practitioner,  and  she  persuaded  the 

^glfa][^ dukc^  to  foUaw  her  e^^ample.     In  1768,  Dr,  T.  .Dim^ 

.44i^9>o£  Hertford,  was  invited  to  Russia  for  the  purpose  iA 

introducing  inoculation  :  upon  the  recovery  of  the  gpra.nd 

duke,  Catherine  rewarded  his  scu^ices  hy  creating  him  a 

^.baron  of  the  Russian  empire,  and  appointed  him  .counsel^ 

\m.  qli  state  and  ptxysician  tp.  her  ioipierial  majesty,  with  a 

4ie|)^ion  ojt  5Q0L  a  year,  to  be  paid  him  in  England ;  be^ 

',^id^,  1Q,Q00/.  sterling,  which  he  iiiimediately 'recei>(ed; 

,,andiii^  also  presented  him  with'a  miniature  picture 43if  nee- 

•  seli^  ana  another,  of  the  grand  duke,  as  a  memorial  of  bis 

.,sei^vicesf.     Her  maiesty  likewise  expresseid  her  approbation 

.of, the. conduct  of  bis  son,  by  cooferring  on  him  tilie  same 

.ti^le,  and  ordering  him  to  be  presented  with  a  superb  gold 

.sipuff-box,  richly  set  nAith  diamonds.  On  Decenvber  3,,  1 76;8, 

\f9^  th^udksgiviqg  service  waf  performed  in  the^  chapel  of  the 

,  ps^aee  on  account  of  her  majesty's  recovery  and  that  of  the 

.  .gg^ajD^  duke  from  the  small-pox :  »id  the  senatp  decre^. 


4i9^  CAT  B  E:  Bil  fJ ^JE.  i 

that  tbitt^efetit  should  he  soleisiiiKed  by  an.  aaiii^;a^w^lV9i^ ' 
tivaiy  whnch  has  been  regularly  obserycd  ^yer  siuce* ,  >>  >v.-i 

H€r  schemes  of  foreign  aggrandisepaeaty  which  coiii]9os#* 
sa  great  a  part  of  her  history,  commeoced  with  her  irtoi^N^i. 
and  arbitrary  interference  in  the  affairs  of  Pola»d,  which  Id) 
1768  caused  the  Ottoman  Porte  to  declace  ^ar  against her'|> 
but  the  Turks  were  very  unequal  to  the  co|2test,  which-iil^ 
its  progress  brought  on  a  series  of  disasters,  [and  tbey^losfti 
several  battles  on  the  Prutb,  Dhiesteri  and  Daniibey ,  iNittki^ 
the  towns,  of  Bender  and  AckeriBan,  the  capital  of  BesisariM. 
hia.  The  provinces  also  of  Walachia»  Moldavia,  and  Se«i*i 
sarabia^  submitting  to  the  Russian  arfns^  sent  deputies ft^^ 
Petersburgh  to  do  homage  to  the  empress^  In  Septembe*: 
1769,  two  squadron  of  Jtussian  men  of  war  sailed  .feon^. 
Archangel  and  Bevel,  wliich  were  sooii-foUowed  by  atbera 
irom  the  Baltic,  and  steered  for  the  iVrst  tin^  for  the^Mer 
diterraiiean,  an  expedition  which  fo^m^.a-remadiableient 
in  the  bittpf^  of  oiarine  tactics.  .  Befoicc^  the  eijpval  ofi^is 
fleet,  some  secret  agents  had  been  disj^jp^iogldi^GretJiiSc^ 
expect  th^  Russians  as  their  deliverers ;  and  ^t.tb^  iostant 
vhea  their  squadron  had  gained  the  height  of  Cape  Mataif^ 
pan  (formerly  the  promontory  bf.Tenaros),  thetv^hide 
Archipelagio  thought  itself  free.  The  Mainots,  descendants 
^f  the  ancient  Lacedaemonians,  were  the  first  that  took  lip 
am¥s;  their  example  was  soon  foUowedl^  their  rneighr 
bours;  and  tl)e  Turks  were  massfu:r^.;M  ^0^eral,  ji^Vtha 
islands*'  But  the  latter  cruelly  revepgf^^i^mselve^  ior 
the. insurrection  of  the  Greeks.  Sqi3^tbi>uiu^4s4>f.tbes« 
miser^^ble'  people  were  exterminated.  ..by  the  s£^e.;dfittlu| 
Janizaries*  ■  >•   -  t-t  : ,  ..  r.^cvr 

Tb^  sqnadron'.of  Spiridof  was  so^  joined  by .  ithat  of :  Si^ 
pbinston^  a  nsLtive  of  England,  vi^ce^adpoiiiaLin  tbeRn^siaft 
service,  andtbeTurHs,  though  posaes^Jinig a> superior nao^ 
tirere  compelled  to  sbedt9r^jtbemselves  in  thi^  narrow^bagrtisf 
Tsohesm^,  near  LeuMios^  where  some>o£  thei^  ran  jagr^wAd^ 
and  tbeothers  were  so^pres&ed  forropm^  that  it^as  impoasibl^ 
jfor  tlieip  to  act^  The  B^u^sians,  pc^rceiyiiig, their  disadvan^ 
tageous  situation^  sent  among  theoi  ispp^  fire-ships^  co^;- 
manded  by '  British  offices,  and  destroy^ed  their  jwhole  floet. 
This  ^»i;»  ^however,  was  not  terminated  till  1774,. ^whem  the 
grand  vi'zir>  being  invested  <m  .all. sides  by  the  Eussiaiifftiv 
j&ies,  was  reduced  to  the  i^ecessity  of  signing  .a.peat^mby 
which  were  secured  the  independence  of  th^. Crimea^  ^tiils 
free  navigatioa  of  the  Ruaiiianf  oa.tJ^/Eii^ine,  aad  thiiMlg)i 


OATH  E  R  I  N  Ei  441 

tbl»>l>ftfriaMltes,  with  tfie  stifiidatton  that  they  sbotild  never 
have  more  than  one  arined  vessel  ki  the  seas  of  Ctostan- 
tiiiAi)»to;  and'  a  celt^ion  to  them  of  that  tract  <^f  hmd  that 
iiISP  oti  the  Eu!itiiie  between  the  Bog  and  the  Dannhe; 
ItaiMia;  Y^eaitfing  Azbf,  Toganrofc,  Kertscb,  and  Kinbnrn, 
nuMored  tlie  rW(r  of  her  conquests.  These  terms  were  ^nv- 
dmibiediy  A^vi^wabte  to  lUissta,  but  various  circumstanoes 
8i^ho9M  /lin^ered^  peiM^e  peculiarly  desirable.  The  di9- 
ordered^VlaM  df  the  fiiiftnces,  th^  ravages  of  the  plague; 
and^  tt-  spirit  of  revolt  in  certain  protinces^  and  abcHre  all^ 
the  lieb^lioit  <rf  Pugatsh^f,  affbrded  ample  employment  to 
the  ^cilispress^s  resources;  Thtl;  Pugatshef  was  a  Cos^ack^ 
^s6Tfr6m  sofiAe  resetiibtanGe  of  features  to  Peter  Illv  was 
encouraged  toassufne  his  name^  and  raise  a  rdvolti  whicb 
icft-Mme  time  threatened  scfrious  consequences,  but  libout 
the  end  of  1T74  it  was  terminated  by  the  capture  of  Pu^* 
gatibef,' who  wli»^a%  to  death; 

'ii'Dinring'this  tumtittuoMs  sftate  of  affair^,  Catherine  pro^ 
SOclft^d'  het  deigns  "for  encouraging  the  sciences  aiid  di6 
-tfrta^^f  peace,  and  imptoved  the  finances  so  far  as  to  b6 
able 'to  take-  off  the  war-taxe^,  and  others  which  we^e  ut^fa<^ 
^inttable  to  agficulture,  or  oppressive  to  particular  pro>i 
▼inees  or  orders  of  the  people.  She  also  leifit  large  istimii 
of  money,  free  of  interest,  aiid 'for  a  specified ' term  of 
yi^ars,  to  those  provinces  which  were  ruined  by  the  late 
litfbeMot^.  She  likewise  established  a  numbeit  of  other  sa* 
totaiy' T€^aftions>*  abolishing  pemicibusdistinctions^  de- 
teroyiifrgtivib^iioolk  thOdopolies,  restraining^  the  crueky  of 
pHtii&hmem,  and  il^moving  dppressive  ok  impolitic  restric* 
tions  or  prohibitions.  Imprisoned  debtors  were,  under  ceri> 
taki  r«iteumstances,  reteased  from  ebnfinethent  $  and  all 
ijieherrs  of  the  debtors  to  the -crown  were  discharged  from 
their  bonds*  and  oMrgatimis.  The  insurgents  every  where 
Itttnrned^to  their  duty^  nor  Were  the  victinis  to  justice 
mmatitro^S4'A^  a  general  famine  prev^led  in  the  desolated 
a^aUntrieir,  government  was' at  great  expence  and  trouble  in 
'Saprdying  them  with  corn  •and  meal  from  the  magazines  at 
Moscow*  snd^  dther  places ;  sind  various  methoda  were  de* 
*nied  fbr  prevtBintihg  the^rogress^  of  famine- 
liiThe  indepen^nce  of  Crhn  Tarterjr,  -however,  soon  oo- 
oasioned  an  opeb  -fruptu^e  bet^leen  the  Turkish  and  Russidh 
parties; -and  in  1778  it  produced  a  declaration  of  wai^. 
¥kom  the  measures  that  were  pursued,  it  sufficiently  ap- 
pMNKl^  'duit^he  .a(^ri)itioi^  of  <bit  empresa  would  not  bb 


satisfied  fillsbe  had  gGunej  eiHir?  pcipiQWOiir.oC.itMit  ptDtQ* 
•ubu  Heriotrigue^  in  tbe  o^hboiiiiBg.  courts  of. Deumwk 
an4  Sweden  tended, to rendW tkest  powevslilide  «iQve  llMo 
4«ipendeneieif  M.ber  crown;  however, in,} 73Qb^iDfliieiQipe 
over  them  was  employed  in  establishing  the  hmQvm,  ^^.  axitted 
n^ualityt^*  the  purpose  of  wtncb  wa$  tapyo^^ct^tbe  com* 
Bsercial  rights  of  neutral  sUtes».  then  oo^un^^f  violaiisd 
by  the  belligerent  powersy.  and  pavticulariyyhy  £ngtenil» 
whid)  availed  itself  of  its  aqperiority  at  sea^  in..pire(r#iiMg 
France,  ted  Spain  from  receiving  naval  stores  framiihe 
Saltic  In  this  year.Calherine  had .  an  interview  ajt  Mobi* 
low  with  the  empevor  of  Germany^  Joseph  II»  wdtimy 
travelled  ti^ether  in  fapculiar  intercourse  into  Il.QssiafS-<the 
prince  of  Prussia  (aflerwarda^  Frederic.  Williwi  II.)  also 
visited  her  court*;  and  it;  was  cnttomMry  for  the  neighbow- 
ing  pxinces^lio  msj^  vis]|S'i>f  policy,  or  toripsity  to  Peteifs^ 
bufgh,  where  they  »v«i».«lfwiyf  treated  with  exM^ordinary 
i9«g>i^eu«e..  lu  rTS2»  ;ClatJieripe»ijwitb.A  view^f  %ft«rd- 
jing  aajssyium  jtn  the  f>fosciihf»d  joeder  s^f  J^smii^  <  an^^pioo* 
}^hiv  imagining -that  all  the  Jesuii«.4)f  Europe  a^d  Ainenca 
.ir^ould  ibring  intoi  While  £«i«sia,tb«ii:itreaMires  and  tbei^^in* 
dustryi.  erectcdl#'.Reman.calMic  archhiaboptic  at  Mobtlaw, 
|br  the  spiritual:  gop^enmienti  d  h^r  subjects  of  that  per^iuL- 
WMf .  and  alao^  'g^^  him:  a  Jesuit  coadj  uior*  •  But  the  spoils 
X)f,..Pi»rag«ay  «ever/fiMiod  iheir  way  ; to  Mohitow*  This 
.yeai^'  was  marlpsdhy  ai^. event fWbicb^. indicated  Gatheriiie's 
jeapeptiartthe  memory  of  Peter  the  Gteai^.  whom^  she^af- 
Csaed  ti^  imitate :  it  was  the  erection  i^  Peler^Hurgh  ofifats 
.famo.ua.  eqmostriaocstattie^  which  was.^xecii|!fidby.8t^lien 
Falcone tf .  rof  Paris*  Thia  artist  concetmd  the  desigiiitof 
having  for  the  pedestal  of  bia  8<»tiie  a  huge  and  nigged 
XQ!sik,:in  order  to  indicate  to  r  posterity,  ^whence  the.  betoie 
lefpslator  had  set  out  and  what  obsliael^a  he  smsmouMed* 
ThisrodKy  the  height  of:  wh^^  from  the^.borftfEoiiliL  .Uiie 
WM  91  feet  by  if  in  length,  and  34  in  breadth^  wiMkjCiiifi- 
«veyed,  with  great  labour^  from  ahay  on  tJmyalf  ftf-Knland 
to  Peteraburgb^  Ahrough  the  distance  of  A  i  versts»  or  aJboat 
.4l>25e  Eo^ish  feet4  On  ^  side^neali;thes»ateitHlas 
this  Latin  inscription,  which  is  in*a;  Steele  of.  :siiblwie  «id 
proud  aimpHc^ :  ^  iVi^fo . prtasoi  Clfathaisna  secnndai;^' 
^  Catherine^ihe  second  to  Peler  libe  first"  31 


.  In  the  leUonang  year»  nM^  she  augmented  the^pktn- 
-dour  of  her  conrvby  infllitiiting  ilhe  new  order  oif^£t. 
MTotodiBMr^  «r  IJEbdisui^  juiA  tlus  gnav^  Jbamgf  abqpmed; 


C  ATfHJK  E  1  J4AK  44i 

wkboufc  a:  war^  tbe  sovtrei^^  ^f  tke  Crii»«a,  d#  Ihd  Me 
0f  TaiBan^  and  a  gv«at«parft  of  die  KtibaiH  Ae'dttUedtke 
Ifiitiner  of  these  ceunttiet  Taoriik^  and  the  etiier  CiMicastis. 
Tlitis  €fidiefine  i^iaed  a  point  ofinuch  ifuportdiiice  t^dvi^ards 
tbe  itiain  object  of^  her  aoibiobri/  L  e.  the  desrmotioii  of 
the  Turkish  empire  in  Europe;  in  th^  mw  of  which  riM^ 
bad'  iianted;tbe  grand  dufce'«  second  ^n  Constantf ne,  a»id 
had  put  liimant<>  the  band*  of  Greek  nurses,  that  he  mi^ 
1^  tbtvmghly  acqoaiiiced  vviib  the  laiigtftage  of  his  lutulre 
tobyecis.  'initiated  b^f* iPotewikiti^  the  empress  fcjmied  a 
desi|[A  in-'iT^ibf  b^ng- sflleftdidiy  crowned  in  her  new 
dominions' ^^^^queen  of '  Taurida ;"  but  the  expenoe  being^ 
M(}e6ted  to  by  some  of  fawnicouniers,  she  eotitented  herself 
u4th  making  a  gratidfiio^ceBs'throu^  diem;  At  her  iiew 
mty  ofChi^son,  trhelMUTioseeond  ititei^iew  wkh  the  em- 
peror Joseph.    She  then  tmirersed  the  Crknea,  aud  re* 

*  vunied  to'MoscoWy  faaving'teft-ttodes  in  her  progress  of  ber 

iiflMirifioende^  atid  eoBdemiiiien» '  ^'This  os(;ematiitas  lour 

'^ijiNsiprebably  one  cauieooftiie>iM»«r  Yitptt|»i  #i€h  the  Turk-* 

isbt*courty  iff  ^icB  the  eahperoT' 4>f  •Germany  eiigafged^'as 

altyisolElussia')  and  the  king  of -Swedeii  as  ally  to  the  Porte. 

.  ^he  latter  prevented  the  enqiresa  f rMi  sending  ^  fieet  into 
ibe Mediterranean; and ieven efidatigeved  Peier^rgh  itself 
by  a  sodden  incttwion^toSMaitd  The  danger;^  hoi^igver, 
was  airerted  by' the  empimi'i^o#e^vigeY€mS'eiEer€ions,  by 

'  the  J^sertiottiOf  soiiie  ef iOiista^s*s  ^oops, '  ^o  w^vAd  not 
^figbt^agairist  tbe^'Besaitti^3^'at}dby«iiiattaek^Sweden9  ott 

"^liieipain  of'  ttie^^^iitiWQf'^&efffMr^  who  i^receeded  as^far 

'' 10  iGoiteabtirgb.  ''^Tbe^Turkish  airurf  j  dMiugh^  superim*  to 
"tifiit  4)f  the  emprttSTy  >c9Qld  net  Resist  the  efforts  tff  the 

'  llQiBtan  generate.  "  Pciiemiiiti  ^at  "^thel  head  of  r'nttmeiNoius 
an»y,>aiid  a^large-tmhi  teif^rttlleryj  ^lai^'^iiege^tie^Otchakofy 
eiid  it  wa»  at  length  takeiYtijifsti^ftiyiwitb  the  kfss  of  25,000 

'  IPuAsiMid  id,CNioB»8siafi»y-but'the  i  ^vmr  #as 

ifipoit^the'^iMiele  ulifa^^  |»lirfies  ednsentetf^td 

:^  thie i^ae^  i^ned  Hi'  i^W^i  ^%|f(eb^he  Boiebter  Wair  d^* 

.'ttiMred  to^  bev^i^  fikuwitte'ttiititto^  tlie  li?fo?veMrpfres.  Mr. 
Fiu^  diis  time  taad^'ir6t»teg  cksir^  te  eempel  Ruimla  to 

^  iestei«  O^^biicef iity  the  9>tt4ls^  r^t'^ 


tire  iiatbi^!e1rfslipdint')ifa»'caiieeii^     Wheq'^faie  Frafich 
reTOlutioR  took  Jpiiee^^che^  imf^iMi^^fi^  and 

'  dU^ftrte  etigaged  in  o(irposi«^  It  by  fotee^r dt^mai  tariied 
lidr^  attemion  <to  Pblaiidy'  ttiiVithed'a^Miiy^thitker,  e¥er^ 
immA  ii^cmm.^^w^^  hod  c^fimta^  «nd 


4H  C  AT  H  E  III  NR, 

fy^y  Imke^  the.  «ptrk  of  the  Pokf  by  the  dtewitaimnttB^ 
^fkcre  imd»  on  the  inbabitaol*  of  the  Mibuibt  of  Wvmam  by 
i»r  ff^oemi'Suvarcrf:  «  new  divisioo  took  phu;e  of  thk  iU^i^ 
la^iA  countvy^  between  Riuwid,  Austria,  and  .Prussia,  and 
%^orded  pre^p^Qts  for  other  divisions  which  i^  twa  latter 
powers  little  suspected* 

j  This  remainder  of  Catherine's  life  was  employed  io^  de^ 
ligns,  against  Persia,  and  in  endeavouriog  .  to  efieot^  ^hiei^ 
origip^l  project  of  driving  the  Turks  from  Constantino^  i 
but  in  the  wukt  of  bet  ambitioas  hopes,  she  died  sodd^)j)r 
Qf  an  apoplectic  stroke,  Nov.  7,  1796,  and  was  succeeded 
by  hcnr  son  Paul  I«  .      .  :  .t^ 

,  Catherine. IL had  bepn hmdaome  in  her  youth ;  andat  tfa^ 
%gfi  of  ^veAty  yeara  she  *pveser«e4  Jome  remains  of  beauty, 
coBfiected.  with  a  peouliar  igaaeef ulness  and .  m^esty.  He? 
$t9^x^^yfai^,gi  the  niiddle^sifef  som^vbat  corpulent,  butv^«el| 
proportioned ;  and  as  she  carried  her  he^  wry  high^.i#n4 
0iciiad  b^.n4ei«kf;:^be  appeMP^dLr^PienytaU;.  she. had  ao  ppen 
£r^nt«  a^ aqupj^fne.nose^  afliagi^eable moiitb, and kettjebk^ 
^ugb  lppg,KiiS^»<n9t.gB[ii|i(ib{ipe«^  Her  hatr  wa^aubuviii 
her  eye-pbiow^.,bUiclii  ^brown,,  s$hys^  Rulbiere),  and;  rather 
ibickt  a»4  J^ei^^bl^i^f^es  ^aninmt^  ha3|e  eyes,  «says  RuK 
b^re,  dii»pov^cmg  shnde^  A)if  Uue)^  indicated  a  gehtleness 
li^cb.w^^(enJ^ieQted,i  but  idoo^  frequently  a  mi:sture  of 
pride.^  ^anghlfineai,  /lays/RnUHere^.  wm  the  true  cbaraof 
ter  of  Jlji^rjfili^c^ainy .  ...^Theigfuce  ^nd,- kindness  which 
yH?ir%  Ijli^vise  fiifi^^i^i^  it,  Mem^Af*^  ihf^  peoetfi^i^  obr 
i^r^^^  WjSv>4m>  (§fkct,  of >tM'^tnsine.desife.Dfipleasing$ 
«pd  llq^.wdwiogvei^pfii^ioiiafaMinijesied  top*  peieep^tiblf 
ev^n^^be  do^gnqi  ^dii^it^  Ac  paiipMter,  dcAirous  oft:6iiT 
PKi?ss|ipg,th«l  ?b^i^t(Br  by  frn.*lleg9*:yy  proposed  to  cepfo^ 
f^ff^  k^ni^itk^  ftgure,^ i^i^bArming.nywpW  wboj^^^wiib 
pne  hand  extended,  presents  wreaths  of  flowers,  jaoid:*^ 
jk;^  <i^r^iYh)pMb€^b<^f^bebied>heiV  oeueeatsiaiiglited 
tenefeii  J^  m^Bf^^  w^fki  usually  4ressed -itiiitbes  HjuWinu 

,^liritf^>^IaHyr}  v«^  tb^  Au4siff^s)[9:«o«iewbft&^borii|(^i<^ 
is  frigiiiit:^  ten4;«>f  jyiB*»^#i»dHyitb^5lw»'*deefes  veaebiog  i^ 
Ifeeirwj^irt.  -jgleitjbMfe  Rightly  po}VidfiBBd^ifewred«po»Aiar 
§^f|uld€H^  i;!G^I)^witb-».Pnil^Uo^ogdflrnediwitb.die^ 
Jji:  th*  lik^Wtiy#a»  pf  hpr^Ufe^be  use*mnch^rf»ttge;fftsf 
j^  yf^B,§tiii^4mmii^9f^9mife^fmgti»i^ 

f^mi  b^i^g  j^^bte.'iHi  ^r  ^ttPt«9[iancQ;<.mdM8hii^  wlmg0 


C  A'l' fl[  t  ft  1  N  £•  44f 

fest^litKi  8  ttiodetat^  diniter/  ahd  netet  eatiftg'SRj  Supper, 
Ifi-iM^  private  life,  the  good  htimoerr  and  cbnfidetee  with 
wlbich  she  inspiiied  all  aibont  her,  eeemed  t6  ke^p  her  in 
^^petual  youth^  playfulness,  and  gaiety.  Her  engagtfi^ 
<lotihTeFsatloh  anti "^miliar  maiii^rs  placed  all  those  whb  had 
constant  access  to  her,  or  assisted  at  her  toilette,  perfectly 
attb6ir^^^i§;'<btttthe  mbnient  livhen  she  had  put  on  lier 
gld^€l»  tO' make  her  appearance  in  the  neighbouring  apait-- 
ii^ffit^,  t^  assumed  a  sedate  demeanour,  and  a  very  dif-^ 
fbrtdM  ^oantenance;  From  being  an  agreeable  and  face-* 
iioiidwo<nan,-sh^  appeared  all  at  once  the  reserved  and 
majestic  empress,  A  person,  who  then  saw  her,  would 
fi^ntan^ous^  pronounce,  *^  This  is  indeed  the  Semiramis 
of'the  north.'^  Her  mocte  dP  saluting  was  dignified  and 
graceftiH  by  a  slifgbt  ii^elination  of  the  body,  not  without 

f'  race,  but  with'  a  'simle  at  command,  that  came  and  ya&* 
t^ed  wkh  Ih^  bdw.  '  ■'  .       ' 

i^  As  to  the  cfaatacter  of  Catb^fne,  it  may  be  sitfficientiy 
^M^imated  b^  ^H' history  bf  her actitms.  Her  reign>  for 
hlgVfti»lf >  m&'  hef  court,  hi^  been  brilltant  ahd  happy ;  but 
tM -last  yeans^of'itf  were  particulariy  disastrous  for  ihi 
people  tad  the  empire.  She  governed  too  much  by  her 
favourites ;  and '  thete,  with  their  dependents  attfd  suborn 
Binaie  officers,  ibeeanle  pettjr  despots;  The  two  most  ce^^ 
lebrated  of  these  fs,voutt«e«  ^w^e^idunt  Orq^iy  Orlof  and 
)l^ricef^dtiemkin';  §h^  ^mier  was  a  coarae  vtilgaf' man,  of 
siMfp^trihg  iMMCtfkiir  i^rehgthatod' brutal  niannets  ^  the  ot^et 
skovie  with  sOfiife^ptotidour^  and  his  memory  still  enjoys  iii 
flussia  thM!  sort  of  fame  whicft  is^'tttteehe^'  to'coflf^nests  and 
lifflitary  exploits;  They  and  her  other  favourites  are  isttip^ 
j^oned  to  have  receitedr from  her,  in  tlie  cotitrse  of  heir 
«elgo,  nearly  an  hundt^d  mflKfon^  of  roubles',' "with  vi^ 
!«^tates.  ••      '.'  f^'  '    •  ••  ''   -'•■>'  '•  ■■■  *'         ■'••' 

^  "^  iWJth  respect  to  tk^  govehMdenft  bt  Ca^herine^;  it  was^  ti 
Mild 'a4id;  moderate^  withinthe  immediate  circle^  of  hek*  In^ 
4^e^ce,  a«  it  ^val .arbitrary 'lalid  terrible  at  ia  distme^ 
Whoever,  directly  «or' indirectly,  enjoyM  the  protectteifk 
^  the  favourtee^  exercised,  whenever  he  was  skua^d^,  thg 
«iio^  iittdtsguiiied  •  tyramiy.  R^ '  insutted  his  ^js^driai^, 
tmmpled  ou  bii  kiferiom,  and  vidated  justioie,^  otdi^r;,  ieuid 
lAfe  ^ukases,''  with  impunity;  *The  empire^  hiving 
^tw^rped  a  throne,  ^ich^she  w;as  Hletirotis  of  retaioitigv  wat 
^tinfiet  the  nei^essity  of  treating  her  accomplices  with  ki^dt 


«46  C  A  T  H«  RIN  1/ 

wd  flattering  its  iMites  m4  tfHtgiidicef.    But  iier  reign  wa^^ 
wore  particularly  iltstiiiguJH^ed  -by  tlie  toleration  whictt  Ib^    ^ 
afibeded  to  .all  religiottSk  "^ 

Catbenne  had  bwo  pam^na  wbicb  never  left  her  but 
with  her  laat  breath ;  the  bve  df  the  ^Mlier  seK»  which  de- 
generated into  Ucentiottfliftess ;  and  the  lore  of  glory^  which 
sunk  into  vamty.     By  tlie'fcnrgier of  these  passions  ^e  was-' 
never  so  far  governed  as  to  beopuie  a  Messalina ;  but  sfa%^ ' 
often  di^raced  both  her  rank  and  sex ;  and  by  the  second,   ^ 
3he  was  led  to  undeitabe  mafiy  ktodahle  projects,  which 
were  seldom  completed:  abd,  to  ehgage  in  linjust  wana^ 
from  which  she  derived  'that  jiind  <4'  fame  ii^hich  is  the 
usual  result  of  success.    Her  crimes,- it  is  dsjd^  were  the 
crimes  of  her  atntion,  not  of  her  heart:   this  is  ^a  nice 
diflitinctml,  and  perhaps  incomprehensible ;  but- it  is  cer-'  - 
tain'  that  the  butcheries  of  her  armies  'alt  Ismail  and  Praga 
appeiwed,  teller  court,  to  be  hamainity  itselfw     If  she  had- 
known -toisfertnne,  she' niight  probf^ly  have. possessed  the 
purest  virtues;  -but  ^she  was  spoiled  by  the  unvaried  pios^ 
peri ty  of  her  arms;    Yet,  in  whatever  light  she  is  coii^  ^ 
sidei«d,  she  will  ever  be  placed  in  the  £^t  rank  atnong 
those  <who  by^4)beir.geiHus,  their  talents, ^and  especially  by 
their  success^  have  attracted  the  admin^on  ef  mankind ; 
and  her  sex,  giving  a  boldet-  rrtief  -  tc^  the  great  qualities 
displayed  by 'her  on  the  thnKie,v  wiH  place  her  above  att 
cooqpariscHi  in  history,  nor  r4hn  we  find  a  woomn  who  has 
eiceeuted  ojr  undertaken  iitch  daring  projects. 

Misled  hy  an  extravagant  confidence  in  her  own  abilities^ 
she  was  desiffons  of  emuiating  the  literary  taients  of  Frede<-  - 
ric  of  Priasia,  at  one'tieie  the  first  royal  author  in  Europe.  ' 
With  this  view  she  Wvote'faer  celebrated^  '<  instructions  for 
a  Code  of  Laws,**  which  shei  translated  herself  from  the  - 
.German,  and  printed  at  Peterdiurg,  17^9,  but  not  for  sale. 
It  was  afterwards  reprinted  in  French,  {:»atin,  German,  and '  ; 
JRusse,  at  Petersborgh,  1770,  4to.     She ^^wrcte  also  several' 
moral  tales  and  allegories,  for  the  edo<5ati6n  of  her-grand^'  - 
children;  and  a  number  of- dramatie^piec^  tfbd  pmverbs|. - 
^whicli  were  acted  and  admired  at  thettie'reiitage,  anfd  pub^  '  - 
lished  under  the  title  ef  "  The  theatre  of  the  Hei^iirftage/* 
2  vols.  8vo.     She  likewise  had  a  design  of  colldcling  a-- 
number  of  words  from  SOO  different  languages,  and'^sof'^'^  ^ 
ing  than  into  a  dictionary,  hut  this  was  n'eter  executed;'  - 
Of  all  her  writings,  her  letters  to  Voltaire  ere  ^ettahily  - 


C  A  T  fl  il'R  f  N  X.  447 

J 

Ihebett  CMhtmie  w»»  nekhor  fond  of  poelry  uor  of 
muiHC ;  and  abe  often  ooafeaaed  it.  She  could  not  erea 
eoduire  the  noise  of  the  orchestra  between  the  aots  of  a 
play,  and  therefore  eommonly  silenced  it  A.t  her  Taori* 
dan  jmlace  she  constantly  dined  with  the  two  pictures  df 
the  sacking  of  Otcbakof  and  Ismail  before  her  eyes,  in 
which  CasanoFa  has  r^tesented,  with  hideous  accutaoy, 
the  blood  flowing  in  streams,  the  limbs  torn  from  the 
hc|ji|esi  and  still  palpitatingr  the  demoniac  fury  of  the 
slaughterers,  and  tho  convalsive  agonies  of  the  slaughtered. 
It  iwas  upon  these  scenes  of  horror  that  her  attention  and 
imagination  were  fixed,  while  Gasparini  and  Mandini  were 
^isjHaying  -.  their  vocal  powers^  or  Sarti  was  conducting  a 
concert,  in  her  presence. 

Previous  to  the  dea&  of  Catherine  the  monuments  of 
her -reign  resembled  already  so.  many  wrecks  and  (Ub&pida- 
tious :  colleges,  ooloniesi  education^  estaMashn^ents^.  mantt^ 
lBGft9Fie%  hospitdils,  canalsj  lown^,.  fortresses,  .^yery.^ing 
had. been  hegun^  and  "every  thing -given  up  before  it  waa^ 
fini9had.^  As  soon  as  a  poo^ect  entered  lier  he^,  all- pre* 
ceding  ones  ^ve  place;,  and  hec  thoughts  were  fia^fid  on 
thatalone,  till  some  4:)ew  idea  wits  started  and^drew  off  her 
attention.  She  abc^ndoned  her  new  code  of  laws,  to>drive 
the  Tucks  out  of  £nropa  Af^er  diie  glorious  peace  of 
Kajinardgiy  she  aeeaaed  fo^  a.  .tiQi0:.to  attend  to  the  inl^ricM; 
adqainistration  of  h^^r  affvirs;  'but<  the  whole  was  presently 
forgotten,  that. she  might  bo/  queen. of  Tauris.  Her  neK6 
project  was  the  re-estabUsdbmefit of  iho throne  of  Ccmstan^ 
tin^.$. ,  to  which  sucqeeKted  that ,  of  hu^Uiog  and  punishing 
the.king  -of  Swecloii.  Afterward^  tbibAuvasion  of  Pxdaod 
became  her  rulingp^ssionirand' then  a  second  Pugatshef 
might  have. arrived  at  the  <gates  qf  Petersbuvgh  widiont 
forc^ing  her  fto  rehnquish  b§r  hold-  Sb0  died,  ag[^in  medi- 
tatifigtbe  destmetiop  of  Sweden)  the  ruin  of  Prussia,  and 
mo|<;M6ed.  at  the  siiecesses  of  France  and  repubUcanism. 
Th|9».wassfa0  incessantly  led  away  by  some-  new  passion 
stilLstrooger  in.  its  influence  -than  the  preceding,  so  as  to 
neglect  her  govemment,  both  in  its  whole  and  in  its  parts. 
This  mania  of  Catherine,  of  planning  every  thing  and  com* 
pieting  nothing,  drew  from  Joseph  11.  a  very  shrewd  .and 
sat^ricnd  remark.  During  his  travels  in  Taurida,  he  was 
invited  by  the  impress  to  place  the  second  stone  of  the 
town  of  Ekatarinoslaf,  of  which  she. bad  herself,  with  great 
parade,  Is^d  the  first.    On  his  return,  he  said,  "  I  have 


4%$  C  A  THE  R  I  N  E. 

finished  in  a  single  d4y  %  refy  importsnt  basibess  mA  tb« 
empress  of  Rnssia;  she  has  laid  the  first  stone  of  a  city, 
and  I  have  laid  the  last.^  ^ 

.  CATHERINE  (St.)  of  Sienka^  was  born  in  that  city  it) 
1)47,  and  having  vowed  virginity  at  eight  years  oId»  she 
took  the  Dominican  habit  borne  time  after,  and  became 
.eminent  for  her  genius,  charity,  zeal,  and  writings:  Go- 
ing to  Avignon,  in  order  to.  reconcile  the  Florentines  with 
Gregory  XL  who  had  excommunicated  them,  she  pressed  tjiat 
pope  so  mnch,  by  her  discourses  and  solicitations,  that  she 
engaged  him  to  quit  France  and  go  to  Rome  in  1377,  where 
he  again  fixed  the  jiontifical  seat,  'seVenty  years  after  Cle- 
ment V.  had  removed  it  to  France.  She  died  1380,  aged 
33,  and  was  canonized  by  Pius  II.  1461.  Various  '*  Let- 
ters" in  Italian  are  ascribed  to  her,  which  wea^e  printed  at 
Venice,  1500,  fol.  ^' Italian  poems,*'  Sienna,  1505,  Svoj 
and  some  small  devotionsd  treatises.  Her  whole  works  were 
collected  at  Sienna,  1 707,  4  vols.  4to.  Her  Legend,  iii 
Italian,  is  very  scarce,  Florence,  1477  :  aind  the  editions 
of  1524,  4to^  and  1526,  8vo,  are  also  scarce.  JohhduPin^ 
wrote  the  life  of  St.  Catherine  in  Latin,  Bologns^  1505, 
4to ;  there  is  another  in  French  by  P^  de  Rechac,  Paris, 
1647,  12mOi 

Her  ^'  Letters'^  are  written  in  a  style  so  pure  and  ele- 
gant, that  Sienna  -has  pretended  to  rival  Florence  in  the 
production  of  classical  language.  Girolamo  Gigli,  a  learned 
man  of  Sienna,  who  published  a  fine  edition  of  St.  Cathe» 
rine's  Letters  in  1707,  had  a  design  of  subjoining  a  voca- 
bulary of  words  and  expressions  peculiar  to  her,  but  iti 
this  attempt  took  so  many  liberties  with  the  language  and 
academy  of  Florence,  that  his  *^  Vocabolario  Cateriniaho'*^ 
was  stopt  by  an  order  froni  pope  Innocent  XII.  the  author 
banished,  his  work  burnt  by  the  hands  of  the  hangman, 
and  his  name  struck  out  of  the  list  of  the  Florentine  aca- 
demicians, as  guilty,  says  a  late  Italian  historian,  not  only 
of  leze*grammar,  but  of  leze^majesty.  The  vocabulary, 
however,  was  afterwards  published,  without  a  date,  .4to, 
and  with  the  fictitious  name  of  Manille. ' 

CATHARINUS  (Ambrose),  a  celebrated  divine  of  the 
alixteenth  century,  was  born  in  1487  at  Sieona,  and  taught 
law,  till  the  age  of  thirty,  under  the  name  of  Lancelot 

>  Coxe's  Xravtls.— -Tooke's  Life  of  Catherine  II.  3  vols.— Rees»«  Cydoptedia. 
Rulhiere  Hist,  de  la  Revelation  de  Russie. — Segur  Vie  de  CatberiBe  II.  Htc.  &cw 
*  Dupin.    M^rtrl-^Qioguenlt  Hist,  Litt.  d'ltalie. 


Q  AT  fl  A  El  N  U  S.  ,     ♦♦# 

^Poliu^but  took  that  of  Cutharinus  iipon  turnicrg  Baminican 

in  1515.  '  He  then  applied  to  tlie  study, of!  diviDttry/«Nid  be« 

came  very  eminent;  appeared  with. great  distinetion  at  the 

qofiQcil  of  Trent,'  was  made  bishop  of  Minori  1^47,  und 

iirchbishop  of  Conza;  1551.     He  died  1553,  aged  70,  ieav-* 

ing  several   worlds,  printed  at  Lyons,  1542,  8vo:  and  at 

the  end  af  his  ^^  Enarrationes  in  Geaesim,"  Rome,  155^^ 

fol.  in  which  tie  maintains  singulaar.  opinions  coBcerning 

jgredefttiaation  and  other  tbeojlog^eal  points,  he  says^  thitt 

4t«  Jo^n  the  Evangelist  is  DOt  dead,  hut  has  been  takea  up 

J(a^h^;iven,  like  Enoch  and  Elijah;  that  Jesus  Christ  would 

h^vf  come  into  th^  world,  even  tl^ough  Adam  bad  not 

^ned ;  that  the  e^il  angek  fell  beisause  they  wonid  not 

acknowledge  the  decree  of  the  inearnation ;  and  that  chtU 

dr^n,.wha  die  unbaptijsed,  enjoy  a  degree  of  happiness 

i^uit^d  to  thek:  3|ate.     It  was  he  who  first  warndyt  defended 

t^e  .i^piiijuw,  that^h^^xterior  init^iJ^iQiat  13  .sttfli«ieiitri»  hiia 

\v)ioi^da}iDisteki(i!l  thcr  ^^ntaieiits^  a;  ^i  that* the  saciament  ia 

^ftW^jpSPvid^ditte  mwat^E  »p©wfi[i^^     such  outward,  ceise^ 

^qi^^^s^atfe  ro^it^^ad^  though  be^hould  in  bis  heart  make 

a^t^  o€  leered  t|xings»     CaJlhariaUg  i»  very  free  in  othev 

re^pect^  iix  kt^  sentitneilts,  and  does,  not  acruple  to  depwrs 

irom  those  of  St.  Austin,  St.  Thomas,  and  other  divines; 

Hia  ppifiion,  h99V!e!rer>  concerning. the  exterior  intention 

of^  the.  mipiate^r >vbo . gives  the.sacvameixt,  '.bas- been  always- 

f€)Up>«7ed,by^the  Sofibonne^  wb^. cases  of  conioienoe^wersi 

tpt^be;  decijleai.    .JJe  wrote  "  Gommentaries  on  Sti'-Paul'%** 

aQd^tbeotl^r  canonical  epistles,  Venice,  1551^ 'fok ;  -  and* 

t^^re.^is  a  book  ascribedrtQ  him  wbi^  is' in  :ireqoestvi  sHui  is^ 

efuticl^d,  ^«<  i(emed4t>ivalta<  pestilentenDottnaa^  d'Oehuio^^^ 

,fGATINAT  (Nicholas),  one  oifvthe  ablest  generab  un** 
dfx  Louis. Xiy.  the sonof  ttie  deamof  the-couhseUora  oi 
ji^rliameBt,  w.a#  bornat  Pam/ 6epl)«.l^  16S7,  and  be^asK 
b^rcareer  M  :tbe.  Ibar;  but  haying  lost;  a  cause  that^hadl 
ju§^tu;ci  op  its  Bid0,  be  i^jenoiunced  the  profession  fo^  that  of. 
ar^uf.  nH^  first  .»eiwed  in-  the  catalry,  wbere*  he  nevep^ 
omitted  an  opportunity  of  dtstitRiguisbingihiniself.,  In  1667^* 
in^lthe:  presence:  o£i  Louis.  XIV.  at^tbe/attacfc/  oa  tliA  t^nn* 
t^scaf pe  of  Lisle,  hje  p^formed.  an  aiotion  sorboneurable' 
bfit^)|Q  his  jmlgment  and  his  €X)«kvage,  i^bit  n  iprd^cured 
him  a  lieutenantcy  in  the  regiment  of  guards.     Graduaiiy 

,15. '..r«"  .',!/-  .      .  •        ■  .        .     4-  .     - 

/.V,   .^'*    I    '    '      •>    1  Dupin.— Moreri.— L'Atocat'.       "  ;"^       '   ' '  .   . 

voL-vm,  Go 


4S0  C  A  T  I  N  A  T, 

rising  to  the  first  dimities  in  the  army,  he  signalized  hintr 
aelf  at  Maestricht,  $it  Besaoson,  at  Senef,  at  Cimbray,  at 
Valenciennes,   at  St.  Omer*s,   at  Ghent,  and  at  Ypres- 
Tbe  gteat  Cond6  set  a  proper  value  on  his  merit,  and 
wrote  to  him,  after  the  battle  of  Senef,  where  Catinat  had 
been  wounded :  "  No  one  takes  a  greater  interest  in  your 
wound  than  I  do ;  there  are  so  few  men  like  you,  that  ii| 
losing  you  our  loss  would  be  too  great/^     Having  attained 
to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general,  in  1688,  he  beat  the 
dnke  of  Savoy  at  Staf&rde  and  at  the  Marsaille,  made  hinv* 
self  master  6f  all  Savoy  and  a  part  of  Piedmont ;  marched 
from  Italy  to  Flander^,  besieged  and  took  the  fortress  of 
Ath  in  1697.     He  had  been  marechal  of  France  from  1 693^ 
and  the  king,  readiiig  the  list  of  the  marechals  in  his  cabi-* 
tiet,  exclaimed,  on  coming  to  his  name :  "  Here  valour  has 
meft  with  its'deserts!'"     The  war  breaking  out  again  in 
1701,  he  was  put  at  the  head  of  the  French  army  in  Italy 
*g$[inst  prince  Eugene,  who  commanded  that  of  the  empe7 
ror.    The  court,  at  the  commencement  of  this  war,,  was 
on  the  choice  of  the  gtoerals,  and  hesitated 
between  Catinat,  Vend6me,  arid  Villeroi.     Th\a  circum- 
itanc^  was  talked  of  in  the  emperor's  council.     *^  If  Vilr 
leroi  has  the  command,^'  said  Eugene,  "  I  shall  beat  him  \  if 
Venddme*  be  appointed,  we^  shall  have  a  stout  struggle ;  if 
it  be  Catinat,  I  shall  bei  beaten.'*     The  bad  state  of  th^ 
army,  ,the  want  of  money  for  its  stibsistence,  the  little  h^r« 
mohy  there  was  between  him  and  tlie  duke  of  SjaLVoj^ 
whose  sincerity  he  suspected!,  prevented  him  from  fulfill^n^ 
the  prediction  of  prince  Eugene.     He  was  wounded  in  tliQ 
affair  of  Chiari^  and  forced  to,  retreat  as  far  as  beh^nct^he 
OgUo.    This  retreat,  occasioned  by  the  prohibition  he  had 
receivied  from  the  court  to  oppose  the  passage  of  prince 
Eugene^  was  the  source  of  his  subsequent  mistakes  and  mis-^ 
fbrtunlefs.     Catinat,  notwithstanding  his  victories  and  his 
negociations,  was  obliged  to  serve  under  Villeroi ;  and  the 
litist  disciple  of  Turenne  and  Cond6  was  no  longer  allpwect 
to  act  but  as  second  in  command.     He  bore  this  injustice 
like  a  man  superior  to  fortune.     *'  I  strive  to  forget  my 
misfortunes,"  he  says  in  a  letter  to  one  of  his  friendst 
^'  that  my  mind  may  be  more  at  ease  in  .executing  the, 
orders  Of  the  marechal  de  Villeroi.**    In  1705  the  kin^ 
named  him  to  be  a  chevalier;  but  he  refused  the  honour, 
intended  him.  ,  His  iamily  testifying  their  displeasure,  at 
this  procedure^  <^  Well,  then,**   said  he  to  bis  iceliitloa% 


C  A  T  I  N  A  T,  451 

*'  strike  me  out  of  your  genealogy  !**  He  increased  as  little 
as  possible  the  crowd  of  courtiers.  Louis  XIV.  once  ask* 
ing  him  why  be  was  never  seen  at  Marli ;  and  whether  it 
was  some  business  that  prevented  his  coming  ?  *'  None  at 
all/*  returned  the  marechal ;  **  but  the  court  is  yery  nu- 
merous)  and  I  keep  away  in  order  to  let  others  have  room 
to  pay  their  respects  to  you.''  He  died  at  his  estate  of  St. 
Cratian,  Feb.  25,  1712,  at  the  age  of  74,  with  the  same 
sedateness  of  mind  that  had  accompanied  him  through  life. 
Numberless  anecdotes  are  related  of  him,  which  shew  that 
Ibis  calmness  of  temper  never  forsook  him.  After  an  in-- 
eSec tual  attack  at  the  unfortunate  afiair  of  Chiari,  rallying 
his  troops,  an  officer  said  to  him  :  '^  Whither  would  you 
have  lis  to  go  ?.  to  death  ?"— "  It  is  true,"  replied  Catinat, 
'^  death  is  before  us ;  but  shame  is  behind.''  He  had 
qualities ,  yet  more  estimable  than  bravery.  He  was  huk- 
mahe  and  modest.  The  part  of  his  labours  most  interesting 
to  humanity9.w.as  ill  regular  correspondence  with  marechal 
Vjiubiah,.  on  the  administration  of  the  revenues  of  the  vari- 
ous countries  which  they  bad  visited  during  their  militarjr 
exped^ions. '  They  did  not  seek  for  meaus  of  increasing 
(he  revenues  of  their  sovereign  beyond  measure ;  but  thej 
endeavoured  to  find,  the  most  equitable  repartition  of  the 
taxes,^  and  the  ctieapest  way  pf  collecting  them.  Catinat, 
On  account  pf  his  c^utiQusness  s^nd  judgment,  was^.by  the 
soldiers  unc(er  .iii^lcbmmstnd,  sishincantly  called  iP^^  la 
Penke^  ".FsitRei;  Tliflught,"  a  simame  which  he  appeai;^^ 
lo Jiavei  deserved  id  bi^  peaceable,  retreat,  not  less  than  io 
his; mill tstry  expeditions.,! 

CATO  (lilARCUSpoRtjus)^  tbe  censor,  one  of  the  greatest 
iiien  aimohg  the'^iicjeritSf  wasborn  at  Tiisculum  in  the  yeaf 
of  llome  519,  about 'the  232d  B.  C,,  He  began  to  bear 
arQis  at  the  age  of  sey^hteen ;  aud  op  all  occasions  shewed 
extraordinary  courag^e*  He  was  a  mw,  of  great  ,sobriety, 
and  reckoned  9P  b^odily  exercise  iin worthy  of  hiqu.  He 
baa  biit  one  horse, Tpi*  himself  iahd  bis  baggage,  and  ha 
Iboked  after  and  dr9sVe4  it  himself.  At  his  return  from  his 
campaigns, ,fi^l>etooi  Jiim^elf  to  plough  his  ground;  not 
ih^k  he  was  without  slaves  to  do  it„  but  it  was.  his  inclina* 
tlpOj '  He  4r69sed  also  like  his  slaves,  sat  down  at  the  same 

^ble  with  them,  and  partook  of  the  same  fare*  ,  He  did  not 

j^- J-  '(      .  *•      •    > 

«         ,   .  ,■  -      . 

^  «' iiemoires  pour  lenrif  k  la  Vif  de  Cstinal,"  l?wilt  1775,  ;i2mo.— Diet 

6G  2 


452  C  A  T  O. 

in  the  mean  while  neglect  to  cultivate  his  mind,  especially 
in  regard  to  the  art  of  speaking ;  and  he  employed  bis 
talents,  which  were  very  great,  in  generously  pleading 
causes  in  the  neighbouring  cities  without  fee  or  reward. 
Valerius  Flaccusi  who  had  a  country-seat  near  Cato,  con* 
ceiving  an  esteem  for  him,  persuaded  him  to  come  tx) 
Rome ;  where  Cato,  by  his  own  merit,  and  the  influence 
of  so  powerful  a  patron,  was  soon  taken  notice  o^  and  pro* 
moted.  He  was  first  of  all  elected  tribune  of  the  soldiers 
for  the  province  of  Sicily,  and  then  made  questorin  Africa 
under  Scipio.  Having  in  this  last  office  reproved  him  for 
his  profuseness  to  his  soldiers,  the  general  answered,  thai 
he  did  not  want  so  exact  a  questor,  but  would  make  war  at 
what  expence  he  pleased  ;  nor  was  he  to  give  an  account 
to  the  Roman  people  of  the  money  he  spent,  but  of  his 
enterprises,  and  the  execution  of  them.  Cato,  provoked 
at  this  answer,  left  Sicily,  and  returned  to  Rome.  After^' 
.wards  he  was  made  prrotor,  and  fulfilled  the  duties  of  his 
office  with  the  strictest  justice.  He  conquered'  Sardinia, 
governed  with  admirable  moderation,  and  was  created 
consul.  Being  tribune  in  the  war  of  Syria,  he  gave  dis* 
tinguished  proofs  of  his  valour  against  Antiochus  the  Great } 
and  at  his  return  stood  candidate  for  the  office  of  censor. 
But  the  nobles,  who  envied  him,  and  dreaded  his  severity^ 
set  up  against  him  seven  powerful  competitors,  in  spite  of 
whom  however  he  was  succesi^ful.  Cato's  merit,  upon  the 
whole,  was  superior  to  that  of  jemy  of  the  great  men  who 
stood  against  him.  He  was  temperate,  brave,  and  inde« 
fatigable ;  frugal  of  the  public  money,  and  not  to  be  cor-* 
rupted.  There  is  scarce  any  talent  requisite  for  public  or 
private  life  which  he  bad  not  received  from  nature,  or 
acquired  by  industry.  Yet,  with  all  these  accomplish- 
ments, he  had  very  great  faults.  His  ambition  being  p0i«> 
soned  with  envy,  disturbed  both  his  own  peace  and  tibat  of 
the  whole  city  as  long  as  he  lived.  Though  he  would  not 
takie  bribes,  he  was  unmerciful  and  unconscionable  ia 
amassing  wealth  by  all  such  means  as  the  law  did  not 
punish.  Notwithstanding  this,  it  is  certain,  that  the  peo- 
ple in  general  were  pleased  with  his  conduct ;  insomuch 
that  they  ordered  a  statue  to  be  erected  to  his  bonottr  in 
the  temple  of  Health,  with  an  inscription  that  mentioned 
nothing  of  his  victories  or  triumph,  but  imported  only  that 
by  his  wise  ordiliances  in  his  censorship  be  had  reformed 
the  manners  of  the  republic.     He  was  the  occasion  of  the* 


C  A  T  O.  458 

third  Punic  War;  for,  being  dispatched  to  Africa  to  termi- 
nate a  difference  between  the  Carthaginians  and  the  king 
of  Numidia,  on  his  return  to  Rome  he  reported,  that  Car- 
thage was  grown- excessively  rich  and  populous,  and  he 
warmly  exhorted  the  senate  to  destroy  a  city  and  republic, 
during  the  existence  of  which,  Rome  cpuld  never  be  safe. 
Having  brought   from    Africa  some   very   large    figs,  he 
shewed  them  to  the  conscript  fathers  in  one  of  the  lappets 
of  his  gown.     **  The  country  (says  he)  where  this  fine  fruit 
grows,  is  but  a  three  days'  voyage  from  Rome."     We  are 
told,  that  from  this  time  he  never  spoke  in  the  senate  upon 
any  subject,  without  concluding  with  these  words,  "  I  am 
adso  of  opinion,  that  Carthage  ought  to  be  destroyed."  But 
though  dignified  and  severe,  Cato  had  nevertheless  some 
disposition  to  mirth,  atid  some  intervals  of  good  humour. 
He  dropped  now  and  then  some  words  that  were  not  un- 
pleasant, and  We  may  judge  of  the  rest  (says  Balzac)  by 
this  :  "  He  had. married  a  very  handsome  wife,  and  history 
tells  us  that  she  was  extremely  afraid  of  the  thunder,  and 
loved  her  husband  well.     These  two  passions  prompted  her 
to  the  same  thing ;  she  always  pitched  upon  her  husband 
as  a  sanctuary  against  thunder,  and  threw  herself  into  his 
arms  at  the  first  noise  she  fancied  she  heard  in  the  sky. 
Cato,  who  was  well  pleased  with  the  storm,  and  very  will- 
ing to  be  caressed,  could  not  conceal  his  joy.    He  revealed 
that  domestic  secret  to  his  friends  ;  and  told  them  one  day, 
speaking  of  his  wife,  'that  she  had  found  out  a  way  to 
i^ake  him  love  bad  weather;  and  that  he  never  was  so 
hfippy  as  when  Jupiter  was  angry',"    It  is  worth  observing, 
that  this  was  during  his  censorship ;  when  he  degraded  the 
^nator  Manlius,    who  would  probably  have  been  consul 
the  year  after,  only  for  giving  a  kiss  to  his  wife  in  the 
day-time,  and  in  the  presence  of  his  daughter.     Cato  died 
in  the  year  of  Rome  604,  aged  85.     He  wrote,  1.  A  Ro- 
man History.     2.  Concerning  the  art  of  war.     3.  Of  rhe- 
toric^     4.  A  treatise  of  husbandry.     Of  these,  the  last  only 
is  extaqt.  ^ 

CATO  (Marcus  Fortius),  commonly  called  Cato  Minora 
or  Cato  of  Utica,  wa?  great-grandson  of  Cato  the  censor. 
It  is  said,  that  from  his  infancy  he  discovered  an  inflexi- 
bility of  mind,  and  a  disposition  to  go  through  whatever  he 
iindertook,    even  though  the  task  was  ill-suited  to  bis 

1  Plutarch.— Livy,  fcc. — Universal  History. 


45i  CAT  a 

strength.  He  Was  rough  towards  those  that  flatlerefl 
and  quite  intractable  when  threatened ;  was  rarely  seen^to 
laugh,  or  ^ven  to  smile ;  was  not  easily  provoked  to  teM- 
ger,  but,  if  once  incensed,  hard  to  be  pacified.  Sylla,  hlet- 
ing  had  a  friendship  for  the  father  of  Cato,  sent  often  for 
^  him  and  his  brother,  and  talked  familiarly  with  them.  Gate, 
who  ^as  then  about  fourteen  years  of  age,  seeing  the  heads 
of  great  men  brought  there,  and  observing  the  sighs  of 
those  that  were  present,  asked  his  preceptor,  "  Wliy  dbes 
no  body  kill  this  man  ?^*  ^*  Because,''  said  the  other,  ^^  he 
is  more  feared  than  he  is  hated,''  The  boy  replied,  *^  Why 
then  did  you  not  give  me  a  sword  when  you  brought  me 
hither,  that  I  might  have  stabbed  him,  and  freed  iny  county 
from  this  slavery  ?" 

He  learned  the  principles  of  the  stoic  philosophy,  which 
so  well  suited  his  character,  under  Antipater  of  Tyre^  and 
applied  himself  diligently  to  the  study  of  it  Eloquence 
he  likewise  studied,  as  a  necessary  means  to  defend  the 
cause  of  justice,  and  he  made  a  very  considerable  pt^- 
ciency  in  that  science.  To  increase  his  bodily  stfeAgith, 
be  inured  himself  to  suffer  the  extremes  of  heat  and  cold; 
and  used  to  make  journeys  on  foot  and  bare-headed  in  all 
seasons.  When  he  was  sick,  patience  and  abstinence 
were  his  only  remedies :  he  shut  himself  up,  and  would 
see  nobody  till  he  wa^  well.  Though  remarkably  sober 
in  the  beginning  of  his  life,  making  it  a  rule  4o  drink 
but  once  after  supper,  and  then  retire,  be  insensibly  eoh- 
tracted  a  habit  of  drinking  more  freely,  and  of  si|ilng^<at 
table  till  morning. :  He  affected  singularity,  and,  in  thln|[$ 
indifferent,  to  act  directly  contrary  to  the  taste  and  ft^hmiis 
of  the  age.  Magnai^imity  afid  constancy  are  geiJenEitly 
ascribed  to  him;  and  Seneca  would  fun  make  that  haoj^- 
tiness  and  contempt  for  others^  which  in  Cato  accompanied 
those  virtnes,  a  matter  i^f  praise.  Cato,  says  Seneca,  hav- 
ing received  a  blow  in  the  face,  neither  took  revengef'iibr 
was  angry ;  he  did  not  even  pardon  the  afikrnt,  i>ut  d<«nied 
that  he  had  received  it.  His  virtue  railed  him  so  faighy 
that -injury  could  not  reach  him.  He  served  as  li  Voliin^^r 
under  Gallius  in  the  war  of  Spairtaeus';  and  when  military 
rewards  were  offered  him  by  the  commander,  he  refoKl^d 
them,  because  he  thought  he  bad  no  right  to  them.  Soo&e 
years  after,  he  went  a  legionary  tribune  into  Ma0^.illjna 
under  the  praetor  Rubrins;  in  which  station  he  appear^, 
in  his  dress,  and  during  a  marcb^  more  like  a  privatt^  soU 


C  A  T  O.  4S$ 

4ier  than  an  officer :  but  the  dtgoity  of  his  manners^  the 
:ielevalioo  of  his  sentuneots,  and  the  superiority  of  his  views, 
.set  him  &r  above  those  who  bpre  the  titles  of  geqerals  and 
proconsuls.  It  is  said,  that  Cato*s  design  in  ail  his  beba- 
-..vtour  was  to  engi^  the  soldiers  to  the  love  of  virtue'; 
whose  affections  he  engaged  thereby  to  hioiself,  without 
•bis  havings  any  such  intention.. 

;     One  thing  by  which  Cato  extremely  pleased  the  peopley 

^was  his.making  the  assassins  to  whom  Sylla  had  given  con«- 

.siderable  rewards  out  of  the  treasury  for  murdering  the 

proscribed,  disgorge  their  gains.    Plutarch  tells  us,  that 

«  Cato  wag  so  exact  io  discharging  the  duties  of  a  senator, 

s^  to  be  always  the  first  who  came  to  the  house,  and  the 

last  who  left  it ;  and  that  he  never  quitted  Rome  during 

those  days  when  the  seoiate  was  to  sit.     Nor  did  be  fail  to 

:be  present  at  every  assembly  of  the  people,  that  he  might 

•  awe  those  wh%  by  an  ill-judged  facility,  bestowed. the 

-puhUc  mon^yiu  .{f^rgesses,  and  frequently  through  mere 

h»f^t  granted  remiMon  of  debts  d^e  to  the  state.    At 

^;fim\bis  au^erity  and  stiffness  displeased  bis  colleagues: 

but  afterwards  tliey  were  glad  to  have  bis  name  to  oppose 

.  IP  all  the  unjust  solicitations,  against  whiqh  they  would 

have  found  it  difficult  to  defend  themselves,     Cato  very 

readily  took  upon  him  the  task  of  refusing. 

.  On  one  occasion,  to  keep  out  a  ver}'  bad  man,  fae  was. a 

^  candidate  for  the  tribunate.     He  afterwards  laboured  to 

bring aboiUJt  an  agreement  between  Caesar  and. Ponipey,  biit 

freeing  it  in  vain,  he  sided  with  the  latter.     When  jPomp^y 

was  iilain^  he  fled  to  Utica,  and  being  pursued/by  Csesar, 

jbe  advised  his  friends  to  leave  him,  and  throw  themselves 

;0B  CsBsar^s  mer^y.     They  comiplied,  and  bis  son  only, 

and  a  young  man,  Statiiius,  who  was  remarkable  for  his 

hatred  of  Caesar,  remained  with  him«    The  execution  of 

.the  purpose  which  Cato  had  formed  with  regard  to  himself 

bfia  fiumished  Addison  with  the  story  of  his   interesting 

-tragic  poem,  called  Cato,  which  ha3  particularly  familiarized 

the  history  of  Cato  to  English  readers.     Notwithstanding 

.  tiie  interference  of  his  friends,  and  particularly  of  his  son, 

who  by  every  method  endeavoured  to  dissuadie  him  from 

the'  resolution  he  had  ^ken  to  dispatch  himself  ;:ather  than 

c^lall  into  Caesar's  hands»  he  committed  sui,ci(^e  in  the  forty- 

,  ^jgbth  year  of  his  age,,  after  some  deliberation,  and  ai^ter 

it^ioe  reading  Plato's  dialogue  on  the  im^idrtality,  of  the 

:souL^aD  instance  which  has  beeo  imitated  since  in  too 


436  €  A  T  O. 

manjr  oases  of  political  disappointment,  aiid  in  the  absence 
jof  all  moral  and  religious  principle.  Bot,  as  Brocker  has 
observed^  it  should  be  remembered,  that  the  situation  of 
Cato,  in  concurrence  with  his  stoical  principles,  strongly 
impelled  him  to  the  fatal  deed ;  and  that  whatever  censure 
he  may  deserve  on  this  account,  he  supported,  through  his 
whole  life,  a  character  of  inflexible  integrity  and  uncor^ 
rupted  public  spirit.  Whilst  be  lived,  he  held  up  before 
his  fellow- citizens  a  pattern  of  manly  virtue ;  and  when  be 
died,  he  taught  the  conquerors  of  the  world  that  the  noble 
mind  can  never  be  subdued. 


•"  Cuncta  terrarum  subacta. 


Praeter  atrocem  animum  Catonis." ' 

CATO  (Valerius),  a  Latin  poet,  was  bom  in  Narbo- 
tiensian  Gaul,  the  son  of  a  free  man  ;  but  when  young  and 
an  orphan,  he  was  obliged  to  fly  his  country  during  the 
civil  war  in  the  time  of  Sylla,  with  the  loss  of  all  his  pro- 
perty. He  then  went  to  Rome  and  opened  a  public  school, 
and  had  many  scholars,  especially  the  youth  of  families  of 
rank.  Suetonius  says  **  docuit  multos  et  nobiles."  Biba- 
culus  characterises  his  method  of  education  in  these  words : 

'^  Cato  Graramaticusj  Latina  syren, 
'   Qui  solus  legit  ac  fecit  poetas/* 

For  som^  time  he  became  rich  by  his  school,  but  ex- 
perienced, it  is  not  known  from  what  cause,   a  reverse  of 
fortune,  and  lived  afterwards  in  poverty,  which,  however, 
be  supported  with  philosophy.     He  died  in  the  year  20 
B,  C.     The  only  part  of  his  works  that  has  reached  us,  is" 
his  poem,  entitled."  Dirae,"  in  which  he  laments  his  banish- 
ment from  his  country  and  his  dear  Lydia.     This  was  pub-' 
lished  by  Christopher  Arnold,   Leyden,  1652,    12mo,  and 
has  been  reprinted  by  Maittairein  his  "  Corpus  Poetarum,'* 
but  it  is  doubted,  after  all,    whether  this  poem  be   the 
genuine  production  of  Cato  Valerius. ' 
.    CATROU  (Francis),  a  learned  and  industrious  writer, 
was  born  at  Paris  Dec.  28,  1659,     After  studying  classics 
and  philosophy,  he  relinquished  the  bright  prospects  of 
promotion  held  out  to  him  by  his  maternal  uncle  M.  de 
Lubert,  who  was  treasurer-general  of  the  marine;  entered 
the?   society   of  the   Jesuits  in  1677,    and   conipleted    his 
vows  in  1694  at  the  college  of  Bourges,  where  he  then  re- 

*  Pltttarcb. — UniTtnal  ETiitory. — ^Braoker. 


•    C  A  T  »  0  U.'  457 

^ided.  After  teacbiug  for  a '  certain  -  number  of  years, 
agreeably  to  the  custom  of  bis  society,  bis  superiors  or- 
dained him  to  the  pulpit,  and  he  became  a  very  celebrated 
preacher  for  some  years,  at  the  end  of  which  the  "  Journal 
de  Trevoux^'  was  committed  to  his  care:  he  appears  to 
have  been  editx>r  of  it  from  1701,  and  notwithstanding  his 
almost  constant  atteution  to  this  journal,  which  for  aboi^ 
twelve  years  he  enriched  with  many  valuaj^le  dissertations 
and  extracts,  he  found  leisure  for  various  separate  publiqa- 
tions.  In  1705,  he  published  his  "  Histoire  generale  de 
Tempire  du  Mogul,"  Paris,  4to,  or  2  vols.  12mo,  .and  often 
reprinted.  It  is  taken  from  the  Portuguese  memoirs  of 
M.  Manouchi,  a  Venetian.-  In  1706  appeared  his  "  His- 
tpire  du  Fauatisme  des  religions  pi:otestantes,"  Paris,  12iao, 
containing  only  the  history  of  the  anabaptists  ;  but  he  re- 
printed it  in  1733,  2  vols.  12mo,  with  the  history  of 
Davidism,  and  added  the  same  year  in  a  third  volume,  the 
history  of  the  Quakers.  This  work  is  in  more  estimation 
abroad  th^in  it  probably  would  be  in  this  country.  Hje  e,m- 
ployed  himself  for  some  time  on  a  translation  of  Virgil  into 
prose,  which  was  completed  in  1716,  Paris,  6  vols-  12mo9 
and  was  reprinted  in  1729,  4  vols.  The  notes  and  life  of 
Virgil  are  the  most  valuable  part  of  the  book,  although  his 
adoiirers  affected  to  consider  him  as  excelling  equally  as 
commentator,  critic,  and  translator.  That,  however^  on 
which  his  fame  chiefly  rests,  is  his  "  Roman  History,"  to 
which  his  friend  Rouill6  contributed  the  notes.  This 
valuable  work  was  completed  in  20  vols.  4to,  and  was  soon 
translated  into  Italian  and  English,  the  latter  in  17ii8,  by 
Dr.  Richard  Bundy,  6  vols,  folio.  Rouill6,  who  undertook 
to  continue  the  history,  after  the  death  of  his  colleague, 
published  only  one  volume  in  1739,  4to,  and  died  himself 
the  following  year.  Father  Routh  then  undertook  the 
continuation,  but  the  dispersion  of  the  Jesuits  prevented 
liis  making  much  progress.  As  a  collection  of  facts,  this 
history  is^the  most  complete  we  have,  and  the  notes  are 
valuable,  but  the  style  is  not  that  of  the  purest  historians. 
Catrou  preserved  his  health  and  spirits  to  an  advanced  age, 
dying  Oct.  1 8,  1737,  in  his  seventy-eighA  year.  ^ 

CATULLUS  (Caius  Valerius),  a  Roman  poet,  born 
at  Verona  A.  C.  86,  was  descended  from  a  good  family; 
and  his  father  was  familiarly  acquainted  with  Julius  Csesar, 

1  M«rari.*-rPict.  Uist.-^^Saji;u  Onomast   ,  ^ 


458  CATULLUS. 

who  lodged  at  hit  house.  The  beauty  and  eleganceofhis 
verses  easily  procured  him  the  attention  and  fnendskip  of 
t)ie  wits  who  were  then  at  Rome,  whither  he  was  carHed 
in  his  youth  by  Manlius,  a  nobleman,  to  whom  he haain- 
scribed  several  of  bis  poems.  Here  he  soon  discovered  tte 
vivacity  of  his  genius,  and  so  distinguished  Itimself  by  his 
pleasantry  and  wit,  that  be  became  universally  esteemed, 
and  gained  eveti  Cicero  for  his  patron.  It  is  belKved  that 
be  gave  the  name  of  Lesbia  to  his  principal  mistress,. in 
honour  of  Sappho,  who  ivas  of  the  island  of  Lesbos,  atkl 
whose  verses  he  much  admired.  Her  true  name,  however, 
was  supposed  to  be  Glodia,  sister  of  Clodius,  the  great 
enemy  of  Cicero.  Like  other  poets,  Catullus  is  said  to 
have  been  very  poor.  His  merit,  *  indeed,  recommended 
bimtotbe  greatest  men  of  his  time,  as  Piancus,  Calvus, 
Cinna,  &g.  and  be  travelled  into  Bithynia  with  Memmtus, 
who  bad  obtained  the  ^government  of  that  piovince  aft^r 
his  prflstorship :  but  it  4s  plain  from  some  of  fats  epigrams, 
that  he  did  not  make  bis*  fortune  by  it«  He  dM  in  ..the 
forty-sixth  year  of  his  age,  B.  C.  40,  and  in  the  fadghli  ^f 
his  reputation.  ^    ^ 

Though  the  great;  talent  of  this  poet  lay  in  epigram,  yet 
some  have  pretended  that  he  eqmlly  excelled  m  alt  other 
kinds  of  poetry.  Martial^s  veneration  for  him  was  such, 
that  he  has  not  scrupled  to  put  him  on  a  level  with  Vii^c 

*' Tantum  magna  suo  debet  Verona  Catullo^ 

jQuantum  pflorva  suo  Mantua  '^^igifio.**  "''■  '-^ 


»-»»,f 


And  in  this  he  has  been  followed  by  Paul  Joyius  and  Mf- 
thius  among  the  moderns.  Dr.  Warton  maintains  tba;;.t|)e 
Kpmans  can  boast  but  of  eight  poets  who.are.une^^ceptip^- 
ably  excellent,  and  places  Catullus  as  the  third  on  this  list, 
in  which  he  is  preceded  by  Terence  and  Lucretius,  anj|l 
followed  by  Virgil,  Horace,  Tibullus,  Propertius,  and  Pbap* 
drus.  The  same  critic  seems  to  doubt  whether  the  5|oi|y  of 
Atys  in  Catullus's  works'  be  genuine.  It  is  so  much  anov^e 
the  tender  and  elegant  genius  of  Catullus,  that  he  is  in- 
clined to  think  it  a  translation  from  some  Grecian  writ^. 
Catullus's  writings  got  him  the  name  of  *'  the,  learned," 
amongst  the  ancients,  for  which  we  have  the  authoritjr  if 
Aulus  Gellius,  Apuleius,  and  both  th^e  Plinys;  but  webj^ve 
no  compositions  of  his  remaining,  nor  any  lights  from  anti- 
quity, which  enable  us  to  exf^n  the  reason  of  it  Among 
others  that  Catullus  inveighed  againlst  anil  lashed  ip)^» 


iC  A  T  U  L  L  US.  459 

iftmbios^Miohe  suffered  more  severely  than  Julius  Ceesar, 
under  the  name  of  Mamunra :  wbicb,  however,  only  fur- 
msfaed  CsBsar  with  an  opportunity  of  shewing  his  modera- 
fioft  a«d  humanity.  For  after  Catullus,  by  repeated  invec-^ 
taves,  bad  given  sufficient  occasion  to  Ciesar  to  resent  such 
usage,  espedaliy  from  one  whose  father  had  been  his  fami- 
liar friend ;  Ceesar,  instead  of  expressing  any  uneasiness, 
generously  invited  the  poet  to  supper  with  him,  and  there 
tre^ited'faim  with  so  much  affability  and  good-nature,  that 
^Catulhis  was  ashamed  at  what  he  had  done^  and  resolved  ^ 
tD^'vftke  him  amends  for  the  future. 

The  best  editions  of  this  author  are,  that  of  Vulpius,  Pa- 
dua, 17^7,  4to,  and  that  of  Barbou,  Paris,  12mo,  but  his 
wbiicB  are  most  generally  printed  with  those  of  Tibullus 
«nd  Propertius.  The  celebrated  John  Wilkes  printed 
vveiy  correct  edition  of  Catullus  some  years  ago,  but  not 
for  sale.  In  1795,  an  Englii^  translation  of  his  poems  was 
fnioted  with  the  Latin  text  and  notes,  but  the  author  hav- 
itig  transkted  thef  licentious  passages,  we  are  prevented 
firOftirecommeiidrng  what  is- otherwise  executed  with  taste 
and  spirit.  ^ 

CATZ  (James),  pensionary  of  Holland,  keeper  of  the 
great  seals  there,  and  stadtholder  of  the  Fiefs,  was  bom  in 
Zealand,  1577.  He  was  an  ingenious  poet,  as  well  as  a 
dexterous  politieian.  He  divested  himself,  however,  at 
length  of  all  employments,  for  the  sake  of  cultivating-' 
poetry  and  letters ;  nor  was  he  drawn  afterwards  from  his 
retirement,  but  at  the  reiterated  application  of  the  states, 
who,  in  the  critical  season  of  Cromweirs  protectorate,  sent 
him  ambassador  into  England.  Upon  his  return,  he  retired 
to  one  of  his  country-houses,  where  he  died  in  1660.  His 
poems  have  been  printed  in  alt  forms,  the  Hollanders 
highly  valuing  them :  and  the  last  edition  of  bis  works  was, 
1726,  in  2  vols,  folio.  • 

CAVALCANTI  (Baktholomew),  an  Italian  writer  of 
considerable  fame,  was  born  at  Florence  in  1503.  After 
being  educated  iti  polite  literature,  he  left  his  country 
when  very  young,  and  went  to  Rome,  where  be  got  into  em- 
,  ployment  under  pope  Paul  III.  and  his  grandson  Octavius 
Farnese.  He  also  served  under  Henry  II.  in  the  war  of  the 
Viennese,  as  long  as  that  republic  was  able  to  maintain  the 

;     ^  ^O^.  Diot.— Oniifai8*«  li^eu  of  die  Boman  poeU.«~Vostiai  <1«  Poet  Lttr*- 
'  Fubripit  Bibl.  Lftt.*— Saxii  OoonM8t.«-X)ibdui  and  CUrk«,     , 
'    »  Moreri-^Dict.  ffiit. 


460  C  A  V  A  L  C  A  N  T  I. 

conflio^   with  assistance  from   France,     tie  appears  also 
to  have  been  entrusted  with  the  manageineni  of  several 
political  affairs,  and  whea  peace  was  concluded  between 
the  French  and  Spaniards,  he  retired  to  Padua,  and  passed 
the  rest  of  his  days  in  literary  pursuits.     He  died  there 
pec.  9,   1562.     His  principal  works   were  bis  Rhetoric^ 
'^  Rettorica,"  Venice,  1559,  and  often  reprinted,  and  bis 
essay  on  the  best  forms  of  republics,  '^Trattati  sopra  gU 
ottimi  reggimeuti  della  Repubiiche  antiche  e  moderne/'  Vj^* 
nice,  1555,  4to,  and  1571,  4to.     He  also  translated  into  Ita^ 
liap  the  ^^Castrametation"  of  Polybius,  which  waspublt»hed 
with  some  other  military  treatises,  at  Fioreoce,  1552,  8vo.' 
CAVALCANTl  (Guido),  an  Italian  scholar  of  the  thir- 
teenth century,  was  born  of  one  of  tlie  most  illustrious  and 
powerful  families  in  Florence.     He  was.a  zealous  Ghibelin, 
and  became  more  so  by  marrying  the  daughter  of  Farinata 
Uberti,  then  at  the  head  of  that  faction^     Copso  Donati,^ 
chief  of  the  Guelphs,  a  mani  in  much  credit  then  atFlo^ 
rence, .  and  the  bitter  personal  enemy  of  Guidov  formed  a 
plan  to  assassinate  him,  and  although  Guido  got  notice  of 
this,  and  made  preparations  for  defence,  he  saved  bis  life 
only  by  flight     The  state  of  Florence,  tired  with  such  dis- 
graceful dissentions,  banished  the  chiefs  of  both  parties. 
Cuido  was  sent  to  Sar^ana,  or  SerezaiK),  where  the  bad 
air  affecting  his  health,  he  obtained  lea\7a   to  return  to 
Florence,  and  died  there  in  1300,  of  the  .disorder  he  had 
contracted. in  his  exile.     His  father,  C!avalcante  de'  CavaU 
canti,  passed  for  an  Epicurean  philosopher^  and  an  atheist^ 
and  wa9  therefore  placed  by  Dante,  in  his  Inferno,  among 
that  class  of  the  condemned.    The  son,  however,  although 
likewise  a  philosopher,  appears  not  to  have  belonged  to  the 
same  sect.     On  one  occasion,  when  the  attempt  was  made 
to  assassinate  him,  he  made  a  pilgrimage  to  St.  James  of 
Galicia:  but  of  this,  whatever  might  be  the  motive,  lore 
was  .the  consequence,    for  at  Toulouse  he  met  with  his 
Mandetta,  a  lady  whom  he  has  made  the  subject  of  bi» 
love  verses.     His  poems,  elegant,  correct,  and  occaatonally ' 
tinged  with  a  tender  melancholy,  consist  of  sonnets  and- 
canzones,  and  compose  the  sixth  book  of  the  collection  of 
ancient  Italian  poets,  printed  by  the  Giunti,  1527,  8vo,  a 
rare  book.    His  ^^  Canzone  d' Amore''  was  often  printed  with 
the  comments  of  his  countrymen,  particularly  at  Florence, 
H68,  8vo;  Venice,  1585,  4to;  and  Sienna,  1602,  8vo;* 

^  Moreri.  t  Moreri.--^iof  uen<  Hitt  LiU*  d'ltalie.— Cen.  Diet 


C  A  V  A  L  L  E  R  L  46i 

I 

,  CAVALLERI,  or  CAVALERIUS  (BonaventuJia),  an 
isminent  Italian  matbematician,  was  born  at  Milan  in  1598^ 
Bmd  entered  at  an  eeaiy  age  into  the  order  of  Jesuates  or 
Hierdnymites;     In  the  course  of  his  studies  he  manifested 
»!ieh  talents,  that  his  superiors,  after  he  had  taken  orders^ 
thought  proper  to  send  him  to  the  university  of  Pisay  a 
eiticuinstaiice  to  wbich,  though  at  first  against  his  will,  he 
owed  the  celebrity  which  he  afterwards  acquired.     Here^ 
with  the  advice  of  Benedict  Castelli,  the  disciple  and  friend 
orGaiileo,  he  applied  to  the  study  of  geometry,  in  order 
to  relieve  the  pains  of  the  gout  to  which  he  was  subject  j 
and  in  this  science  he  made  such  progress,  and  acq^uired 
jfeucb  an  accurate  acquaintance  with  the  ancient  geometers, 
that  Castelii  and  Galileo  concurred  in  predicting  the  emi- 
nence at  which  he  afterwards  arrived.     Soon  after  this  pe-> 
riod  be  invented  bis  method  of  indivisibles.     In  ]  629  he 
couununicated  to  sbme  ingenious  persons  and  to  the  ma- 
gistrates of  Bologna,  his  treatise  of  indivisibles,  ^nd  an- 
other on  the  conic  sections;  and  obtained  the  honour  of 
succeeding  Maginus  as  professor  in  the  university,  in  1629; 
His  celebrated  work  on  indivisibles,  entitled,  ^^  Geometria 
IndivisibiUbus    continuorum   nov&    qu&dam    ratione   pro- 
mota,"'  and  published  at  Bologna  in  1635,  4to,  and  again 
in  165-5,  is  a  curious  original' work,  in  which  the  author 
conceives  the  geometrical  figures  as  resolved  into  their 
very  small  elements,  or  as  made  up  of  an  infinite  number 
of  iafiuitely  small  parts,  and  on  account  of  which  he  passes 
in  Italy  for  the  inventor  of  the  infinitesimal  calculus.     He 
also  published  a  treatise  of  conic  sections,  under,  the  title 
of  **  La  Spechio  Ustorio  overo  Trattato  delle  Settioni  Co- 
uiche,"  or  "  De  Speculo  Ustorio,  &c."  Bologn.  1632, 4t05 
a  system  of  trigonometry  under  the  title  of*  "  Directoriiim 
generate  Uranometricum,*'   1632,  4to,  including  an   ac* 
count  of  logarithms,  together  with  tables  of  the  logarithms 
of  .common  nuin'bers  and  trigonometrical  tables  of  naturat 
siues,  and' logarithmic  sines,  tangents,  fluents,  and  versed 
sines ;  of  which  a  new  and  enlarged  edition  was  published 
at.  Bologna  in  1643,  4to,  entitled  "  Trigonometria  Plana, 
ac  Sphserica,  Linearis  ac   Logarithmica,  &c.'*   a  "  Com- 
pendium  Regularum    de  Triangulis;    and   a   ^^Centuria 
Pfoblematum  Astronomicorum.^^     He  was  also  the  author 
of  a. ti'eatise  of  astrology,  entitled  ^<  Rota  Planetaria,'*  and' 
published  under  the  appellation  of  Sylvius  Philomantius ; 
and'  this  publication  was  the  more  surprising,  as  he  was* 
an  enemy  of  judicial  astrology.'    The  last  of  his  works  was 


462  C  A  y  JL  L  L  E  ft  t; 

entitled  *^  Exefcitauones  Geometries  sex/*  BoMri.  164-7, 
4tO|  and  contains  exercises  on  the  method  of  indivtsibled ; 
answers  to  the  objections  of  Guldinus  i  the  use  of  indivt^ 
sibles  in  cossic  powers,  or  algebra,  and  in  consideratioiii  , 
about  gravity :  with  a  miscellaneous  collection  of  problems; 
Towards  the  close  of  this  year,  1647,  he  died  a  martyr  to 
the  g^ut,  which  had  deprived  him  of  the  use  of  his  6a* 
gers,  * 

CAVALLINl  (Peter),  an  Italian  painter,  was  borti  at 
Rome  in  1279,  and  became  the  disciple  of  Giotto,  ^e 
rendered  himself  very  considerable  by  a  multitude  erf 
paintings  which  he  finished,  to  the  number  (as  some  writetii 
assert)  of  1 300 ;  and  he  was  also  as  remarkable  for  his  piety, 
having  on  that  account  been  esteemed  as  a  saint  His 
principal  works  are  at  Rome,  where  he  assisted  Giotto  in 
that  celebrated  picture  in  Mosaic,  which  is  over  the  gratid 
entrance  into  the  church  of  St.  Peter;  and  in  St.  Pab?s 
there  is  a  crucifix,  said  to  be  by  his  hand,  which  the-sii^ 
perstitious  affirm  to  ha^re  miraculously  talked  to  St.'Brklget.' 
But  his  best  performaace  in  fresco  was  in  tlie*chui^'t>f 
Ara  CobU  at  Rome ;  in  which  he  represented  the  Vi)f^M 
and  Child  above,  surrounded  with  glory,  and  below  itrtts 
the  figure  of  the  emperor  Oct^viao,  and  also  that  of  tfad 
sybil,  directing  the  eye  and  the  attention  of  the  emperor 
to  the  figures  in  the  air. 

Mr.  Vertue,  according  to  the  Anecdotes  of  Painting; 
vol.  L  p.  17,  thinks  it  highly  probable,  that  the  sbritferof 
Edward  the  Confessor,  and  the  crosses  erected  to  th^nfier  . 
mory  of  queen  Eleanor,  were  constructed  fvem  the  desi^^ 
of  Pietro  Cavalliui,  by  abbot  Ware;  and  he  supposes  Ca- 
vallini  to  be  the  inventor  of  Mosaic,  aUegingtbat  Giottb' 
was  twenty  years  younger  than  the  other.  But  those  sup- 
positions seem  not  to  be  veiy  defensible ;  for,  by  the  test!* 
mony  of  Vasari^  and  other  writers,  and  also  by  the  Histo* 
ric^l  Tables  of  Ancient  and  Modem  Paintefs,  published  by 
Anthony  Harms,  at  Brunswick,  it  appears  thatGiott«r  wa^, 
three  years  older  than  Cavallini,  instead  of  being  twenty^ 
years  younger ;  and  was  really  his  instructor  in  the  art: of 
Mosaic;  as  may  be  evident  from  the  dates  of  their  btrth,^ 
according  to  Vasari :  Giotto  was  born  in  1276,  and  Cavtd- 
lini  was  born  in  1279.  Indeed,  Vasari  does  not  mentidw 
the  precise  year  of  the  birth  of  Cavallini ;  but  as  he.  tlsstii'" 

>  Reeg^t  Cyclopedia.— Pabroni  Vit»  Italorum. — Hutton*!  DictioBary.-*>43en. 
iKoU— >MoDUida  Hitt.  Math.  toL  IL— ^Sasii  OnomaaL 


C  A  V  A  L  L  I  N  L  4«^ 

fientba^.be  died  ki  1364,  at  the  age  of  eightj^ilve,  he  de^"* 
t^ngoiDes  the  year  of  hia  birth  in  1279.  Nor  can  the  other 
supposition  of  abbot  Ware's  constructing  those  crosses 
9lid  abrine  from  the  designs  of  Cavaiiini,  be  any  ways  es- 
taUisbed ;  for,  according  to  the  Anecdotes,  Ware  was  at 
B^ome  in  1^60^  and  there  saw  a  shrine  that  had  been 
erected  in  1254;  and  the  abbot  himself  died  in  1283, 
which,  it  is  observable,  was  eight  years  before  the  death 
of  queen  Eleanor,  who  died  in>i29I.  Now,  as  it  appears 
thi^t  Giotto  was  born  in  1276,  he  could  have  been  bnt 
^ven  .years  old  at  liie  death  of  Ware ;  and  Cavallini  being 
^r^e  years  younger  than  Giotto,  it  must  appear  impos- 
sible that  he  should  baye  been  a  designer  for  Ware,  as  that 
9bhot  died  when  CftvalUvi  was  only  four  years  old. ' 

CAVALLO  (TiaaRlUS),  an  ingenious  philosopher,  was 
die  son  of  an  eqainent  physician  of  Naples,  where  he  was 
'  born  in  1749.     His  original  destination  wais  to  be  initiated' 
at .  London  invm^eccMtile  pursuits,:  and  he  came  to  Eng^ 
l^j^d.wijtrh  thaili  vieitr^  in  1771,  but  the  study  of  nature  dis* 
p^yiog  ^perioip  attractions^   he  was  seduced  from  the* 
9i;(;on^)ting-*house,  to  embrace  the  leisure  of  a  pkiloso* 
pbical  retreat ;  and  acquired  a  well -merited  repiltation  as 
a.  digester  and  elucidator  of  philosophical  discoveries.     In 
1779,  he  was  admitted  a.  member. of  the  Neapolitan  aca- 
demy of  sciences,  as  well  as  of  the  royal  society  of  London. 
To  the  latter  be  qontributed  nKany  ingenious  papers ;  and 
^s^  the  author  pf(  th^  (following  separate  publications:   1/ 
*' ^,  complete  Treatise  of  Electricity,  in  theory  and  prac- 
tjiceyWtitb.  original  experiments,''  1777,  S^i^;  enlarged  to 
S^yols.  in  1795.     2.  V  An  Essay  on  the  theory  stnd  prac^ 
tice  of  Medical  Electricity,''   17S0,  8vq.    5.  '<  A  Treatise 
on. the  natuire  and  properties  of  Air,  and  otber  perma* 
neotly  elastic  fluids^  with  an  Introduction  to  Chemistry," 
17.81,  4to.     4.  <'  The  History  and  Practice  of  A^rosta- 
t^pp,"  1785,  8vo.     5.  <<  Mtneralogical  Tables,"  folio>  ite^ 
C9aipanied  with  an    8vo  explanatory    pamphlet,    1783. 
6»  ^*  A  Treatise, on  Magnetism,    in  theory  and  practice, 
if)th  original  exp^imeots,"  1787,  8vo.     7  ^*  Description 
and  use  of  the  Telescopical  Mother^of-Pearl  Micrometer, 
invented  by  T.  C."  a  pamphlet,  1793,    8vo.     8.  «  An 
£jisay  on  the  Medicinal  properties  of  Factitious  Airs,  with 
ai^  Appendix  on  %hb  nature  of  Blood,*'  1798,  8vo.     Ail 


464  C  A  V.  A  L  L  O. 

these  pos6eis  every  reaoisiiie  for  popular,  or  etemetflarf 

treatises ;  perspicuity  or  style,  proper  -seleotion'  of'  miito** 

rials^  and  clear  arrangement*.    The  tment  of  Mr.  Gm»)Io 

is  not)  however,  the  merit  of  ar  merely  judicious  compilei^ 

as  he  generally  imprc^vea  in  some,  degree  the  stock  erf  tb* 

luable  facts,  by  his  owa  occasional  espenmcfnts.     Mom 

than  thirty  years  have  elapsed  since  the  Treatise  of  Ele&^ 

tricity,  which  is  thought  his  best  work,  was  firsts  presented 

to  tbe  public*    During  the  interval,  it  has  passed  ikrbpgb 

repeated  iaqpressionsy  and  the  recent  discoveries  in  elee** 

tricity  .aiTordiDg  large  additions  of   curious,  and  .usefal 

matter,  the  work  was  •  successively  .augmented  from  ene 

volume  to  three*  .  It  is  unquestionably  the  neatest^   tfae^ 

clearest,  and  the  most  sensible  elemeiUary  treatise  to  be 

found  on  this  p<^ular  scictfice;  and  it  is  excelleotly  adapted 

to  furnish  the  .mind  with  those  brUliam  images  and  lacta 

which  provoke  ioqiiisiiiFe  gcuiins  to  closer  aed  more  pn^^ 

fo.uud  researches*.    Mn  Ga^l^lo  died atimbouse^io.  Wells^ 

street,  .Oxford-road,  Dee.  r2€^  1809,  and  was  iuMmd  ia 

St.  Pancras  church -yard^  in  a  vault  oeostnicted  Ib^'th^ 

purpose,  -close  u>  the*  monument  of  his  iiitimafce  Iraenflk 

general  Paoli»  ^  -     '/«: 

CAVE  (£d.ward),  a  printer  to  whom  the  literacy  worlds 

owes  great  obligations,^'WH»  boro  at  Newton^  in  Warwick* 

shire,  Feb,  2di  I6ai.     Hiafether'(Josepb>was'.tbe younger 

son. of  Mir.  Kdward  Caive^^f  GaveV  iuitbe^Hote^  a^loAe  - 

bouse -.oa; the  s^eet^road  ioJ:he  same^  douvty^*  which  toek 

it&najBe  front'  the  locioupier-;  but  fames  <onou3rv^d  'vntli 

.  his  elder. bvother in  cutting  off  the  eiitcilof>a«soiaU'4iere-» 

ditary  estate,,  by  which  aet4t was  lost  f Kom  the  faimly^'he' 

was  reduced' to  follow  in-.Ai^gby  the  trade- of  a  sboemakaei 

He  was.  a  map  of  good  reputatioai  in  bis  >i)arrow«<eircle,  aiu&> 

remarkable  for  sti^oig^h^attd  rustie  Jtitrepidity.     BRs  lited 

to  a.gneat  age,  aiHi  was"  in  '  Us  latter •yea)'s  supported  .bjf 

his^s^i;'  '  ;•'.•••  -  -■>'•!  '■: 

It  wai^&r^iiate.fec  £dward  Cave^  that -having  tadispe^ 

sition  to  literary  attainments,  he  was  not-  out  off  by  thei 

pov€9cty  of  bis  parents  from  opportunities  of  cultivating  bitf 

faculties^    TbesebooKofRugbyy  in  wlxicifa;  he  had^  by  libe^ 

rul^s  of  .i£s  loundatioo^  a^  right  to  be  instructed,  was  tken 

in  high  reputation^  under  the  rei^^AlF.Uolyocki'  to-jmbos^  v  - 

care  most .oC  the  neighbouring  CainUies,  eveu  of  tbelii^UesH^j'^ 


}'.t 


•:>•. 


»  4  ♦ 


CAVE.  465 

UBiili^  eatfiuted  their  sons*    He  I^d  judgment  to  discover^ 
ai^dy  for  som^  time,  generosity  to  encourage  the  genii^^  pf 
«young  Cave ;  and  was  so  well  pleased  with  his  quick  pro- 
fpress  in  the  sckooi,  that  be  declared  his  resolution  iq  breed 
bim  for  the  university,  and  recommend  him  as  a  servitor 
lo  some  of  his  scholars  of  high  rank.     But  prosperity  which 
depends  upou  the  caprice  of  others,  is  of  short  duration. 
Cavers  superiority  in  liter$iture  exalted  him  to  an  invidious 
iamiiiarity  with  boys  who  were  far  above  bim  in  rank  aud 
eA^pectatioiM ;   and,  as  in   unequal  associations  it  alifays 
happens^  whatever  unlucky  prank  was  played,  was  jo^puted 
to  £lave.     When  any  mischief,  great  or  smaU,  was  don^, 
though  perhapa  others  boasted  of.the  stratagem  when  it  was 
successful,  yet,  upon  detection  or  miscarriage,  the  fault  was 
sure  to  fal^apon  poor  Cave^     At  last,  his  mistress  by  apn>e 
'  invisible  means  lost  a  favourite  cock ;  Cave  was  with  litt}i$  ex- 
amination stigmatized  as  the  thief  or  murderer  ^  not  because 
lie  was  more  apparently  criminal  than  others,  but  because  he 
was  more  easily  reached  by  vindictive  justice.  From  that  tjmis 
Mr.  Holyock  withdrew  his  kindness  visibly  from  him,  and 
treated  bim  with  harshness  which,  the  crime,  in  its  utmost 
aggravation,  could  scarcely  deserve  ;  and  which  surely  he 
would  have  forborne,  had  he  considered  hoyv  hardly  the 
habitual  influence  of  birth  and  fortune  is  re^sted ;  and  hofv 
fretiuemly  men,  not  wholly  without  sense  of  virtue,  are 
betrayed  to  acts  more  atrocious  than  the  robbery  of  a  hen- 
roost, by  a  desire  of  pleasing  their  superiors.    Those  re- 
flections his  piaster  never  made,  or  made  without  effect ; 
for,  under  pretence  that  Cave  obstructed  the  discipline  o£ 
the  school,  by  selling  clandestine  assistance^  and  supplying 
exerciser  to  idlers,  he  was  oppressed  with  unreasonable 
tasks,  that  there  might  be  an  opportunity  of  quarrelling 
with  his  failure ;  and  when  his  diligence  had  surmouiit^tf 
them,  np  regard  was  paid  to  the  perfor^iance.     ^ave  fa^ore 
this  persecution  awhile,  and  then  left  |he  school,  and  the 
hope  jof  a  literary  education,  to  seek  some  other  m^aps  of 
gaiiiiiig  a  livelihood. 

Ue  was  Hr&t  placed  with  a  collector  of  the  expiiici.  He 
used  to  recount  with  some  plfias^ure  a  jouroey  or  two  which 
he  rx^de  with  him  as  his  clerk,  and  relate  the  vic^riei  that 
^'l^adned  over  the  excisemfi^Q  i\\  grammatical  di^puitatiQus. 
fiuc  the  insolence  of  his  miistre^s,  who  employed  him  ill 
s^rile  (drudgery,  quickly  disgusted  him ;  and  hp  went  up 
fo  London  ia.^^st  of  more  suitable  employaac^nt*  Here 
•   Vol.  VIII.  Hh 


4e6  CAVE.. 

he  wa«  Teeotnmended  to  a  timber^ tnerchant  at  ibe  Batik^ 
•sidey  atfd  wtiile  be  iiras  bii  liking,  is  said  to  have  gi^^ 
hopes  of  great  mercantile  abilities ;  btit^his  place  he  boon 
•left,  for  whatever  reason,   and  was 'bound  appretttifce  to 
'Mr.  Collins,  a  printer- of  some  reputation,   and   deputy 
'  alderman.    This  was  a  trade  for  which  men  were  formerly 
•qualified  fay  a  literary  edacation  ;  and  which  was  pleaisliig 
to  Cave,  because  it  furnished  some  employrteht  f<dr  his 
'Scholastic  attainments.      Here,  therefore,  he  resoWed^to 
-settle^  though  his  ttiaster  and*  mistress  lived  in  perpetual 
•discord,  and  tbeir  house  was  therefore^  no  comfortable  ha- 
bitation.    From  the  inconveniences  of  these  domestic  tu- 
inults  be  was  soon  released,    having  tn  only  two  v^ars 
^attained  so  much  skill  in  his  art,  and  gained  so  mnt*h  't&e 
-confidem^e  of  his  master,  that  he  was  sent,  with<)ut  at^y  sn-^ 
*pei4Atendant,  to  conduct  a  printing-house  at  Norwich,  and 
pilblisfa  a  weekly  papen     In  this  undertaking  he  met  with 
some  opposition^  which  produced  a  public  contrOvetJ^yS^d 
pfoc^red  young  Cave  the  reputation  oPtt  tvriter,    *  ■ 
y    Wit  master  died  before  his  apprentlceshipr  wa^  t^^^^A^ 
and  he  was  not  able  to  bear  the  perversenetis  of  his  tm^lre^s. 
-He' thefefbre  qmtted  her  bouse,  upon  a  Mipulated  allow- 
-ailce^  imd  married  a  yourig  Widow,  with  whom  he  lived  at 
Bowi     When  his  appreifticeshrp  wds  o^r,  be  worked  as  a 
jdnmeymlin  at  the  prihting-housef  of  Mr.  Barber,  a  tnan 
tnu^h^  di^iYVgutshed  attd  emf^^ed  %  the-  tones,   w*h<)se 
priiit?ples  hfl^  at  that  tinre  so  much  prevalence  with  iD^e, 
that  he  was  for  some ,  years  a  wHter  irt  Misl^s  JoitfrtMll ; 
-iwbfehy  tb^^h  he  afterwards  obtained  by  his  #ife^s  in- 
'  t4»rest a  small  place  in  the  post-oflSce,  he  fdi'-sdme' 'little 
'^KWtinu^U    Bot:  as  interest  is  powerful,' 'and  conversation, 
however  mean,  in  \kn^e  jjef^uasive^  he  by  decrees  irifcfiiied 
^tiO- amRher ' party  i  io^'which,  hoiirever,^he  was  always' iho- 
det^if^^  thMgh  steady  and  determined.'   WheH  fae'Waa 
'a^iiiMfed  into  the  post-offibe,  he  stili  eoiitimied,  'it  M4in- 
^  it»r«lilsKi{^-^atteiidai»eei^ti()  exercise  Hls-trade,  or^  to  ehl|)9oy 
hknjelf  w^  some  typographical  busihl^s.     He^drr^^ted 
thle  ^-Gradus  ad  Parnassum  ;'^  and  w^s  liberally ibvtrkifled 
•  tby  tfaeCoihpany  i5f  Statiowf ^.     He  ^fbte  ari  *<  Aec^tit  of 
tte  Cnmifmls,^— wbieK  had  for  socbe  time  a  coti^cVMkbl^ 
sale ;  and  published  many  little  pamphlets  that  accid^t 
%^ought  into  his  hands,  of  which  tt  would  be  very  difficult 
«|o  Tecover  the  memory.    By  the  correspondence  which  his 
•pboxr  in  the  post-office  facilitated,  he  procureS  dbuhtry 


e  A  V  E.  467 

'iMSWA^papers^  and  sold  their  inteUigence  ta  a  joi^matist  in 
Laadon,  for  a  guinea,  a  week.  He  was  afterwards  raised 
to  the  oflSce  of  clerJc  of  the  franks^  iti  which  he  acted  with 
.great  spirit  and  fifoiness;  and  ol'l^n  stopped  franks  which 
ffQve  given  by  members  of  parliament  to  their  friends,  be« 
jcause  be  thought  such  extension  of  a  peculiar  right  illegal. 
This  raised  many  complaints  ;  and  having  stopped  among 
.Qtbeni  a  fi»nk  given  to  the  oU'ducbess  of  Marlborough  by 
>^Ir.  Walter  Ptummer,  he  was  cited  before  the  house^  as 
ior  breach  of  privilege,  and  accused^. perhaps  very  unjust ly, 
of  opening  letters  to  detect  them*  He  was  treated  with 
gr^t  harshness  and  severity,  but  declining  their  questions 
liy  pleading  bis  oath  of  secrecy,  was  at  last  dismissed. 
And  it  most  be  recorded  to  his  honour,  that,  when  he  waft 
f^^ected  from,  bis  office,^  be  did,  not  think  himself  dis« 
charged  from  his  tnust,  but  .continiied  to  refuse  to  bis 
Deares]^  friends  nny  information  about  the  management  of 

By  this,  constancy  of  diligence>apd  diversificatioo  of  em- 

vpl9yuMeiu,  i^  in  time  <collected:a  sum  sufficient  for  the 

^  4)Drcbase  of  a  s^aU  printing-office,  and  began  the.f^  Gen- 

.  vtleman's  Magazine,-'  a  periodical. panipbiety  of  which  the 

;scheme  is  known  wherever  the  English  l^anguage  is  spoken* 

To  this  undertaking,  he  owed  :tbe  afBuence  in  which  ire 

:f^as^ed  the  last  tvi<^nty  years  of  ,hv».  life;  and  the  fortune 

.  w^ich  be  left  behind  hiin,,.  tbc^id  large,  had  beeu  ^t 

, larger,  had  be;  nQt  rashly,  aiid  wiE^ntQ.nly  impaired  it  by  kt'^ 

nifin^able  prpje^ts,spf. which  nojiesucceededr*^    .. 

,  i  M^.  CavQ,  wheijji^^  formed  the  i^rqject  of  tbe.Maga^iDe^ 

.  iW^  ^^.  fi^^m  expeci)ii>g,th^  succesii  which  be  foi^nd^atkl 

^  r^h^T^'hadso  little.  pro$4>ect{  of  its, coiiisequence,  that  though 

t  Jt\e  had  for  several  years  talH.edo»f  MM  plan  ain(90g  printers 

.;^id  booksellers^/ npue  of ^tfa^m  tboij^ght  it jvprth  the  trial. 

,j  Thf\t  they  were  .not  restrained  by.tii^ir^yifftne  f«9m:fhe 

..e^epution  of  aaoiher  man's  df;$^>\»  wa^  suffioien4y.appa« 

^   rent,  as  soon  as^that  d^8ign:t:^e^an^o.l>e'gaiafuL;  for>ift  a 

...Jewyears  a  inuUitude  pf  maga;i(ines  arpse,  ^nd  peri^iid; 

j^pnl>:  the  Low^dpn  jVjagaairw,  «ijjippbr,ted  by  a  powerful  as- 

\^.  f^)eAatiqii  of  book^Uers,  ^nd  eir<coiat^  with  all.  the  Bnrt 

-i^l^f^Jt.-all  the  cunwiK^s,,pf  .:tmd%.:e}cepipted  itself,  ft^m;  the 

.l^lneCie'iitlt^Qhn^iiMagazrne, which    -the    iiibst  .successful    and    lacrattve 
'  'ftito- m>w  ^.Ji^I^=8nb!iis4«Hl  fHore  than      p^mfihltjtt  Vhi^ti  ^kmiry  history  bus 
Iff^Hf  y/^**$?i«^^|SiU<UMitfq(Mis  t^^^eii- t    U|)Qu  fiecgfil,  :ai)^  thf*r«ibre  <)et«rves^ 
^  ,  jo^  the  f|T«i|r  ©f,.i^  Wfl|rW,.is  oae  of      iij t^U.iiarf^^^c,  j>jif(Ucri*r i)0|ic^ 


'468  CAVE. 

« 

general  htt  of  Ca>re's  invaded,   add  attained  for  sorter 
years,  though  not  an  equal,  yet  a  considerable  sale. 

Cave  now  began  to  aspire  to  popularity ;  and  being  k 
greater  lover  of  poetry  than  any  other  art,  he  sometimes 
offered  subjects  for  poems,  and  proposed  prizes  for  the 
best  performers.  The  first  prize  was  50/.  for  which,  being 
but  newly-acquainted  with  wealth,  and  thinking  the  in- 
flaenee  of  50/,  extremely  great,  he  expected  the  fiist  au- 
thors of  the  kingdom  to  appear  as  competitors  ;  and  offered 
the  allotment  of  the  prize  to  the  universities.  But  when 
the  time  came,  no  name  was  seen  among  the  writers  that 
■had  been  ever  6een  before  ;  the  universities,  and  severat 
private  men,  rejected  the  province  of  assigning  the  prize*. 
At  all  this,  Mr.  Cave  wondered. for  a^while;  but  his'na- 
turai  judgment,  and  a  wider  acquaintance  with  the  world, 
soon  cured  him  of'his  astonishAient,  as  of  many  other  pre- 
judices and  errors. .  Nor  have  many  men  bfeen  seen  raised 
by  accident  or  industry  to  sudden  riches,  that  retained  less 
of  the  meanness  of  their  former  state. 

He  continued  to  improve  his  Magazine,  and  had  tlife 
isatisfaction  of  seeing  its  success  proportionate  to  his  dilf- 
gtoce,  till  in  1751,  his  wife  died  of  an  asthma.  'He 
-seemed  not  at  first  much  affected  by  her  death,  but  in  a 
Tew  days  lost  his  sleep  and  his  appetite,  which  however 
recovered ;  but  after  having  lingered  about  two  years,  with 
tiiany  vicissitudes  of  amendment  and  relapse,  fell  by 
lirinking  acid  liquors  into  a  diarrhosa,  and  afterguards  into 
a  kind  of  lethargic  insensibility,  in  which  one  of  the  ias^ 
(KCVs  of  reason  which  be  exerted,  says  Dr..  Johnson,  w^ 
^*  fondly  to  press  the  hand  that  is  now  writing  this  little 
fiarrative."  H^  died  Jan.  10,  1754,  having  just  concluded 
the  23d  annual  collection  f. 

,  '*  The  deterauimtion  wa«  1^  to  Dr.  Af^d  79  years. 

Cromwell  Mortimer  and  Dr.   Birch ;  He  was  placed  by  Providence  m  a  * 

«Ad  by  tbe  latter  the  award  was  made,  hoftibte  station; 

%hich  may  be  icea  in  Qckit.  Mag.  toV  .                            But 

VI.  p.  50»  .Industry abundantly lopplidd the wsbCs 

"^  of  Nature, 

^  Mr.  Cave  iras  buried  in  the  chnrcii  And 

mf  St.'  Jtinles,  Cteriwnlreil ;   but  tiie  It^mperMioe  blessed  bim  «iti» 

following  inscriptioq,  from  Uie  pen  ef  Couteat  and  Wealth. 

i>r.  Hawkeftwdftb,  }|  placed  at  ttn^by.  At  be  was  an  affectionate  Fatter, 

Near  this  place  Ilea  Be  was  nade  bappy  in  the  declibe  / * 

The  body  of  of  life 

J  O  S  £  PH  0  AV  £,  By  the  deserted  enrineoce  of  bis  eldeft 

tateoftbisparisbr  80n 

?ni»^l<^«led«Wilil^llOT.  l«i  1747,.  SDWAltD  CAVfi; 


CAVE. 


469 


He  was  a  man  of  a  large  stature,  not  ofily  tall  but  bulky, 

and  was,  when  young,  oF  remarkable  strength  and  activity. 
He  was  generally  kealthrul,  and  capable'  of  much  labour 
and  long  application  ;  but  in  the  latter  years  of  his  life  was 
afflicted  with  the  gout,  which  he  endeavoured  to  cure  or 
alleviate  by  a^otal  abstineuce  both  from  strong  liquors  and 
animal  food.  From  animal  food  he  abstained  about  four 
years,  and  from  strong  liquors  much  longer ;  but  the  gout 
continued  unconquered,  perhaps  unabated. 

HJi  resolution  and  perseverance  were  very  uncommon  j 
in. whatever  be  undertook,  neither  expence  nor  fatigue 
vere  able;  to  repress  him  ;  but  his  constancy  was  calm,  and, 
tp  those  who  did  not  know  him^  appeared  faint  and  lan- 
guid, but  be  always  went,  forward,  though  he  moved  slowly. 
The  same  chill  ness  of  mijii)  was  observable  in  his  conver* 
intton  :  he  was  watching  j'the  minutest  accent  of  those 
whom  be  disgusted  by  seeming  inattention  ;  and  his  visitant 
was  surprised  when  he  came  a  second  time,  by  prepara- 
tions to  execute  the  scheme  which  he  supposed  never  to 
Jiave  been  heard.  He  was,  conr^istently  with  this  general 
tranquillity  of  mind,  a  tenacious  maintainer,  though  not  a 
clamorous  demander  of  his  right.  In  his  youth  having 
sui^moned  his  fellow  journeymen  to  concert  measures 
against  the  oppression  of  their  masters,  be  njounted  a  kind 
of  rostrum,  and  harangued  them  so  efficaciously,  that  they 
(determined  to  resist  all  future  invasions;  and  when  the 
stamp  officers  demanded  to  stamp  the  la^t  half«sheet  of  the 
magazines,  Mr.  Cave  ialone  defeated  their  claim^  to  which 


Who,  iHthont  iiitfrest,  fortuiie»  or 
conaection, 
By  the  native  force  of  his  o«rn  gcnias. 
Assisted  only  by  a  classical  education, 
Which  he  received  at  lUe  grammar- 
school 
.  Of  this  town, 

Plaoned,  execuied,  and  estahlisbed 
A  litftrnry  work,  calietl 
T«E  GENTLEMAN'S   MAGAZINE. 
Whereby  he  acquired  an'ample  fortune, 
The  whole  of  which  devolved  to  his 
Family. 

*  Here  also  lies 

The  body  of  WILLIAM  CAVE, 

'  Second  son  of  the  «aid  Joseph  Ca^e, 

Witodied  May  2,  1757,  ag^l  6'i  y«al«; 

Aiid  who,  having  siirvived  his  eldfr 

.  .  Broiht*r, 

Edward  Cavb, 


InherKed  Krom  him  a  competent  estate; 

And,  in  gratitude  .to  his  benefactor. 

Ordered  this  monument  to  perpetuate 

iJJs  memory. 

He  Uv'd  s  patriarch  in  his  nnmerous 

noe, 
And  shewed  in  charity   a  christian'.* 

grace  : 
Whate'er  a  friend  or  parent  feels,  he 

knew ; 
His  hand  was  open,  and  his  heart  waft 

true: 
In  what  be  gained  and  gave,  he  taught 

mankind, 
A  graitaful  always  Is  a  generons  mind. 
Here  rests  his  clay !  His  soulinusieve^ 

rest. 
Who  hleis'd  when  living,  dying  must 

be  blest. 


*7D  CAVE. 

the  pnoprietoi^  of  tfae  ri^al  tnagazines  wdold  meaaty  bava 
submitted.    .  ♦ 

Re  wasr  a  friend  rather  easy  and  constant,  than  xeatdiiB 
and  active ;  yet  many  instances  might  be  given,  wber^ 
both  bis  money  and  his  diligence  were  employed  liberaUy 
for  others.  His  enmity  was  in  like  manner  cool  and  cter 
liberate ;  but  though  cool,  it  was  not  insidious,  and  tbou^ 
deliberate,  not  pertinacious.  His  mental  facukies  were 
plow.  He  saw  little  at  a  time,  but  that  little  he  sdiw>w^tii. 
great  exactness.  He  was  long  in  finding  the  rigbti  bdt 
seldom  failed  to  find  it  at  last.  His  affections  wece  nbt 
easily  gained,  and  his  opinions  not  quickly  discovered. 
His  reserve,  as  it  might  hide  his  faqlts,  conceeiled  his  vir- 
tues ;  but  such  he  was,  as  they  who  best  knew  him  bav^ 
most  lamented  ♦.  * 

CAVE  (William),  a  very  learned  divine,  was  bom  at 
Pickwell^'  in  Leicestershire,  of  which  parish  his  father  ivaa 
rector,  Dec.  80,  1637.  Chi  the  9th  of  May,  1665^  hewks 
admitted  into  St.  John's^college,  in  Cambridge,  wlMire'4e 
itook  the  degree  of  B.  A.  in  1656,  andthatof  M.  A.  taf  f^e^. 
In  August  1662,  he  was  admitted  to  the  vioarage  of  IsU^ig* 
ton,  in  Middlesex ;  and  some  time  after  became  cbaplain 
in  ordinary  to  king  Charles  H.  He  took  the  degree  of 
B.  D.  in  1672,  and  on  the  16th  of  September,  1679,  was 
collated  by  the  archbi^liof)  of  Canterbury  to  the  rectory  of 
Alihallows  the  Great,  in  Thames  ^street,  London.  In  July 
1691,  he  was  incorporated  D.  D.  at  Oxford,  and  in'>No-> 

*  **BcHiidM  th6  |)leuore  ve  hsTe  ncni  habit    of  reading  thioygV  the 

itt  tffkyming  /Hir  work  with  n  lift  writ*  ii«tiop»  which,  in  a.cert«iQ  deg;r^^V** 

ten  by  Dr.  Johoson,  we  Uiink  ibat  Ed*  enlarged    the    public    uiiderstanrting. 

ward  Gate  was  otherwise  worthy,  of  a  Many  yonng  authors,  who  bav«  alter* 

jplaco  it  the  aiographia  Brikaiinica,  at  yards  risen  W  .conaiperable  etaiMeuce 

theiaventorofanewapecieoofpublica-  io  the  literary  world,  have  here  made 

'  tion,  which  may  be  considered  as  soiAe*  their   first   attempts   in  ooviposHk». 

tbiogofanepochainthelitararyh'Mlory  Here*  too,  are  piesenred.  a  aiultitnde 

«f ^M  oountry.   TheperioUical  perfor-  of  curious  aud^  us^l  hints,  ob^nra- 

mances  before  that  iioie  were  almost  tions,  and  facts,  which  otherwise  might 

irhollyconfined  topoKlical  transactkms,  have  never  appeared  $  or».  if  tbef  kmd 

undto  iweignand  domestic  oocnrrences.  afipeared  in .  a  more  evanescent  lonii* 

Bill  ihe    uontbly    magaxiaes    have  would  have  incurred  the    danger  of 

opened  a  way  for  every  kind  of  inqoh^  being  lost*  If  it  were  not  an  iavidiOtts 

afnd    kS^twmfhn.     The    iateUigenoa  taak*  the  histocy  of  them  wowld  bc^  no 

and  discussion  contained  m  them  are  incnrious  or  yoeniertainiog  subjedu** 
very  extensive  and  yartou» ;  and  they        Dr.  ^ippis,  in  Biographia  Britamuc^ 
liave  baenlhe  means  of  diffusing  •  ge- 


>  Or.  Johnson's  Life*  here  fbllawed  atmost  literally. — ^Many  «ddiljotial  \ 
cniars  of  Cave  may  bo  ftiuad  in  Nkboli*B  BOwyer,  attd  in  Botvelfi  aad  iiaiw. 
kins'a  lives  of  Or.  JobB9»n. 


CAVE.  471 

'Vembev  1684,  be  was  in^ti^Ued  canon  of  Wiodsprg  upon 
the  death  of  Mr.  John  lloseweil ;  about  which  timey  9S 
Mx*  Wood  tells  118,  he  became  rector  of  Hae^ly,  in  Ox- 
:,fQrd«hire ;  but  that  seems  to  be  aonistake,  as  the  rectory. 
v^  Hasely  is  annexed  to  the  deanery  of  Windsor.     He 
resigned  hU  rectory  of  AUballows  in  16^9,  and  the  v»- 
csirage.of  Islington  in  1691 ;  but  on  the  19tli  of  November 
^,bf^re,.  naioely«  in  1690^  he  was  admitted  to  the  vicarage 
,jo£^IslewQrtby  in  Middlesex,  which  being  a  quiet  and  re** 
Aired  place,  probably  suited  best  bis  most  studious  temper. 
.'lj(e  .published :   K  ^'  Primitive  Christiaqity ;  or  the  Reli- 
(gion  of  the  aneient  Christians  in  the  first^ges  of  the  Gos* 
.pel/'  London,  1672,   reprinted  several  times  since.     2. 
^^  Tabular    Ecclesiasticse,''     tables    of    the   ecclesiastical 
ivriters,    Lond.   1674,    reprinted  at  Hamburgh^  in   1676, 
.  wiib4»vt.  bis   kojowledge.      3*  ^^.  Antiquitates  ApostolicsB: 
ypf  tb.e  history  of  xhp  lives,  acts,  and  martyrdoms  of  the 
.  holy,  apostles  of.  pur  Siaviour,  and  tlie  two  evangelists,  St. 
.jM^rl^^^d  S^.  Luke*    To  which  is  added  an  introductory 
.<  Di^our^  concerning  the  three  great  dispensations  of  the 
«lMirch,.  Patriarchal,  Mosaical,  and  Evangelical.     Being  a 
"  oonti^uation  of  ^  Antiquitates  Christianje,"  or  the  Life  and 
:  Death  of  Holy  Jesus,"  written  b}'  Jeremy  T^^ylor,  after^ 
v.Mwrd  bishop  of  Down  and  Connor,  Lond.  1676,  fol.    ,4. 
.  ^^«Aposl:oiki,  or.  the  History  of  the  lives,  acts,  deaths,  and 
/Aiar^yrdoms.  of  those  who  were,  contemporaries  with  or 
.^ijai^mediately    ^uc^eeded.   the  Apostles;   as   also  of   the 
most  eminent  of  the  primitive  fathers  for  the  first  three 
'  bifndred  years.     To  which  is  added,  a  Chronology  of  the 
'  three. i^rst  ages  of  the  Church,"  Lond,  1677,  fol.   '  6..  **  A 
Sermon .  preached  befofie .  the  right  hpnoumble,  the  lord- 
mayor,  aldermen,  and  citizens  of  London,  at  St.  Mary-»le« 
.Bow,    on   the  fifth  of  November,    M.pcLXXX."..  London, 
16^0^  4to.     6«  ^^  A  Dissertation  concerning  the  Govj^rn-^ 
Vmetit  of  the  Ancient  Church,  by  bishops,  metropolitans, 
wand  patriarcbtk  .  More  particularly  concerning  the  ancient 
.   power  and  jurisdiction  of  the  bishops  of  Romev  and  ^be 
.. encroachments  of  that  upon  other  sees, .  i^pecially  (he  see 
of  Constantinople/"  Lond*  168^,  8vo.     7.  ^^  £ocleMastici, 
.  or., the  History  pf  the  lives,  acts,  deaths,  and  writings  of 
the  most  eminent  Fathers  of  the  Church  that  flourished  in 
.  ,,^e,. fourth  ceiitury*     Wherein,  among  other  things,  an 
-dii^ountK  ia  giveu  of  the.  rise,  growth,  and   progresi)  of 
Arianism,  and  all  other  sects  of  that  age  descending  from 


4U  CAVE. 

it    Togtitbi^r  with  9ih  lAtroduction,  c6i>€ftimhg  an  M^tO'^ 
ncal  actottnt  of  the  state  of  Paganism  und^r  tbe  first 
CbristaAn  empmror,"    Ldod.    1682,   fol.     6.  «*  A  Semibn 
jmplcfa^  before  the  ktitg  at  Whitehall,  on  Sunday,  Ja- 
nuary 18,  l'6S4-5,  on  Piialm  tv.  7.     PubKdied  by  hi»  tria-' 
jeaties  speoial  cotnuaand,"  Lond.  168-5,  4td.     9.  "  Chai»- 
topbyiax  Ecdesiisticus,**  Lond.   1685,  9vo.     Thw  is  ati 
ittproyetaleiit  of  the  *'Tabti!ik  Ecclesiastiese,'*  bbove-^med* 
ttoned,  ahd  aJiind  of  abridgment  of  the  "  HhWtUL  Life*' 
y%ri%"  and  cotttai-ns  ft  shdrt  acoOnnt  of  most  of  the  e^e^  - 
siastical  writers  fnom  the  birth  of  Chrtdt  to  151*.'    toy* 
^  Scriptorum  Ecelesiasticforum  Historia  -Lft€f#ttria ;   i.  &,  IV 
Literary  Hist^y  of  EedesiastWl  Writers,  ifl  two  j>arts^'^ 
.  hi ;  the  flr^  printed  at  Lond.  1683;  and  the  se<iond  \ti  1 69^. ' 
IL  ^*  A  Serious  E;tht>rtatipn,  with^oine  icnportaht  adviee^t 
i^elfliitig  to  the  fatte  easei  about  Confomttty,  tecrnntn^inited  • 
to  (hd:presetit  di9senter$>iYOtyi  the  Chiireh  of  Ehglaiid/-^   ft 
i»the  twetity-^eond  <n  the**^  Londmi  Cafces.'^  -Thirf  v#iy 
learlied  person'  diei  at  Windsor,  ^n  the*  4tb  H»f  "Atigiiit^  * 
If  13)  and  was'bnried  in  Islington  ehar&h,' where'A  m^M^'^ 
iliept^^s  erected  to  h?s  rtiemory.     He  wa«  an  eii*eH^ft% 
sLud  universal  sebolar,  an  elegant  and  poiit^  ««<rit^r,  entf  a^ 
BwtiA  and  very  eloquent  preacher.     He  vra«j  thoroughly 
acquainted  with  the  history  tintl  constitution  of  the  Christ 
tian  church*     His  works,   particularly  his  Lives    of  th^  • 
dpostles^  Lives  of  the  fachers,>  and  Primitive  Ofaristiomcy^' 
evince  his  great  knowledge  of  sfntiqnity,  andare  fdpstiy^^ 
teemed  the  best  books  written  upon  those  important  sul9^'> 
jedts.     Yet  the  ^  Historia  Literdria"  it  perhapsthe  werlt  ' 
dn  which  His  fame  will  now  be  thought  princf pally  to'  de^* 
pendt     Thii  very  useful  Av^rk  was  reprinted  at  Genevtf^'  In 
1705  and  1720,  but  the  best  edition  is  that  priiited  at  the 
Clarendon  press,^  by  subscription,  in  2  vols,  fol.   1740-^ 
1743,  'whi^h  contains  the  author^s  last  corrections  tind  ad« 
ditk)ii$^*  and  additions  by  odier  hands.     What  share  Mr; 
Hienry  Whaiton  had  in  tbisivork  will  be  noticed  in  bur  Kfe 
Of  that  writer.-    From  a  manuscript  letter  of  Cave's  in  our 
possession,  it  appears  that  he  had  much  reason  to  t^omplain 
of  WbWiJon.     During  the  last  twelve  years  of  his  life  Cave* 
IubA  repeatedly  revised  this  history,  and  made  alteititions' 
And  addittons'equal  to  one  third  part  <^  the  work,  all  which  ^ 
wej;e  carefully  incorporated  in  the  new  edition.     Hie  copy 
thus  improved,  he  left  in  the  hands  of  his  executors,  the 
lord  chief  justice  Reeve,  and  the  rev.  Dr.  Jones,  canon  of 


CAVE,  47*. 

Wi?i4«ory  but  th^  b<Hb  <|)i»>g  booH  %(iex  tlie  li^ovk  treni 
te.pretfr^  Dr,  Daniel  Wateriand  uodertook  the  Care  of  it* 
Tbe  veneraWe  Dr.  Watson,  bishop  of  LlartdaflP,  observe^  * 
tbal.^^  Casimiri  Oudini  CommeiifearMiB  ^  Scriptoribus  £c* 
clefsicD^  &c.''  beip^ie,  1722,  3  vols,  'f'ol;  id  a  kmd  of  sup- 
pl^oieiit  to  OaiVtt  *'  Histoiia  Literavm/'and'othjer  wqrks of 
the  aaaid  k4i>d.  *         . 

C^VEDONE  (J^coi^),  an  bi»t6r5c«l  artist,  was  born  ai 
SasMioi^  tiMr  Modmay  in  15S0,  aiid  was  educated  !n  the 
acadeqay  of  the  Caraci;i|  where  be  ieiirued  design ;  bvit  be 
frequently  atteadedithe'i^hools  of  Baldi  and  Passerdtti/tof 
smiiy-  after  the  naked.  ¥et  to  act^uire  a  proper  khon^ 
ledge  of  colouring,  he  visited  Venice,  and  carefully  exBr 
ikiined  the  production's  of  Titian  ;  and  at  bis  return  to  his 
own  'OOttotry,  the  best  judges  of  tfae^  art  of  painting  were 
fticioh  pleased  «ri|h  bifi  wori&s,  as  they  seemed  to|x>8sess'ati^ 
agreeal^le  miistiire*  of  4he  style  df  tfae-Caracci^  and  the  ' 
tiiHa  of  Titian.  ,  For  some  time,  at  Bologna,  the  works  of 
CaMdone  weve  esueemed  equal  to  the  cooipositions  of  An* 
vaMei  Md  it  is  recoided,  thut  in  the  king  of  Spain^i 
eh»p0L  there  is  a  ^<  Visitation  of  t|^  Virgin,*'  which  Rwens, 
Velasques,  tnd  Michel  Angelo  Colonna,  supposed  to  be 
the  pedbrmanoe  of  Annibaie  Caracci,  although  it  waurreSLlly 
the.  work  of  Cavedone  ;  nor  could  there  be  a  more  honour- 
able testimony  in  favour  of  thia  master*  His  best  manner 
waa<5troi>g  and.  fi«e>  And  the  tints,  of  his  ceioniiug  were 
natiiral  and  beiiitlifui>;  but  by  those  who  have  judiciously 
considered  bia  worica,  it  is.  observed  that  tbis ^niiater  had^ 
thfee  difii^ient  i»anners  at  three;  dtflfetient  periods  of  fats 
life:  thut  df  the  first  was  excellent;  the  second  butindif^ 
fef0nt;  and  his  last  was  feeble^:  and  miserably  fascd.  For;  ' 
in  the  latter  part  of  his  life  :lie  wa$  depressed  by  sickness 
and-  extreme  poverty ;  and  n^few  years  before  bis  death,  ' 
heTeoieived  a  violent  sho«k1»y  the  Ml  of  a  scaffold^  white 
he  19^^.  pi^ifiting  t  and  hii>  unhappiniess  ^  was  completed  by  > 
ij)^idefith  of  bis  only  son^  who>tMid  giv^a strong  pt6o(s  or « 
a  promising  genius.  ^       -       *  - 

AtJBologna^  in  the:cbur(Jh  of  Bt.Salvadore,  are  several  ' 
vary  tsapilal  perfonnar^es  of  Cavedofae.    The  **  Propheti'**  ' 
an4-the^^  Four  D6Ctt>rs  of  the  Clmreh'Vard  estrefmely 
gQ^5  and  hfti^  an  agreeable  effect;  ahd  inuobapel  foe^' 
loQging  td  the  church  of  St.  Paul^  are  some  excellent' ' 


\ , 


Bio^.  ^rit. 


474  C  A  y  E  D  O  N  E. 

|»intii^  of  his,  veiy  much  in .  the  mgooer  of  Carav^fg^ 
a»  to  the  9olouring>  and  the  heads  of  ^he  iigures.ari<)iiit,a 
fioe  style.  But  pne  of  bis  best  perfajmaQce^  is  iQ,f<itie 
church  of  the  Mendicants  in  Bologna,  .in^which  h^  re^^^ 
sentsPetro|3iiu&apd  another  saint  on  th^ir:knet^s,,in  th^lovi^^ir' 
part  of  the  picture,  and  the  virgin  and  child  in  tha  QlcMd%Ql* 
tended  by  angels.  The  virgin  is  in  a  grand  ta^/fif  ;:d<^iigu ; 
the .  composition  14  excellent ;  the  colo^ripg  lA^sspfiie  pmi^ 
resembles  .Titian,  and  ip  others  the  tppch  sMid  fnm(t!e«»ii!pf 
puixjio ; .  the  heads  are  exceedingly  .fine;  the,  drapiffies 
nobly  executed,  in  th^^t  siykt  which  is  particularly  aui»iined 
IP  Guido;  tbe.sh^owiugs  shew  all  the  forfte^afCftrai^gid; 
^qd  the  whole,  is  finished,  vi^itb  gtfe^  freedom  iq£  ha^^  mlid 
"  a  masterly. pepciL  If  thereby  any  thi|i«g  whi^h.mightrbe 
liable  to  ceasure^  it  js  th^  drapiery  of  the  Tiifgia,  which  4^- 
pcavs^  rather  .be^vy,  ^and  i^.pol  so  happily  (tispo^  a^all 
the;  other  pa^ta  9f  the  jfiomposiUqn,  .  This  wrtist  dkediin 

,  CiVYENDISH  .(Sii5<WiixiAM)»  pi0eoud.softj:Of.Th©TO^ 
Cayeo4ish  of  Cav^mli^h^  iiii^ufoljk,  ^erk  of  tii^rpipi3/iD 
th^, reign  of  Hcpry  VIIL  waa  b0m/abot|l  ISO^nU^tM^^ 
ceive'^  a  }ib|?r»l  eduqariq^  ^and  ;ha4  sf»(tied,iHpoji  tliim^ll^y 
his  fatbei;i  certain  lands  ip  SufFoIkw  Cardinal  WolE^ey,  who 
was  a  native  of  Suf&lk,  topk  him  into  4ii^.spleiKl|df^i&ily> 
which  coQsistod  pf  one  .^rjy/.  nin§  b9rQ9«»  and  sey^rjrf  him- 
dre4  kpight;S».  gen^leipj^jRiiAad(ipfe>*>r  ^ffifiws^    Hft)00rfed 

.^be.Cardist¥d.as.  f^eittlomm  wher^  ai^d  .ipfni'  ^dmiitedariAio 

.  spore  .intigai^iy  wi^  hip) -^hap/anyo^r  ser^^V  aii4,iheff!^- 
fore  iwpuld  pot. d§fK0r^  hi?n  in  his  fal).;  hpt  was  ap^  of^the 

*  few^hp  f^pcl^  alo^/to  hi^w^hep  he^had  p  either  ^  offibeiiMir 
.if^lary  to.  b^^w.  ,JhjU  :&iPgpUr  ;&d^Uty,  joined  to^this 
abiUtieS|  .reooain^nd!e4  bipii  tp  hi^isovery^i^,  whoare^isisd 
bioi  ipto.  hjs  owp  ,f^ily.  (^p4  s^vic«)%:.  In  45>Qivrhewas 
^ppqin^^  ofie.of  4)Pia^itpr%of  ^^[^our^of  jE^iigfSentali^iy 
4pd,ppfHf  ^ft^r  obtaip^d  ff .grap^  pC  sefcral  lordship*  ilfc-^he 
ew»)y,^  Herjtford. .  in(jUf.46,  he  wai* made  tre^auirer. >Qf 
the  chamber  to.  hia  majesty,  ,had  the  boiVMMridf  knighthood 
oopferred  on  .hipPb  <9p4  ^9^  soon .  aflsi?  sworn  of  the  pciry 

,  eopDKpi)» ,  He  continp^,to.oiij}oy  both^h^whonowraduriflg 
e|evep  years ;  in  which  timie  bia  e9^t0  wps  mu^h  inexeMed 
hy  sran^.lrom  fdward  VL  in  seven  different  eopntiel; 

.  ^$>x  does  it  appear,  that  he  was  in  l^sscfodit  or  flvottr^in^t\ 


r" 
I 


CAVENDISH.  ns 

^Qieen  Mary,  amler  whose  reign  he  died  in   1557.     He 

quarried  three  wires.     His  third  and  last,  who  survived 

'him,  was  the  widow  of  Roberl  Barley,  esq.  and  iustly  eoiir* 

mdered  as  one  of  the  most  Anions  wonieq  of  her  tiine. 

She  was  the  daughter  of  John  Hardwick,  ^f  Hardwick,  ia 

Derbyshire,  by  Elizabeth  the  daughter  of  Thomas  Leefc^ 

of  Loasland  in  the  naifie  county,  esq.  and  jn  process  of 

'  time  beetame  coheiress  of  his  fortime,  by  the  death  of  her 

-  broitier  wi«bout  (Children.     When- she  was  scarce  fourteei^ 

•bd  was  married  to  R^obert  Bartey;  of  Barley,  in  Derby- 

-ablre,  esq.  a  yomig  gentleman  of  a  large  estate,  all  which 

he^ settled  absoluieTy  upon  her  on  their  marriage ;  and  Vy 

-'his  death  witli^itl  issue  she  eame  into  possession  <^  it  in 

153>2.     After  remaining  a  widow  aboi^t  twelve  years  she 

JUarried  Cavendish,  by  wboni  she  bad  Henry  Cavendi^ 

<«sqi  who  was  po$$e^sed  of  considerable  states  in  Derhj- 

•ahire^  but  settled  et  Tutbury  H)   Stailbrdshire ;  WilHam 

Cavendish  the  first  earl  of  Devonshire ;  and  Charles  Ca-. 

^'iiBndish  settled  at  Welheck  in  Nottinghamshire,-  father  of 

Wiiliam  baron  Ogle  and  duke  of  Newcastle;  and  three 

daughters  i    Frances,  who  mafried  sir  Henry  Pierpoint  of 

.Holm  Pierpoint,  in  the  county  of  Nottingham,  froni  whom 

the  dukes  of  Kingston  are  descended ;   Elizabeth,  who 

lespoused  Charles  Stuart  earl  of  LenoXi  younger  brother  to 

the  father  of  James  I. ;  and  Mary.     After  the  death  of  sir 

William  Cavendish,  this  ladj^  consenting  to  becooie  a  third 

time  a^  wife,  married  sir  Witlialir  St.  Lowe,  captain  of  the 

'  g^aard  to  qufeen  Elisnibeth,  who  had  a  large  estate  in  <9rlouT 

'f^stersbire;' which  in  articles  of  marriage 'she  took  care 

ahould  be  settled  ou  her  fmd  h^r  own  heirti,  in  defaulfbf 

iisUig;  and  accordingly,  having  no  child  by  hiipV  she  lived 

^  tO'eft|oy  his  wb<^e  estate,  excluding  as'  w^l  his  brothers 

•  who  weee  heirs  male,  a{»  hi^  i>wn'  ftnnale  i«sne  by  a  former 

<.  iady.     In  this  third' widd\thood*ibbef  charms  of  her  wit  and 

'hesLUtj  captivated  the  then  gr0alest  subject  of  the  re^lm, 

^GeiMrge  Talblyt,^eai4  of  Shrewsbcfi^y,  whom  she  brought  to 

'  terins  of  honf6tit  and  advaritage  to  hei^elf  and  children ; 

vforhenot  only 'yielded  to  a  considerable  jointure,  but  to 

^  an  union  of  families^  by  taking  Mary  her  youngest  daugh* 

i  t&r  to  be  the  wife  of  Gilbert  his  second  son,  and  afterwards 

t  la9:heir;  and  giving  the  lady  Grace,  his  yomig^t  daugh* 

^itbr,-tt^  Henry  her  eldest  son,     Nov.  18,   1590,  «be  was  a 

fourth  time  left,  and  to   death  continued,  a  widow.     A 

change  of  condition  that  perhaps  never  fell  t;o  any  one  wo<* 


47«  CAVENDISH. 

man :  to  be  feur  times  a  happy  wife ;  to  rise  by  «rery  biH^ 
baod  into  ^ater  wealth  and  higher  henotirs;  tofaaTe^nii 
ttnanimoiis  issue  by  one  husband  only.;  to  have* ail  tbotfe 
ehildren  live,  and  bonoarably  disposed  of*  in  berlife- 
fiine;  and,  after  all)  to  lite  seveoteeii  yesurs  a  widow  119 
absolute  power  and  plenty  ^. 

Sir  William  Cavendish  wrote  the  Ufe"  of  his((dd  oiastei? 
ffardinal  Wolsey,  and  therein  gives  hin  a  Terr^bighahaH 
factor;  Isffiming ^at,  inhisjudgineiit»  be  neivcr  saw  di^ 
bingdeoi  in  bette«  obedience  and  quiet  than  during  the  tiane 
<tf  his  authority,  or  justice  better  admiftisiered.  Indeed^  im^r 
partial  ifiqniiers  into  tSste  history  of  Wolsey  will  be  ready*  to 
conclude  that  be  was  not  the  wont  nsan  in  the  court  of 
Henry  VIIL  No  work,  however,  baa  expaiiemted  a  more 
atngular  ikte  than*  sir  William  Cavendishes  *^  Life  of  WetW 
sey«*^'  It  was  long  known  only  by  OMtmlBcripts,  and.  by 
the  large  leixtraots  from  it^*  inserted  by  Stdwe  in  his  <^  An* 
xiah^'*  and  in  this  stateit  remaiaed ffbin the reigfi of  qlid^i 
ilaiy  in  which  it  was '  composed,  atitil  r^^l^wbenit  was' 
first  printed  under  the  title ^*of  ^^  The  ^  Negociations^  lof 
Thomas  Wolsey,'*  &c.  4to;  and  as  the  chief  object^  the 
fmUicatfon  was  to  institute  a  parallel  between  tbe  eavdioat 
and  archbishop  Laud,  in  ordor  to  lecoacile  the  public  la 
the  murder  oC  that  prelate,  the  manfoseript  was  mutilated 
and  interpolated  widiout  shame  or  scruple,  and  no  paius 
having  been*  taken  iso  compare  the  printed  edition  wsth  the 
original,  the  former  passed  for  genuine-  above  a  ceMuf)!^- 
and  was  rapimted,  with  a  slight  variation  in  the  aitle,  in. 
im?  and  4t06,  besides  being  inserted  in  die  Harieiai|:i 
Miseellany.  AtlengthJ>r..Word8Wordi  printed  a  eorVee^: 
transcript  in    kis  valuable  -^'Eeclesiastical  fiiograpliy,'^ 


^|t  built  tluee  of  t^  looct  ci«|ant  tiv«  regina  fininianiatvn  «rpios  9%^  < 
seaU  that  vere  ever  rais^  by  6nh  hand  audivit,"  which  is  not  to  be  ima^ne^ 
vtUim  the  Mine  oounty,  CiiatBworth,  '  true :   iiowever;  the  coaiftesg  caftie^ 


mmd  (NdfotAf.    At  Hsni.  .  bcnelf  to  tba  quem  Mtud  tbf  ««ri  hc»-* 

^idc  she  left  the  ancient  seat  of  her  h-  husband,  with  all  bccoining  resp^  ^umI 

mily  standing;  where  her  chamber  and  duty.    Full  of  year*  and  all  worldly. 

voMDi  of  itaU|»   witb  her  aima  mad  conforts,  ahsTdiei^Mb  13,  |II0T»  mU 

other  enaigDi,  are  «tiU  lemeinins.  '  H  .was  bm:ied  in  AUballows  chiir^,  ip 

maM  not  he  fergottea,  that  this  lady  Derby  (where  she  had  founded'  an  hos-" 

kad^Ute  honmir  to  be  keeper  ef  Maiy-  piial  Sor  twelve  poor  ^people),  under  si 

^l^enn  nf  Soele,  .comiitt^  pritoaer  tp  fiur  tafioih  «hM  she  tnok  cfxe  tn^cfsvl 


Geo'ige  earl  of  Shrewsbury  for  seven-  in  her  own  tife-tune,  and  whereon  a  re^  ^ 

ieeii  years.    The  earPs  epitaph  betrays  raarkable  epitaph  was  aflerwardV  di^ ' 

thnt  he  vnis  suspeetei  of  famUimrity  ioribed.-^KcMiiCt*n  SI* 
vith  hia   foyai  prisooer,   *'  Qopd  4 


CAT£NDtSm  4Tf 


1^  It),  6  T«h.  9vik,  Mllatod  ^kh^fdiir  M9S;  t«m in  the  Laai« 
betii,  <xiife  i!itbe¥<irk  cathedral  libvai^y  and  oa»  in  iJio 
Bnttfth  MttMum.^ 

GA^VENDISH  (Thomas),  of  Frimly  in  Suffolk,  M^ 
was  deficen^ed  frtim  a  •  nofbte  faimily  in  DetH>nibire,  mm 
possessed  of  a  plentiful  estate ;  which  he,  4>eirig  a  tnati  ef 
fliore-wii  tiian  prudence^  contrived  to  impoverish^  and  de* 
termined'  to  repaiir  bb  shattered  fortunes  at  the  expence  ^ 
this  Spaniardft.  Widi  this  yiew  he  btiik  two  ships  from  th» 
itxHsks,  one  of  1 20,  the  other  of  io  tons;  andwiditliCBe 
%nA  a  b9irk  of '40  tons  he  siuled  £rom  Plymdudi  Jciiy  sr^ 
rS86.  He  first  inade  the  coast  ^f  Barbary,  then^teefad 
for  Brazil,  and  entered  the  streigfats  of  Magellan  Jan.  5^ 
V5SS^  and  passetl  tfaeoi  Tery  happily.  Then  coasting  aion^ 
CMK  and  Pern,  he  took  abundance  of  rich  priaees^  ana 
eohtlnning  his  eoarse  as  Mgh  as  Califoroia,  there  took  the 
Sti'Atine,  which  Cavendish,  in  a  letter  to  knd  HiinsdoHy 
x^bdy  caHs  an  Acaptildo  ship,  though  in  most  r^ations  of 
liifl'voyage!  she  Is  styled  the  admiral  of  the  south  seas.  Hci: 
dargo  was  of  immense  value,  whicfa^  his  ships  being  too 
atoalHo  carry,  he  was  ftkoed  to  barn;  taking  out  of  her, 
liowever,  as  mfich  gold  as  was  worth  40^,000/.  He  then 
Peeved  lor  4fae  Philippine  islands^  where  he  safely  arrived, 
and  "proceeded  from  them  to  iava  Major,  which  he  reached 
March  1,  LS89.  He-doubled  the  oape  of  Good  Uepe  the 
ls£X)f  inne,  vnd  withmt  any  remariutble  incident  returned 
9mJhl3a'PijmaiBiA  Sept  9;  having  sailed  compleirelytroutui 
the  gitrbe,  atid  'broiqjht  homeui  immense foAupse.  This, 
liowetei^  he  •qaickly  wasted,  and  in  1591  was,<)ompelled  tp 
think:  of  anolher  voyage ;  wbi^  was  iar  from'  being^  so  nio^ 
cttssful  as  the  former.  He  left  PtyxMHtth  Aug.  26^  i #9I> 
with  three  ^tout  ships  and  two  bark's.  April  8,  1 S92,  be 
feil  in  with  the 'stretghts  of  Magelb^,  and  conainned  in 
theih  to  May  15  ;  when,  oti  account  of  the  badness  of  the 
'Weather,  he*  determined  to  return ;  which  accordingly  hie 
4M,  1^  tie  eoiast  of  Brazil ;  andther^,  it  is  said,'  died  tjf 
grief.' 

CAVENBISH  (William),  the  fim-dnheof  Devonahiw, 
wias  bom  Jan.  25^  1640.  He  made  the  t<mr  of  Europe, 
tmder  the  care  of  Dr.  KilHgrew,  afterwards  ^naster  of  4A» 
Saiv^y.  In  ^m^l  fie  was  cfhosen  to  r^prteseat^Ate  Jl*onnty  of 
J^^xkyt  and  continued  j^member  of  fbe  ^tg  parliament 


A  W9«4lwMlfa'SiJltofca|»h)v  toU  X.r-]Hi2r*  Brit  »  ^  ^  ;di^fi-9ri(; 


47t  C  A  V  X  H  D  1  3  it 

till  its  dtssola^iii  Sept.  31^  1663,  he  was  crated  M.  Av 
of  the  QDiversity  o£  Oxford^  by  the  special  oooiiniaad  ot  tkp 
chancellor.  In  1665  he  went  a  volunteer  oo  board  the 
fleet  under  the. duke  of  Yodk,  and  in  1669  accompeilDBBd 
Mr.  Montague  in  his.  embassy  to  France.  •  Being  accideni^ 
taHy  at  the  opera  in  Pajris^  three  officers  of  Uie  French 
lying's  guard,  intoxicated  with  liquor,  came  upoa^.  the 
atage,  and  one  of  them  coming  up  to  him  witjbia  verj^.ii^ 
itidttog  qoestion^  he  gave  him  a  severe  blow  on  tb^'  face^;^ 
>npon,  which,  they  all  drew,  and  pushed  hard  upon  him. 
He  aet  bis  back  against  one  of  the  scenes^  and  aiade«ft 
atout  defence,  receiving  se^i^ral  wounds }  till  a  sturdy  Swiss, 
belonging  to  tbe  ambassador  Montague^  ^caught  him>  up:in 
liis  arms,  and  threw  him  ov^r  tke^  stage  iota  the  pit.  In 
bis  fall  jone  of  hb  anas  caught  upon  an  iron  spike,  wbtch 
toye  out  the  flesh.  The  three  assailants  »were,  by  ibe 
leing^s  command,  sent  to  prison^  and  not  released  buti^ 
his  intercession.  In  1677  he  disttnguishejd  himself  in  tke 
boose  of  commons,  by^  a  vigorous  opposition  to  thec^mea^ 
.scares  of  the  court.    The  year  following  be  assiduously  pai^ 

'  moted  an  inquiry  into  the  murder  of  ^ir  Edmmidbiiry 
G^frey,  and  other  particulars  of.  the  popish  pkit.;  And 
was  one  of  'the  coaunittee  appointed  to  draw  up  articles  of 
impeachment  against  the  treasurer  Danby.i  In  the  parlia- 
ment which  met  in  the  spring  of  1679,  he  again  repre* 
seated  Derby.  This  year,  he  was  chosen  one;  of  tbet  kind's 
iiew  pri^y-»couiicil :  but  soon  finding  that  bis  aUendaii!Q^fl(fit 
»tbe  board-  wiould  be  ^wholly  ineffectual^ .;  he,  in .  cpnjunciden 
jwidk  lord  Aussel  .and  pthers,  desired  leave. to, ^wsithdw^^ 

'■  -The  eoanty  of  Derlj^  again  elected  him  their  repteseMi^ 
Ut^  in  that  parliament  viAiAth  met  Oct  Q\^  1630.  .^fbe 
•articles  of  impeachinent  against  ^e  chief  justice  Scroggsy 
for  b«s  arbitrary/ and  ailegal  proceedings  in  the  ,coi|r(«'.of 

'  kfipg^s  bench,  were. carried  up  by  him  to  the.  bouscDjof 

lords( '  When*  the  king  .declared  .bis.  resolution^  not  to  2<^f^n- 

'  nent  tQA-jbitl  of  exclusion,  lord  Cavendish  made  9h  o^tifon, 

*  that  a  bill  might  be  brought  in  for  the  association  of  all  bis 
majeiity^s  pfotestant  subjects.     He  was  also  one  ofi^i:bese 

•  who  openly  n^med  the  evil  couuseUors,  and  promoted,  the 
addresa-to-bis  majesty  to.. remove  then^;  from  all  ojSuoes, 
mnd  fr^m  his  majesty^s  cpunciU  apd:  presence  forrOHer. 
He  shewed'  tbe^ame  steaduiess  and.  zeal  in  thene^feipar- 
liament,  in  which  also  be  represented  Derbyshire;  .  Wben 
p^tMittnefiis  were  hH  asiite^:  though  beu^was:  as^-ebiiMi^as 


CAVENDISH.  4t« 

t^  the  coart  as  any,  be  was  not  afraid  of  meettng  and  con* 
versing  with  bis  noble  friends ;  but  he  comlemned  a  bold 
otertttre  which  was  made  at  one  of  those  meetings,  and 
iideclared,  with  great  earnestness,    that  he  would  never 
more  go  with  them.    At  the  lord  Russel*s  trial,  when  it 
was  almost  as  criminal  to  be  a  witness  for  him  as  to  be  hb 
ntcomplice,-  he  dared  to  appear  to  vindicate  him  in  the 
face  of'  the  court.     He  afterwards  sent  him  a  message  by 
sir^Janids  Forbes^  that  he  would  come  and  change  dothes 
-mth  him  in  the  prison,  and  stay  there  to  represent  him,  if 
4)6' thought  he  could  make  his  escape,  but  lord  Russel  was 
too  generous  to  accept  of  this  proposal.     He  prosecuted 
'the  immediate  murderers  of  bis  friend  Mr.  Thynne  tt> 
-condign  punishment,  and  b(x>ught  the  great  abettor  of  it, 
MOoOint  Koningsmark,  to  his  trial,  who  happened  to  be  ac- 
quitted by  a  jury  prepossessed,  or  rather  prepared,  in 
^kvout  of  4iim«     Lord  Cavendirii  felt  great  indignation 
'•«t  the  discharge  of  the  count,  which  he  thought  owing 
toioofruption';  and  knowing  that  an  appeal  to  single  com- 
4»at  was  anciently  the  last  resort  in  law  for  convicting  a 
iMurderer,  he  obtained  the  favour  of  a  noble  peer  to  go  ir^ 
'bis  nante  to  count  Koningsmark  to  charge  the  guilt  of 
blood  upon  him,  and  to  offer  to  prove  it  in  the  open  field : 
but  this  method  of  trial  the  count  thought  fit  to  decline* 
^hv  Nov.  16 84  he  became,  by  the  decease  of  Us  father, 
«art  c^  DevoBsbire^     In  the  resign  of  James  he  was  the  same 
^*fjwti  in  greater  honour,  and  in  greater  i:eal  and  cpneem 
i#or  his  country.:    He  had. been  very. much  afiroo ted  within 
/^tte  irerge ' of  the  court  by   colonel  Culpepper ;.  but.  |«- 
•kflVfaxned  his  resentment  at  the  time,' and  pardoned  him 
'-lipon  condition  he  should  itever  more  appear  at  Whitehall, 
but  when,  immediately  .after  the  defeat  of  the  duke  of 
<^MonmoQtb,  thecolonei  was  encouraged,  to  come  publicly 
4:o'OooVt;  and  was  rising  to  some  degree  of  favour,  the 
>ismrl'>of  Devouahire  meeting  him  in  the  king^s  presence* 
'^httmber,  and  ^receiving  from  him,,  as  he  thought^  an  ^in- 
i#iihtn|f  look,  took  him  by  the  nose,  led  bim.out.  of  the 
tMtxiy  and  gave  liim  some  disdainful  blows  with. the  besid 
'  of  his  cane.     For  this  bold  iict*he:was  prosecuted  in  the 
^kii%'s<^beitch.i]po|i'an  information,)  and  faadao:  esotbitdnt 
'^^ne  of  90^0€K>/.!  imposed  upon  him^  and,:. though  a  peer, 
{.nviu9>committed'to  the  king's^beneh  prison  .ciU. he  should 
make  payment 4>f  it.     He  iwas  ndver  able  to  bear  any  cun- 
^ftttenMt .  he  oould  Inreak .  fram  y  ami  there^BO^  fisteaped, 


4M  CAVSNDI6H. 

mAy  to  go  home  to  bis  seot  at  Cbatoworth.  Upoo  the  news 
qf  hit  being  tbere,  tbe  sheriff  of  Derbynbire  biMl  a  precept 
to  apprebend  biniy  and  bring  biaoi  with  bis  posse  to  tomi. 
But  he  invited  the  sheriff  tn»  aad  kept  him  a  prisoner  of 
honour,  till  he  had  compounded  for  bis  own  liberty,  by 
fiviaig  bond  to  pay  the  full  Mim  df  30,000/^  This  bond 
wras  found  among  the  papers  of  lung  James^  and  git^en  np 
by  Jcing  WiUiani* 

H^\waa  one  of  tbe  earliest  in  intitiog  over  tbe  prince  of 
Orange;  and  J#raes  II.  upon  the  first  ^arm  from  Holland, 
b^iug  jealous  of  him  above  any  oUier  peer,  endeavoured 
tOidraw  bim  to  conrt,  which  tbo  earl  evaded«  Upon  tbe 
priace^a  landing,  be  appeared  iti  arms  for  bim,  and  was 

-  afterwards  received  by  bim  with  the  highest  marks  of  af- 
fection and  esteem.    In  tbe  debates  of  the  house  of  lords 
eoQceming  the  throne,  be  was  very  zealous  for  declaring 
tbe  prince  and  princess  of  Orange  king  and  queen  of 
England.     Feb«  14,  l6JB9y  he  was  admitted  one  of  the 
priry^couneii,  and  not  long  after,  naited  lord  steward  of 
their  majesties'  housbold ;  and,  April  3,  1689,  chosen  It 
knight  of  the  garter.     At  their  majesties'  coronaition  be 
acted  as  lord  high  steward  of  England ;  and,  iit  tbe  first 
session  of  parliament  afterwards,  procured  a  resolution  of 
the  bouse  of  lords,  as  to  the  illegaJity  of  the  judgment 
given  against  bim  in  the  former  reign,  and  a  vote,  that  no 
peer  ought  to  be  committed  for  non-pay  anent  of  a  fine  to  tbe 
crown*    Jan.  1691  he  attended  king  William  to  tbe  eon- 
gross  at  the  Hague^  where  he  Jived  in  the  utmoat  stale  sofi 
magniiftceuce ;  and  had  tbe  honour  to  entertain  s^veml 
soveneigii  prinoes  at  4iis  table,  the  king  himself  being  also* 
present  incogn^.    May  12,  163%,  he  ws»  created  msr- 
quis f»f .  Htitiogton,  and  tloke  of  Devonshire;  which)  witb 
his  gart^  and  white  staff,  the  place  of  lieutenant  and  custos 
rotulonim  of  the  county  of  Devby^  and  justiceship  i»  Syro, 
was  perhaps  as  much  bonouir  as  an  English  subjects  coML 
enjoy*  .  After  the  queesi's  death,  -when  the  king's  absence 

-teiMle  the  af^ointdient  of  regents  necessary,  be  was  one  of 
Ae  lonis  justices  for  seven  suceessive  years;  aa  honour 
which  no  other  temporal  peer  enjoyed. 

-  In  the  case  of  air  John  Femnck,  thougfa  he  had  a  cea^ 
viction  of  his  gnilt,  }iet  be  was  so  airerse  to  any  eatraor- 
4iDary  judicial  proceedings,  that  he  opposed  the  bill,  as 
hexlfd  likewise  another  bill  for  the  resuaaption  of  the£Mr* 

,fet|ed estates  in  brdand.    Attbe  aceession  of  ijueen-Ani^y 


C  A  V  E  K  D  I  S  H;  4Si 

be  was  confirmed  in  all  bis  offices.  .  April  1705  he  at^ 
tended  her  majesty  to  Cambridge,  and  was  there  created 
LLnD.  In  1706y  himself  and  bis  sou  the  marquis  of 
Rartingtou  were  in  the  number  of  English  peers  appointed 
commissioners  for  concluding  an  union  with  Scotland ;  this 
was  the  last  of  his  public  employments*  He  died  August 
18,  1707.  His  mien  and  aspect  were  engaging  and  com- 
manding :  his  address  and  conversation  civil  and  courteous 
in  the  highest  degree*  He  judged  right  in  the  supreme 
court;  and  on  any  importaut  affair  his  speeches  were 
soipoth  and  weighty.  As  a  statesman,  bis  whole  deport- 
ment came  up  to  his  noble  birih  and  his  eminent  stations  : 
nor  did  he  want  any  of  what  the  world  call  accomplish* 
ments.  He  had  a  great  skill  in  languages ;  and  read  the 
Roman  authors  with  great  attention :  Tacitus  was  his 
favourite.  He  was  a  true  judge  of  history,  a  critic  in 
poetry,  and  bad  a  fine  hand  in  music.  He  had  an  elegant, 
ta^t^  in  painting,  and  all  politer  arts  ;  and  in-  architecture 
ii^  particular,  a  genius,  skill,  and  experience  beyond  any 
one  p|srson  of  bis  age ;  his  house  at  Chatsworth  being  a 
mppument  of  beauty  and  magnificence  that  perhaps  is  not 
exceeded  by  any  palace  in  Europe.  His  grace's  genius  for 
pdetry  shewed  itself  particularly  in  two  pieces  that  are  pub«> 
lisbed,  and  are  allowed  by  the  critics  to  be  written  with 
eqiial  spirit,  dignity,  and  delicacy.  1.  ^^  An  Ode  on  tb^  . 
D^iath  of  queen  Mary."  2.  ^^  An  allusion  to  the  bisbop  of 
Cainbray's  supplement  to  Homer.**  * .  He  married  the  lady 
Mary,  daughter  of  James  duke  of  Ormond^  by  whom  he  . 
ha4  .three  sons  and  a  daughter.  ^  "   / 

'Cavendish  (Willum),  baron  Ogle,  viscount  Mans* 
fiefd,  earl,  marquis,  and  diike  of  Newcastle,  one  pf  the  . 
mqjit  accomplished  (persons,  as  well  as  one  of  the  most 
able  generals  and  most  distinguidied  patriots  of  the  age, . 

*  <Thd  above  character  of  Uie  duke  dish  family  annexed,  was  afterwards 

of  ])bem>n8liire  and  of  hit  writings,  is  eensored  as  recommending:  a  death-bed 

chiefly  taken  from   bishop  Kennett's  lepetttasoe,  which  the  bkhop  deoiedk.' 

Sermon  at  his  funeral. ,  h»  a  statesman  An  elegapt  edition  of  the  Sermon  and. 

tber^  see^ms  no  reason  to  make  any  de-  Memoirs  was  printed  by  Mr.  Nichols 

dnction  from  it;  but  the  trifles  frcMfi  in  1797,  with  a  pre&ce,  &c.  and  is 

bis  pen  above-mentioned,  will  not  now  now  scarce,  the  jf  res^ter  part  of  the  itn- 

be  thought;. to  entitle  his  grace  to  a  pressioo* having  been  destroyed  by  the 

place  among  p6ets.    This  mneral  Ser-  fire  which -consumed  Mr.  Nichols's  va- 

mon,  by  Or.  mite  Keonett,  which  he  Inable  stock  iirlSOS. 
published  with  memoirs  of  the  Caven- , 

.    V  Biog.  Brit.—Collins's  Peerage,  by  sjr  J^.  Brydge9.-^NichoI^i  Poeios^  vol.IU. 
r-ParVs  Royal  and  Noble  Authors. 

voL.vin,  ii       ' 


482  CAVENDISH. 

was  son  of  sir  Charles  Cavendish,  youngest  son  of  sir  Wil- 
liain  Cavendish,  and  younger  brother  of  the  first  earl  of 
Devonshire,  by  Catherine,  daughter  of  Cuthbert  lord  Ogle. 
He  was  b.orn  in  1592,  and  discovering  great  capacity  in  bis 
infancy,  his  father  bad  him  eduoated  with  such  success, 
|hat  he  early  acquired  9.  large  stock  of  splid  learning,  to 
which  be  added  the  graces  of  politeness.    This  i^qou  made 
bim  be  ta^ken  notice  of  at  the  court  .of  James  I.  where  be 
was  quickly  distinguished  by  th<^  king's  favour ;   and  in 
16 1.0,  was  made  knight  of  the  bath,  at  the  .creation  of 
Henry  prince  of  W^lei»,  In  1617,  his  father  died,  by  which 
he  came  to  the  posses^ipu  of  a  very  large  estate  ;  aad  hav- 
ing a  great  intere0t  at  court,   he  was  by  letters-patent, 
dated  November  3,  i&2Q^  rs^isjed  to  th^  digiuty  of  a  peer  of 
th^  realm>  by  the  style  and  title  of  baron  Ogle  ai¥i  vis- 
count Mansfield  ;  and  having  no  Wssi  credit  with  Charles  I. 
than  with  his  father  king  James,  was  in  the  third  year  of 
the  reign  of  that  prince  advanced  to  the  higher  title  of 
^rl  of  Newcastle  upp^a  Tyn^,  and  »t  the  s^me  time  he 
was  created  baroU  Cavendish  of  Bolesover.     Our  genea- 
logists and  antiquaries  give  us  but  a  very  obscpre  account 
o£  these  honours,  or  at  least,  of  the  barony  of  Ogle^  to 
which,  in  the  inscription  upou^  his  own^nd  his  grandmother 
the  countess  of  SbreW:sbury's  tomb,  be  is  said  .to  have 
succeeded  in  right  of  his  mother.     His  attendance  on  the 
court,  though  it  procured  him  honoui:,  brought  hina  Tery 
early  into  difficulties ;  and  tkere  is  some  reason  to  believe 
that  he  was  not  much  liked  by  the  great  duke  of  Bucking- 
ham, who  perhaps  was  apprchen^ve  of  the  large  share  he 
had  in  his  masiefr's  favouir.     However,  he  did  not  suffer, 
even ,  by  that  powerful  favourite's  diaplei^vre^  but   re- 
mained in  full  credit  with  his,  master ;  which  was  aptwitb- 
standing  so  far  from  being  beni^ficial  to  bin)}  that  the  ser- 
vices expected  from  him,  and  his  constant  waiting  upon 
the  king,  plunged  him  very  deeply  in  debt,  though  he  had 
a  large  estate,  of  which  we  find  him  coniplaiping  heavily  in 
his  letters  to  his  firm  and  steady  friend  the  lord  vbcount 
Wentvyortb,  softer  wards  ^arl  of  Strafford.     But  these  diffi- 
culties never  in  the  least  discouraged  him  from  doing  his 
duty,  or  from  testifying  his  zeal  and  loyalty,   when  the 
king's  service  required  It.     In  1638,  when  it  was  thought 
requisite  to  take  the  prince  of  Wales,  afterwards  Charles  IL 
•from  the  nursery,  the  king  made  choice  of  the  earl  of  New- 
castle^ as  the  person  in  his  kingdom  most  fit  to  have  the 


CAVENDISH.  Hi 

tuition  of  his^heir-apparent ;  and  accordingly  decla)*ed  him 
governor  to  the  prince.  In  the  spring  of  1*639,  the  first 
troubles  in  Scotland  broke  out,  which  induced  the  king  to 
assemble  an  army  in  the  north  ;  soon  after  which,  he  went 
down  thither  to  put  himself  at  the  head  of  it ;  and  in  his 
way,  was  most  splendidly  entertained  by  the  earl  of  New* 
castle,  at  his  noble  seat  at  Welbeck,  as  he  had  been  some 
years  before  when  he  went  into  that  kingdom  to  be  crown- 
ed ;  which  though  in  itself  a  very  trivial  matter,  yet  4ucb 
was  the  magnificence  of  this  noble  peer,  that  from  the  cir- 
cumstances attending  them,  both  these  entertainments 
have  found  a  place  in  general  histories*.  But  this  was 
not  the  only  manner  in  which  he  expressed  bis  warm  affec- 
tion for  his  master.  Such  expeditions  require  great  ex* 
pendes,  and  the  king's  treasury  was  but  indifferently  pro- 

**  The  first  of  these  rttyal  drnnen  sentfor  alt  Che  gentry  of  the  country  to 

99W99  to  hve  keen,  a  Xhing  of  mere  CQvae  and  vait  upon  their  majeetiee  ; 

*  accident.      His     majesty    was    going  and  in  short,  did  all  that  ev«r  be  coiiM 

down  to  Scotland  to  be  t^rowued,  and  imagine  to  render  it  great  and  worthy 

IB  his  way  came  to  Worksop  manor  their  royal  aopeptanee.     This  enter-, 

in  Ndttinj^bamfijhii'e,  which  being  but  tainment  he  m^de  «t  MesoDev^caatb 

'   two  miles  from  his  lordship's  house  at  in  Derbyshire,  some  fire  miles  distant 

WeH>eck  in  the  same  county,  he  in-  from  Welbeck,  ao4  resigned  Wetbeclc 

treatifid  his  mtyesly's  visit  to. his  boose,  for  their  jDajesty'a  lodging.    It  cast 

and  doing  him  the  honour  of  dining  him  in  all  between  fourteen  and  fifteftii 

there;  which  being  accepted,  he  was  thousand  pouuds.     Besides  these  two, 

entertained  viUi    such    magnificence,  there  was  aaolher  smaU  enlertaimiMeRt, 

thi^t  we  are  told  it  cost  him  betweyen  which  my  lord  bad  prfpatiod  for  hit 

-  four  and  five  thousand  pounds.     As  to  late  majesty  in  hjs  own  park  at  Wel- 

the  teeoad   of  these  entertainments,  beck,    when  his  majesty  came  down 

I  '  tbfn&is.aqme  doubt  ahiout  it^.for  we  with  histva  nephcwi^  the  now  prince 

are  told  very  positively,  that  it  was  elector  Palatine,  and  his  brother  prine* 

gr^en  at  the  time  the  kin^  marched  Rupert,   into  the  forest  of  £)herwood| 

a^a^st  ihc  rebels  in  Scotland  $  bi|t  in  which  cost  fakn  Sfteeii  hundred  pounds, 

the  account  his  dudiess  has  given  of  And  this  I  mention,,  «otou(  of  a  iraiii 

his  life,  she   is  very  particular,   and  glory,  but  to  declare  the  great  love 

ftkoa  it  earlier  by  several  years.    For  and  duty  my  lord  bad  for  his  gracious 

having  given  an  account  of  the  first*  kiajg  .and  .queen,  and  to  correct  the 

she  says,  "  That  the  king  liked  it  so  mistakes    committed   by  some  hlslo- 

«Fell,  that  a  year  after  his  return  out  rians,  who  not  being  rightly  informed 

;    of  Sc^land,  he  was  pleaaed  to  send  of  those    entertaianionts,    make  '  the 

milord  wordy  that  her  majesty  the  world    believe    falsehood    for  truth.'* 

qbeen  was  resolved  to  make  a  progress  Lord  Clarendon  also  takes  up  this  mat- 

into^tbe  n^rt^cm  paKs,  desiring  him  to  ter  in  very  strong  terms,  for  he  repre* 

l^repare  the  like  enter^ajn,atent  for  her  sents  the  Sequent  banquets  and  feaU- 

as    he   bad   formerly  done  for  him:  ings  the  king  met  with  on  his  road  to 

which  my  lord  did,  and  endeavoured  Scotland  in  1631},  as  very  detrimental 

for  it  with  all  possible  care  and  indus-  to  the  manners   of  the  nation;   and 

«    t^y»  sparing  nothing  that  might  add  having  taken  notice  of  the  entertain* 

splendour  to  that  feast,    which   both  merit  given  by  the  earl  of  Newcastle 

,    their  mailfistiM  were  pleased  to  honour  on  that  occasion,  he  subjoins  inime> 

with  their,  presence.     Ben  Jonson  he  diately  this  very  extraordinary  remark, 

employed  in  fitting  such  scenes  and  '*  But  when   he  passed  through  Not- 

speeohee  aft' he  con M  best  devise,  and  tinghamshire,    both   king   and    court 

113 


484  CAVENDISH. 

vided,  for  th^  supply  of  which,  the  earl  contributed  ten 
thousand  poundsi  and  also  raised  a  troop  of  horse,  consist- 
ing of  about  two  hundred  knights  and  gentlemen,  who 
served  at  their  own  charge ;  and  this  was  honoured  with 
the  title  of  the  Prince's  troop.     These  services,  however, 
rather  heightened  than  lessened  that  envy  borne  to  hinfi 
by  some  great  persons  about  the  court,  and  the  choice  that 
bad  been  made  of  his  lordship  for  the  tuition  of  the  prince^ 
which  was  at  first:  so  universally  approved,  began  now  to  be 
called  in  question  by  those  who  meant  very  soon  to  call 
every  thing  in  question.     On  this  the  earl  desired  to  re- 
sign his  office,  which  he  did;  and  in  June  1640,  it  was 
giveit  to  the  marquis  of  Hertford.     As  his  lordship  took 
this  step  from  the  knowledge  he  had  of  the  ill-will  borne  him 
by  the  chief  persons  amongst  the  disaffected,  so  he  thought 
be  could  not  take  a  better  method  to  avoid  the  effects  of 
their  resentment,  than  to  retire  into  the  country ;  which 
accordingly  he  did,  and  remained  there  quietly  till  be  re- 
ceived his  majesty's  orders  to  visit  Hull ;  and  though  these 
came  at  twelve  o'clock  at  night,  his  lordship  went  imme- 
diately thither,  though  forty  miles  distant,  and  etitered  the 
place  with  only  two  or  three  servants,  eatrly  the  next  morn- 
ing.    He  offered  his  majesty  to  have  secured  for  him  that 
important  fortress,  and  all  the  magazines  that  were  there : 
but  instead  of  receiving  sudh  a  command  as  he  expected, 
bis  majesty  sent  him  instructions  to  obey  whatever  direc- 
tions were  sent  bim  by  tbe  parliament ;  upon  the  heels  of 
which,  came  their  order  for  him  to  attend  the  service  of 
the  house ;  which  he  accordingly  did,  virfien  a  design  was 
formed  to  have  attacked  him,  but  his  general  character 
was  so  good,  that  this  scheme  did  not  succeed.     He  now 
again  retired  into  tbe  country,  but  soon  after,  upon  the 
king's  coming  to  York,  his  lordship  was  sent  for  thither;  and 
in  June  1642,  his  majesty  gave  bim  directions  to  take  vpoii 
bim  the  care  of  the  town  of  Newcastle,  and  the  command 
of  the  four  adjacent  counties  of  Northumberland,  Cum* 
berland,    Westmoreland,    and    Durham.      These   orders 
were  easily  issued,    but  they  were   not  so  easily  to  be 

were  receif  ed  aud  entertaiDed  by  Uie  ton  had  sot  witbio  a  year  or  two  afier- 

earl  of  Newcastle,  aod  at  his  own  pro*  wards   made    the  kin^  and  qaeen  a 

per  expeace,  in  such  a  wonderful  man-  more  stupendous  entertainment,  which 

iier>  aud  in  sach  an^excessof  feaatin|f»  (God  be  thanked)  though  possibly.',  it 

as  had  scarce  ever  before  been  known  might  too  much  whet  the  appetite  of 

in  England,  and  would  be  still  thought  others  to  excess,  no  man  ever  after  in 

irery  pradigioMi  if  the  tame  noble  per*  thpte  days  imitated^ '^ 


CAVENDISH.  486 

carried  into  execution ;  for  at  this  time,  the  king  had 
not  either  money,  forces,  or  ammunition ;  and  yet  there 
never  was  more  apparent  necessity,  for  at  that  juncture 
his  majesty  had  not  a  single  port  open  in  his  domi^^ 
nions;  and  if  either  the  order  had  been  delayed  a  fevr 
days,  or  had  been  sent  to  any  other  person,  the  design 
bad  certainly  miscarried.  But,  as  soon  as  he  received  his 
majesty's  commands,  he  repaired  immediately  to  the  place, 
and  by  his  own  interest  there  secured  it :  he  raised  also  a 
troopof  one  hundred  and  twenty  horse,  and  a  good  regi* 
xnenc  of  foot,  which  secured  him  from  any  sudden  attempts* 
Soon  after,  the  queen,  who  was  retired  out  of  the  kingdom, 
sent  a  supply  of  arms  and  ammunition,  which  being  de- 
signed for  the  troops  under  the  king's  command,  the  earl 
took  care  they  should  be  speedily  and  safely  conducted  to 
his  majesty  under  the  escort  of  his  only  troop,  which  his 
majesty  kept,  to  the  great  prejudice  of  his  own  affairs  in 
the  north.  The  parliament,  in  the  mean  time,  had  not 
forgotten  the  e^kxVs  behaviour  towards  them,  but  as  a  mark 
of  their  resentment  excepted  him  by  name ;  which  was  so 
far  from  discouraging,  that  it  put  his  lordship  upon  a  more 
decided  part:  and 'having  well  considered  his  own  influence 
in  those  parts,  he  offered  to  raise  an  army  in.  the  north  for 
bis  majesty's  service.  On  this  the  king  gave  him  a  com- 
mission, constituting  him  gent^ral  of  all  the  forces  raised 
north  of  Trent ;  and  likewise  general  and  commander  in 
chief  af  such  as  might  be  raised  .\n  the  counties  of  Lincoln^ 
Nottingham,  Lan|[;a6ter,  Chester,  Leicester,  Rutland,  Cam- 
bridge,! Huntingdon,  Norfolk,  Suffolk,  and  Essex ;  with 
ppw^r  to  iconfer  the  honour  of  knighthood,  coin  moneys 
s^i4  ^  print  and. set  forth  such  declarations  as  should  seem 
to  him  expedient;  of  all  which  extfinsive  powers^  though 
j^reely  conferred,  aqd  without  reserve,  bis  lordship  made  a 
,\^ty  sparing  use.  But  with  respect  to  the  more  material 
.point  of  raising  men,  his  lordship  prosecuted  it  with^  sucil 
diligence,  that  in  less  than  three  months  he  had  an  .army 
of  eight  thousand  horse,  foot,  and  dragoons,  with  which 
be  marched  directly  into  Yorkshire ;  and  bi§  fpr^es  having 
defeated  the  enemy  at  Pierce-bridge,  his  lordship  advancea 
to  York,  where  sir  Thomas  Olenham,  the  governor,  pre- 
sented him  with  the  keys,  and  the  earl  of  Cumbfrl^^-nd  and 
many  of  the  nobility  resorted  thither  to  compliment  and 
to  assist  his  lordship*  He  did  not  long  remain  there ;  but^ 
having  placed  a  good  garrison  in  the  city,  marched  oa 


4«6  CAVENDISH. 

towards  Tadcaster,  where  the  parliament  forces  were  very 
advantageously  posted.  The  design  which  the  earl  had 
formed,  not  only  for  reducing  that  place,  but  for  making 
the  troops  that  were  there  prisoners,  failed,  through  the 
want  of  diligence  in  some  of  his  ofl&cers  ;  but  notwith- 
istanding  this,  his  lordship  attacked  the  place  so  vigorously, 
4:hat  the  enemy  thought  fit  to  retire,  and  leave  himinpos- 
'session  6f  the  best  part  of  Yorkshire.  This  advantage  he 
improved  to  the  utmost,  by  establishing  garrisons  in  pro- 
per places,  particularly  at  Newark  upon  Trent,  by  which 
the  greatest  part  of  Nottinghamshire,  and  some  part  of 
Lincolnshire,  were  kept  in  obedience.  In  the  beginning 
of  1643,  his  lordship  gave  orders  for  a  great  convoy  of 
ammunition  to  be  removed  from  Newcastle  to  York,  under 
the  escort  of  a  body  of  horse,  commanded  by  lieutenant- 
general  King,  a  Scotch  oflScer,  whom  his  mfijesty  had 
lately  '  created  lord  Ethyn.  The  parliament  forces  at- 
tempted to  intercept  this  convoy  at  Yarum-bridge,  but 
were  beaten  on  the  1st  of  February  with  a  great  loss.  Sobn 
after  this,  her  majesty  landing  at  Burlington,  the  earl  drew 
his  forces  that  way  to  cover  her  journey  to  York,  where 
she  safely  arrived  on  the  7th  of  March,  and  having  pressing 
occasions  for  money,  his  lordship  presented  her  with  three 
thousand  pounds,  and  furnished  an  escort  of  fifteen  hun- 
dred men,  under  the  command  of  lord  Percy,  to  conduct 
a  supply  of  arms  and  ammunition  to  the  king  at  Oxford, 
where  he  kept  them  for  his  own  service.  Not  long  afker, 
sir  Hugh  Cholmondley  and  captain  Brown  Bushel  were 
prevailed  upon  to  return  to  their  duty,  and  give  tip  the 
importai^t  port  and  castle  of  Scarborough.  This  was  fol- 
lowed by  the  routing  Ferdinando  lord  Fairfax  on  Seaci'oft, 
or  as  some  call  it  Bramham-moor,  by  lord  George  Goring, 
then  general  of  the  horse  under  the  earl,  when  about  eight 
hundred  of  the  enemy  were  taken  prisoners;  and  this  again 
toade  wdy  for  another  victory  gained  on  Tankersly-moor. 
In  th^  month  of  April,  'the  earl  tnarched  fo  reduce  Rother- 
ham,  which  he  took  by  storm,  and  soon  after  SheflSekl; 
but  in  the  mean  time,  lord  Goring  and  sir  Francis  Mack- 
worth  were  surprised,  on  the  21st  of  May,  at  Wakefield, . 
where  the  former  and  most  of  his  men  were  made  prisoners, 
'which  was  a  great  prejudice  to  the  service.  In  the  same 
month  her  majesty  went  from  York  to  Pomfret  under  the 
Escort  of  the  earPs  forces;  and  from  thence  she  continued 
faer  journey  to  Oxford,  with  a  body  of  seven  tbotrsafid 


CAVENDISH.  4ST 

horse,  foot,  and  dragooni^^  detaehed  for  that  den^ice  by 
the  earl ;  and  those  forces,  likewise,  the  king  kept  about 
him.  In  the  month  of  June  the  earl  reduced  Howly-house 
by  storm ;  and  on  the  30th  gained  a  complete  victory  over 
Ferdinando  lord  Fairfax,  though  much  superior  to  him  ia 
numbers,  on  Adderton- heath,  near  Bradford,  where  the 
enemy  had"  seven  hundred  men  killed^  and  three  thousand 
taken  prisoners ;  and  on  the  2d  of  July  following  Bradford 
surrendered.  The  earl  advanced  next  into  Lincolnshire, 
where  he  took  Gainsbo]^ugh  and  Lincoln  ;  bui  was  then 
recalled  by  the  pressing  solicitations  of  the  gentlemen  of 
Yorkshire  into  that  country,  where  Beverley  surrendered 
to  him  on  the  28th  of  August,  and  in  the  next  month,  his 
lordship  was  prevailed  on  to  besiege  Hull,  the  only  place 
of  consequence  then  held  for  the  parliament  in  those  parts; 
Notwithstanding  these  important  successes  obtained  by  an 
army  raised,  and  in  a  grfeat  measure  kept  up  by  his  lord- 
sbip^s  personal  influence  and  expence,  there  have  not 
been  wanting  censures  upon  his  conduct ;  of  which,  how« 
ever,  his  n^ajesty  had  so  jjast  a  sense,  that  by  letters-patent 
dated  the  27th  of  October,  he  advanced  him  to  the  dignity 
of  marquis  of  Newcastle;  and  in  the  preamble  of  hit 
patent  all  his  services  are  ttientioned  with  suitable  enco** 
mlums.  That  winter  the  earl  marched  into  Derbyshire, 
and  from  thence?  to  his  own  house  at  Welbeck  in  Notting- 
hamshire, where  he  received  the  qews  of  the  Scots  intend- 
ing to  enter  England,  which  brought  him  back  into  York- 
shire, from  whence  he  sent  sir  Thomas  Glenham  to  New* 
castle,  and  himself  for  some  time  successfully  opposed  the 
Scots  in  the  bi^shopric  of  Durham  :  buit,  the  forces  he  left 
behind  under  the  command  bf  lord  Bellasis  at  Selby 
being  routed,  the  marquis  found  him^lf  obliged  to  retire, 
in  order,  if  possible,  to  preserve  York  ;  and  this  he  did 
with  so  much  military  ptudencfcl,  that  <  he  arrived  there 
safely  ki  the  Aionth  of  April  1644j  and  retaining  his  infantry 
and  artillery  in  that  city,  sent  his  horse  to  quarter  in  Der- 
byifbire,  Nottingbam^^iire,  and  Leicestershire,  for  the  sake 
of  subsistence.  The  city  was  very  soon  blocked  up  by 
three  armies,  who  quickly  commence.d  a  regular  siege,  and 
were  once  very  near  taking  the  place  by  storm;  and  at 
Jiast,  having  Isrin  before  it  three  months,  brought  the  gar- 
rison into  great  distress  for  want  of  provision ;  and  if  the 
marquis  had  not  very  early  had  recourse  to  a  short  allow- 
aace,  bitd  inlaUibly  reduced  it  by  famine.    For  though  sir 


4d8  CAVENDISH. 

Charles  Lucas,  who  commanded  the  marqois^s  horse,  im- 
portuned the  king  for  relief,  yet  it  was  th^  latter  end  of 
June  before  his  majesty  could  send  a  sufficient  body,  un* 
der  the  command  of  prince  Rupert,  to  join  sir  Charles 
Liicas,  and  attempt  the  forcing  the  enemy  to  raise  the 
siege ;  which,  however,  upon  their  approach,  they  did, 
remaining  en  the  west  side  of  the  Owse  with  all  their 
forces,  while  the  king's  army  advanced  on  the  east  side  of 
the  same  river.  By  this  quick  and  vigorous*  march,  prince 
Rupert  had  done  his  business  ;  but.  as  is  very  well  observed 
by  a  most  judicious  historian  of  these  times,  he  would 
needs  overdo  it ;  and  not  content  with  the  honour  of  raising 
the  siege  of  York  by  a  confederate  army  much  superior  ta 
his  own,  he  was  bent  upon  having  the  honour  to  beat  that 
army  also  ;  and  this  brought  on  the  fatal  battle  of  Hessom, 
or,  as  it  is  more  generally  called,'  Marston-moor,  which 
was  fought  July  2,  1644,  against  the  consent  of  the  mar- 
quis of  Newcastle,  who,  seeing  the  king's  affairs  totally 
undone  thereby,  made  the  best  of  his  way  to  Scarborough, 
and  from  thence,  with  a  few  of  the  principal  officers  of  \x\^' 
army,  took  shipping  for  Hamburgh.  After  staying  about 
six  months  at  Hamburgh,  he  went  by  sea  to  Amsterdam, 
and  from  thence  made  a  journey  to  Paris,  where  be  con- 
tinued for  some  time ;  and  where,  notwithstanding  the  vast 
estate  he  had  when  the  civil  war  broke  out,  his  circum- 
stances were  now  so  bad,  tliat  himself  and  his  young  wife 
were  reduced  to  the  pawning  their  cloaths  for  a  dinner. 
He  removed  afterwards  to  Antwerp,  that  he  might  be  nearer 
his  own  country  ;  and  there,  though  under  very  great  dif- 
ficulties, he  resided  for  several  years  ;  while  the  parlia- 
ment in  the  mean  time  levied  prodigious  sums  upon  his 
estate,  insomuch  that  the  computation  of  what  he  lost  by 
the  disorders  of  those  times,  though  none  of  the  particulars 
can  be  disproved,  amount  in  the  whole  to  a  sum  that  \% 
almost  incredible.  It  has  been  computed  at  733,579/.  Ali 
these  hardships  and  misfortunejs  never  broke  his  spirit  in 
the  least,  which  his  biographer  somewhat  f<|ndly  says  was 
chiefly  owing  to  his  great  foresight ;  for  as  he  plainly  per- 
ceived after  the  battle  of  Marston-moor,  that  the  affairs  of 
Charles  I.  were  irrecoverably  undone,  so  he  discerned* 
through  the  thickest  clouds  of  Charles  lid's  adversity,  that 
be  would  be  infallibly  restored :  and  as  he  had  predicted 
the  civil  war  to  the  father  before  it  began,  so  he  gave  the 
strongest  assurance  to  the  son  of  his  being  called  home. 


CAVENDISH. 


489 


by  addressing  to  him  a  treatise  upon  Grovernment  and  the 
Interests  of  Great  Britain  with  respect  to  the  other  ppwers 
of  Europe;  which  he  wrote  at  a  time  when  the  hopes  of 
those  about  hi$  majesty  scarcely  rose  so  high  as  the  mar« 
quis^s  expectations.  During  this  long  exile  of  eighteen 
years,  in  which,  he  suffered  so  many  and  so  great  hardships, 
this  worthy  nobleman  wanted  not  some  consolations  that 
i«ere  particularly  suph  to  one  of  bis  high  and  generous 
spirit.  He  was,  notwithstanding  his  low  and  distressed 
circumstances,  treated  ^ith  the  highest  respect,  and  with 
the  most  extraordinary^  marks  of  distinction,  by  the  pet^ 
sons  entrusted  with  the  government  of  the  countries  wher^ 
he  resided.  He  received  the  high  compliment  of  having 
the  keys  of  the  cities  he  passed  through  in  the  Spanish  do- 
minions offered  him :  he  was  visited  by  don  John  of  Aus- 
tria, and  by  several  princes  of  Germany.  But  what  com* 
forted  him  most  was  the  company  very  frequently  of  his 
royal  master,  who,  in  the  midst  of  his  sufferings,  bestowed 
upon  him  the  most  noble  order  of  the  garter.  On  his 
return  to  England  at  the  restoration,  he  was  received  with 
all  the  respect  due  to  his  unshaken  fidelity  and  important 
services ;  was  constituted  chief  justice  in  Eyre  of  the  coun- 
ties north  of  Trent,  and,  by  letters* patent  dated  the  16th. 
of  March  1664,  was  advanced  to  the  dignity  of  earl  of 
Ogle,  and  duke  of  Newcastle.  He  spent  the  remainder  of 
his  life,  for  the  most  part,  in  a  country  retirement,  and  in 
reading  and  writing,  in  which  he  took  singular  pleasure. 
He  also  employed  a  great  part  of  his  time  in  repairiog  the^ 
injuries  which  his  fortune  had  received,  and  at  length  de-, 
parted  this  life 'December  25,  1676,  in  the  eighty-fourth 
year  of  his  age.  /His  grace  was  twice  married,  but  had. 
i^ue  only  by  his  first  lady.  His  body  lies  interred,  with 
that  of  his  duchess,  under  a  most  noble  monument  at  the 
entrance  into  Westminster ^abbey,  with  an  inscription  suit-. 
able  to  his  merits.  His  titles  descended  to  his  son  Henry^ 
earl  of  Ogle,  who  was  the  last  heir  male  of  this  family, 
SjXkd  died  July  26,  1691,  in. whom  the  title  of  Newcastle^ 
in  the  line  of  Cavendish,  became  extinguished,  but  his 
daughters  married  into  some  of  the  noblest  families  of  this 
kingdom. 

Dr.  Kippis,  in  the  last  edition  of  the  Biographia  Britau- 
nica,  observes,  that  the  Life  of  the  duke  of  Newcastle^ 
written  for  the  first  edition  by  Dr.  Campbell,  is  '^  one  of 
the  articles  in  which  that  biographer  has  carried  his  praises 


4#0  CAVENDI3H: 

to  the  litmost  beight  of  which  they  were  capable  of  being 
raised,^'  and  therefore  agrees  with  Mr.  Walpole  (lord  Or*- 
ford)  that  *^  the  ample  encomiums  would  epdure  some 
abatement.'*     Dr.  Campbell  on  spme  occasions  certaiiily 
carried  bis  praises  too  far^  but,  as  we  have  confined  oor*- 
selves  cbiefly  to  the  facts  in  the  duke's  life,  we  have  no 
apology  to  make  for  what  we  have  not  inserted.    If,  however, 
we  have  shunned  Dr.  Campbell's  error,  we  have  Httle  hesiUu 
tion  in  saying  that  we  should  admit  of  one  more  absurd,  were 
we  to  :eopy  those  ^^  abatements"  which  Dtr.  Kippis  has 
brought  together  from  such  writ  A-s  as  Ic^d  Orford  ^,  and 
Messrs.  Hmne  and  Granger.     In  themselves  they  amount 
to  little  more  than  that  general  charge  of  imprudence  which 
it  is  ^asy  to  advance  against  an  unsuccessful  commander, 
afid  most  easy  fdr  those  who  living  at  a  distance  fr^m  the 
time  cannot  be  supposed  much  acquainted  with  the  real 
truth*     But  the  character  lord  Clarendon  has  given  of  tite 
duke,  which  lord  Ocford  admits  to  be .  ^^  one  of  the  lioble 
histoirian's  finest  portraits,"  and  which  has  been  sbice  can« 
firmed  by  the  opposite  party  in   the  recently-published 
^  Memoirs  of  CoL  Hutchinson,"  is  a  far  better^  foundation 
on  which  to  rest  our  opinion.     The  duke  was  not  without 
his  failings ;  his  character  has  a  greater  portion  of  the  ro- 
mantic in  it  than  is  agreeable  to  the  sobriety  of  mind  which 
now  prevails,  but  still  it  cannot  be  denied  that  his  Quix-^ 
otism,  if  we  roust  use   such  an  expression,  was  demon* 
strated  in  a  series  of  persevering  acts  of  bravery  and  mu^ 
nificence,  of  which  we  have  few  examines  on  record. 

Of  his  grace^s  literary  labours,  it  is  less  possible  to  en« 
tertain  a  high  dpinion.  Except  the  fiist  article  we  shall 
mention,  they  may  be  passed  over  with  very  slight  notice 
as  the  arousementd  of  a  nobleman,  who,  with  a  strong  at^ 
tachmefit  to  poetry  and  the  polite  arts,  was  not  qualified 
to. advance  either,  unless  bj  bis  patronage.  It  has  been 
remarked  by  Granger,  with  a  sheer  borrowed  from  Straw- 
berry^hill,  that  *^  the  dtike  of  Newcastle  wa»  so  attached 
to  tbe  rouses,  that  be  could  not  leave  them  behind  hioi^ 
but  carried  them  Ux  tbe  camp,  and  made  Davenant,  the 
poet<laureat,  bis  lieotenanft-»generalof  the  ordnance."  Why 
did  be  not  add,  that  his  scout-master-general  was  a  clergy^ 

*  *'  Nobody  but  lord  Orford,"  says  ford  had  a  tendency  to  depreciate  the 

sir  SgertoD  Bry'dges,  '*  who  couTd  de-  loyalists,  and  to  eitalt  ttte  j^rtiaMen- 

crf  sir  P.  Sidney,  itonld  bar*  t#ad^wed  tar)aiii.''--^PariL't  Orlbrd.    Tfaiv  « tea- 

a  nan  possessed  of  somaAy  qiialiliea  dcfMy,"  iadcedt   in  iomft  aabsaquerit 


to  engage  the  esteemi  of  manlcind  t»    ■  biographers   will   eaaity  acooant   for 
the  dalLe  of  Newcastle;  bat  lord  Or-     their  treatmeBtof  tiinilar  charactacr. 


CAVENDISH.  491 

man,  the  rev.  Mr.  Hudson,  and  that  the  celebrated  Chil- 
lingworth  served  in  the  engineers  ?  The  fact  was,  that 
at'ter  Davenant,  at  the  risk  of  his  life,  returned  to  England 
to  devote  himself  to  the  king's  service,  the  duke  did  pro- 
mote him  to  the  above  office,  and  bis  majesty  bestowed  the 
honoar  of  knighthood  on  him  for  his  able  and  ju  Jicioiis 
condact  at  the  siege  of  Gloucester.  While  the  duke  wai 
permitted  to  devote  his  time,  his  health,  and  his  fortune) 
to  the  royal  cause,  be  never  suffered  his  thoughts  to  stray 
litr  from  his  employment.  It  was  in  his  exile,  that  being 
extremely  fond  of  the^  breaking  and  managing  horses^ 
which  is  now  almost  entirely  left  to  grooms  and  jockies,  h^ 
thought  fit  to  publish  his  sentiments  on  those  subjects  in^^ 
work  we  are  about  to  notice,  and  which  is  still  held  in 
high  esteem.  He  also,  for  the  amusement  of  his  leisurd 
hours,  applied  himself  to  dramatic  poetry,  the  produce  of 
which,  says  Mr.  Reed,  cannot  but  give  us  a  strong  idea  of 
his  fortitude  and  cheerfulness  of  temper,  even  tinder  the 
greatest  difficulties,  since,  though  written  during  his  ba- 
nishment, and  in  the  midst  of  depression  and  poverty,  all 
Che  pieces  he  has  left  us  in  that  way  of  writing  are  of  the 
comic  kind. 

His  grace's  works  are,  1.  **  La  methode  nouvelle  de 
dresser  les  Chevaux,'*  &c.  Antwerp,  1658,  fol.  It  was 
first  written  in  English,  and  translated  into  French  by  a 
Walloon,  2  "  Anew  method  and  extraordinary  inrention 
to  dress  Horses,  and  work  them  according  to  nature ;  as 
also  to  perfect  nat%ire  by  the  subtlety  of  art,"  Lond.  1667, 
foL  This,  the  author  informs  the  reader,  is  ^*  neither  a 
translation  of  the  first,  nor  an  absolute  necessary  addition 
to  it ;  and  may  be  of  use  without  the  other,  as  the  other 
bath  been  hitherto,  and  still  is>  without  this  :  but  both  to-^ 
gether  will,  questionless,  do  best."  His  other  works  are 
plays,  1.  ^*  The  Exile."  2.  «  The  Country  Captain,"  Ant- 
werp, 1649.  3.  "  Variety,"  1649,  12mo.  4.  '*  The  Hu- 
mourous Lovers,"  1677,  4to.  5.  "The  Triumphant  Wi- 
dow," 1677,  4to.  These  are  all  comedies,  bu^  in  the 
Biog.  Dramatica  it  is  doubted  whether  the  first  exists.  His 
poems  are  Scattered  among  those  of  his  duchess,  in  whose 
plays  too  he  wrote  many  scenes ;  and  a  few  prose  articles 
are  noticed  by  Mr.  Park,  in  his  excellent  edition  of  the 
**  Royal  and  Noble  Authors."  V 

>  Biof .'  Brit— Cibbci^  Lives.  -^Winstanlcjr,  Jaoth,  and  Biog.  Drtmatica.-*- 
Park'frOrfofdf  VoL  Ili.'—* Life,  by  his  DuoheiSi  fol.— Malone*s  Dryden,  toI.  II. 
p.  334. 


492  CAVENDISH. 

CAVENDISH  (Margaret),  duchess  of  Newcastle,  and 
second  wife  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  St.  John*s,  near 
Colchester  in  Essex,  about  the  latter  end  of  the  reign  of 
James  I.  Her  father,  of  whom  she  was  the  youngest 
daughter,  was  sir  Charles  Lucas,  a  gentleman  of  a  very 
ancient  ^and  honourable  family,  and  who  was  himself  a  man 
of  great  spirit  and  fortune.  Dying  young,  be  left  the  care 
of  his  children  to  his  widow^  a  lady  of  exquisite  beauty 
and  admirable  accomplisbuxents,  who  took  upon  herself  the 
education  of  her  daughters,  and  instructed  them  in  needle'^ 
work,  dancing,  music,  the  French  toii^ue,  and  other  things 
that  were  proper  for  women  of  fashion.  As,  however,  she 
bad  from  her  infancy  an  inclination  for  literature,  and 
spent  much  of.  her  time  in  study  and.  writing,  her  bio^ 
graphers  have  lamented  that  she  had  not  the  advantage  of 
an  acquaintance  with  the  learned  languages,  which  might 
have  improved  her  judgment,  and  have  been  of  infinite 
servipe  to  her  in  the  numerous  productions  of  her  pen.  In 
1643  she  obtained  permission  from  her.  mother  to  go  to 
Oxford,  where  the  court  then  resided,  and  where  she  could 
not  fail  of  meeting  with  a  favourable  reception,  on  account 
of  the  distinguished  loyalty  of  her  family,  as  well  as  of  her 
own  accomplishments.  Accordingly,  she  was  appointed 
one  of  the  maids  of  honour  to  Henrietta  Maria,  the  royal 
consort  of  Charles  I.;  and  in  that  capacity  accompanied 
her  majesty  to  France,  when  the  queen  was  obliged  by  the 
civil  war  to  quit  England.  At  Paris  Miss  Lucas  first  saw 
the  marquis  of  Newcastle,  then  a  widower,  who  admiriogi 
her  person,  disposition,  and  ingenuity,  was  married  to  her 
at  that  place,  in  1645.  The  marquis  had  heard  of  lb« 
lady's  character  before  he  met  with  her  in  France ;  for 
having  been  a  friend  and  patron  of  her  gallant  brother 
Jord  Lucas,  he  took  occasion  one  day  to  ask  his  lordship  in 
what  respect  he  could  promote  his.  interest.  To  this  his 
]ordship  replied,  that  he  was  not  solicitous  about  his  own 
affairs,  as  being  prepared  to  suffer  either  exile  or  death  in 
the  royal  cause;  but  that  he  was  chiefly  concerned  f6r  his- 
sister^  on  whom  he  could  bestow  no  fortune,  and  wbo^e 
beauty  exposed  her  to  danger.  At  the  same  time,  he  re^ 
presented  her  other  amiable  qualitieti  in  so.  striking  a  lights 
as  raised  the  marquis's  curiosity  to  see  her:  After  theti 
marriage,  the  marquis  and  marchioness  of  Newcastle  weitt 
from  Paris  to  Rotterdani,  where  they  resided  six  months, 
and  from  that  to  Antwerp,  which  they  fixed  upon  us  th» 


CAVENDISH.  493 

place  of  their  residence  during  the  time  of  their  exile.  In 
this  city  they  enjoyed  as  quiet  and  pleasant  a  retirement  as 
their  ruined  fortunes  would  permit.  Though  the  marquis 
had  much  respect  paid  him  by  all  men,  as  well  foreigners 
as  those  of  his  own  country,  he  principally  confined  himself 
to  the  society  of  his  lady,  who,  both  by  her  writings  and 
her  conversation,  proved  a  most  agreeable  companion  to 
him  during  his  melancholy  recess.  The  exigency  of  their 
sffairs  obliged  the  marchioness  once  to. come  over  to  Eng- 
land. Her  view  was  to  obtain  some  of  the  marquises  rents^ 
in  order  to  supply  their  pressing  necessities,  and  pay  the 
debts  they  had  contracted ;  but  she  could  not  procure  a 
grant  from  the  rulers  of  those  times,  to  receive  one  penny 
out  of  her  noble  husband*s  vast  inheritance :  and  had  it 
not  been  for  the  seasonable  generosity  of  sir  Charles  Ca- 
vendish,  she  and  her  lord  nlust  have  been  exposed  to  ex- 
treme poverty.  At  length,  however,  having  obtained  a 
considerable  sum  from  her  own  and  the  marquis's  relations, 
she  returned  to  Antwerp,  wheire  she  continued  with  him 
till  the  restoration,  and  employed  herself  in  writing  severa\ 
of  her  works. 

When,  upon  the  restoration,  the  marquis  of  Newcastle 
came  back  to  his  native  country,  he  left  his  lady  some  little 
time  abroad,  to  dispatch  his  affairs  there,  after  which  she 
followed  her  consort  to  England.     The  remaining  part  of 
her  life  was  principally  employed  in  composing  ana  writing 
letters,  plays,  poepas,  philosophical  discourses,  and  orations. 
It  is  said,  that  she  was  of  a  very  generous  turn  of  mind, 
and  kept  a  number  of  young  ladies  about  her  person,  who 
-  occasionally  wrote  what  she  dictated.     Some  of  them  slept 
in  a  room  contiguous  to  that  in  which  her  grace  lay,  that 
they  might  be  ready  at  the  call  of  her  bell  to  rise  at  any 
hour  of  the  night,  to  take  down  her  conceptions,  lest  they 
should  escape  her  memory.    The  task  of  these  young  la- 
dies was  not  very  pleasant ;  and   there  can  be  no  doubt 
but  that  they  frequently  wished  that  their  lady's  poetical 
and  philosophical  imagination  had  been  less  fruitful ;  espe- 
cially as  she  was  not  destitute  of  some  degree  of  peevish- 
ness.    If  the  duchess's  merit  as  an  author  were  to  be  esti- 
mated from  the  qiuintity  of  her  works,  she  would  have  the 
precedence  of  all  female  writers  ancient  or  modern,  for 
she  produced  no  less  than  thirteen  folios,  ten  of  which  ar^ 
in  print.     The  life  of  the  duke  her  husband,  is  the  most 
estimable  of   her    productions;    although  it  abounds  in 


494  C  A  V  EN  DISH. 

trifling circitmistaDces.  The  touches  on  her  own  character  are 
curious  :  she  says,  ^^  That  it  pleased  God  to  command  his 
servant  Nature  to  tjidtce  her  with  a  poetical  and  philoso- 
phical genius  even  from  her  birth,  for  she  did  write  some 
books  even  in  that  kind  before  she  was  twelve  years  of  age.'* 
But  though  she  had  written  philosophy,  it  seems  she  had 
read  none;  for  at  nearly  forty  years  of  age,  she  informs  us 
that  she  applied  to  the  perusal  of  philosophical  authors — 
"  in  order  to  learn  the  terms  of  art."  But  what  gives  one, 
continues  Mr.  Walpole,  the  best  idea  of  her  unbounded 
passion  for  scribbling,  was  her  seldom  revising  the  copies 
of  her  works,  ^Mest  it  should  disturb  her  following  con- 
ceptions.** 

But  though  the  duchesses  literary  character  and  works 
are  now  treated  with  general  disregard,  this  was  by  no 
means  the  case  during  her  ovi^n  life.  The  most  extravagant 
compliments  were  paid  her  not  only  by  persons  whose  ap« 
plauses  might  be  deemed  of  little  estimation,  but  by  learned 
bodies,  and  by  men  of  great  eminence  in  literature.  They 
were  probably  dazzled,  and  almost  blinded  by  tlie  high 
rank  and  solemn  pomp  of  the  duke  and  duchess  of  New- 
castle. Ab$urd»  however,  as  were  her.  grace's  pretensions 
to  philosophical  knowledge,  and.  extravagant  as  are  her 
other  compositions,  it  cannot,  we  apprehend,  be  denied 
that  she  had  considerable  powers  of  imagination  and  in- 
vention f  and  if  her  fancy  had  been  enriched  by  informa- 
tion, restrained  by  judgment,  and  regulated  by  correctness 
of  taste,  $be  might  probably  have  risen  to  considerable 
excellence.  A  very  elegant  writer  in  the  Connoisseur  has 
paid  a  much  higher  compliment  to  her  genius  and  poetical 
merit  than  has  beeii  customary  with  modern  authors,  in- 
sinuating that  even  Milton  might  have  borrowed  from  hen 

The  duchess  of  Newcastle  departed  this  life  at  London, 
in  the  close  of  1673,  and  was  buried  in  Westminster-abbey, 
on  the  7th  of  January,  1673-4*  Her  person  is  reported  to 
have  be^n  very  graceful  With  regard  to  her  character, 
her  temper  was  naturally  reserved ;  so  that  she  seldom 
said  much  in  company,  and  especially  among  strangers. 
In  her  studies,  contemplations,  and  writings;  she  was  most 
indefatigable.  She  was  truly  pious,  charitable,  and  gene- 
rous ;  very  kind  to  her  servants ;  an  excellent  oaconomist  j 
and  a  complete  pattern  of  conjugal  affection  and. duty.  It 
hath  been  thought  surprising,  ttiat  she  who  devoted  h^r 
time  so  greatly  to  writings  could  acquit  herself,  with  $o 


CAVENDISH.  «5 

fsxuch  propriety  in  ^be  several   dutjea   and  relations*  of 
life. 

Mr.  Jpnathan  Ricbardson,  oa  tbe  authority  of  a  Mr. 
Fellows,  relates  that  the  dukq  of  Newcastle  being  once 
complimented  by  a  friend  on  the  great  wisdom  of  bis  wife, 
answered,  "  Sir,  a  very  wise  woman  is  a  very  foolish  thing.'* 
Tbe  known  attachment  of  his  grace  to  the  duchess,  the 
high  compliments  he  paid  her,  and  tbe  assistance  be  gave 
her  in  her  works,  detract  from  tbe  credit  of  this  story.  If 
there  be  any  truth  in  it,  the  duke's  reply  might  be  uttered 
in  a  fit  of  iiUhumour,  or  in  one  of  those  capricious  starts 
of  temper  to  which  most  characters  are  occa3iQnaUy  sub* 
ject.  In  general,  it  is  certain,  that  no  couple  CQuld  live 
more  happily,  or  diverted  their  hours  more  harmlessly, 
while  their  serious  employment  was  to  recover  the  wreck 
of  their  fortunes.  Lord  Orford's  character  of  this  lady, 
part  of  which  is  given  above,  is.  voore  tolerable  than  that  of 
her  husband.  It  is  certain,  a^  his  ingenious  contibuator 
remarks,  that  ^^her  grace's  literary  labours  have  di*awn 
dow^  less  applai^e  than  her  domestic  virtues."  And  when 
she  says  in  one  of  her  letters,  "  Yqu  will  find  my  works 
like  infinite  nature,  thiat  hath  neither  beginning  nor  end, 
and  as  confused  i^s  the  cha^os  wherein  is,  neither  method  nor 
order,  but  all  mixed'  together  without  separation,  like 
evening-light  and  darkness,''  we  m.U3t  allow  that  she  has 
characterised  them  with  great  justice. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  her  wprka,  almost  all  of  which 
are  qow  v^ry  scarc0,  and  in  considerable  demand  by  the 
collectors  of  literary  cujciosities :  1.  •^  The  World^s  Olio," 
Lond.  1655,  folio.  2.  "Nature  Piqtujre,  djrawa  by 
fancy's  pencil  to  tbe  life.  In  this  volume  there  ar^  seve- 
ral feigned  stpri^s  of  p^tujral  de^criptipns,  aa  comical^ 
tragical,  and  tragicomvcal»  po^tical^  romancicaly  pbiloso*^ 
pbical,.  and  historical,  b<)th  in  prose  and  versoy  some  aU 
versi^,  some  all  prose,  some  mijrl;,  partly  prose  aod  partly 
verse.  Also;  there  ai^e  some,  oaorals,  aud  some  dialogues  ; 
but^  they  are  as  the  advant^age  Ipaf  of  bread  to  the  baker^s 
dozepn  and  a  true  story  at  the  latter  end,  wherein  there  is 
no  feigning,"  London,  1656,  folio.  To  this  book  was  pse-* 
fixed  a  curious  print  of  the  d>ike  and.  duchess  sitting  at  a 
table  with  their  children,,  towboo^  tbe  duchesa  isteUiag 
stories ;  and  at  tbe  end  is  a  very  curious  account  of  her 
birth,  education,  and  life ;  the  same,  if  we  mistake^  not^ 
which  sir  William  Musgrave  transcribed  into  his  copy  of  the 


496  CAVENDISH. 

life  of  the  duke,  now  in  the  British  Museum^  and  from 
which  Mr.  Park  has  given  an  extract.  3.  "  Orations  of 
divers  sorts,  accommodated  to  divers  places/'  Lond.  16i52, 
fol.  4.  "  Plays,*'  L^nd.  1662.  '  5.  <*  Philosophical  and 
Physical  Opinions,"  Lond.  1663,  fol.  6.  "Observations 
upon  Eicperimental  Philosophy :  to  which  is  added,  the 
DescriptioKi  of  a  new  World,"  Lond.  1666,  fol.  Mr.  James 
Bristow  began  to  translate  some  of  these  philosophical  dis- 
courses into  the  Latiii  tongu^^  but  fomid  it  impossible;  to 
understand  them.  7.'  "  Philosophical  Letters  or  Modest 
Reflections  upon  some  opinions  in  Natural  Philosophy^ 
maintained  by  setr^ral  famous  and  learned  authors  of  tliis 
age,  expressed  by  way  of  letters,"  Lond.  1664,  fol.  8. 
"  Poenas  and  Phancies,"  Lond.  1653,  and  1664,  fol.  9. 
"CCXI  Sociable  Lettew,"  1-ond.  1664,  fol.  10.  "The 
Life  of  the  thrice  noble,  high,  and  puissant  Prince  WiU 
liam  Caveaidishe,  duke,  n^arquiss,  and  earl  of  Newcastle, 
&c."  Lond.  16&7,  fol.  This  work  (which  Mr.  Langbaine 
styles  the  crown  of  her  labours)  was  translated  into  Latih, 
and  printed  with  the  following  title:  "  De  Vita  &' rebus 
gestis  Dobitissimi  iilustrissiDQiique  Principis  Gulielmi,  Btf'^ 
cift  Novo- Cast rensisy  commentarii  :  Ab  exceltentisslma 
prioctpe  Margareta,  ipsius  Uxore  sanctissima  conscript^, 
et  ex  Anglico  in  Latimibi:  conversi,^'  Lond.  1668,  folio. 
11.  "  Plays,  never  before  printed,"  Lond.  1668.  To  one 
of  th/pse>piays  are  idded  twenty*onme  sup^numerary  scenes, 
and  in  aaothfer,  entitled  ^^  The^tmnatiiraL  Tragedy,*'  is  a 
whole*  scene  wriftten  against  Camden's^  Britannia  !*  l^ree 
more  volumes  in  folio',  of  her  poems,  are  preserved  in  lai^w 
nuscript)  which  Ctt)ber  says  were  once  in  the  possesi^on  of 
Mr.  Thomas  Richardson  and  bishop  Willis.  In'l67i6'^'a 
folio  volume  was  printed  containing  '*  letters  and  poems  in 
honour  of  the  incofiaparable  princess  Maurgaret  4>^fa^sx>f 
Newcastle,''  These,  says  Mr.  Park,  consist  of  such  in- 
flated eulogies  on  ber;  grace's  parts,  from  the  rector  mst^ 
nifictts  of  Xeyden,'  andthe  academical  caput  of  Cambridge, 
to  the  pufis  of  Tom  Shad  well,  that  ii;  mast  have'  been 
enough  to  turn  any  < brain  previously  diseased  with  a; 
cacojsihes  scr^endh  ^ 

CAVENDISH  (Hou.  H&Nry),  son  of  lord  Charies  Ca* 
yendidi  (who  was  brother  to  the  third  duke  of  Devonsbive)^ 

1  Bio^.  Brit— Gibber's  Live»<r*Park'8  Orford.-^NichoU'8  Poenis«<— Cq^pk^ 
tevr.  No.  69.*^Bu>g.  Drftm.' 


CAVENDISH.  497 

I 

wid  the  lady  Anne  Grey,  third  daughter  of  Hemy  duke  of 
Keoti  was  born  at  Nice,  whither  bi»  mother  bad  gone  for 
her  healthy  on  Oct.  10,  1731,  and  after  aneducatk>n  befit* 
ting  his  rank,  partly  at  NewcombeV  school  at  Hackney^ 
and  partly  at  Cambridge,  devoted  his  life  to  scientific  pur- 
suits, and  became  one  of  the  most  eminent  chemists  and 
natural  philosophers  of  the  age.     He  had  studied  and  ren* 
dered  lumself  particularly  conversant  with  every  part  of 
sir  Isaac  Newton's  philosophy,  the  principh*is  of  which  he 
applied  near  forty  years  ago  to  an  inve^igation  of  the  laws 
on  which  the  phenomena  of  electiricity  depend.     Pursuing 
the  same  science  on  the  occasion  of  Mr.  Walsh's  experi^- 
ments  with  the  torpedo,  he  gave  a  satisfactory  esplanation 
i)f  th^  remarkable  powers  of  the  electrical  fishes^ ;  pointing 
out  that  distinction  between  common  and  animal  electricity, 
which  has  since  been  amply  confirmed  by  the  discoveries 
in  galvanism.     Having  turned  his  attention  very  early  to 
pneumatic  chemistry,  he  ascertained,  in  1760,  the  extreme 
levity  of  inflammable  airj  now  called  hydrogen  gas.     On 
this  discovery  many  curious  experiments,  and  particularly 
that  of  aerial  navigation,  have  becm  founded,   sin  the  same 
paths  of  science,  be  made  tbe  important  discovery  of  the 
composition  of  water  by  union  of  two  airs  y  and  that  laid 
tbe  foundation  of  the  modem  system  of  chemistry^  which 
rests  principally  on  this  fact,  and  that  of  the  decomposition 
of  water,  announced  soon  afterwards  by  Mons.  Lavoisier. 

So  many  and  such  great  discoveries,  spread  his  fame 
tfaroi^bout  Europe,  and  he  was  universally  con^dered  99- 
on0  of  tbe  first  philosophers  of  his  age.     He  combined,  in 
th^  highest  degree,  a  depth  and  extent  of  n^atfaematical 
knowledge,  with  delicacy  and  precision  in  the  methods  of 
experimental  research.     It  imght  be  said  of  him,  what 
perhaps  could  iiardly  be  said  of  any  other  person,  that 
whatever  he  has  done,  has  been  p>erfect  at  the  moment  of 
its  production.     His  processes  were  all  of  a  finistied  na* 
ture  ;  executed  by  the  band  of  a  master,  they  required  no 
correction ;  and  though  many  of  them  were  performed  in 
the  very  infancy  of  chemical  philosophy,  yet  their  accu- 
racy and   beanty  have  remained   unimpaired  amidst  the 
progress  of  discovery;  and  their  merits  have  been  iilus- 
trated   by  discussion,    and  exalted  by  time.     His  grand' 
stimulus  was  evidently  the  love  of  truth  and  knowledge.  Un-. 
ambitious,  unassuming,  it  was  oft^n  with  difficulty  that  he  wad 
persuaded  to  bring  forward  his  important  discoveries.     He 
Vol.  VIII,  Kk 


4p8  CAVENDISH. 

disliked  notoriety ;  he  was,  as  it  were,  fearful  of  tbe  voice 
of  fanae.     His  labours  are  recorded  with  the  greatest  mtx^ 
plicity,  and  in  the  fewest  possible  words,  without  parade 
or  apcdogy ;  and  it  seein€»d  as  if  in  publication  he  was  per^ 
forming  not  what  was  a  duty  to  himself,  but  was  a  duty  «e 
the  public.     His  life  was  devoted  to  science,  and  bis  so* 
eial  hours  were  passed  amongst  a  few  of  his  friends,  prili- 
cipally  members  of  the  royid  society.     He  was  reserved 't«^ 
strangers,  but  where  he  was  familiar,  hisconversaHim  wais^ 
lively,  and  full  of  varied  information.     Upon  all  subjecis 
of  science  he  was  luminous  and  pioibtiiid,  and  in  disueu^' 
sion  wonderfully  acute*     Even  to  the  last  week  of  his  life^ 
when  he  was  nearly  seventy* nine,  he  retained  his  activity^ 
of  bodyy  and  all  his  energy  and  sagacity  of  intellect,     Ifi 
t^e  .course  of  his  last  yea«^  he  prepared  and  described  im* 
pcovements  in  the  manner  of  dividing  large  astronomical' 
instrnments,  which  promise  very  great  advantages;  among 
his  latter  labpurS|t  abo^  nay  be'  mentioned  the  niee-  and 
difficult  experiment  by  which  he  determined  the  mean 
di^sity  of  the  earth ;.  an  dement  of  consequence  in  d^«^ 
oaAe  calealations  of  astronomy,  as  well  as  in  geological  in*^ 
quiries^     He  died  at  his  house  at  Chipham  Common,  Feb. 
524,   ISIO,  lea^ng  the  greatest  sum  in  funded  property 
which  any  person  perhaps  ever  possessed,  amounting  to 
one  million^  two  hundred  tlndusaivd  pounds.     This  he  be- 
queathed among  his  noble  relations.     ^^Sinee  thedieatiik 
of  sir  Jsaac  Newton,^'  says  the  eloquent  (Nrofessor  to  whom 
we.oweapai^t  of  this  charterer,  ^' England  baa  sustaindd 
ne  scientific  loss  so  great  as  that  of  Cavendisfa;*'     H4ii-pub« 
lieatioos  i>n  iSubjeets  of  science,  which  are  very  nuaverous^ 
appeared  in  the  Philesophical  Transactions,  from;  ^7^ 
wkencQ  they  have  be^oi  aiuoe  borrowed  Co  illu^mtjeeMrf 
scientifie  work  of  late  yearn. ' 

CAU.LIAC  (Gui  D£},  an. anatomical  author  of  Fraiicef 
was*  born  in  the  beginning  of  the.  fourteenth  centary^^- and 
studied  at  Montpellier  under  Raymond  de  Molterei 
wjas  physician  to  the  popes  Clement.  VI;  and  UrbaaY; 
1363  be  published  a  much  esteemed  body  of  surgery^  imder* 
the  title  of  ^*  Chirurgiss  tractatus  septem  cnmantiddtarii^^^ 
printed  Venet.  1490,  and  often  since ;  and  translated  imd^ 
most  of  the  modern  languages,  and  into  English  in  ISM^*^ 

>  Gent.  Mag.  1810. — Sir  Humphrey  Davy's  eulog^um  on  Mr.  CsTeodishi  'Md* 
*-»For  an  account  of  bis  brother  Frederick^  see  Gent.  Mag.  1812. 


C  A  U  1  I  A  C.  49» 

folv  It  ts  t6  this  physician  we  owe  the  description  of  the 
teriible  plague  which  in  1348  destroyed  a  fourth  of  the' 
binnaa  race.  His  work  display s,  besides,  a  complete 
knowledge  of  the  practice  of  surgery  from  the  earliest 
ttmes,  with  some  judicious  improvements  of  his  own  in*' 
yention.^ 

CAU8SIN  (Nicholas),  a  French  Jesuit,  and  confessor 
to  Lewis  XIIL  was  born  at  Troyes,  inChampagne,  in  1580, 
aadeutened  into  the  order  of  Jesuits  when  be  was  twenty- 
six  yetirs  of  age.  He  tanght  rhetoric  in  several  of  their 
collegels;  and  afterwards  began  to  preach,  by  which  h& 
gained  very  great  reputation,  and  increased  it  not  a  little 
by  his  publications.  At  length  he  was  preferred  to  be  con-« 
fessor  tQ  the  king ;  but,  although  pious  and  conscientious, 
did  not  discharge  this  office  to  the  satisfaction  of  cardinal 
Richelieu^  and  the  cardinal  used  every  effort  to  get  fatnif 
reoMMred.  A  little  before  his  death,  he'  is  said  to  have^ 
AsKjreied  into  the  hands  of  a  friend  some  original  letters ; 
from  short  extracts  of  which,  since  published,  it  appears 
thult  'be' fell  into-dtsgrace  because  he  would  not  rev^&t 
some  things  whicli  he  knew  by  the  king*s  confession  ;  not 
even  take  adviee  of  his  superiors  how  he  was  to  behave 
himself  in  the  direction  of  the  king's  conscience,  when  he 
could  not  do  it  without  breaking  through  the  laws  of  con- 
fession* There  are  also  some  hints  in  the  same  extracts, 
which!  fibeiw  that  he  did  not  approve  Lewis  the  Thirteenth's 
condhict  towards  the  queen  his  mother ;  and  there  is  a  pro- 
bability, that  he  caballed  to  get-Richelieu  removed.  If  we 
may  believe  the  abb6  Sit*i  in  his-  memoirs,  this  Jestiit,  in" 
his  private  conversations  with  the  king,  insisted  upon  thd 
cardinal's  removal,  for  the  four  following  reasons:  1.  Be-' 
cause  Mary  de  Medicis,  the  qiieen^mother,  was  banished. 

2.  Because  he  left  Lewis  only  the  empty  name  of  king. 

3,  Because  he  oppressed  the  nation.  4.  Because  he 
powerfully  assisted  the  Protestants  to  the  prejudice  of  the 
Gatbolic  church.  According  to  this  author,  he  even  en* 
gilded  to  maintain*  these  four  articles  against  the  cardinal 
in  the  king's  presence;  and  he  offered  the  cardini^l's  place 
t6  the  duke  of  Angouldme.  This  pk>t  was  the  occasion 
of  his  disgrace,  according  to  the  abb6  Siri,v  Others  havd 
af  sorted,  that  the  queen-mother  obliged  him  to  leave  Paris, 
to  gratify  cardinal  Mazarine,  whom  he  had  displeased } 


IN 


B  More4--tlalIerBibi:Clmrttry. 
K  K  2 


500  C  A  U  S  S  I  N. 

and  that  his  disgrace  was  occasioned  by  bis  Latin  piece 
concerning  the  kingdom  and  bouse  of  God,  publisb'ed'  in 
1650,  in  which  be  had  freely  spoken  of  tbe  qualities  vyitli 
which  princes  ought  to  be  adorned.  It  is  certain,  however, 
that  he  was  deprived  of  bis  eipployoient,  and  banished  to 
a  city  of  Lower  Britanny.  He  got  leave  to  return  to  Paris 
after  the  cardinal's  death,  and  died  there  in  the  cpnvent  of 
tbe  Jesuits,  July  1651. 

.  None  of  his  works  did  bim  more  honour  in  his  day,  tbsib. 
that  which  he  entitled"  La  cour  sainte/'  or  ^^Tbeholv  court,*' 
a  moral  work,  illustrated  by  stories  well  known  ouce  to  the 
readers  of  old  folios  in  this  country.     It  has  been  ofteo  re- 
printed and  translated  into  Latin,  Italian,  Spanish,  Portu- 
fueze,  German,  and  English.     He  published  several  other 
ooks,  both  in  Latin  and  French;  particularly j  1.  ^^  De  EIo- 
<juentia  sacra  et  humana,*'   1619,  4to,  which  was  several 
times  reprinted.    It  exhibits  nvimerous  examples  of  different 
styles  in  writing.     2.  "  Electorum  Symbolorum  et  Parabola- 
rum  historicarum  Syntagmata,*'  16 1 89  4to.     3.  ^^Plsputei 
sur  les  quatre  livres  des  Rois,   touchant  I'Educatioa  des 
Princes,*'  fol.     4.  "  Tragediae  Sacrae,"   1620.     5.  "Apb- 
logie  pour  les  Religieux  dela  Compagnie  de  Jesus,**  16 44^ 
8vo.     6.  "  La  Vie  neutre  des  Filles  devotes,**  &c.   1644. 
7.  **  Symbolica  i^gyptiorum  Sapientia,"   1647,  4to ;  and 
some  other  works  of  devotion  and  controversy,  of  which 
^is  ^^  Christian  Diary"  was  printed  in  English,  1648,  ,l]^mp» 
There  i^  a  strange  singularity  related  of  father  Cauissin  by 
one  of  his  eulogists,  which  was,  that  he  had  a  very  extra- 
ordinary sympathy  with  tbe  heavens,  especially  with  tbe 
sun,, which  he  called  bis  star  \  and  which  had  very  remark-^ 
able  effects  both  upon  his  body  and  mind,  according  as  it 
was  miore  or  less  distant,  or  as  it  shined  brio-ht  or  was  co- 
yered  with  clouds.     T^e  effects  of  the  sun  upon  him  wer^ 
not  transient,  but  appeared  constantly  by  the  sparklinj^  of 
his  €|yes9  and  the  lively  colour  of  his  fiace,  in  which  there 
was  something  that  ipade  a  very  strong  impression  upou 
Henry  IV.  oi  France.     Caussiu,  when  very  young,  atr- 
tended  father  Gopteri,  a  famous  preacher  of  his  time^  to 
.  court,  and  there  that  Ifing  observed  him  very  attentively* 
He  had  nev^r  seen  him  before,  nor  heard  of  him ;  'but  as 
SQon  as  he  perceived  bim,  he  went  to  him^^  took;  biib  by 
the  hand,  and  treated  him  with  so  much  kindness,  tha^ 
Caussin  was  as  much  ashamed  as  tbe  by-standers'were  as- 
tonished.   But  the  kiQg  saidf  that  be.  ixad  distiaguisbed 


C  A  U  S  S  I  N.  soi 

tiiis  youth  among  the  crowd,  and  expected  that  he  would 
serve  him  and  his  family  very  faithfully.  Then,  turning 
to  father  Gonteri,  he  spoke  with  a  loud  voice,  "  Father, 
you  have  herd  an  attendant,  who,  if  I  am  not  mistaken^ 
will  become  in  time  one  of  the  greatest  ornaments  in  your 
society." ' 

CAWTHORN  (James),    an  English  poet,  the  son  of 
Thomas    Cawthorn,    upholsterer    and    cabinet-maker    in 
Sheffield,  by  Mary,  daughter  of  Mr.  Edward  Laughton,  of 
<Sainsborough,  was  born  at  Sheffield  Nov.  4,   1719.     His 
early  inclination  to  letters,  joined  to  a  sprightly  turn  and 
quick  apprehension,  induced  his  parents  to  send  him  to  the 
grammar-school  of  Sheffield,    ihen  superintended  by  the 
rev.  Mr.  Robinson,     Here  he  made  a  considerable  profi- 
ciency in  classical  learning,  and  became  so  soon  ambitious 
of  literary  fame  as  to  attempt  a  periodical  paper,  entitled 
**  The  Tea  Table/'  but  was  discouraged  by  his  father,  who 
probably  thought  that  he  was  too  young  for  an  observer  of 
men  and  manners,  and  too  ignorant  of  the  world  to  become 
it»  adyiser.     In  1735,  Mr.  Cawthorn  was.  removed  to  the 
grammar-school    at  Kirkby   Lonsdale   in    Westmoreland^^ 
where  he  made  his  first  poetical  attempts,  several  of  which 
are  said  to  be  still  extant  in  his  hand-writing :  three  of 
these  were  admitted  into  the  edition  of  his  works  published 
in  1771  ;  biit  one  of  them  proved  to  be  a  production  of 
Mr.  CbfistQpher  Pitt.     In  1736,  however,  he  published  at 
Sheffield,  a  poem  entitled  "The  Perjured  Lover,"  formed 
on  a  lesser  poem  which  he  wrote  about  that  tiine,  on  the 
popular  story  of  Inkle  and  Yarico.     This  has  been  con- 
signed to  oblivion.     In  the  same  year  he  appears  to  have 
been  employed  as  an  assistant  under  the  rev.  Mr.  Chris- 
tian of  Rotheram.     In, 1758  he  was  matriculaied  of  Clare- 
tiall,  Cambridge,  but  his  name  is  not  to  be  found  among  the 

Sradua^es,  nor  can  we  learn  how  long  he  pursued  his  aca- 
emical  studies.  When  promoted  to  the  school  of  Tun- 
bridge,  he  had  obtained  the  degree  of  M.  A.  probably  from 
9ome  northern  university. 

After  be  left  Cambringe,  he  came  to  the  metropolis,  and 
was  for  some  time  assistant  to  Mr.  Clare,  master  of  an  aca- 
demy ill  Soho-square,  whose  daughter  Mary  he  married, 
^y  her  he  had  several  children,  who  all  died  in  their  in- 
Fancy,     He  appears  about  this  period  to  have  taken  orders, 

?  Qen.  Diet.-^Mor8ru-rI>iot*  HIM* 


^02  C  A  1«^  T  H  O  R  N. 

ftnd  in  1743  was  elected  master  of  Tonbridge  school « ^  In 
this  situation  be  wrote  the  poetical  exercis^es  which  'Wer^ 
spoken  by  the  young  gentlemen  on  the  annual  visitaiiDns 
of  the  company  of  Skinners,  who  are  the  patrons  pf  the 
school.  These  exercises  form  a  considerable,  and  perhaps 
the  best  part  of  his  printed  works.  On  April  15,  1761,  bi^ 
"was  killed  by  a  fall  from  his  horse,  and  was  buried  in  Tun-^ 
Jiridge  church.  » 

It  is  recorded  as  something  very  remarkable,  that  be"  bad 
appointed  VirgiPs  fil'th  eclogue  to  be  recited  ^  the  ap* 
preaching  visitation  of  the  Skinners'  company. 

His  acquired  knowledge  must  have  been  very  consider* 
able,  as  his  aHusions  to  various  branches  of  the  sciences  and 
of  polite  literature  ture  frequent,  and  bespeak  a  familiarity 
with  the  subject ;  yet  his  literary  talents,  it  is  siaid,  bore  a 
small  proportion  to  his  moral  excellence.  In  all  tbef  rela- 
tive duties  his  conduct  was  virtuous,  humane,  and.afieb-* 
tionate.  We  are  more  in  the  dark  tis  to  his  bebaviosur  aa  a 
school  master.  Mr.  Goodwin  intimates  that  hesnppoiPted 
his  character  by  that  happy  mixture  of  dignity  and  kind- 
ness which  i^  supposed  to  render  severity  nnnecessavy } 
but  in  the  short  sketch  of  his  life  in  the  edition  of  t]be 
English  poets,  1790,  we  are  told,  that  although  generous 
and  friendly  in  the  common  intericourse  of  life,  he  was 
singulai^ly  harsh  and  severe  ^n  the  conduct'  of  his. school. 
From  the  same  authority,  we  learn  that  he  had  some  ex- 
traordinary foibles.  With  little  skill  in  horsemansliipy  he 
was  fond  of  riding ;  and  with  no  acquaintance  with  mxtsic^ 
he  was  an  admirer  of  concerts  and  operas.  He  has  been 
known  to  ride  to  London  from  Tunbridge,  in  order  jta  i>e 
present  at  a  musical  performance,  though  he  was  underlie 
Decessity  of  being  back  by  seven  o^clock  the  ne^ct  morning* 
His  horsemanship  may  be  given  up  ;  but  his  knovyledgeof 
the  fine  arts  was  so  general,  that  it  is  difbcult  to  i>elteve 
that  he  was  ignorant  of  the  principles  of  music — Toriie 
school,  he  was  in  one  respect  an  useful  benefactor.  In 
conjunction  with  his  patrons,  he  founded  the  library  now 
aonexed  to  it. 

In  1746,  he  published  his  *^  Al)elard  to  Eloisa,^'  a^d  ts%% 
occasional  sermons,  one  in  ]  745,  preached  at  St.  Mar- 
garet's church,  Westfl;iinst.er,  at  the  election  of  tytro  bar- 
gesses;  the  other  in  1748,  preached  at  St.  Antholin's,  be-, 
fore  th§  Skinners'  company,  whose  hall  is  situated  in  that 
parish.    These,  with  «  The  Perjured  Lover,"  were  the 


C  A  W  T  H  O  R  N.  SOS 

Qnly.pi«cds  published  in  his  life-tinae.  In  ]  771,  his  poems 
were  collected  in  an  8vo  Tolunae,  and  printed  by  subscrip- 
tion^ but  without  any  account  of  the  author,  or  much  at* 
tQntiou  to  bis  miemory.  Several  trifling  pieces  were  in* 
<  ^Ittded,  which  be  would  probably  have  rejected. 

As  a  poet,  he  displays  considerable  variety  of  power,  but 
perhaps  be  is  rather  to  be  placed  among  the  ethical  versi- 
fiers, than  ranked  with  those  who  have  attempted  with  suc* 
cuess.the  higher  fligbto  of  genius.  As  an  imitator  of  Pope, 
'h^  is  superior  to  most  of  those  who  have  formed  themselves 
in  that  school,  and  sometimes  his  imitations  are  so  close  as 
to  appear  the  effect  rather  of  memory  than  of  judgment. 
Bis  ^^  Abelard  to  Eioisa^'  was  a  bold  attempt,  yet  we  miss 
the  impassioned  bursts  and  glowing  scenes,  true  to  nature 
suid  feeling,  which  have  placed  the  Eloisa  of  Pope  beyond 
mil  reach  of  competitioo;  His  **  Epistle  from  Lady  Jane  ' 
Grey  tor  Lord  Dadiey"'  is  another  atteeppt  in  the  heroic 
mauiBer,  in  which  be  has  been, more  successful ;  the  subject 
w»s.hisown,  and  there  is  ^  less  of  ambitious  effort  in  treat* 
ing.  it.  His  principal  excellence,  however,  lies  in  solid 
reHeotion  oti  men  and  manners,  and  in  satirical  pictures 
and  allusions :  here  he.  has  all  the  gaiety  of  the  most  £a« 
Toured  disciples  of  the  Horatian  school,  and  far  more  ease 
than  in  his  other  compositions.^ 

CAWTON  (Thomas),  a  puritan  clergyman  of  the  church 
cf  England^  exiled  for  his  loyalty  during  the. rebellion,  was 
boi?)  at  Hainham  in  Norfolk  in  1605,  of  parents  who  were 
not  in  circumstances  to  give  him  au  education  suited  to  his 

.' capacity  and  their  wishes,  but  were  so. much  respected  as 
to  procure  the  patr6oag6  of  sir  Roger  Townsend,  knL  who 
not  only  sent  him  to  school,  but  took  the  pains  to  assist 
Kim  in  bis  tasks,  particularly  in  the  Greek,     By  the  same 

<  interest  he  was  sent  to  Cambridge,  and  entered  of  Queen's 
college,  and  made  a  distinguished  figure,  not  only  in  the 
usual  studies  preparatory  to  the  minkitry,  but  in  thai;  of  the 

.  languages,  acquiring  an  uncommon  acquaintance  with  the 
oriental  languages,  the  Saxon,  high  and  low  Dutch,  and 
the  Italian,  French,  and  Spanish.     His  religious  principles 

0\h&  ynbibed  from  Drs.  Prestcni  and  Sibhs,  and  Mr.  Herbert 
Palmer,  puritans  of  great  reputation  at  that  time.  After 
takiilg  orders,  he  resided  for  four  years  in  the  house  of  sir 

1  Jobnson  and  Chalmers's  Eoglish  Peetf^  1810.-^A  Letter  by  Mr.  Goociwi*. 
of  Shefi^eld  ip  Oent,  Mag.  179]. 


S0(  C  A  W  T  O  N. 

WiUiMi  Amiine  of  Orton  in  Huntingdomliire ;  and  his  old 
-patron  sir  Roger  Townsend,  just  before  his  death  in  1656, 
presented  him  to  the  living  cf  Wivenhoe  in  Essex.  After 
he  had  been  on  this  living  about  seven  years/ a  violent  stnd. 
long  continued  fit  of  ague  rendered  it  necessary  to  t¥y 
change  of  air,  and  in  compliance  with  the  advice  of  fafs 
physicians,  he  removed  to  London,  where,  by  the  interefs^ 
of  sir  Harbottle  Gnmston,  he  was  promoted  to  the  vakntbfe 
rectoiy  of  8t.  Bartholomew,  Exchange.  He  had  not  bee^ 
here  above  five  years  when  Charles  1.  was  put  to  deaths*  A 
few  weeks  after,  Mr.  Gawton  was  called  upon  to  preach 
before  the  lord  mayqr  and  aldermen  of  London,  at  Mercers^ 
.chapel,  when  be  delivered  himself  in  such  plain  tenns 
against  the  hypocrisy  of  the  predominant  powers,  that  he 
was  first  sent  for  to  Westminster^  and' then  committed  to  the 
Gatehouse.  T&is  served  only  to  raise  hi$  character  among 
the  loyal  presbyterians,  who,  when  Charles  If.  had  thoughts 
of  entering  England,  and  asserting  his  right,  intrusted -him, 
with  Mr.  Christopher  Love,  and  some  other  worthy  persons, 
with  the  money  raised  by  them  for  his  majesty's  service, 
for  which  Mr.  Love  was  imprisoned,  and  afterwards  exe- 
cuted. Mr.  Cawton  then  betook  himself  to  a  voluntary 
, exile,  and  retiring  to  Rotterdam,  became  minister  of  the 
English  church  there,  and  died  Aug.  7,  1659.  His  son, 
the  subject  of  v^ur  next  article,  tool^  care  to  preserve  a  just 
account  of  his  merits  and  siiffefings  by  writing  '^  The  Life 
and  Death  of  that  holy  and .  reverend  man  of  God  Mr. 
Thomas  Cawton,  some  time  minister  oi;  St.  Bartholomew,^^ 
.&c.  To  which  is  added,  his  father-s  Sermon,  entitled 
^'  God's  Rule  for  a  godly  Life,  from  Philippians  \  27.^^ 
which  is  the  sermon  for  the  preaching  of  which  he  was  im- 
prisoned, London,  16^2,  8vo.  This  account  is  an  artless 
picture  of  a  man  who  did  great  honour  to  bis  profession, 
and  was  a  pattern  of  virtue  in  every  social  relation.  His 
life  is  impqirtant  in  another  r^p6ct,  a^  proving  that  the 
ambition  of  civil  power  was  as  much  thf9  cause  of  the  trou- 
bles of  that  time,  as  any  want  of  liberty  of  conscience  in 
matters  of  religion.  Cawton  knew  how  to  nnite  the  purt« 
tan  with  the  loyalist.  His  biograph'er  informs  us  that  «^en 
he  first  received  the  sacrament,,  he  ever  afterwards  ex- 
pressed the  profoundest  reverence,  and  the  most  elevated 
devotion  at  that  solemnity.  \ 

1  Life  as  abore* 


C  A  W  T  O  N.  50S 

> 

CAWTON  (Thomas),  son  of  the  albove,  was  born  nt 
Wiveofaoe,  about  the  year  1637,  bis  father  being  then 
minister  of  the  place.  The  first  rudiments  of  learning  be 
received  from  his  father,  whom  he  attended  in  his  banisb^ 
laent,  and  lived  with  him  several  years  in  Holland,  where 
be  studied  the  oriental  languages  under  Mr.  Robert  She- 
xingham»  at  Rotterdam^  with  equal  diligence  and  success. 
Abopt  the  year  1656,  be  was  sent  to  the  university  of 
Utrecht,  where  he  distinguished^  himself  by  bis  eztraor- 
dinary  skill  in  the  oriental  languages,  in  such  a  manner  as 
did  honour  to^is  country.  On  the,  14tb  of  December, 
1657,  he  maintained  a  thesis  in  relation  to  the  Syriac  ver- 
sion of  the  New  Testament,  and  printed  his  discourse,  as 
be  did  some  time  after  another  dissertation  on  the  useful- 
ness of  the  Hebrewjanguage  in  the  study  of  theoretic  phU 
losopby,  Utrecht,  1657,  .^to;  which  treatises  sufficiently 
shew  both  the  extent  of  his  learning,  and  the  solidity  of  his 
judgment.  When  he  left  Utrecht,  the  celebrated  professqr 
Leusden  subscribed  an  ample  testimonial  in  his  favour,  and 
expresses  a  great  regard  for  bis  person,  as  well  as  his  talents; 
On  his  return  to  Englai^d,  be  went  to  Oxford,  and  was 
entered  of  Merton  college,  for  the  sake  of  Mr.  Samuel 
Clark,  famous  for  his  thorough  knowledge  of  the  oriental 
languages.  Our  author  shewed  his  loyalty  by  writing  a 
copy  of  Hebrew  verses  on  his  majesty's  restoration,  having 
been  pretty  early  in  the  year  1660,  admitted  to  the  degree 
of  bstchelor  of  arts,  at  which  time  professor  Leusden*s  cer- 
tijicate  was  read  publicly.  In  1661,  be  was  ordained  by 
the  bishop  of  Oxford;  and  in  1662,  he  published  tb0 
'^  Life  of  his  Father."  In  all  probability  he  might  have 
obtained  very  considerable  preferment,  if  his  principles 
bad  not  led  him  to  nonconformity.  When  he  retired  from 
the  university,  be  was  taken  into,  the  family  of  sir  Anthony 
Irby,  of  Lincolnshire,  where  he  officiated  for  some  years 
as  chaplain;  but  the*  air  of  that  country  disagreeing  with 
bim,  and  the  family  going  down  thither  on  account  of  thf^ 
plague  in  1665,  he  was  obliged  to  quit  it,  and  lived  after- 
wards with  the  lady  Armin  till  about  the  year  1670,  when 
he  gathered  a  coi>gsegation  of  dissenters  in  the  city  of 
Westminster,  to  whom  he  preached  with  some  interruption 
from  the  severities  of  the  government,  for  about  seven 
3'ear8,  till  falling  into  a  bad  state  of  health,  he  died  of  4 
gradual  decay,  April  10,  1677,  being  then  about  forty  years 
of  age.     He  was  buried  in  the  New  ct^urch  in  'i'othil-street. 


#0$  -CAW  TON. 

WettaMnfitei*,  at  which  time  his  friend  and  fellow-colte^ion, 
Jtfr.  Henry  Hu|[^st,  preached  his  funeral  sermon ;  as  didaUo 
Air.  Nath.  Vincent  in  another  place.  He  was  a  man  whose 
liHurning  rendered  him  adnired,  and  bis  virtues  beloved  hj 
ail  pities.  Anthony  Wood,  speaking  of  the  praises  b#- 
atowed  upon  hioi  by  Mr.  Hurst  in  hi^  discourse,  gives  them 
^o  bis  sanction ;  *^  they  were,"  be  says,  *^  deservedly 
ipokeB.-'  His  congregation  foHowed  -the  adviee  he;(ga^a 
tbem  on  his  death'^bed;  for  be  told  them  that  he  kncMr 
pone  so  proper  to  be  bis  successor,  as  a  certain  Nortbawp'- 
|eu$b9re  aiinist^r,  who  wrote  against  Dr.  Sherlock,  Mr. 
Vincent  Alsop,  whom  tbey  accordingly  chose.  The 
cbs^nges  of  religious  opinion  in  this  congregation  may  be 
eM^imated  by  those  who  are  acquainted  with  the  character 
cf  My,  Alsop's  successors,  Dr.  Calamy,  Mr.  Samuel  Say, 
]>p^Obadiah  Hugbos,  and  the  late  Dr.  Kippis.  The  only 
publication  of  Mr*  Cawton'>s,  l>esidea  those  mentioned,  was 
a  single  sermon  entitled  ^^  Balaam's  Wisb,^'  London,  i670, 
fOd  i474r,  8vo.* 

•CAXTON  (Wiu-IAM),  to  whom  this  scoiintiy  owea  the 
Vijtroduction.  of  printing,  was  bocn  in  Kent  in  the  Weald, 
probably,  about  the  year  1412,  but  nothing  is  known  with 
certainty  of  the  date  of  his  birth.  His  father,  William 
C&xton,  who  resided  with  him  at  Westminster  when  he  was 

,  in  the  height  of  his  business  there>  must  ha^e  lived  to  a 
good  old  age,  as-  his  death  is  placed  in  1480.  By  his  pa- 
nents  be  was  ^ent  to  school  at  a  period  when  general  igno- 
rance prevailed  among  the  lower  orders  of  the  people,  and 
hjHi^ing  f^w'ived  some  part  of  bis  education  in  Kent,  it  was 

.  pirobjskbly  completed  in  London,  as  far  as  schools  then 
t^ugbl^f  It  is  supposed  that  between  his  fifteenth  and 
^fgbt^etub  y^^Ty  he  was  put  apprentice  to  one  Robert 
l^jTge,  a  mercer  or  merchant  of  considerable  eminence, 
ly^  afterwardf  served  the  oflrces  of  sheriff  and  lord  mayor 

.  of  L«»iidoa.  It  is  very  probable  that  mercers  in  those  days 
W^rie  general  merchants,  trading  in  all  sorts  of  rich  goods, 
an4  tkjBit  even  books  formed  a  part  of  their  traffic.  Hence 
i%  b(ts  b^en  coB}eotui)ed  that  Caxton's. residence  ^ith  Large 
npiy  b^  cmsideired  as  the  particular  and  fortunate  cause  of 
)^s  future  passion  for  books  and  learning,  a  passion  which 
n(3versoeios  to  have  deserted  him.  But  whiu:ever  were -the 
lading  traits  of  CaKton's  juvenile  character,  or  the  pasiin 


C  A  X  T  O  N.  *Q7 

^mlar  objects  of  his  pursuiti  it  af^ears  that  he  e9ndiict«4 

himself  entirely  to  his  master^s  satisfaction,  for  on  the  d«^- 

'  cease  of  tbe  latter  in  1441,  Castoa  was  remembeFed  in  bis 
wili  by  a  legacy  of  twenty  marks,  a  considerable  siiin  i|i 
those  days. 

Caxtoii  at  this  time  had  become  a  freeman  of  the  com-- 

,pany  of  Mercers,  but  on  his  master's  death  does  not  appeayr 
,tQ  have  continued  on  the  same  spot.     His  knowledge  qf 

..business,  however,  induced  him,  either  upon  his  owp  f|c^ 
count,  or  as  agent  for  some  merchants,  to  travel  to  tb|B 
Low  Countries  for  a  short  time.  In  1464  we  find  him 
jonied  in  a  coinmissiou  with  one  Richard  Whitebill,  '^  to 
.continue  and  conBrm  a  treaty  of  trade  and  commerce 
between  Edward  IV.  and  Philip  duke  of  Burgundy,^'  or^  if 
jtbey  found  it  necessary,  to  make  a  new  one :  and  the  coai« 
inissioii  gives  botii^  or  either  of  them,  full  power  to  ti*ansact 
and  conclude  the  same.     They  are  also  styled  *f  ambas- 

,  sadors  and  special  doputies/^  Of.  tbe  issue  of  this  tir^  ha^e 
no  account,  but  the  pommission  itself  is  a  safficieat  proof 
that  Caxton  ,had  acquired  a  reputation  for  knowledge  of 

,  business.  Seven  years  afterwards,  however,  he  describeft 
himself  as  leadi<ng  rather  an  idle  life,  ^^  for  having  Vio  great 
charge  or  occupation,  and  wishing  to  eschew  sloth  and 
idleness,  which  is  mother  and  nourisher  of  vices — ^he  set 
about  iinisbiug  tb^  translation  of  Raoul  Le  Fevjre's  ^^  Rfscueil 
des  Histoires  de  Troye,"  which  he  commenced  two  years 
2)iefore,  in  1469.  The  original  was  the  first  book  he  pciniedf 

:  ^nd  this  translation  tlie  third. 

Oi  his  pursuits  and  travels  abroad  nothing  further,  i^ 
knpwn  with  certainty,  except  that  in  his  peregrinatioqSf 
he  declares  that  he  confined  himself  ^*  for  tbe  most  part  to 
the  countries  of  Brabant,  Flanders,  Holland,  and  Zesda<ad 
<*r*-and  in  France  was  never."  It  is,  however,  reasonable 
to  suppose  that  he  preserved  thesame  respectable  chara;cker 
in  foreign  countries  which  he  bad  acquired  in  bis  owa ; 

.  ^d  that,  whilst  he  was  indulging  bis  favourite  literary  pafiF 
sioii  in  the  perusal  of  histories  and  romances,  to  wbiab  k^ 
fieems  to  have  been  excited  by  his  friend  ^oloi^y^r,  i:9naa 
of  Lausanne,  he  was  placed  by  bis  sovereign,  or  his  suster, 
the  lady  Margaret,  on  the  household  establishment  of  tb^ 
latter,  when  i^he  c^jne  with  a  splendid  retinue  to  3ruge»  t^ 
oifer  her  hand  to  Charles,  duke  of  Burgundy  ;  and  Q^Xr 
ton  was,  without  doubt,  privy  to  all  the  splendid  spectacles 
^nd  fi^stivi^ie^  of  this  marriagCf     In  what  r^pk  or  quality  h^ 


S09  ■  C  A  i  t  6  i^. 

served  the  duches^  is  not  known;  but  the  freedom   with 
which  she  uied  Mr.  Caxton,  in  finding  fault  with  his  Eng- 
lish, and' ordering  him  to  correct   it,  &c.  seems  tpsheiv 
that  the  place  he  had  in  her  grace's  family  was  no  mean  or 
ordinary  one.     Lewis  and  Oldys,  in  Mr.  Dibdin's  opinion, 
are  incorrect  in  sajMUg  that  he  was  employed  by  the  du- 
ehess  to  translate  into  English  Raoul  Le  Fevre's  French 
History  of  Troy :  the  fact  was,  that  Caxton  had  commenced 
the  translation  voluntarily,  without  her  knowledge,  and  had 
proceeded  as  far  as  five  or  six  quires  when  he  for  some 
reason  gare  it  up.     About  this  time,  having  mentioned  to 
lady   Margaret  the  progress  he  had  made,  she  desired  to 
see  his  manuscript,  and   it*  was  on  this  occasion  that  she 
found  fault  with   his  English,  but  commanded  him  at  the 
same  time  to  finish  the  translation,  and  amply  rewarded 
bim  on  the  completion  of  it.     From  the  prologues  and  epi- 
logues of  this  work  we  learn  several  particulars  of  the 
author,  as  that,  at  the  time  of  finishing  the  perform^pcp, 
liis  eyes  *'  were  dimmed  with  over-much  looking:  on .  the 
white  paper;  that  his  courage^  was  not  so  prone  and  reJ^dy 
to  labour  as  it  had  been  ;  and  that  age  wds  creeping  on  him 
daily,  and  enfeebling  all  his  body :  that  he  had  practised 
^nd  learnt,  at  his  grieat  charge  and  expense,  to  ordain  this 
said  book  in  print,  after  the  manner  and- form  as  we  there 
see  it:  and  that  it  was  not  written  with  pen  and  ink  as 
other  books  be."     Hence  we  discover  that  he  was  now  ad- 
vanced in  years,  and  that  he  had  learnt  to  exercise  the 
art  of  printing,  but  by  what  steps  he  had  acquired  this 
knowledge  his  biographers  have  not  been  able  to  discover. 
It  appears,  as  already  noticed,  that  the  original  of  RaouFs 
Trojan  History  was  the  first  book  Caxton  printed  :  "  The 
Oration  of  John  Russel  on  Charles  duke  of  Burgundy  being 
created   a   Knight  of  the   Garter,"  was  the  second,  and 
Caxton's  translation  of  Raoul,  the  third ;  aiid  this  thir4 
was  most  probably  printed  in  1-471.     That  he  was  parti r 
cdlarly  curious  to  know,  and  inquisitive  after,  the  invention 
of  printing,  can  scarcely  be  doubted,  but  his  inquiries  as 
Well  as  his  experience  seem  to  have  been  confined  to  such 
i^ecimens  as  the  presses  of  the  Low  Countries  produced^ 
and  he  does  not  appear  to  have  seen  any  of  the  beautiful 
productions  of  the  Roman,  Venetian,  and  Parisian  presses 
before  he  caused  his  own  fount  of  letters  to  be  cut.     Th'e 
types  used  by  Caxton  in  the  French  and  English  edition^ 
of  ft^ioul  Le  Fevre^s  history,  as  well  as  those  in  the  ^*  Game 


G  A  X  T  O  M.  $of 

ofChesSy^*  resemble,  in  character  and  fonp,  .rather  than  in 
si^^,  the  types  of  Ulric  Zel  and  other  printers  in  the  Low 
Countries.  Nor  is  it  at  all  improbable  that  Caxton  con- 
sulted Zel  and  OIpe,  the  earliest  typographical  artists  in 
the  city  of  Cologne,  about  the  formation  of  his  own  let-» 
ters,  as  those  able  men  are  supposed  to  have  learnt  the 
art  of  printing  in  the  office  of  Gutenberg  and  Fust.  Co* 
lard  Mansion,  a  printer  at  Bruges,  might  also  have  a^ 
sisted  him  in  the  necessary  materials  for  his  office. 

There  is  no  account  whatever  of  the  typographical  la« 
hours  of  Caxton  from  the  year  147 1  to  1474 ;  although  it  is. 
extremely  probable  that  a  curious  and  active  mind  like  his^ 
just  engaged  in  the  exercise  of  a  newly^discovered  and  im- 
portant art,  would  have  turned  its  attention  to  a  variety  of 
objects  for  publication^  Of  the  exact  period  of  his  return 
to  his  native  country  no- information  has  yet  been  pbtainedf 
and  what  Oldys  a^id  Lewis  have  advanced  on  this  subject 
amounts  to  mere  conjecture*,  still  less  credit  is  lo  be  §iveQ 
19  the  fabricated  story  oi  H^nry  VL  having  sent  a  per$op 
to  Holland  who  brougbt  away  Frederick  Cofsellis^  a  work- 
man, and  that  Caxton  had  a  band  in  this  seduction.  All 
that  is  certainly  known  is,  diat  previously  to  the  year 
1477,  Caxton,  after  printing  there  the  three  works  meu- 
tioued,  had  quitted  the  Low  Countries,  and  taken  up  hi3 
residence  in  the  vicinity  of  Westminster-abbey,  whea 
Thomas  Milling,  bishop  of  Hereford,  held  the  abbotship 
of  St.  Peter*s  in  commendani ;  and  he  had  no  doubt  brought 
over  with  him  all  the.  necessary  implements  and  materials 
of  his  trade.  The  particular  spot  where  Caxton  first  exer-^ 
cised  his  business,  if  we  may  credit  Stowe^  was  an  old 
chapel  about  the  entrance  of  the  abbey,  and  Qldys,  some^ 
what  whimsically,  coqcludes  that  the  name  of  chapel^  whiob 
is  sometimes  given  tp  a  printing  room,  is  derived  from  this 
circumstance  ;  but  what  is  called  a  chapel^  in  a  printing-ofi- 
fice,  is  not  a  building,  but  a  convocation. of  jounieym^n- 
printers,  to  inquire,  into  and  punish  certain  faults  in  eacb 
other.  Where  the  place  occurs  in  any  of  Caxton'g  publi- 
cations, Westminster  is  mentioned  generally,  bi4t  the 
greater  number  of  the  productions  of  his  press  specify  only, 
the  date  of  their  execution.  According  to  Bagford,  Cax« 
i(an*s  office  was  afterwards  removed  into  King-street,  but 
whf^reabouts  is  not  known  ;  and  we  have,  yet  to  regret,  a§  of 

{nore  importance,  that  the  precise  period  of  his  first  essay 
n  th^  art  of  printing  is  a  'matter  of  conjectured   Mr.  Dibdin 


»ld  C  A  X  T  O  N. 

lias  ^tttaHied  tip  ihe  eridence  mth  preeUton  and  judgment'; 
ind  te  his  valuable  work  we  must  refer  the  reader,  aswcH 
as  fork  chronologkai  detail  of  the  works  which  issued  fironi 
the  Gaxtorf  press.  Exclusive  of  the  labours  attached  to 
the  working  of  Carton's  press,  as  a  new  art,  he  contrived^- 
though  "  ^*ll  stricken  in  years,*'  ^  translate  no  fewer 
tfaaffi  5000  closely  printed  folio  pages ;  and,  as  Oldys  ex-^ 

Cesses-k,  ■  ♦*  kept  preparing  copy  for  the  press  to  the  very .-  : 
ft."     From  the  etidetrce  of  Wynkyn  de  Worde,  in  the    ; 
colophon  of  his  edition  of  the  "  Vitas  Patruni,"  1495,  it   > 
ippears  that  these  live*  of  the  fatbers  were  '^^  translated  ■■:. 
•ut  ot  Ffertch  into  English  by  William  Caxton,  of  West-  • ' 
miostei^,  late  dead,"  and  that  be  finished  it  ^*  at  the  last 
day  of  his  Hfe."     He  might  have  chosen  this  work  as  hrs  - 
final   literary  effort,    firom  A  consideration,   according  to 
Oldys,  that  **from  the  examples  of  quiet  and  solemn  r6* 
ftra»ent  therein  set  forth,  it  might  farther  serve  to  wean  ^ 
Ills  miud  from  all  worldly  attachments,  exak  it  above  the 
Solicitudes  of  this  tife^  and  inure  htm  to  that  repose  and 
tranquiUity  with  which  he  seems  to  have  designed  it." 

For-  some  time  previously  to  his  decease,  Caxton'  ap- 
pews  to  have  attended  the  making  up  of  the  church-war* 
den^s  account!^,  as  one  of  the  principal  parishioners,  and 
^  a  regular  vestryman ;  his  name  being  s^everal  times  sub- 
bribed  at  the  passing  of  theiti.  He  died  either  in  1491  of 
1492.  "If  his  ftmeral,"  says  Mr.  Dibdin,  **  was  not 
Emblazoned  by  *  the  pomp  of  heraldry,'  jand  *  the  great 
6nes  of  rank'  were  not  discoverable  among  his  palKbearers^ 
yel  Casttondescended  into  his  grave  in  full  insurance  of  $L  . 
Monument ;  which,  like  the  art  that  he  had  practised,  would 
bid  defiance  to*  decay."  A  greater  benefector,  indeed,  to 
tbe  intellectual  improvement  of  his  country,  it  would  be  ; 
difficult  to  mention  than  bim  who  introduced  the  art  of 
pritittng. 

-  From  Mr.  Dibdin's  estimate  of  Caxton*s  cbaradter,  widi 
Inspect'  to  erudition  and  typographical  skill,-  we  shall  sehecft 
»few  particulars,  stiU  referring  the  reader  to  bis  edition' of  ^ 
Ames's  Typographical  Antiquities,  as  to  a  work  which  majr 
be  cofisulted  with  most  perfect  confidence  in  every  inte«    . 
re^ng  fact  pertaining  to  the  history  of  printing,  and' 
•  Which,  if  concluded  as  begun,  will  remain  an  impefisbabie    * 
ii)afitiment  of  Mr.  Dibdin's  profound  knowledge  of  aneteiH( 
Sngltsb  typography,  and  of  his  persevering  iudusuy  attlil 


c  A  X  t  d  ^f.  sii 

$k\\\  ifi  burnishing  the  most  ample  informsttiaii  tbial  cad  iio# 
be  l^rocured. 

The  erudition  of  Caxton  appears  to  be  deseftving  ef -be^* 
ter  treatment  than  Bale  and  others  have  bestowed  af>on  iti 
That  he  had  a&rgreater  claim  to  intellectual  repu^atiofv  than 
that  of  possessing  the  mere  negative  exceUence  of  '^  nof 
beiag  downright  stupid  or  slothtul/'  (Balers  words^)  must 
be  allowed  by  the  most  fastidious  reader  of  his  numerotM 
prolc^nes  and  translations.     That  he  was  not  a  p<]^t,  bow^ 
ever,  must  be  conceded,  for  nothing  ean  be  more^  barbae 
rous  than  the  couplets  for  which  he  has  been  admitted,  hy 
Ritson,  into  the  list  of  Englidi  poets.     At  the  same  time^ 
whoever  reads  his  criticism  upon  Chaucer,  must  not  only  ai*' 
low  that  he  Was  a  better  judge;  than  writer,  of  poetry;  but 
that  it  will  be  difficult  to  find  a  criticism  up^  our  veMril*^ 
ble  bard,  in  the  whole  compass  of  -  our  lafiguage,  which  is 
more  sober  and  just;  more  clearly  and  forcibly  estpr^eissed^ 
As  to  Caxton^s  knowledge  of  .languages,  tha^  seems  -to^ 
have  been  extreiinely  creditable  to  him ;  for  be  was,  in  alP 
probability,  a  complete  master  of  the  Dutch,  German,  ancf 
French,  and  considering  his  long  absence  from  Englatnf 
(in  the  prime  of  his  life),  he  wrote  his  own  language  with 
fluency,  simplicity,  and  occasional  mielody  aikl  force. 
*  It  will  be  difficultj^  however,  to  give  Caxton  praise  for 
the  general  strength  and  soundness  of  his  judgment ;  not 
80  much  fit)m  the  selectioiir  of  such  pieces  as  he  has  printed 
(for  these  wer^  published  in  conformity  with  the  prevailitr^' 
studies  of  the  day  )>  as  from  the  promptitude  and  prodi-* 
galtty  of  his  praises  towards  objects  not  always  deserving  of 
eommendation.     Nor  can  we  admire  him  for  his  unt]aatt«« 
fied  belief  of  all  the  marvellous  stories  recordcti  in  Gted-«*  .: 
frey  of  Boulogne;  although  the  admiration  vmh  which*  hid^ 
speaks  of,  and  his  uniform  attachment  to,  thiskmd  of  comt'*'  . 
position,  may  dispose  us  to  forgive  him  for  the  plenitude  of 
his'tfaith.     In  a  word,  if  Caxton  does  not  enjoy  the  iivteHec^* 
tual  repatation  of  an  Aldus,   a  Stephens,  a  Turnebus^  9r   > 
Plan  tiff),  or  a  Bowj^r,  it  must  be  remembered  with  whstt^  - 
a  slender  ^ock  lof  muterials,  and  in  what  atv  ttn^ivrKz^*  . 
period,!  he  commenced  bis  career  ;  that  our  lahd  was  ilHftf - 
yet[  moist  with  the  blood  that  had  flowed  in  tht  eitil  wt^tM"  ^ 
of  tb«  boAseti  t)f  York  and  Lancaster ;  and  tltat  the  eduda^^' 
tio»f^l' youth,  and' the  encouragement  of  what  IS  caiiedlhtar 
beU^firl^ttres^  were  con Bned  mtiitri  tihe  iiti^rowestbOutftiiEb>>''.> 
ries.    The  anofit  illustrious  patrons  of  which  .our  t^rj^r^teT' 


41*  C  A  X  T  <y  N. 

Qould  bo«ftt»  were  the  earl  Rivers  and  the  earl  of  Worce9« 
ter ;  bat  even  the  rank  and  accomplishment  of  these  nobler: 
men,  especially  of  the  latter,  were  insufficient  to  protect 
them  from  insult,  persecution,  and  a  premature  end. 

Caxton,  Mr.  Warton  observes,  by  translating,  or  pro- 
curing to  be  translated,  a  great  number  of  books  fromp  the 
French,  greatly  contributed  to  promote  the-state  of  litera* 
lure  in  England.     It  was  only  in  tb^s  way  that  he  could 
introduce  bis  countrymen  to  the  knowledge  of  many  valu-& 
nble  publications,  at  a  time  when  an  acquaintance  with  the. 
learned   languages   was  confined  to  a  few   ecclesiastics. 
Ancient  learning  had  as  yet  made  too  little  progress  among 
us,  to  encourage  him  to  publish  the  Roman  authors  in. 
their  original  tongue.     Indeed,  had  not  the  French  fur*. 
nished   Caxton  with  materials,    it  is   not  probable,  that 
Virgil,  Ovid,  Cicero,  and  many  other  good  writers,  would 
by  the  means  of  his  press  have  been  circulated  in  the 
English  language,  so  early  as  the  close  of  the  fifteenth 
century.     It  is  remarkable,  that  from  the  time  in  which 
Caxton  began  to  ptint,  down  to  the  year  1 549,  during  which 
period  the  English  press  flourished  greatly  under  the  con-* 
duct  of  many  industrious,    ingenious,   and   even   learned 
artists,  only  a  few  classics,  some  of  which  scarcely  deserve 
that  name,  were  printed  in  England.     The  university  of 
Oxford,  during  this  period,   produced  only  the  Brst  book> 
of  *^  Tully'a  Epistles,"  at  the  expence  of  cardinal  Wolsey>. 
without  date  or  printer's  name.     The  university  of  Cam«* 
bridge  cannot  boast,  during  the  term  specified,  the  honour, 
of  having  printed  a  single  classic.     No  Greek  book,  of  any 
kind,  had  hitherto  appeared  from  an  English  press.     It  is. 
believed,  that  the  first  Greek  characters  used  in  any  work 
printed  in  England,  are  in  Linacer's  translation  of  **  Galen 
de  Temperamentis,"  printed  at  Cambridge  in  1521.    In 
this  book  a  few  Greek  words,  and  abbreviatures,  are  befe 
and  there  introduced.     In  the  same  author's  treatise,  **  De 
emeddata  Structura  Latini  Sermonis,''  printed  by  Pinson 
in  1522,  many  Greek  characters  are  intermixed;  and  in 
the  sixth  book  there  are  seven  lines  together  in  that  lan- 
guage.    But  the  printer  apologises  for  his  imperfections 
and  unskilfulness  in  the  Greek  types.     Thesej,  he  a^ys^ 
were  but  recently  cast,  and  not  in  a  soffici^t  quantity  for 
such  a  work.     The  same  embarrassments  appear  to  have, 
hapii^ned  with  regard  to  Hebrew  types,  as  might  still 
more  be  expected,  from  that  laoguage'a  b«iny  much  less. 


C  A  X  T  O  N.  BIS 

known.  Doctor  Hobert  Wakefield,  chaplain  to  Heniy  the 
Eighth,  published  in  1522,  his  /^  Oratio  de  Laudibus  & 
Utilitate  trium  Linguarum  Arabicse,  Chaldaicse,  &  He» 
braicae  ;"  but  he  was  obliged  to  omit  his  whole  third  part, 
because  the  printer,  who  was  Wynkyn  de  Worde,  had  no 
Hebrew  types.  There  are,  however,  some  few  Hebrew 
and  Arabic  characters  introduced ;  but  they  are  extremely 
rude,  and  evidently  cut  in  wood.  They  are  the  first  g£ 
the  sort  used  in  England.  It  was  a  circumstance  favour** 
able  at  least  to  English  literature,  that  the  illiteracy  of  the 
tifmes  obliged  our  first  printers  to  employ  themselves  so 
Jittle  on  books  written  in  the  learned  languages.  Most  of 
the  works  printed  by  Caxton  and  his  immediate  successors 
were  English.  The  multiplication  of  English  copies  mul- 
tiplied English  readers,  and  these  again  produced  new 
vernacular  writers ;  the  existence  of  a  press  inducing  many 
persons  to  turn  authors,  who  were  only  qualified  to  writft 
in  their  native  tongue.  * 

CAXES  (EuGENio),  a  Spanish  artist,  the  son  of  Patrizio 
Cftxes,  of  Arezzo,  who  settled  in  Spain,  was  born  ftt  Ma<^ 
drid  in  1577,  and  learned  the  art  of  his  father,  with  whom 
he  was  employed  by  Philip  III.  in  the  palace  del  Pardo. 
Their  chief  work  in  the  queen's  gallery  there,  was  the 
story  of  "  Joseph  and  Potiphar's  wife,"  which  perished 
with  many  other  works  of  art  in  the  fire  which  consumed 
that  palace.  The  father  died  in  1625,  before  which  hia 
son  bad  attained  high  favour  and  eminence.  The  exceU 
lence  of  his  frescos  in  the  Sala  d'  Udienza  procured  him 
the  iiavour  of  Philip  III.  who  appointed  him  painter  to  the 
court  in  1612.  He  soon  after  painted  one  of  the  principal 
altar'-pieces  for  the  church  de  la  Merced  at  Madrid ;  and 
in  1615,  various  pictures  in  company  with  Vinzenzio  Cao- 
ducho  in  the  cathedral  of  Toledo  arid  elsewhere.  Though 
bis  pencil,  in>  common  with  his  contemporaries,  was  chiefly 
devoted  to  church  legends,  he  found  means  to  paint  the 
<^  History  of  Agamemnon*'  in  the  Alc&zar  at  Madrid.  Hi4 
scholars  .were,  Luis  Fernandez  of  Madrid,  who  painted 
the  life  of  Si.  Ramori  in  the  cloisters  of  La  Merced  CaU 
zada,  a  celebrated  series ;  Juan  de  Arnau  of  Barcellona ; 
and  Don  Pedro  de  Valpuesta,  of  Burgo  de  Osma,  a  young 
man  of  education,  who  probably  would  have  excelled  his 

»•      >    ■     • 

^  Dibdin,  ubi  supra. — 01dy9  in  Biog.  Brit. — Lewis's  CaztOB.— Warton's  Hiit. 
of  Poetry ;  see  Index. 

Vot.  VIII.  "  L  L 


514  C  A  X  E  S. 

fellow- tbcoIarS)  bad  he  not  entered  tbe  chnrcb^  in  wbicii^ 
be  arrived  at  the  dignity  of  licentiate.  Caxes  died  in 
1642- * 

CAYET.     See  CAIET. 

CAYLUS  (Anne  Claude  Philip  de  Tubiere  de  Gri- 
MOAKD  DE  Pestels  DE  LEVIS,  CoUNT  de),  a  very  celebrated 
amateur  and  patron  of  tbe  arts,  was  born  at  Paris  Oct.  3 1, 
1692.  He  was  tbe  eldest  of  the  two  sous  of  John,  count 
de  Caylus,  lieutenant-general  of  tbe  armies  of  tbe  king  of 
France,  and  of  tbe  marchioness  de  Villette.  His  ancestor^^ 
were  particularly  distinguished  in  the  twelfth  century^  and 
his  mother  was  a  descendant  of  the  celebrated  D^Aubigm^^ 
who  was  tbe  friend  and  historian  of  Henry  IV.  His  parents 
were  particularly  attentive  to  the  education  of  their  son. 
The  father  instructed  bim  in  the  profession  of  arms,  and 
in  athletic  exercises,  and  bis  mother  watched  over  and 
fostered  tbe  virtues  of  bis  mind,  a  delicate  task,  which  she 
discharged  with  singular  success.  The  countess  was  the 
niece  of  madame  de  Maintenon,  and  was  remarkable  for . 
the  solidity  of  her  understanding,  and  tbe  charms  of  her. 
wit.  She  w^s  tbe  author  of  a  pleasant  miscellany,  entitled 
'^  Mes  Souvenirs,'*  a  collection  of  anecdotes  of  the  court 
of  Louis  XIV.  which  her  son  used  to  relate  to  her  to 
amuse  her  durin?  her  illness.  She  was  ever  careful  to  in* 
tpire  her  son  with  tbe  love  of  truth,  justice,  and  genercH 
Hity,  and  with  the  nicest  sentiments  of  honour.  The  ami*, 
able  qualities  and  talents  of  the  mother  appeared  in  tbe 
son,  but  they  appeared  with  a  bold  and  masculine  air.  J  a 
bis  satural  temper  be  was  gay^  and  sprightly,,  had  a  taste  . 
for  pleascire,  a  strong  passion  for  independence,  and  an 
'  invincible  aversion  to  the  servile  etiquette  and  constrained^ 
manners  of  a  courts 

The  count  was  only  twelve  years  of  age  wheBr  bis  father , 
died  at  Brussels,  in  Nov.  1704.     After  finitsfaing  bis  exerr  . 
cises/  he  entered  into  tbe  corps  of  the  Mousquetaires ;  and  in 
his  first  campaign  in  1709,  be  distiuguished  himself  by. bis. 
valour  in  such  a  manner,  that  Louis  XIV.  commended  bint 
in  the  presence  of  all  the  court ;  and  rewarded  bis  j»erit . 
with  an  ensigncy  in  the  gendarmerie.     In   1711  he  com- 
manded a  regiment  of  dragoons,  which  was  called  by  hi» 
own  name ;  and  he  signalized  himself  at  the  head  of  k  in 
Catalonia*      In   17 13,  he  was  at  the  siege  of  Fribourg, 

I  PUfcingtoD.— CumlMrland's  AnecdbtM  of  PMoten  in  Siwin* 


C  A  Y  L  U  S.  515 

where  be  was  exposed  to  imminent  danger  in  the  bloody 
attack  of  the  covered  way.  Had  he  been  disposed  to 
enter  into  the  views  of  his  family^  the  favour  of  madame 
de  Maintenon,  and  his  own  personal  merit,  could  not  fail 
to  have  raised  him  to  the  highest  honours ;  but  the  peace 
of  Rastade  left  him  in  a  state  of  inactivity  ill-suited  to  his 
natural  temper. 

His  inclination  $oon  led  him  to  travel  into  Italy,  although 
Without  perhaps  any  higher  object  than  to  pass  some  part 
of  his  time  in  variety,  but  his  curiosity  became  powerfully 
e^xcited  by  the  wonders  of  that  country,  where  antiquity 
produces  so  many  objects  to  improve  taste  and  excite  ad- 
miration. The  eyes  of  the  count  were  not  yet  learned, 
but  they  were  struck  with  the  sight  of  so  many  beauties, 
and  soon  became  acquainted  with  them.  After  a  yearns 
absence,  he  returned  to  Paris,  ^  with  so  strong  a  passion 
for  travelling,  and  for  antiquities,  as  induced  him  to  quit 
the  army.  Italy  had  enlightened  his  taste ;  and  in  that 
country  of  the  arts  he  perceived  that  he  was  born  to  cul- 
tivate them. 

About  eight  months  after,  he  set  out  for  the  Levant 
When  he  arrived  at  Smyrna,  he  availed  himself  of  a  few 
days  delay,  and  visited  the  ruins  of  Ephesus.  )t  was  in 
rain  that  the  dangers  attending  a  journey  of  this  kind 
were  represented  to  him.  The  formidable  Caracayali  had 
put  himself  at  the  head  of  a  troop  of  robbers,  and  spread 
consternation  over  all  Natolia,  but  our  adventurer  was  su- 
perior to  fear,  and  saved  himself  by  a  stratagem.  Having 
procured  a  niean  garb,  and  taking  nothing  with  him  that 
could  attract  attention,  or  tempt  any  robber,  he  put  him« 
self  under  the  protection  of  two  of  Caracayali^s  band,  who 
^ad  come  from  Smyrna.  He  made  an  agreement  with 
them,  but  they  were  to  have  no  money  till  they  returned ; 
and,  as  they  had  an  interest  in  protecting  and  taking  care 
of  him,  never  were  guides  more  faithful.  They  intro- 
duced him,  with  his  interpreter,  to  their  chief,  who  re- 
ceived him  very  graciously,  and  even  assisted  him  in  gra- 
tifying his  curiosity.  The  chief  informed  him,  that  at  no 
great  distance,,  there  were  ruins  worthy  of  being  visited, 
airid  accommodated  him  with  a  pair  of  fine  Arabian  horses. 
The  count  soon  found  the  ruins,  which  were  those  of  Co- 
hyphon.  He  was  particularly  struck  with  the  remains  of  a 
theatre,  the  seats  of  which  b^ing  scooped  out  of  a  hill  that 
looks  tawards  th^  sea,  the  spectator,  beside  the  pleasure 

hk  2 


516  C  A  Y  L  U  S. 

of  the  TepresentatioD)  enjoyed  a  delightful  prospect.  The 
next  day  he  examined  the  site  of  the  aocient  Ephesus, 
which  he  has  described  in  one  of  his  Memoirs.  He  passed 
the  streights  of  the  Dardanelles  to  indulge  himself  with  a 
view  of  those  plains  which  make  so  rich  and  beautiful  an 
appearance  in  Homer's  poems.  He  did  not  expert  to 
meet  with  any  vestiges  of  ancient  Ilium ;  but  he  flattered 
himself  with  the  hopes  of  walking  on  the  banks  of  the 
Xanthus,  and  the  Simois ;  these  rivers,  however,  had  dis* 
appeared.  The  valiies  of  Mount  Ida,  drenched  with  th.e 
blood  of  so  many  heroes,  were  now  a  dreary  waste,  scarce 
affording  nourishment  to  a  few  puny  oaks,  whose  branches 
crept  upon  the  ground,  and  died  almost  as  soon  as  they 
appeared. 

From  the  Levant  he  was  recalled  in  February  1717,  by 
the  tenderness  of  his  mother,  and  from  that  time  he  never 
left  France,  unless  to  make  two  excursions  to  London. 
The  countess  de  Caylus  died  in  1729,  aged  fifty-six. 
When  the  count  settled  at  Paris,  he  applied  himself  to 
music,  drawing,  and  painting.  He  wrote,  too, ,  some 
works  of  the  lighter  kind,  but  it  was  chiefly  for  the  amuse- 
ment of  his  friends  ;  in  these  he  discovered  spirit  and  in- 
genuity,* but  did  not  aim  at  correctness  or  elegance  of 
style.  In  order  to  judge  of  the  works  of  art,  he  hadtaste^ 
that  instinct,  says  his  eulogist,  superior  to  study,  surer 
than  reasonings  and  more  rapid  than  reflection.  With  one 
glance  of  his  eye,  he  was  able  to  discover  the  defects  and 
the  beauties  of  every  piece.  The  ascademy  of  paiAtiog 
and  sculpture  admitted  him  as  an  honorary  member  in 
1731,  and  the  count,  who  loved  to  realize  titles,  spared 
neither  his  labour,  his  credit,  nor  his  fortune,  to  instruct, 
assist,  and  animate  the  artists.  He  wrote  the  lives  of  the 
most  celebrated  painters  and  engravers  that  have  done  ho- 
nour to  this  illustrious  academy  ;  and  in  order  to  extend 
the  limits  of  the  art,  which  seemed  to  him  to  move  in  toa 
narrow  a  circle,  he  collected  in  three  different  works,  new 
subjects  for  the  painter,  which  he  had  met  with  in  the 
works  of  the  ancients.  One  of  these,  entitled  ^<  Tableaus 
tir^s  de  L'lliade,  et  de  L'Odyaae  d'Homere,'V  published 
in  1757,  is  mentioned  by  Dr.  Warton  in  his  **  Essay  on 
Pope,"  in  terms  of  praise.  In  this  he  has  exhibited  the 
whole  series  of  events  contained  in  these  poems,  arrai^ed 
in  their  proper  order ;  has  designed  each  piece,  and  dis- 
posed each  figure  with  much  taste  and  judgment*  •    He 


C  A  Y  L  U  S.  517 

seems  justly  to  wonder,  that  artists  have  so  seldoin  had  re«^ 
course  to  this  great  store^house  of  beautiful  and  noble 
images,  so  proper  for  the  employment  of  their  pencils, 
and  delivered  with  so  much  force  and  distinctness,  that  the 
painter  has  nothing  to  do  but  to  substitute  his  colours  for 
the  words  of  Homer.  He  complains  that  a  Raphael,  and 
a  Julio  Romano,  should  copy  the  crude  and  unnatural  con- 
ceptions of  Ovid's  Metamorphoses,  and  Apuleius's  Ass }. 
and  that  some  of  their  sacred  subjects  were  ilUchosen. 
Atnong  the  few  who  borrowed  their  subjects  from  Homer, 
be  mentions  Bouchardon  with  the  honour  be  deserves,  and 
relates  the  anecdote  which  we  have  already  given  in  the* 
life  of  that  sculptor. 

The  zeal  of  writers,  who  propose  to  instruct  mankind^; 
is  not  always  disinterested  ;  they  pay  themselves  for  their 
instructions  by  the  reputation  which  they  expect  to  derive 
from  them.    Count  Caylus  did  not  despise  this  noble  recom* 
penere,  but  he  loved  the  arts  on  their  own  account,  as  plainly 
appeared  from  the  many  private  instances  of  his  generosity 
to  those  who  were  possessed  of  talents,  but  were  not  tbe 
favourites  of  fortune ;  he  even  searched  for  such  in  those 
retreats  where  indigence  kept  them  in  obscurity.     He  an- 
*  ticipated  their  wants,  for  he  had  few  himself ;  the  whole  of 
bis  luxury  consisted. in  his  liberality.     Though  his  income 
was  much  inferior  to  his  rank,  he  was  rich  for  the  artists ; 
and  when  towards  the  close  of  his  life,  his  fortune  was  in- 
creased by  that  of  his  uncle,  the  duke  de  Caylus,  he  added 
nothing  to  his  expense,  had  no  new  wants,  but  employed 
the  whole  of  his  fortune  for  the  benefit  of  literature  and 
the  arts.     Besides  the  presents  which  he  made  from  time 
to   time   to  the  academy  of  painting  and  sculpture,   be 
founded  an  annual  prize  in  it  for  such  bf  the  pupils  as 
should  succeed  best  in  drawing,  or  modelling  a  head  after 
nature^  and  in  giving  the  truest  expression  of  the  charac-* 
teristical  features  of  a  given  passion.     He  encouraged  the 
atudy  of  anatomy  and  perspective  by  generous  rewards; 
^nd  if  he  had  lived  longer,  he  would  have  executed  the 
design  which  he  had  formed,  of  founding  a  new  prize  iqi 
favour  of  those  who  should  apply  themselves  with  most 
iuccess  to  these  two  essential  branches  of  the  art 

Such  was  his  passion  for  antiquity,  that  he  wished  to 
have  had  it  in  his  power  to  bring  the  whole  of  it  to  lite 
i^in.  He  saw  with  regret,  that  the  works  of  the  ancient 
painters,  which  have  been  discovered  in  our  tiates,  9x9 


518  CAYLUS. 

efiaced  and  destroyed  almost  as  soon  as  ^ey  are  drawn 
Arom  the  subterraneous  mansions  where  they  were  buried. 
A  fortunate  accident  furnished  him  with  the  means  of 
showing  the  composition  and  colouring  of  the  pictures  of 
ancient  Rome.  The  coloured  drawings,  which  the  famoqa 
Pietro  Sante  Bartoli  had  taken  there  from  antique  painttugjs^ 
happened  to  fall  into  his  hands.  He  had  them  engraved^ 
and,  before  he  enriched  the  king  of  France^s  cabinet  with 
them,  he  gave  an  edition  of  them  at  his  own  expense.  It 
is,  perhaps,  one  of  the  most  extraordinary  books  of  anti- 
quities that  have  ever  appeared.  The  whole  is  painted 
with  a  precision  and  a  purity  that  is  inimitable.  There  were 
only  thirty  copies  published,  which,  of  course,  bear  a  high 
price. 

Count  de  Caylus  was  engaged  at  the  same  time  in  ano- 
ther enterprize,  still  more  honourable  for  the  Roman 
grandeur,  and  more  interesting  to  the  French  nation.  In 
the  last  age,  Des  Godetz,  under  the  auspices  of  Colbert, 
published  the  Antiquities  of  Rome.  The  work  was  admired 
by  all  Europe,  and  gave  birth  to  that  indefatigable  emu« 
lation  which  carried  able  and  ingenious  travellers  to.  Spa- 
latra,  Balbeo,  and  even  to  the  burning  sands  of  Palmyra, 
in  order  to  visit,  the  famous  ruins  of  so  many  magnificent 
buildings,  and  to  present  them  to  our  view.  It  is  tbis  that 
has  made  us  spectators  of  the  monuments  of  Athens,  that 
mother  6f  learning,  of  arts,  and  sciences  ;  where,  iu  spite 
of.  the  injuries  of  time  and  barbarism,  so  many  illustrious 
sculptors  and  architects  still  live  in  the  ruins  of  their  edi- 
fices, in  like  manner  as  so  many  incomparable  authors  still 
breathe  in  the  valuable  fragments  of  their  writings.  The 
same  Colbert  had  framed  the  design  of  engraving  the  Roman 
antiquities  that  are  still  to  be  seen  in  the  southern  pro- 
vinces of  France.  By  his  orders,  Mignard,  the  architect, 
had  made  drawings  of  them,  which  count  de  Caylus  had 
the  good  fortune  to  recover.  He  resolved  to  finish  the 
work  projected  by  Colbert,  and  to  dedicate  k  to  that  great 
.  minister;  and  so  much  had  he  this  glorious  enterprize  at 
heart,  that  he  was  employed  in  it  during  his  last  illness, 
and  recommended  it  warmly  to  M.  Mariette,  by  whom  it 
was  in  part  executed. 

The  coiifidence  which  all  Europe  placed  in  the  know-* 
ledge  and  taste  of  count  de  Caylus,  has  contributed  to  de* 
corate  and  embellish  it.  The  powers  of  the  north  more 
Ibftn  once  consulted  bim,  and  referred  the  choice  9f  axtista 


C  A  Y  L  U  S.  319 

to  him  for  the  execution  of  great  undertakiags.  It  is  to 
his  protection  that  Boucfaardoo,  the  sculptor,  so  highly 
admired  in  France,  was  indebted  for  the  noblest  oppor^  ^ 
tuntties  of  displaying  his  talents;  and  to  him  Paris  was 
indebted  for  those  master-pieces  of  art  which  were  once 
two  of  its  noblest  ornaments,  the  equestrian  statue  of 
Louis  XV.  and  the  fountain  in  the  Rue  de  Grenelle. 

He  shunned  honours,  but  was  desirous  of  being  admitted 
into  the  number  of  the  honorary  members  of  the  royal 
academy  of  inscriptions  and  belles-lettres  :  he  accordingly 
was  admitted  in  1742,  and  then  it  was  that  he  seemed  to  ^ 
have  found  the  place  which  nature  designed  for  him.  The 
study  of  literature  now  became  his  ruling  passion,  to 
which  he  consecrated  his  time  and  his  fortune ;  he  even 
renounced  his  pleasures,  to  give  himself  up  wholly  to  that 
of  making  some  discovery  in  the  vast  field  of  antiquity. 
But  he  confined  himself  generally  to  the  sphere  of  the  art?. 
In  consequence  of  his  researches,  says  his  eulogist,  we 
know  how  the  Egyptians  embalmed  their  mummies,  and 
converted  the  papyrus  into  leaves  fit  for  receiving  writing. 
He  shows  us  how  that  patient  and  indefatigable  people  la- 
boured for  years  at  rocks  of  granite ;  we  see  the  most  enor- 
mous masses  floating  along  the  Nile  for  hundreds  of  leagues^ 
and,  by  the  efforts  of  an  art  almost  as  powerful  as  nature, 
advancing  by  land  to  the  place  destined  for  their  reception. 
His  knowledge  of  drawing  enabled  him  to  explain  many 
passages  iu  Pliny,  which  were  obscure  to  those  who  were 
unacquainted  with  that  art  He  has  developed,  in  several 
memoirs,  those  expressive  and  profound  strokes  which  that 
wonderful  author  has  employed,  with  an  energetic  brevity, 
to  paint  the  talents  of  celebrated  painters  and  sculptors* 
In  Pausanias  he  found  the  pencil  of  Polygnotus,  and  the 
composition  of  those  famous  pieces  of  painting  wherewith 
that  illustrious  artist  decorated  the  portico  of  Delphos,  He 
rebuilt  the  theatre  of  Curio,  and,  under  the  direction  of 
Pliny,  shewed  again  that  astonishing  machine,  and  pre^ 
sented  us  with  the  view  of  the  whole  Roman  people  moving 
round  upon  a  pivot.  The  rival  of  the  most  celebrated 
architects  of  Greece,  without  any  other  assistance  than  a 
passage  of  the  same  Pliny,  he  ventured  to  build  anew  the 
magnificent  tomb  of  Mausolus,  and  to  give  to  that  wonder 
of  the  world  its  original  ornaments  and  proportions. 

But  nothing  seemed  inore  flattering  to  him  than  his  dis- 

coYer^  of  eapaustic  painting.    A  desicnption  of  Pliny% 


520  C  A  Y  L  U  S, 

but  too  concise  to  give  bim  a  clear  view  of  the  Matter^  sug- 
gested the  idea  of  it ;  and  he  availed  himself  of  the  friend- 
ship and  skill  of  M.  Majault,  a  physician  in  PariS)  and  an 
excellent  chemist ;  and  by  repeated  experiments,  found 
out  the  secret  of  incorporating  wax  with  differents  tints 
and  colours,  of  making  it  obedient  to  the  pencil,  and  thus 
rendering  paintings  immortal.  M.  Muntz  afterwards  made 
many  experiments  to  bring  this  art  to  perfection,  and  pub- 
lished in  English  a  work  entitled  *^  Encaustic,  or  Count 
OayIus*s  method  of  painting  in  the  manner  of  the  ancients. 
To  which  is  added,  a  sure  and  easy  method  of  fixing  of 
Crayons,  London,  1760,  8vo,  The  experience  and  prac- 
tice of  artists  since  have,  however,  proved  that  the  dis- 
covery of  the  encaustic  is  more  curious  than  useful  where 
wax  is  employed. 

Still,  in  th^  hands  of  count  Caylus,  literature  and  the 
arts  lent  each  other  a  mutual  aid,  and  in  the  course  of  his 
studies  he  contributed  above  forty  dissertations  to  the 
Memoirs  of  the  academy  of  inscriptions  and  belles  lettres. 
Never  was  there  an  academician  more  zealous  for  the  ho- 
nour of  the  society  to  which  he  belonged.  He  was  par- 
ticularly attentive  to  the  artists ;  and  to  prevent  their  fall- 
ing into  mistakes  from  an  ignorance  of  costume,  which  the 
ablest  of  them  have  sometimes  done,  he  founded  a  prize 
of  five  hundred  livres,  the  object  of  which  is  to  explain, 
by  means  of  authors  and  monuments,  the  usages  of  an- 
cient nations ;  with  this  view  it  was  that  he  collected,  at  a 
very  great  expence,  antiquities  of  every  kind.  Nothing 
that  was  ancient  seemed  indifferent  to  him.  Gods  and 
reptiles,  the  richest  metals,  the  most  beautiful  marble  mo- 
numents, pieces  of  glass,  fragments  of  earthen  vases,  in  a 
ivord,  every  thing  found  a  place  in  his  cabinet.  The 
entry  to  his  house  had  the  air  and  appearance  of  ancient 
Egypt :  the  first  object  that  presented  .itself  was  a  fine 
Egyptian  statue,  of  five  feet  five  inches ;  the  stair-case  was 
adorned  with  medallions  and  curiosities  from  China  and 
America.  In  his  apartment  for  antiques,  he  was  seen 
surrounded  with  gods,  priests,  Egyptian  magistrates^ 
Etruscans,  Greeks  and  Romans,  with  some  Gaulic  figures 
that  seemed  ashamed  to  shew  themselves.  When  he 
wanted  room  he  sent  his  whole  colony  to  the  royal  depo* 
sitary  for  antiqueS|  and  in  a  very  little  time  bis  apartment 
was  filled  with  new  inhabitants,  who  flocked  to  bim  from  dif- 
IpYf  n(  ns^tionst    this  bappeuod  tisju^e  during  bi«  jife^  mA 


C  A  Y  L  US.  521 

^e  third  collection,  in  the  midst  of  which  he  ended  his 
days,  was,  by  his  orders,  carried,  after  his  death,  to  the 
^ame  depository.  In  order  that  the  world  might  partake  of 
these  treasures  with  him,  he  caused  them  to  be  engraved, 
with  learned  descriptions,  in  his  valuable  work  **  llecueil 
d*Antiquit6s  d'Egyptiennes,  Etrusques,  &c."  ,7  vols.  4to, 
embellished  with  eight  hundred  plates. 

His  cariosity,  though  excessive,  he  was  always  careful 
to  proportion  to  his  income.  He  had  too  much  pride  to 
be  burthensome  to  his  friends.  His  name,  which  was  known 
in  every  country  where  letters  are  respected,  procured 
him  a  great  number  of  correspondents.  All  the  antiquaries, 
those  who  thought  themselves  such,  and  those  who  were 
desirous  of  being  thought  such,  were  ambitious  of  cor- 
responding with  him.  They  flattered  themselves  they  were 
entitled  to  the  character  of  learned  men*  when  they  could 
show  a  letter  from  count  Calus ;  **  c'etoit  pour  eux,'*  says 
the  author  of  his  eloge,  "  un  brevet  d'antiquaire.**  His 
literary  talents  were  embellished  with  an  inexhaustible  fund 
of  natural  goodness,  an  inviolable  zeal  for  the  honour  of 
his  prince  and  the  welfare  of  his  country,  an  unaffected 
and  genuine  politeness,  rigorous  probity,  a  generous  dis- 
dain of  flatterers,  the  warmest  compassion  for  the  wretched 
and  the  indigent,  the  greatest  simplicity  of  character,  and 
the  utmost  sensibility  of  friendship. 

The  strength  of  his  constitution  seemed  to  give  him 
hopes  of  a  long  life:  but  in  the  month  of  July,  1764,  a 
humour  settled  in  one  of  his  legs,  which  entirely  destroyed 
his  health.  Whilst  he  was  obKged  to  keep  his  bed  he 
seemed  less  affected  by  what  he  suffered,  than  with  the 
restraint  upon  his  natural  activity.  When  the  wound  was 
closed  he  resumed  his  usual  occupations  with  great  eager* 
ness,  visited  his  friends,  and  animated  the  labours  of  the 
artists,  while  he  himself  was  dying.  Carried  in  the  arms 
of  his  domestics,  he  seemed  to  leave  a  portion  of  his  life  in 
every  place  he  went  to.  He  expired  Sept.  5,  1765.  By 
'  his  death  his  family  became  extinct,  and  literary  France 
lost  one  of  her  greatest  benefactors.  He  was  interred  in 
the  chapel  of  St.  Germain  L'Auxerrois,  where  his  tomb 
was  that  of  an  antiquary.  It  was  a  sepulchral  antique,  of 
the  most  beatrtiful  porphyry,  with  ornaments  in  the  Egyp- 
-  tian  taste.  From  the  moment  that  he  had  procured  it  he 
bad  destined  it  to  grace  the  place  of  his  interment.  While 
lie  awaited  the  fatal  hour,  be  placed  it  in  his  garden, 


522  C  A  Y  L  U  S. 

where  he  used  to  look  upon  it  with  a  tranquil,  but  thought- 
ful eye,  and  pointed  it  out  to  the  inspection  of  his  friends. 
He  has  even  given  a  description  of  it  in  the  7th  volume  of 
his  Antiquities,  which  was  published  after  his  death  by 
Le  Beau,  to  whom  we  owe  this  interesting  accdunt  of  hinir 
Count  Caylus's  character  is  to  be  traced  in  the  different 
occupations  which  divided  his  cares  and  his  life.  In  so- 
ciety he  had  all  the  frankness  of  a  soldier,  and  a  politeness 
which  had  nothing  in  it  of  deceit  or  circumvention.  Bom 
independent,  he  applied  to  studies  which  suited  his  taste. 
His  disposition  was  yet  better  than  his  abilities ;  the  former 
made  him  beloved,  the  latter  entitled  him  to  respect 
Many  anecdotes  are  related  of  his  charity  and  humanity, 
and  particularly  of  his  generous  patronage  of  rising  merit ; 
but  this  article  has  already  extended  to  its  full  proportion, 
and  we  must  refer  to  our  authorities  for  more  minute 
particulars. 

The  wQrjcs  of  count  Caylus,  besides  those  already  men- 
tioned are,  1.  "  Nouveaux  Sujets  de  Peinture  et  de  Sculp- 
ture," 1755,  l2mo.  2.  "  Mcinoires  sur  la  peinture  a  I'en- 
caustique,"  1755,  8vo.  3.  "  Description  d'un  tableau  re- 
presentant  le  Sacrifice  d'Ipbigenie,"  1757,  12mo.  4.  "  His- 
toire  d'Hercule  le  Thebain,''  taken  from  different  authors^ 
1758,  8vo.  5.  "  Discours  sur  les  Peintures  Antiques."  0. 
"  The  Lives  of  Mignard,  Le  Moine,  and  Bouchardon."  He 
wrote  also  some  "  Romances"  and  "  Tajes"  during  his 
hours  of  relaxation,  which  were  in  general  well  received^ 
and  have  more  spirit  and  humour  than  we  should  expect 
from  a  professed,  and  we  may  add,  an  incessant  antiquary,  * 

^  Hist,  de  L'Academie  RoyaU,  ^c."  ▼o1.  XXXIV. — ^translated  partly  in  the 
Bfonth.  Rev.  1772,  and  partly  io  the  Ann.  Reg. — Warton's  Essay  on  Pope.-i— 
Diet.  Hist.— Saxii  Onomast.  where  it  a  list  of  the  papers  he  contributed  to  th« 
Memoirs  of  the  A^adeoiy, 


£rra/a,-— P.  113,  line  14,  omU  not. 

P.  204,  line  24,  read  Cafh.up^ 


INDEX 


TO   THk 


EIGHTH   VOLUME. 


Those  marked  thus  *  are  new. 
Those  marked  t  are  re-written^  with  additioni. 


Pa^e 

tCaiib  Ben  Zohair 1 

*Cabaais,  P.  J.  G io. 

'^^C'abasilas,  Nilus    2 

* —  Nicholas 3 

*Cabassole>  Phil,  de ib. 

Cabassut,  John ; 4 

Cabely  Adrian  Yander  .  • . .  ib. 

tGibot>  Sebastian 5 

*Cabral,  P.A H 

*Caccia,  WiUiam 12 

Cadamosto,  Lewis 13 

Cadell>  Thomas ib. 

*Cadogan,  William 16 

* ^  Earl ib. 

* Wm.  Bromley  ...  20 

Cselius  Aurelianus  ........  22 

tCssalpinus,  And. 23 

tCesar^  Julius : 24 

t Sir  Julius 28 

tCagliari,  Paul 81 

Cagliostro,  Count .33 

'^Cagnati,  Marsilius 36 

Caiet,  Peter  Victor 37 

Cs^etan^  Cardinal  ....••..  38 


Pi 

tCaiHe.  N.L.  dela 40 

fCalamy,  Edmund 42 

* ^  8QQ  ....  46 

t'  "  ■     ■  Benjamin  .  * 47 

*  ■  James 49* 

—  Edmund,  grandson  ib. 

Galanus  . . . .' 52 

Calasio,  Marius 53 

^Caicagnini,  Gelio ib. 

■fCalcar,  John 54 

*Calderinus,  Domitius ....  .Jb. 
Calderoni^  Pedro  ....••••  5d 

Calderwood,  David ib. 

Caldwall,  Richard 63 

♦Caldwell,  Andrew ib.. 

fCalentius,  Elisius 64 

*Calepin,  Ambrose  ....  ^ ...  65 

♦Caletti,  Joseph 66 

♦Calf  hill,  James ib. 

♦Calignon,  S.  de  * . , 68 

♦Calixtus,  George   68 

♦Calle,  John  Francis 69 

♦Calliergus,  Zach 70 

Callimachus •  •  •  •  •  71 


6M 


INDEX 


Page 

Callisthenes   ...: 72 

Callot,  James 73 

♦Cally,  Peter 7« 

fCalmet,  Aiigustine 78 

Calmo^  Andrew 81 

«Calonne,  C.  A.  de 82 

^llaloviiu^  Abraham 84 

fCalprenede,  Walter  de  . « . .  85 

fCalpumius  . . . . « ib. 

fCalvart,  Denis S6 

Calvert,  George 87 

• Frederic S9 

■  ■■  James ib. 

* Thomas 90 

^K^alyi,  Lazzaro ib. 

Calvin,  John 91 

tCalvisius,  Seth , .  98 

♦Cambridge,  R.  0 99 

fCamden,  William    108 

Camerarius,  Joachim 124 

f son  126 

*Cameron,  John 127 

fCamoens,  Lewis 129 

Campanella,  Thomas  ....  133 

♦Campanus,  J.  A 136 

♦Campbell,  George 137 

♦  John  duke  of  Ar- 

gyle 144 

Dr.  John 151 

♦Campegio,  Lawrence 159 

♦Camper,  Peter 160 

Campian,  Edmund 162 

Campistron,  J.  G 163 

Camps,  F.  de 165 

-^Camus,  Ant.  le ib. 

■  Nicholas 166 

'  ■         Armand ib. 

♦■     K^t  O.  Jj.  ..........  ID. 

*- John  Peter 168 

♦Camusat,  Nich 170 

♦ F.  Dennis ib. 

♦Canal,  or  Canaletto 171 

♦Cananus,  J.  B 172 

♦Canaye,  Phil,  de  la ib. 

♦Candido,  Peter  . .  ^ 173 

♦Cangiagi,  Lucas  . , 173 

♦Cai^inius,  Angelus 174 

fCanisius,   Henry 175 

Canitz,  Baron  of, ib. 

Canne,  John 176 

♦Cano,  Alonzo ib. 

♦Canon,  John 178 


Cantacuzenus,  John  ,. . . .  179 

fCantarini,  Simone 181 

tCantel,P.J 182 

Cantemir,  Demetrius ib. 

'  Antiochus  ....  183 

Canterus,  William 184 

Canton,  John 186 

Cantwell,  Andrew 192 

*Canus,  Melchior ib. 

J.  Sebastian  del  . .  193 

Capaccio,  J.  Caesar ib. 

Capecio,  Scipio il). 

«Capel,  Arthur,   Lord  ....  194 

Arth.  Lord  Essex  . .  195 

* Richard 197 

Capell,  Edward 19d 

Capella,  M.  M.  Felix 201 

Capellus,  Lewis ib. 

«Capilupi,  CamiUus 204 

* Lelio ilj. 

♦Capistran,  John' . . , .  205 

♦Capito,  W.  Fab 2Q§ 

fCaporali^  Caesar 207 

♦Cappe,  Newcome 2Q^ 

-fCapperonnier,  Claude 20^ 

* •"  John 212 

♦Capriata,  Peter  John  . .  . .  ib, 
Caracci,  L.  Aug.  and  Han.  ib. 

Caraccio,  Anth 217 

♦Caraccioli,  Robert 218 

♦■  Lewis  Anth.  ..219 

Caramuel,  John   ib. 

Ckravagio,  M.  A.  Amerigi  220 

♦--— Polidoro 223 

fCardan,  Jerom 224 

♦Cardi,  Lewis   230 

♦Cardona,  J.  B 231 

fCarew,  George,  earl 232 

t Sir  George 235 

*. Nicholas 236 

t Richard 238 

t    ■    ■  ■    Thomas 239 

♦Carey,  Henry,  Earl 242 

t    ■  '   ■  Henry,  miw 243 

* George  Savile  ....  246 

♦Cariteo, ib. 

♦Carissimi,  Giac 247 

fCorleton,  Sir  Dudley 248 

t George 254 

♦ Sir  Guy 257" 

fCarloni,  J.  B , .  260 

♦Carlyle,  Jos.  Dacre 260 


f 


I  N.D  E  X.    ' 


CarmicbAel,  Gerrhoito 862 

♦Carne,  Sir  Edward 263 

-j^Carneades^    « ib. 

tCaro,  Hannibal 266 

i»Carok»tadt,  A.  B 268 

^Carpenter,  Lord  George  . .  271 

t Nathanael 273 

» Richard 276 

* Rich,  of  Loxhore276 

♦Carpentier,  John  Le  . . . .  277 

Peter ib. 

♦Carpi,  Hugo  de 273 

*-^ Girolamo  de ib. 

fCarpocrates, 279 

*Carpzovius,  Benedict ib. 

* the  son, ib. 

*Carr,  George 280 

* John.. 281 

*Carra,  John  Lewis ib. 

♦Carranza,  Barth 283 

*Carr6,  Lewis ib. 

♦Carrenno  de  Miraoda  ....  285 

♦Carriera,  Rosalba ib. 

♦Carrio,  Lewis 286 

♦Carrijcci,  Jacob ib, 

tCai-stares,  Will 287 

♦Carte,  Samuel 291 

Thomas 292 

* Sam 299 

* John 300 

♦Carter,  Elizabeth 301 

Francis. . , 306 

♦Carteret,  Sir  George ib. 

♦ J.  Earl  Granville  310 

♦Carteromachus,  Scipio  .  . .  321 

Cartwright,  Thomas 322 

« Thos.  bishop. .  330 

t William 331 

Carvalho,  Anth 333 

fCarver,  Jonathan    ib. 

♦Carusius,  J.  B. 335 

fCary,  Henry ib. 

Lucius 336 

t Robert  . , 347 

Caryl,  John 348 

Joseph   349 

tCasa,  John  de  la ib. 

♦Casanata,  Jerome S5Q 

Casanova,  M.  A. ...;... .  351 

Casas,  Barth.  de  Las ib. 

fCasati,  P^ul 353 


fCasaubon,  Isaac  .' , 
fCasaubon,  Meric . . 

Caschi '. 

Caschiri 

♦Case,  John 

♦ John,  IVJ.  D. 

f Thomas 


♦Casel,  John 

Cases,  P.  J 

Caslon,  William 

♦Casman,  Otto 

♦Cassagnes,  James 

♦Cassana,  Niccolo 

♦Cassander,  George 

♦Casserius,  Joiins 

fCassian,  St.  John  

Cassini,  J.  D. 

f James 

t De  Thury,  C.  F. . . 

Cassiodorus,  M.  A 

fCastagno,  Andrea  dal.  . . . 

fCastaldi,  Cornelius 

fCastalio,  Sebastian 

Casteels,  Peter. 

Castel,  Lewis  Bertrand. . . 

tCastell,  Edmund , 

♦Castelli,  Benedict 

♦ Bernard  . , 

♦ Valerio 


♦Castello,  J.  B 

♦ Gabrifel  Lancelot 

♦Castellus,  Barth 

♦Castelnau,  Michel  de 

Castelvetro,  Lewis 

Castiglione,  Balth 

*, John  Ben 

Castillo  Y  Saavedra 

Castracani,  Castruccio. . . . 
♦Castro,  Alphonsus  de, . . . . 

♦ Paul  de 

♦Cat,  Claude  N.  de 

♦Catesby,  Mark 

♦Catherine  of  Arragon  . . . . 
* Howard 

"  Parr,  

Alexievna, . .  . . 

n.  of  Russia  . . 

St.  of  Sienna  . . 


*. 
*, 


♦Catharinus,  Ambrose 

Catinat,  Nicholas 

f  Cato^  Marcus  Portius  . . . . 


S2S 

Pag* 

.ib. 

363 
370 
.lb. 

37i 
37S 
.ib. 
374 
375 
376 
378 
379 
.ib. 
380 
381 
382 
383 
385 
388 
390 
391 
392 
393 
395 
.ib, 
398 
400 
401 
.ib; 
40? 
403 
405 
405 
.ib. 
406 
410 
4U 
412 
414 
415 
.ib. 

417 
419 
424 

427 
429 
432 
448 
443 
449 
451 


BM 


INDEX. 


Page 

*Cato,  of  Utica 453 

♦ Valerius 456 

fCatrou«  Francis ; .   ib. 

Catullus,  Caius  Valerius  . .  457 

Catz,  James 459 

^K^valcanti,  Barth ib. 

* Guido 460 

*Cavalleri>  Bonav 461 

♦Cavallini,  Peter 462 

♦CavaJlo,  Tiberius 463 

Cave>  Edward  i 464 

t William  . . . . ; 470 

*Cavedone,  Jacob , .  473 

Cavendish^  Sir  William . . .  474 
r  Thomas .477 


Pag* 
GAvendish,  William  duke  of 

Devonshire 477 

* William  duke  of 

Newcastle  ...  . . .  > 481 

Margaret,  duch.492 
Hon.  Henry  . .  496 


*. 


Cauliac,  Guide 493 

Caussin,  Nicholas 499 

*Cawthom,  James 5ol 

♦Cawton,  Thomas 503 

f Thomas,  son  ....  505 

*Caxes,  Eugenio 513 

tCaxton,WiU 506 

fCaylus^  Count  de 514 


END   OF  THE  EIGHTH  VOLUME. 


Printed  by  Nichols,  Sou,  and  BsirrtBr, 
K«a  Lion  Pasiage,  Fleet  Street,  LoodiMi. 


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